The leading distinction between dog and man, after and perhaps before the different duration of their lives, is that the one can speak and that the other cannot. The absence of the power of speech confines the dog in the development of his intellect. It hinders him from many speculations17, for words are the beginning of meta-physic. At the same blow it saves him from many superstitions18, and his silence has won for him a higher name for virtue19 than his conduct justifies20. The faults of the dog are many. He is vainer than man, singularly greedy of notice, singularly intolerant of ridicule21, suspicious like the deaf, jealous to the degree of frenzy22, and radically23 devoid24 of truth. The day of an intelligent small dog is passed in the manufacture and the laborious25 communication of falsehood; he lies with his tail, he lies with his eye, he lies with his protesting paw; and when he rattles26 his dish or scratches at the door his purpose is other than appears. But he has some apology to offer for the vice27. Many of the signs which form his dialect have come to bear an arbitrary meaning, clearly understood both by his master and himself; yet when a new want arises he must either invent a new vehicle of meaning or wrest29 an old one to a different purpose; and this necessity frequently recurring30 must tend to lessen31 his idea of the sanctity of symbols. Meanwhile the dog is clear in his own conscience, and draws, with a human nicety, the distinction between formal and essential truth. Of his punning perversions32, his legitimate33 dexterity34 with symbols, he is even vain; but when he has told and been detected in a lie, there is not a hair upon his body but confesses guilt35. To a dog of gentlemanly feeling theft and falsehood are disgraceful vices37. The canine38, like the human, gentleman demands in his misdemeanours Montaigne’s “je ne sais quoi de genereux.” He is never more than half ashamed of having barked or bitten; and for those faults into which he has been led by the desire to shine before a lady of his race, he retains, even under physical correction, a share of pride. But to be caught lying, if he understands it, instantly uncurls his fleece.
Just as among dull observers he preserves a name for truth, the dog has been credited with modesty39. It is amazing how the use of language blunts the faculties40 of man — that because vain glory finds no vent28 in words, creatures supplied with eyes have been unable to detect a fault so gross and obvious. If a small spoiled dog were suddenly to be endowed with speech, he would prate41 interminably, and still about himself; when we had friends, we should be forced to lock him in a garret; and what with his whining42 jealousies43 and his foible for falsehood, in a year’s time he would have gone far to weary out our love. I was about to compare him to Sir Willoughby Patterne, but the Patternes have a manlier44 sense of their own merits; and the parallel, besides, is ready. Hans Christian45 Andersen, as we behold46 him in his startling memoirs47, thrilling from top to toe with an excruciating vanity, and scouting48 even along the street for shadows of offence — here was the talking dog.
It is just this rage for consideration that has betrayed the dog into his satellite position as the friend of man. The cat, an animal of franker appetites, preserves his independence. But the dog, with one eye ever on the audience, has been wheedled49 into slavery, and praised and patted into the renunciation of his nature. Once he ceased hunting and became man’s plate-licker, the Rubicon was crossed. Thenceforth he was a gentleman of leisure; and except the few whom we keep working, the whole race grew more and more self-conscious, mannered and affected51. The number of things that a small dog does naturally is strangely small. Enjoying better spirits and not crushed under material cares, he is far more theatrical52 than average man. His whole life, if he be a dog of any pretension53 to gallantry, is spent in a vain show, and in the hot pursuit of admiration54. Take out your puppy for a walk, and you will find the little ball of fur clumsy, stupid, bewildered, but natural. Let but a few months pass, and when you repeat the process you will find nature buried in convention. He will do nothing plainly; but the simplest processes of our material life will all be bent55 into the forms of an elaborate and mysterious etiquette56. Instinct, says the fool, has awakened. But it is not so. Some dogs — some, at the very least — if they be kept separate from others, remain quite natural; and these, when at length they meet with a companion of experience, and have the game explained to them, distinguish themselves by the severity of their devotion to its rules. I wish I were allowed to tell a story which would radiantly illuminate57 the point; but men, like dogs, have an elaborate and mysterious etiquette. It is their bond of sympathy that both are the children of convention.
The person, man or dog, who has a conscience is eternally condemned58 to some degree of humbug59; the sense of the law in their members fatally precipitates60 either towards a frozen and affected bearing. And the converse61 is true; and in the elaborate and conscious manners of the dog, moral opinions and the love of the ideal stand confessed. To follow for ten minutes in the street some swaggering, canine cavalier, is to receive a lesson in dramatic art and the cultured conduct of the body; in every act and gesture you see him true to a refined conception; and the dullest cur, beholding62 him, pricks63 up his ear and proceeds to imitate and parody64 that charming ease. For to be a high-mannered and high-minded gentleman, careless, affable, and gay, is the inborn65 pretension of the dog. The large dog, so much lazier, so much more weighed upon with matter, so majestic66 in repose67, so beautiful in effort, is born with the dramatic means to wholly represent the part. And it is more pathetic and perhaps more instructive to consider the small dog in his conscientious68 and imperfect efforts to outdo Sir Philip Sidney. For the ideal of the dog is feudal69 and religious; the ever-present polytheism, the whip-bearing Olympus of mankind, rules them on the one hand; on the other, their singular difference of size and strength among themselves effectually prevents the appearance of the democratic notion. Or we might more exactly compare their society to the curious spectacle presented by a school — ushers70, monitors, and big and little boys — qualified71 by one circumstance, the introduction of the other sex. In each, we should observe a somewhat similar tension of manner, and somewhat similar points of honour. In each the larger animal keeps a contemptuous good humour; in each the smaller annoys him with wasp-like impudence72, certain of practical immunity73; in each we shall find a double life producing double characters, and an excursive and noisy heroism74 combined with a fair amount of practical timidity. I have known dogs, and I have known school heroes that, set aside the fur, could hardly have been told apart; and if we desire to understand the chivalry75 of old, we must turn to the school playfields or the dungheap where the dogs are trooping.
Woman, with the dog, has been long enfranchised76. Incessant77 massacre78 of female innocents has changed the proportions of the sexes and perverted79 their relations. Thus, when we regard the manners of the dog, we see a romantic and monogamous animal, once perhaps as delicate as the cat, at war with impossible conditions. Man has much to answer for; and the part he plays is yet more damnable and parlous80 than Corin’s in the eyes of Touchstone. But his intervention81 has at least created an imperial situation for the rare surviving ladies. In that society they reign82 without a rival: conscious queens; and in the only instance of a canine wife-beater that has ever fallen under my notice, the criminal was somewhat excused by the circumstances of his story. He is a little, very alert, well-bred, intelligent Skye, as black as a hat, with a wet bramble for a nose and two cairngorms for eyes. To the human observer, he is decidedly well-looking; but to the ladies of his race he seems abhorrent83. A thorough elaborate gentleman, of the plume84 and sword-knot order, he was born with a nice sense of gallantry to women. He took at their hands the most outrageous85 treatment; I have heard him bleating86 like a sheep, I have seen him streaming blood, and his ear tattered87 like a regimental banner; and yet he would scorn to make reprisals88. Nay89 more, when a human lady upraised the contumelious whip against the very dame90 who had been so cruelly misusing91 him, my little great-heart gave but one hoarse92 cry and fell upon the tyrant tooth and nail. This is the tale of a soul’s tragedy. After three years of unavailing chivalry, he suddenly, in one hour, threw off the yoke94 of obligation; had he been Shakespeare he would then have written Troilus and Cressida to brand the offending sex; but being only a little dog, he began to bite them. The surprise of the ladies whom he attacked indicated the monstrosity of his offence; but he had fairly beaten off his better angel, fairly committed moral suicide; for almost in the same hour, throwing aside the last rags of decency95, he proceeded to attack the aged93 also. The fact is worth remark, showing, as it does, that ethical96 laws are common both to dogs and men; and that with both a single deliberate violation97 of the conscience loosens all. “But while the lamp holds on to burn,” says the paraphrase98, “the greatest sinner may return.” I have been cheered to see symptoms of effectual penitence99 in my sweet ruffian; and by the handling that he accepted uncomplainingly the other day from an indignant fair one, I begin to hope the period of Sturm und Drang is closed.
All these little gentlemen are subtle casuists. The duty to the female dog is plain; but where competing duties rise, down they will sit and study them out, like Jesuit confessors. I knew another little Skye, somewhat plain in manner and appearance, but a creature compact of amiability100 and solid wisdom. His family going abroad for a winter, he was received for that period by an uncle in the same city. The winter over, his own family home again, and his own house (of which he was very proud) reopened, he found himself in a dilemma101 between two conflicting duties of loyalty102 and gratitude103. His old friends were not to be neglected, but it seemed hardly decent to desert the new. This was how he solved the problem. Every morning, as soon as the door was opened, of posted Coolin to his uncle’s, visited the children in the nursery, saluted104 the whole family, and was back at home in time for breakfast and his bit of fish. Nor was this done without a sacrifice on his part, sharply felt; for he had to forego the particular honour and jewel of his day — his morning’s walk with my father. And, perhaps from this cause, he gradually wearied of and relaxed the practice, and at length returned entirely105 to his ancient habits. But the same decision served him in another and more distressing106 case of divided duty, which happened not long after. He was not at all a kitchen dog, but the cook had nursed him with unusual kindness during the distemper; and though he did not adore her as he adored my father — although (born snob107) he was critically conscious of her position as “only a servant” — he still cherished for her a special gratitude. Well, the cook left, and retired108 some streets away to lodgings109 of her own; and there was Coolin in precisely110 the same situation with any young gentleman who has had the inestimable benefit of a faithful nurse. The canine conscience did not solve the problem with a pound of tea at Christmas. No longer content to pay a flying visit, it was the whole forenoon that he dedicated111 to his solitary112 friend. And so, day by day, he continued to comfort her solitude113 until (for some reason which I could never understand and cannot approve) he was kept locked up to break him of the graceful36 habit. Here, it is not the similarity, it is the difference, that is worthy114 of remark; the clearly marked degrees of gratitude and the proportional duration of his visits. Anything further removed from instinct it were hard to fancy; and one is even stirred to a certain impatience115 with a character so destitute116 of spontaneity, so passionless in justice, and so priggishly obedient to the voice of reason.
There are not many dogs like this good Coolin, and not many people. But the type is one well marked, both in the human and the canine family. Gallantry was not his aim, but a solid and somewhat oppressive respectability. He was a sworn foe117 to the unusual and the conspicuous118, a praiser of the golden mean, a kind of city uncle modified by Cheeryble. And as he was precise and conscientious in all the steps of his own blameless course, he looked for the same precision and an even greater gravity in the bearing of his deity119, my father. It was no sinecure120 to be Coolin’s idol121: he was exacting122 like a rigid123 parent; and at every sign of levity124 in the man whom he respected, he announced loudly the death of virtue and the proximate fall of the pillars of the earth.
I have called him a snob; but all dogs are so, though in varying degrees. It is hard to follow their snobbery125 among themselves; for though I think we can perceive distinctions of rank, we cannot grasp what is the criterion. Thus in Edinburgh, in a good part of the town, there were several distinct societies or clubs that met in the morning to — the phrase is technical — to “rake the backets” in a troop. A friend of mine, the master of three dogs, was one day surprised to observe that they had left one club and joined another; but whether it was a rise or a fall, and the result of an invitation or an expulsion, was more than he could guess. And this illustrates126 pointedly127 our ignorance of the real life of dogs, their social ambitions and their social hierarchies128. At least, in their dealings with men they are not only conscious of sex, but of the difference of station. And that in the most snobbish129 manner; for the poor man’s dog is not offended by the notice of the rich, and keeps all his ugly feeling for those poorer or more ragged130 than his master. And again, for every station they have an ideal of behaviour, to which the master, under pain of derogation, will do wisely to conform. How often has not a cold glance of an eye informed me that my dog was disappointed; and how much more gladly would he not have taken a beating than to be thus wounded in the seat of piety131!
I knew one disrespectable dog. He was far liker a cat; cared little or nothing for men, with whom he merely coexisted as we do with cattle, and was entirely devoted132 to the art of poaching. A house would not hold him, and to live in a town was what he refused.
He led, I believe, a life of troubled but genuine pleasure, and perished beyond all question in a trap. But this was an exception, a marked reversion to the ancestral type; like the hairy human infant. The true dog of the nineteenth century, to judge by the remainder of my fairly large acquaintance, is in love with respectability. A street-dog was once adopted by a lady. While still an Arab, he had done as Arabs do, gambolling133 in the mud, charging into butchers’ stalls, a cat-hunter, a sturdy beggar, a common rogue134 and vagabond; but with his rise into society he laid aside these inconsistent pleasures. He stole no more, he hunted no more cats; and conscious of his collar, he ignored his old companions. Yet the canine upper class was never brought to recognise the upstart, and from that hour, except for human countenance135, he was alone. Friendless, shorn of his sports and the habits of a lifetime, he still lived in a glory of happiness, content with his acquired respectability, and with no care but to support it solemnly. Are we to condemn4 or praise this self-made dog? We praise his human brother. And thus to conquer vicious habits is as rare with dogs as with men. With the more part, for all their scruple-mongering and moral thought, the vices that are born with them remain invincible136 throughout; and they live all their years, glorying in their virtues137, but still the slaves of their defects. Thus the sage138 Coolin was a thief to the last; among a thousand peccadilloes139, a whole goose and a whole cold leg of mutton lay upon his conscience; but Woggs, 4 whose soul’s shipwreck140 in the matter of gallantry I have recounted above, has only twice been known to steal, and has often nobly conquered the temptation. The eighth is his favourite commandment. There is something painfully human in these unequal virtues and mortal frailties of the best. Still more painful is the bearing of those “stammering professors” in the house of sickness and under the terror of death. It is beyond a doubt to me that, somehow or other, the dog connects together, or confounds, the uneasiness of sickness and the consciousness of guilt. To the pains of the body he often adds the tortures of the conscience; and at these times his haggard protestations form, in regard to the human deathbed, a dreadful parody or parallel.
4 Waiter, Watty, Woggy, Woggs, Wogg, and lastly Bogue; under which last name he fell in battle some twelve months ago. Glory was his aim and he attained141 it; for his icon50, by the hand of Caldecott, now lies among the treasures of the nation.
I once supposed that I had found an inverse142 relation between the double etiquette which dogs obey; and that those who were most addicted143 to the showy street life among other dogs were less careful in the practice of home virtues for the tyrant man. But the female dog, that mass of carneying affectations, shines equally in either sphere; rules her rough posse of attendant swains with unwearying tact144 and gusto; and with her master and mistress pushes the arts of insinuation to their crowning point. The attention of man and the regard of other dogs flatter (it would thus appear) the same sensibility; but perhaps, if we could read the canine heart, they would be found to flatter it in very different degrees. Dogs live with man as courtiers round a monarch145, steeped in the flattery of his notice and enriched with sinecures146. To push their favour in this world of pickings and caresses147 is, perhaps, the business of their lives; and their joys may lie outside. I am in despair at our persistent148 ignorance. I read in the lives of our companions the same processes of reason, the same antique and fatal conflicts of the right against the wrong, and of unbitted nature with too rigid custom; I see them with our weaknesses, vain, false, inconstant against appetite, and with our one stalk of virtue, devoted to the dream of an ideal; and yet, as they hurry by me on the street with tail in air, or come singly to solicit149 my regard, I must own the secret purport150 of their lives is still inscrutable to man. Is man the friend, or is he the patron only? Have they indeed forgotten nature’s voice? or are those moments snatched from courtiership when they touch noses with the tinker’s mongrel, the brief reward and pleasure of their artificial lives? Doubtless, when man shares with his dog the toils151 of a profession and the pleasures of an art, as with the shepherd or the poacher, the affection warms and strengthens till it fills the soul. But doubtless, also, the masters are, in many cases, the object of a merely interested cultus, sitting aloft like Louis Quatorze, giving and receiving flattery and favour; and the dogs, like the majority of men, have but foregone their true existence and become the dupes of their ambition.
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1
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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potentate
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| n.统治者；君主 | |
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condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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condemns
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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whet
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| v.磨快，刺激 | |
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folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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resuscitate
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| v.使复活，使苏醒 | |
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automaton
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| n.自动机器，机器人 | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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aptitudes
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| （学习方面的）才能，资质，天资( aptitude的名词复数 ) | |
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frailties
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| n.脆弱( frailty的名词复数 )；虚弱；（性格或行为上的）弱点；缺点 | |
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14
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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utterances
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| n.发声( utterance的名词复数 )；说话方式；语调；言论 | |
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deduction
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| n.减除，扣除，减除额；推论，推理，演绎 | |
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speculations
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| n.投机买卖( speculation的名词复数 )；思考；投机活动；推断 | |
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superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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justifies
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| 证明…有理( justify的第三人称单数 )； 为…辩护； 对…作出解释； 为…辩解（或辩护） | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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frenzy
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| n.疯狂，狂热，极度的激动 | |
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radically
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| ad.根本地，本质地 | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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rattles
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| （使）发出格格的响声， （使）作嘎嘎声( rattle的第三人称单数 )； 喋喋不休地说话； 迅速而嘎嘎作响地移动，堕下或走动； 使紧张，使恐惧 | |
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vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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wrest
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| n.扭，拧，猛夺；v.夺取，猛扭，歪曲 | |
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recurring
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| adj.往复的，再次发生的 | |
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lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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perversions
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| n.歪曲( perversion的名词复数 )；变坏；变态心理 | |
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legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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vices
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| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
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canine
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| adj.犬的，犬科的 | |
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modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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prate
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| v.瞎扯，胡说 | |
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whining
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| n. 抱怨，牢骚 v. 哭诉，发牢骚 | |
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jealousies
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| n.妒忌( jealousy的名词复数 )；妒羡 | |
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manlier
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| manly（有男子气概的）的比较级形式 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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scouting
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| 守候活动，童子军的活动 | |
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wheedled
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| v.骗取（某物），哄骗（某人干某事）( wheedle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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icon
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| n.偶像，崇拜的对象，画像 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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53
pretension
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| n.要求；自命，自称；自负 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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57
illuminate
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| vt.照亮，照明；用灯光装饰；说明，阐释 | |
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58
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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59
humbug
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| n.花招，谎话，欺骗 | |
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60
precipitates
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| v.（突如其来地）使发生( precipitate的第三人称单数 )；促成；猛然摔下；使沉淀 | |
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61
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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62
beholding
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| v.看，注视( behold的现在分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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63
pricks
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| 刺痛( prick的名词复数 )； 刺孔； 刺痕； 植物的刺 | |
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64
parody
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| n.打油诗文，诙谐的改编诗文，拙劣的模仿；v.拙劣模仿，作模仿诗文 | |
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65
inborn
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| adj.天生的，生来的，先天的 | |
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66
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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67
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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68
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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69
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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70
ushers
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| n.引座员( usher的名词复数 )；招待员；门房；助理教员v.引，领，陪同( usher的第三人称单数 ) | |
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71
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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72
impudence
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| n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼 | |
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73
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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74
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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75
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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76
enfranchised
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| v.给予选举权( enfranchise的过去式和过去分词 )；（从奴隶制中）解放 | |
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77
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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78
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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79
perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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80
parlous
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| adj.危险的，不确定的，难对付的 | |
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81
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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82
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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83
abhorrent
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| adj.可恶的，可恨的，讨厌的 | |
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84
plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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85
outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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86
bleating
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| v.（羊，小牛）叫( bleat的现在分词 )；哭诉；发出羊叫似的声音；轻声诉说 | |
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87
tattered
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| adj.破旧的，衣衫破的 | |
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88
reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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89
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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90
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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misusing
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| v.使用…不当( misuse的现在分词 )；把…派作不正当的用途；虐待；滥用 | |
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92
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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93
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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94
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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decency
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| n.体面，得体，合宜，正派，庄重 | |
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ethical
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| adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的 | |
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97
violation
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| n.违反(行为)，违背(行为)，侵犯 | |
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98
paraphrase
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| vt.将…释义，改写；n.释义，意义 | |
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99
penitence
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| n.忏悔，赎罪；悔过 | |
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100
amiability
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| n.和蔼可亲的，亲切的，友善的 | |
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101
dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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102
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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103
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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104
saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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105
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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106
distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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107
snob
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| n.势利小人，自以为高雅、有学问的人 | |
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108
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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109
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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110
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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111
dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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112
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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113
solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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114
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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115
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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116
destitute
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| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
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117
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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118
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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119
deity
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| n.神，神性；被奉若神明的人(或物) | |
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120
sinecure
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| n.闲差事，挂名职务 | |
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121
idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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122
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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123
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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124
levity
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| n.轻率，轻浮，不稳定，多变 | |
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125
snobbery
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| n. 充绅士气派, 俗不可耐的性格 | |
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126
illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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127
pointedly
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| adv.尖地，明显地 | |
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128
hierarchies
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| 等级制度( hierarchy的名词复数 )； 统治集团； 领导层； 层次体系 | |
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129
snobbish
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| adj.势利的，谄上欺下的 | |
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130
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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131
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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132
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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133
gambolling
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| v.蹦跳，跳跃，嬉戏( gambol的现在分词 ) | |
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134
rogue
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| n.流氓；v.游手好闲 | |
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135
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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136
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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137
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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138
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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139
peccadilloes
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| n.轻罪，小过失( peccadillo的名词复数 ) | |
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140
shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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141
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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142
inverse
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| adj.相反的，倒转的，反转的；n.相反之物；v.倒转 | |
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143
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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144
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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145
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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146
sinecures
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| n.工作清闲但报酬优厚的职位，挂名的好差事( sinecure的名词复数 ) | |
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147
caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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148
persistent
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| adj.坚持不懈的，执意的；持续的 | |
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149
solicit
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| vi.勾引；乞求；vt.请求，乞求；招揽(生意) | |
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150
purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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151
toils
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| 网 | |
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| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |