I ken1 by the biggin’ o’t.”
Two recent books [1881] one by Mr. Grant White on England, one on France by the diabolically2 clever Mr. Hillebrand, may well have set people thinking on the divisions of races and nations. Such thoughts should arise with particular congruity3 and force to inhabitants of that United Kingdom, peopled from so many different stocks, babbling4 so many different dialects, and offering in its extent such singular contrasts, from the busiest over-population to the unkindliest desert, from the Black Country to the Moor5 of Rannoch. It is not only when we cross the seas that we go abroad; there are foreign parts of England; and the race that has conquered so wide an empire has not yet managed to assimilate the islands whence she sprang. Ireland, Wales, and the Scottish mountains still cling, in part, to their old Gaelic speech. It was but the other day that English triumphed in Cornwall, and they still show in Mousehole, on St. Michael’s Bay, the house of the last Cornish-speaking woman. English itself, which will now frank the traveller through the most of North America, through the greater South Sea Islands, in India, along much of the coast of Africa, and in the ports of China and Japan, is still to be heard, in its home country, in half a hundred varying stages of transition. You may go all over the States, and — setting aside the actual intrusion and influence of foreigners, negro, French, or Chinese — you shall scarce meet with so marked a difference of accent as in the forty miles between Edinburgh and Glasgow, or of dialect as in the hundred miles between Edinburgh and Aberdeen. Book English has gone round the world, but at home we still preserve the racy idioms of our fathers, and every county, in some parts every dale, has its own quality of speech, vocal7 or verbal. In like manner, local custom and prejudice, even local religion and local law, linger on into the latter end of the nineteenth century — Imperia in Imperio, foreign things at home.
In spite of these promptings to reflection, ignorance of his neighbours is the character of the typical John Bull. His is a domineering nature, steady in fight, imperious to command, but neither curious nor quick about the life of others. In French colonies, and still more in the Dutch, I have read that there is an immediate8 and lively contact between the dominant9 and the dominated race, that a certain sympathy is begotten10, or at the least a transfusion11 of prejudices, making life easier for both. But the Englishman sits apart, bursting with pride and ignorance. He figures among his vassal12 in the hour of peace with the same disdainful air that led him on to victory. A passing enthusiasm for some foreign art or fashion may deceive the world, it cannot impose upon his intimates. He may be amused by a foreigner as by a monkey, but he will never condescend13 to study him with any patience. Miss Bird, an authoress with whom I profess14 myself in love, declares all the viands15 of Japan to be uneatable — a staggering pretension16. So, when the Prince of Wales’s marriage was celebrated17 at Mentone by a dinner to the Mentonese, it was proposed to give them solid English fare — roast beef and plum pudding, and no tomfoolery. Here we have either pole of the Britannic folly18. We will not eat the food of any foreigner; nor, when we have the chance, will we eager him to eat of it himself. The same spirit inspired Miss Bird’s American missionaries19, who had come thousands of miles to change the faith of Japan, and openly professed20 their ignorance of the religions they were trying to supplant21.
I quote an American in this connection without scruple22. Uncle Sam is better than John Bull, but he is tarred with the English stick. For Mr. Grant White the States are the New England States and nothing more. He wonders at the amount of drinking in London; let him try San Francisco. He wittily23 reproves English ignorance as to the status of women in America; but has he not himself forgotten Wyoming? The name Yankee, of which he is so tenacious24, is used over the most of the great union as a term of reproach. The Yankee States, of which he is so staunch a subject, are but a drop in the bucket. And we find in his book a vast virgin25 ignorance of the life and prospects26 of America; every view partial, parochial, not raised to the horizon; the moral feeling proper, at the largest, to a clique27 of states; and the whole scope and atmosphere not American, but merely Yankee. I will go far beyond him in reprobating the assumption and the incivility of my countryfolk to their cousins from beyond the sea; I grill29 in my blood over the silly rudeness of our newspaper articles; and I do not know where to look when I find myself in company with an American and see my countrymen unbending to him as to a performing dog. But in the case of Mr. Grant White example were better than precept30. Wyoming is, after all, more readily accessible to Mr. White than Boston to the English, and the New England self-sufficiency no better justified31 than the Britannic.
It is so, perhaps, in all countries; perhaps in all, men are most ignorant of the foreigners at home. John Bull is ignorant of the States; he is probably ignorant of India; but considering his opportunities, he is far more ignorant of countries nearer his own door. There is one country, for instance — its frontier not so far from London, its people closely akin6, its language the same in all essentials with the English — of which I will go bail32 he knows nothing. His ignorance of the sister kingdom cannot be described; it can only be illustrated33 by anecdote34. I once travelled with a man of plausible35 manners and good intelligence — a University man, as the phrase goes — a man, besides, who had taken his degree in life and knew a thing or two about the age we live in. We were deep in talk, whirling between Peterborough and London; among other things, he began to describe some piece of legal injustice37 he had recently encountered, and I observed in my innocence38 that things were not so in Scotland. “I beg your pardon,” said he, “this is a matter of law.” He had never heard of the Scots law; nor did he choose to be informed. The law was the same for the whole country, he told me roundly; every child knew that. At last, to settle matters, I explained to him that I was a member of a Scottish legal body, and had stood the brunt of an examination in the very law in question. Thereupon he looked me for a moment full in the face and dropped the conversation. This is a monstrous39 instance, if you like, but it does not stand alone in the experience of Scots.
England and Scotland differ, indeed, in law, in history, in religion, in education, and in the very look of nature and men’s faces, not always widely, but always trenchantly40. Many particulars that struck Mr. Grant White, a Yankee, struck me, a Scot, no less forcibly; he and I felt ourselves foreigners on many common provocations41. A Scotchman may tramp the better part of Europe and the United States, and never again receive so vivid an impression of foreign travel and strange lands and manners as on his first excursion into England. The change from a hilly to a level country strikes him with delighted wonder. Along the flat horizon there arise the frequent venerable towers of churches. He sees at the end of airy vistas43 the revolution of the windmill sails. He may go where he pleases in the future; he may see Alps, and Pyramids, and lions; but it will be hard to beat the pleasure of that moment. There are, indeed, few merrier spectacles than that of many windmills bickering44 together in a fresh breeze over a woody country; their halting alacrity45 of movement, their pleasant business, making bread all day with uncouth46 gesticulations, their air, gigantically human, as of a creature half alive, put a spirit of romance into the tamest landscape. When the Scotch42 child sees them first he falls immediately in love; and from that time forward windmills keep turning in his dreams. And so, in their degree, with every feature of the life and landscape. The warm, habitable age of towns and hamlets, the green, settled, ancient look of the country; the lush hedgerows, stiles, and privy47 path-ways in the fields; the sluggish48, brimming rivers; chalk and smock-frocks; chimes of bells and the rapid, pertly-sounding English speech — they are all new to the curiosity; they are all set to English airs in the child’s story that he tells himself at night. The sharp edge of novelty wears off; the feeling is scotched49, but I doubt whether it is ever killed. Rather it keeps returning, ever the more rarely and strangely, and even in scenes to which you have been long accustomed suddenly awakes and gives a relish50 to enjoyment51 or heightens the sense of isolation52.
One thing especially continues unfamiliar53 to the Scotchman’s eye — the domestic architecture, the look of streets and buildings; the quaint54, venerable age of many, and the thin walls and warm colouring of all. We have, in Scotland, far fewer ancient buildings, above all in country places; and those that we have are all of hewn or harled masonry55. Wood has been sparingly used in their construction; the window-frames are sunken in the wall, not flat to the front, as in England; the roofs are steeper-pitched; even a hill farm will have a massy, square, cold and permanent appearance. English houses, in comparison, have the look of cardboard toys, such as a puff56 might shatter. And to this the Scotchman never becomes used. His eye can never rest consciously on one of these brick houses — rickles of brick, as he might call them — or on one of these flat-chested streets, but he is instantly reminded where he is, and instantly travels back in fancy to his home. “This is no my ain house; I ken by the biggin’ o’t.” And yet perhaps it is his own, bought with his own money, the key of it long polished in his pocket; but it has not yet, and never will be, thoroughly57 adopted by his imagination; nor does he cease to remember that, in the whole length and breadth of his native country, there was no building even distantly resembling it.
But it is not alone in scenery and architecture that we count England foreign. The constitution of society, the very pillars of the empire, surprise and even pain us. The dull, neglected peasant, sunk in matter, insolent58, gross and servile, makes a startling contrast with our own long-legged, long-headed, thoughtful, Bible-quoting ploughman. A week or two in such a place as Suffolk leaves the Scotchman gasping59. It seems incredible that within the boundaries of his own island a class should have been thus forgotten. Even the educated and intelligent, who hold our own opinions and speak in our own words, yet seem to hold them with a difference or, from another reason, and to speak on all things with less interest and conviction. The first shock of English society is like a cold plunge60. It is possible that the Scot comes looking for too much, and to be sure his first experiment will be in the wrong direction. Yet surely his complaint is grounded; surely the speech of Englishmen is too often lacking in generous ardour, the better part of the man too often withheld61 from the social commerce, and the contact of mind with mind evaded62 as with terror. A Scotch peasant will talk more liberally out of his own experience. He will not put you by with conversational63 counters and small jests; he will give you the best of himself, like one interested in life and man’s chief end. A Scotchman is vain, interested in himself and others, eager for sympathy, setting forth64 his thoughts and experience in the best light. The egoism of the Englishman is self-contained. He does not seek to proselytise. He takes no interest in Scotland or the Scotch, and, what is the unkindest cut of all, he does not care to justify65 his indifference66. Give him the wages of going on and being an Englishman, that is all he asks; and in the meantime, while you continue to associate, he would rather not be reminded of your baser origin. Compared with the grand, tree-like self-sufficiency of his demeanour, the vanity and curiosity of the Scot seem uneasy, vulgar, and immodest. That you should continually try to establish human and serious relations, that you should actually feel an interest in John Bull, and desire and invite a return of interest from him, may argue something more awake and lively in your mind, but it still puts you in the attitude of a suitor and a poor relation. Thus even the lowest class of the educated English towers over a Scotchman by the head and shoulders.
Different indeed is the atmosphere in which Scotch and English youth begin to look about them, come to themselves in life, and gather up those first apprehensions67 which are the material of future thought and, to a great extent, the rule of future conduct. I have been to school in both countries, and I found, in the boys of the North, something at once rougher and more tender, at once more reserve and more expansion, a greater habitual68 distance chequered by glimpses of a nearer intimacy69, and on the whole wider extremes of temperament70 and sensibility. The boy of the South seems more wholesome71, but less thoughtful; he gives himself to games as to a business, striving to excel, but is not readily transported by imagination; the type remains72 with me as cleaner in mind and body, more active, fonder of eating, endowed with a lesser73 and a less romantic sense of life and of the future, and more immersed in present circumstances. And certainly, for one thing, English boys are younger for their age. Sabbath observance makes a series of grim, and perhaps serviceable, pauses in the tenor74 of Scotch boyhood — days of great stillness and solitude75 for the rebellious76 mind, when in the dearth77 of books and play, and in the intervals78 of studying the Shorter Catechism, the intellect and senses prey79 upon and test each other. The typical English Sunday, with the huge midday dinner and the plethoric80 afternoon, leads perhaps to different results. About the very cradle of the Scot there goes a hum of metaphysical divinity; and the whole of two divergent systems is summed up, not merely speciously81, in the two first questions of the rival catechisms, the English tritely82 inquiring, “What is your name?” the Scottish striking at the very roots of life with, “What is the chief end of man?” and answering nobly, if obscurely, “To glorify83 God and to enjoy Him for ever.” I do not wish to make an idol84 of the Shorter Catechism; but the fact of such a question being asked opens to us Scotch a great field of speculation85; and the fact that it is asked of all of us, from the peer to the ploughboy, binds86 us more nearly together. No Englishman of Byron’s age, character, and history would have had patience for long theological discussions on the way to fight for Greece; but the daft Gordon blood and the Aberdonian school-days kept their influence to the end. We have spoken of the material conditions; nor need much more be said of these: of the land lying everywhere more exposed, of the wind always louder and bleaker88, of the black, roaring winters, of the gloom of high-lying, old stone cities, imminent89 on the windy seaboard; compared with the level streets, the warm colouring of the brick, the domestic quaintness90 of the architecture, among which English children begin to grow up and come to themselves in life. As the stage of the University approaches, the contrast becomes more express. The English lad goes to Oxford91 or Cambridge; there, in an ideal world of gardens, to lead a semi-scenic life, costumed, disciplined and drilled by proctors. Nor is this to be regarded merely as a stage of education; it is a piece of privilege besides, and a step that separates him further from the bulk of his compatriots. At an earlier age the Scottish lad begins his greatly different experience of crowded class-rooms, of a gaunt quadrangle, of a bell hourly booming over the traffic of the city to recall him from the public-house where he has been lunching, or the streets where he has been wandering fancy-free. His college life has little of restraint, and nothing of necessary gentility. He will find no quiet clique of the exclusive, studious and cultured; no rotten borough36 of the arts. All classes rub shoulders on the greasy92 benches. The raffish93 young gentleman in gloves must measure his scholarship with the plain, clownish laddie from the parish school. They separate, at the session’s end, one to smoke cigars about a watering-place, the other to resume the labours of the field beside his peasant family. The first muster94 of a college class in Scotland is a scene of curious and painful interest; so many lads, fresh from the heather, hang round the stove in cloddish embarrassment95, ruffled96 by the presence of their smarter comrades, and afraid of the sound of their own rustic97 voices. It was in these early days, I think, that Professor Blackie won the affection of his pupils, putting these uncouth, umbrageous98 students at their ease with ready human geniality99. Thus, at least, we have a healthy democratic atmosphere to breathe in while at work; even when there is no cordiality there is always a juxtaposition100 of the different classes, and in the competition of study the intellectual power of each is plainly demonstrated to the other. Our tasks ended, we of the North go forth as freemen into the humming, lamplit city. At five o’clock you may see the last of us hiving from the college gates, in the glare of the shop windows, under the green glimmer101 of the winter sunset. The frost tingles102 in our blood; no proctor lies in wait to intercept103 us; till the bell sounds again, we are the masters of the world; and some portion of our lives is always Saturday, La Treve de Dieu.
Nor must we omit the sense of the nature of his country and his country’s history gradually growing in the child’s mind from story and from observation. A Scottish child hears much of shipwreck104, outlying iron skerries, pitiless breakers, and great sea-lights; much of heathery mountains, wild clans105, and hunted Covenanters. Breaths come to him in song of the distant Cheviots and the ring of foraying hoofs106. He glories in his hard-fisted forefathers107, of the iron girdle and the handful of oat-meal, who rode so swiftly and lived so sparely on their raids. Poverty, ill-luck, enterprise, and constant resolution are the fibres of the legend of his country’s history. The heroes and kings of Scotland have been tragically108 fated; the most marking incidents in Scottish history — Flodden, Darien, or the Forty-five were still either failures or defeats; and the fall of Wallace and the repeated reverses of the Bruce combine with the very smallness of the country to teach rather a moral than a material criterion for life. Britain is altogether small, the mere28 taproot of her extended empire: Scotland, again, which alone the Scottish boy adopts in his imagination, is but a little part of that, and avowedly109 cold, sterile110 and unpopulous. It is not so for nothing. I once seemed to have perceived in an American boy a greater readiness of sympathy for lands that are great, and rich, and growing, like his own. It proved to be quite otherwise: a mere dumb piece of boyish romance, that I had lacked penetration111 to divine. But the error serves the purpose of my argument; for I am sure, at least, that the heart of young Scotland will be always touched more nearly by paucity112 of number and Spartan113 poverty of life.
So we may argue, and yet the difference is not explained. That Shorter Catechism which I took as being so typical of Scotland, was yet composed in the city of Westminster. The division of races is more sharply marked within the borders of Scotland itself than between the countries. Galloway and Buchan, Lothian and Lochaber, are like foreign parts; yet you may choose a man from any of them, and, ten to one, he shall prove to have the headmark of a Scot. A century and a half ago the Highlander114 wore a different costume, spoke87 a different language, worshipped in another church, held different morals, and obeyed a different social constitution from his fellow-countrymen either of the south or north. Even the English, it is recorded, did not loathe116 the Highlander and the Highland115 costume as they were loathed117 by the remainder of the Scotch. Yet the Highlander felt himself a Scot. He would willingly raid into the Scotch lowlands; but his courage failed him at the border, and he regarded England as a perilous118, unhomely land. When the Black Watch, after years of foreign service, returned to Scotland, veterans leaped out and kissed the earth at Port Patrick. They had been in Ireland, stationed among men of their own race and language, where they were well liked and treated with affection; but it was the soil of Galloway that they kissed at the extreme end of the hostile lowlands, among a people who did not understand their speech, and who had hated, harried119, and hanged them since the dawn of history. Last, and perhaps most curious, the sons of chieftains were often educated on the continent of Europe. They went abroad speaking Gaelic; they returned speaking, not English, but the broad dialect of Scotland. Now, what idea had they in their minds when they thus, in thought, identified themselves with their ancestral enemies? What was the sense in which they were Scotch and not English, or Scotch and not Irish? Can a bare name be thus influential120 on the minds and affections of men, and a political aggregation121 blind them to the nature of facts? The story of the Austrian Empire would seem to answer, no; the far more galling122 business of Ireland clenches123 the negative from nearer home. Is it common education, common morals, a common language or a common faith, that join men into nations? There were practically none of these in the case we are considering.
The fact remains: in spite of the difference of blood and language, the Lowlander feels himself the sentimental124 countryman of the Highlander. When they meet abroad, they fall upon each other’s necks in spirit; even at home there is a kind of clannish125 intimacy in their talk. But from his compatriot in the south the Lowlander stands consciously apart. He has had a different training; he obeys different laws; he makes his will in other terms, is otherwise divorced and married; his eyes are not at home in an English landscape or with English houses; his ear continues to remark the English speech; and even though his tongue acquire the Southern knack126, he will still have a strong Scotch accent of the mind.
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1
ken
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| n.视野，知识领域 | |
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diabolically
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congruity
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| n.全等，一致 | |
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babbling
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| n.胡说，婴儿发出的咿哑声adj.胡说的v.喋喋不休( babble的现在分词 )；作潺潺声（如流水）；含糊不清地说话；泄漏秘密 | |
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moor
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| n.荒野，沼泽；vt.(使)停泊；vi.停泊 | |
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akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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dominant
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| adj.支配的，统治的；占优势的；显性的；n.主因，要素，主要的人(或物)；显性基因 | |
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begotten
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| v.为…之生父( beget的过去分词 )；产生，引起 | |
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transfusion
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| n.输血，输液 | |
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vassal
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| n.附庸的；属下；adj.奴仆的 | |
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condescend
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| v.俯就，屈尊；堕落，丢丑 | |
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profess
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| v.声称，冒称，以...为业，正式接受入教，表明信仰 | |
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viands
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| n.食品，食物 | |
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pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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supplant
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| vt.排挤；取代 | |
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scruple
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| n./v.顾忌，迟疑 | |
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wittily
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| 机智地，机敏地 | |
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tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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clique
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| n.朋党派系，小集团 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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grill
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| n.烤架，铁格子，烤肉；v.烧，烤，严加盘问 | |
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precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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innocence
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| n.无罪；天真；无害 | |
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monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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trenchantly
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provocations
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| n.挑衅( provocation的名词复数 )；激怒；刺激；愤怒的原因 | |
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scotch
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| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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vistas
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| 长条形景色( vista的名词复数 )； 回顾； 展望； （未来可能发生的）一系列情景 | |
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bickering
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| v.争吵( bicker的现在分词 )；口角；（水等）作潺潺声；闪烁 | |
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alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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49
scotched
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| v.阻止( scotch的过去式和过去分词 )；制止（车轮）转动；弄伤；镇压 | |
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50
relish
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| n.滋味，享受，爱好，调味品；vt.加调味料，享受，品味；vi.有滋味 | |
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51
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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52
isolation
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| n.隔离，孤立，分解，分离 | |
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53
unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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54
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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55
masonry
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| n.砖土建筑；砖石 | |
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56
puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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57
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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58
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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59
gasping
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| adj. 气喘的, 痉挛的 动词gasp的现在分词 | |
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60
plunge
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| v.跳入，(使)投入，(使)陷入；猛冲 | |
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61
withheld
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| withhold过去式及过去分词 | |
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evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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63
conversational
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| adj.对话的，会话的 | |
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64
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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67
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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71
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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72
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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73
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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rebellious
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| adj.造反的，反抗的，难控制的 | |
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dearth
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| n.缺乏，粮食不足，饥谨 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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79
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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plethoric
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| adj.过多的，多血症的 | |
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speciously
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| adv.似是而非地；外观好看地，像是真实地 | |
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tritely
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| adv.平凡地，陈腐地 | |
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glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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84
idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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binds
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| v.约束( bind的第三人称单数 )；装订；捆绑；（用长布条）缠绕 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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bleaker
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| 阴冷的( bleak的比较级 )； （状况）无望的； 没有希望的； 光秃的 | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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quaintness
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| n.离奇有趣，古怪的事物 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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greasy
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| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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raffish
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| adj.名誉不好的，无赖的，卑鄙的，艳俗的 | |
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muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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ruffled
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| adj. 有褶饰边的, 起皱的 动词ruffle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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98
umbrageous
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| adj.多荫的 | |
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99
geniality
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| n.和蔼，诚恳；愉快 | |
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100
juxtaposition
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| n.毗邻，并置，并列 | |
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101
glimmer
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| v.发出闪烁的微光；n.微光，微弱的闪光 | |
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102
tingles
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| n.刺痛感( tingle的名词复数 )v.有刺痛感( tingle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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103
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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104
shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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105
clans
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| 宗族( clan的名词复数 )； 氏族； 庞大的家族； 宗派 | |
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106
hoofs
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| n.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的名词复数 )v.（兽的）蹄，马蹄( hoof的第三人称单数 ) | |
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107
forefathers
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| n.祖先，先人；祖先，祖宗( forefather的名词复数 )；列祖列宗；前人 | |
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108
tragically
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| adv. 悲剧地，悲惨地 | |
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109
avowedly
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| adv.公然地 | |
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110
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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111
penetration
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| n.穿透，穿人，渗透 | |
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112
paucity
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| n.小量，缺乏 | |
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113
spartan
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| adj.简朴的，刻苦的；n.斯巴达；斯巴达式的人 | |
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114
highlander
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| n.高地的人，苏格兰高地地区的人 | |
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115
highland
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| n.(pl.)高地，山地 | |
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116
loathe
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| v.厌恶，嫌恶 | |
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117
loathed
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| v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的过去式和过去分词 )；极不喜欢 | |
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118
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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119
harried
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| v.使苦恼( harry的过去式和过去分词 )；不断烦扰；一再袭击；侵扰 | |
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120
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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121
aggregation
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| n.聚合，组合；凝聚 | |
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122
galling
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| adj.难堪的,使烦恼的,使焦躁的 | |
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123
clenches
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| v.紧握，抓紧，咬紧( clench的第三人称单数 ) | |
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124
sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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125
clannish
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| adj.排他的，门户之见的 | |
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126
knack
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| n.诀窍，做事情的灵巧的，便利的方法 | |
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