Accordingly, when, lying awake at about half past five on the morning of April 18 in my little “flat” on the campus of Stanford, I felt the bed begin to waggle, my first consciousness was one of gleeful recognition of the nature of the movement. “By Jove,” I said to myself, “here’s B’ssold [Transcriber’s note: ‘B’s old’?] earthquake, after all!” And then, as it went crescendo1. “And a jolly good one it is, too!” I said.
Sitting up involuntarily, and taking a kneeling position, I was thrown down on my face as it went fortior shaking the room exactly as a terrier shakes a rat. Then everything that was on anything else slid off to the floor, over went bureau and chiffonier with a crash, as the fortissimo was reached; plaster cracked, an awful roaring noise seemed to fill the outer air, and in an instant all was still again, save the soft babble2 of human voices from far and near that soon began to make itself heard, as the inhabitants in costumes negligés in various degrees sought the greater safety of the street and yielded to the passionate3 desire for sympathetic communication.
The thing was over, as I understand the Lick Observatory4 to have declared, in forty-eight seconds. To me it felt as if about that length of time, although I have heard others say that it seemed to them longer. In my case, sensation and emotion were so strong that little thought, and no reflection or volition5, were possible in the short time consumed by the phenomenon.
The emotion consisted wholly of glee and admiration6; glee at the vividness which such an abstract idea or verbal term as “earthquake” could put on when translated into sensible reality and verified concretely; and admiration at the way in which the frail7 little wooden house could hold itself together in spite of such a shaking. I felt no trace whatever of fear; it was pure delight and welcome.
“Go it,” I almost cried aloud, “and go it stronger!”
I ran into my wife’s room, and found that she, although awakened8 from sound sleep, had felt no fear, either. Of all the persons whom I later interrogated9, very few had felt any fear while the shaking lasted, although many had had a “turn,” as they realized their narrow escapes from bookcases or bricks from chimney-breasts falling on their beds and pillows an instant after they had left them.
As soon as I could think, I discerned retrospectively certain peculiar11 ways in which my consciousness had taken in the phenomenon. These ways were quite spontaneous, and, so to speak, inevitable12 and irresistible13.
First, I personified the earthquake as a permanent individual entity14. It was the earthquake of my friend B’s augury15, which had been lying low and holding itself back during all the intervening months, in order, on that lustrous16 April morning, to invade my room, and energize17 the more intensely and triumphantly19. It came, moreover, directly to me. It stole in behind my back, and once inside the room, had me all to itself, and could manifest itself convincingly. Animus21 and intent were never more present in any human action, nor did any human activity ever more definitely point back to a living agent as its source and origin.
All whom I consulted on the point agreed as to this feature in their experience. “It expressed intention,” “It was vicious,” “It was bent22 on destruction,” “It wanted to show its power,” or what not. To me, it wanted simply to manifest the full meaning of its name. But what was this “It”? To some, apparently23, a vague demonic power; to me an individualized being, B’s earthquake, namely.
One informant interpreted it as the end of the world and the beginning of the final judgment24. This was a lady in a San Francisco hotel, who did not think of its being an earthquake till after she had got into the street and some one had explained it to her. She told me that the theological interpretation25 had kept fear from her mind, and made her take the shaking calmly. For “science,” when the tensions in the earth’s crust reach the breaking-point, and strata26 fall into an altered equilibrium27, earthquake is simply the collective name of all the cracks and shakings and disturbances28 that happen. They are the earthquake. But for me the earthquake was the cause of the disturbances, and the perception of it as a living agent was irresistible. It had an overpowering dramatic convincingness.
I realize now better than ever how inevitable were men’s earlier mythologic30 versions of such catastrophes31, and how artificial and against the grain of our spontaneous perceiving are the later habits into which science educates us. It was simply impossible for untutored men to take earthquakes into their minds as anything but supernatural warnings or retributions.
A good instance of the way in which the tremendousness of a catastrophe32 may banish33 fear was given me by a Stanford student. He was in the fourth story of Encina Hall, an immense stone dormitory building. Awakened from sleep, he recognized what the disturbance29 was, and sprang from the bed, but was thrown off his feet in a moment, while his books and furniture fell round him. Then with an awful, sinister34, grinding roar, everything gave way, and with chimneys, floor-beams, walls and all, he descended35 through the three lower stories of the building into the basement. “This is my end, this is my death,” he felt; but all the while no trace of fear. The experience was too overwhelming for anything but passive surrender to it. (Certain heavy chimneys had fallen in, carrying the whole centre of the building with them.)
Arrived at the bottom, he found himself with rafters and débris round him, but not pinned in or crushed. He saw daylight, and crept toward it through the obstacles. Then, realizing that he was in his nightgown, and feeling no pain anywhere, his first thought was to get back to his room and find some more presentable clothing. The stairways at Encina Hall are at the ends of the building. He made his way to one of them, and went up the four flights, only to find his room no longer extant. Then he noticed pain in his feet, which had been injured, and came down the stairs with difficulty. When he talked with me ten days later he had been in hospital a week, was very thin and pale, and went on crutches36, and was dressed in borrowed clothing.
So much for Stanford, where all our experiences seem to have been very similar. Nearly all our chimneys went down, some of them disintegrating37 from top to bottom; parlor38 floors were covered with bricks; plaster strewed39 the floors; furniture was everywhere upset and dislocated; but the wooden dwellings40 sprang back to their original position, and in house after house not a window stuck or a door scraped at top or bottom. Wood architecture was triumphant18! Everybody was excited, but the excitement at first, at any rate, seemed to be almost joyous41. Here at last was a real earthquake after so many years of harmless waggle! Above all, there was an irresistible desire to talk about it, and exchange experiences.
Most people slept outdoors for several subsequent nights, partly to be safer in case of recurrence42, but also to work off their emotion, and get the full unusualness out of the experience. The vocal43 babble of early-waking girls and boys from the gardens of the campus, mingling44 with the birds’ songs and the exquisite45 weather, was for three or four days delightful46 sunrise phenomenon.
Now turn to San Francisco, thirty-five miles distant, from which an automobile47 ere long brought us the dire20 news of a city in ruins, with fires beginning at various points, and the water-supply interrupted. I was fortunate enough to board the only train of cars — a very small one — that got up to the city; fortunate enough also to escape in the evening by the only train that left it. This gave me and my valiant48 feminine escort some four hours of observation. My business is with “subjective” phenomena49 exclusively; so I will say nothing of the material ruin that greeted us on every hand — the daily papers and the weekly journals have done full justice to that topic. By midday, when we reached the city, the pall50 of smoke was vast and the dynamite51 detonations52 had begun, but the troops, the police and the firemen seemed to have established order, dangerous neighborhoods were roped off everywhere and picketed53, saloons closed, vehicles impressed, and every one at work who could work.
It was indeed a strange sight to see an entire population in the streets, busy as ants in an uncovered ant-hill scurrying54 to save their eggs and larvae55. Every horse, and everything on wheels in the city, from hucksters’ wagons56 to automobiles57, was being loaded with what effects could be scraped together from houses which the advancing flames were threatening. The sidewalks were covered with well-dressed men and women, carrying baskets, bundles, valises, or dragging trunks to spots of greater temporary safety, soon to be dragged farther, as the fire kept spreading!
In the safer quarters, every doorstep was covered with the dwelling’s tenants58, sitting surrounded with their more indispensable chattels59, and ready to flee at a minute’s notice. I think every one must have fasted on that day, for I saw no one eating. There was no appearance of general dismay, and little of chatter60 or of inco-ordinated excitement.
Every one seemed doggedly61 bent on achieving the job which he had set himself to perform; and the faces, although somewhat tense and set and grave, were inexpressive of emotion. I noticed only three persons overcome, two Italian women, very poor, embracing an aged62 fellow countrywoman, and all weeping. Physical fatigue63 and seriousness were the only inner states that one could read on countenances64.
With lights forbidden in the houses, and the streets lighted only by the conflagration65, it was apprehended66 that the criminals of San Francisco would hold high carnival67 on the ensuing night. But whether they feared the disciplinary methods of the United States troops, who were visible everywhere, or whether they were themselves solemnized by the immensity of the disaster, they lay low and did not “manifest,” either then or subsequently.
The only very discreditable thing to human nature that occurred was later, when hundreds of lazy “bummers” found that they could keep camping in the parks, and make alimentary68 storage-batteries of their stomachs, even in some cases getting enough of the free rations69 in their huts or tents to last them well into the summer. This charm of pauperized vagabondage seems all along to have been Satan’s most serious bait to human nature. There was theft from the outset, but confined, I believe, to petty pilfering70.
Cash in hand was the only money, and millionaires and their families were no better off in this respect than any one. Whoever got a vehicle could have the use of it; but the richest often went without, and spent the first two nights on rugs on the bare ground, with nothing but what their own arms had rescued. Fortunately, those nights were dry and comparatively warm, and Californians are accustomed to camping conditions in the summer, so suffering from exposure was less great than it would have been elsewhere. By the fourth night, which was rainy, tents and huts had brought most campers under cover.
I went through the city again eight days later. The fire was out, and about a quarter of the area stood unconsumed. Intact skyscrapers72 dominated the smoking level majestically73 and superbly — they and a few walls that had survived the overthrow74. Thus has the courage of our architects and builders received triumphant vindication75!
The inert76 elements of the population had mostly got away, and those that remained seemed what Mr. H. G. Wells calls “efficients.” Sheds were already going up as temporary starting-points of business. Every one looked cheerful, in spite of the awful discontinuity of past and future, with every familiar association with material things dissevered; and the discipline and order were practically perfect.
As these notes of mine must be short, I had better turn to my more generalized reflections.
Two things in retrospect10 strike me especially, and are the most emphatic77 of all my impressions. Both are reassuring78 as to human nature.
The first of these was the rapidity of the improvisation79 of order out of chaos80. It is clear that just as in every thousand human beings there will be statistically81 so many artists, so many athletes, so many thinkers, and so many potentially good soldiers, so there will be so many potential organizers in times of emergency. In point of fact, not only in the great city, but in the outlying towns, these natural ordermakers, whether amateurs or officials, came to the front immediately. There seemed to be no possibility which there was not some one there to think of, or which within twenty-four hours was not in some way provided for.
A good illustration is this: Mr. Keith is the great landscape-painter of the Pacific slope, and his pictures, which are many, are artistically83 and pecuniarily84 precious. Two citizens, lovers of his work, early in the day diverted their attention from all other interests, their own private ones included, and made it their duty to visit every place which they knew to contain a Keith painting. They cut them from their frames, rolled them up, and in this way got all the more important ones into a place of safety.
When they then sought Mr. Keith, to convey the joyous news to him, they found him still in his studio, which was remote from the fire, beginning a new painting. Having given up his previous work for lost, he had resolved to lose no time in making what amends85 he could for the disaster.
The completeness of organization at Palo Alto, a town of ten thousand inhabitants close to Stanford University, was almost comical. People feared exodus86 on a large scale of the rowdy elements of San Francisco. In point of tact71, very few refugees came to Palo Alto. But within twenty-four hours, rations, clothing, hospital, quarantine, disinfection, washing, police, military, quarters in camp and in houses, printed information, employment, all were provided for under the care of so many volunteer committees.
Much of this readiness was American, much of it Californian; but I believe that every country in a similar crisis would have displayed it in a way to astonish the spectators. Like soldiering, it lies always latent in human nature.
The second thing that struck me was the universal equanimity87. We soon got letters from the East, ringing with anxiety and pathos88; but I now know fully89 what I have always believed, that the pathetic way of feeling great disasters belongs rather to the point of view of people at a distance than to the immediate82 victims. I heard not a single really pathetic or sentimental90 word in California expressed by any one.
The terms “awful,” “dreadful” fell often enough from people’s lips, but always with a sort of abstract meaning, and with a face that seemed to admire the vastness of the catastrophe as much as it bewailed its cuttingness. When talk was not directly practical, I might almost say that it expressed (at any rate in the nine days I was there) a tendency more toward nervous excitement than toward grief. The hearts concealed91 private bitterness enough, no doubt, but the tongues disdained92 to dwell on the misfortunes of self, when almost everybody one spoke93 to had suffered equally.
Surely the cutting edge of all our usual misfortunes comes from their character of loneliness. We lose our health, our wife or children die, our house burns down, or our money is made way with, and the world goes on rejoicing, leaving us on one side and counting us out from all its business. In California every one, to some degree, was suffering, and one’s private miseries94 were merged95 in the vast general sum of privation and in the all-absorbing practical problem of general recuperation. The cheerfulness, or, at any rate, the steadfastness96 of tone, was universal. Not a single whine97 or plaintive98 word did I hear from the hundred losers whom I spoke to. Instead of that there was a temper of helpfulness beyond the counting.
It is easy to glorify99 this as something characteristically American, or especially Californian. Californian education has, of course, made the thought of all possible recuperations easy. In an exhausted100 country, with no marginal resources, the outlook on the future would be much darker. But I like to think that what I write of is a normal and universal trait of human nature. In our drawing-rooms and offices we wonder how people ever do go through battles, sieges and shipwrecks101. We quiver and sicken in imagination, and think those heroes superhuman. Physical pain whether suffered alone or in company, is always more or less unnerving and intolerable. But mental pathos and anguish103, I fancy, are usually effects of distance. At the place of action, where all are concerned together, healthy animal insensibility and heartiness104 take their place. At San Francisco the need will continue to be awful, and there will doubtless be a crop of nervous wrecks102 before the weeks and months are over, but meanwhile the commonest men, simply because they are men, will go on, singly and collectively, showing this admirable fortitude105 of temper.
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1
crescendo
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| n.(音乐)渐强，高潮 | |
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babble
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| v.含糊不清地说，胡言乱语地说，儿语 | |
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passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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observatory
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| n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台 | |
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volition
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| n.意志；决意 | |
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admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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8
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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interrogated
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| v.询问( interrogate的过去式和过去分词 )；审问；（在计算机或其他机器上）查询 | |
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retrospect
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| n.回顾，追溯；v.回顾，回想，追溯 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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entity
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| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
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augury
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| n.预言，征兆，占卦 | |
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lustrous
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| adj.有光泽的；光辉的 | |
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energize
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| vt.给予(某人或某物)精力、能量 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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triumphantly
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| ad.得意洋洋地；得胜地；成功地 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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animus
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| n.恶意；意图 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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mythologic
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| 神话学的，神话的，虚构的 | |
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catastrophes
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| n.灾祸( catastrophe的名词复数 )；灾难；不幸事件；困难 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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banish
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| vt.放逐，驱逐；消除，排除 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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crutches
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| n.拐杖, 支柱 v.支撑 | |
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disintegrating
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| v.（使）破裂[分裂，粉碎]，（使）崩溃( disintegrate的现在分词 ) | |
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parlor
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| n.店铺，营业室；会客室，客厅 | |
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strewed
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| v.撒在…上( strew的过去式和过去分词 )；散落于；点缀；撒满 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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recurrence
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| n.复发，反复，重现 | |
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vocal
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| adj.直言不讳的；嗓音的；n.[pl.]声乐节目 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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detonations
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| n.爆炸 （声）( detonation的名词复数 ) | |
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picketed
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| 用尖桩围住（picket的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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scurrying
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| v.急匆匆地走( scurry的现在分词 ) | |
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larvae
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| n.幼虫 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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automobiles
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| n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 ) | |
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tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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chattels
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| n.动产，奴隶( chattel的名词复数 ) | |
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chatter
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| vi.／n.喋喋不休；短促尖叫；(牙齿)打战 | |
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doggedly
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| adv.顽强地，固执地 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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carnival
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| n.嘉年华会，狂欢，狂欢节，巡回表演 | |
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alimentary
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| adj.饮食的，营养的 | |
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rations
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| 定量( ration的名词复数 )； 配给量； 正常量； 合理的量 | |
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pilfering
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| v.偷窃（小东西），小偷( pilfer的现在分词 )；偷窃（一般指小偷小摸） | |
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71
tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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skyscrapers
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| n.摩天大楼 | |
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majestically
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| 雄伟地； 庄重地； 威严地； 崇高地 | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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inert
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| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
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emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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reassuring
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| a.使人消除恐惧和疑虑的，使人放心的 | |
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improvisation
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| n.即席演奏(或演唱)；即兴创作 | |
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chaos
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| n.混乱，无秩序 | |
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statistically
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| ad.根据统计数据来看，从统计学的观点来看 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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artistically
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| adv.艺术性地 | |
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pecuniarily
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| adv.在金钱上，在金钱方面 | |
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amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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exodus
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| v.大批离去，成群外出 | |
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equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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pathos
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| n.哀婉，悲怆 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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disdained
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| 鄙视( disdain的过去式和过去分词 )； 不屑于做，不愿意做 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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steadfastness
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| n.坚定，稳当 | |
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whine
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| v.哀号，号哭；n.哀鸣 | |
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plaintive
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| adj.可怜的，伤心的 | |
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glorify
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| vt.颂扬，赞美，使增光，美化 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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101
shipwrecks
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| 海难，船只失事( shipwreck的名词复数 )； 沉船 | |
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wrecks
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| n.沉船( wreck的名词复数 )；（事故中）遭严重毁坏的汽车（或飞机等）；（身体或精神上）受到严重损伤的人；状况非常糟糕的车辆（或建筑物等）v.毁坏[毁灭]某物( wreck的第三人称单数 )；使（船舶）失事，使遇难，使下沉 | |
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103
anguish
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| n.(尤指心灵上的)极度痛苦，烦恼 | |
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heartiness
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| 诚实，热心 | |
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fortitude
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| n.坚忍不拔；刚毅 | |
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