Under these favourable16 circumstances, traversing regions which for ages have remained almost unknown to most of the nations of Europe, I might add even to Spain, M. Bonpland and myself collected a considerable number of materials, the publication of which may throw some light on the history of nations, and advance the study of nature.
I had in view a two-fold purpose in the travels of which I now publish the historical narrative17. I wished to make known the countries I had visited; and to collect such facts as are fitted to elucidate18 a science of which we as yet possess scarcely the outline, and which has been vaguely19 denominated Natural History of the World, Theory of the Earth, or Physical Geography. The last of these two objects seemed to me the most important. I was passionately20 devoted to botany and certain parts of zoology21, and I flattered myself that our investigations might add some new species to those already known, both in the animal and vegetable kingdoms; but preferring the connection of facts which have been long observed, to the knowledge of insulated facts, although new, the discovery of an unknown genus seemed to me far less interesting than an observation on the geographical22 relations of the vegetable world, on the migrations23 of the social plants, and the limit of the height which their different tribes attain24 on the flanks of the Cordilleras.
The natural sciences are connected by the same ties which link together all the phenomena25 of nature. The classification of the species, which must be considered as the fundamental part of botany, and the study of which is rendered attractive and easy by the introduction of natural methods, is to the geography of plants what descriptive mineralogy is to the indication of the rocks constituting the exterior26 crust of the globe. To comprehend the laws observed in the position of these rocks, to determine the age of their successive formations, and their identity in the most distant regions, the geologist27 should be previously28 acquainted with the simple fossils which compose the mass of mountains, and of which the names and character are the object of oryctognostical knowledge. It is the same with that part of the natural history of the globe which treats of the relations plants have to each other, to the soil whence they spring, or to the air which they inhale29 and modify. The progress of the geography of plants depends in a great measure on that of descriptive botany; and it would be injurious to the advancement30 of science, to attempt rising to general ideas, whilst neglecting the knowledge of particular facts.
I have been guided by these considerations in the course of my inquiries31; they were always present to my mind during the period of my preparatory studies. When I began to read the numerous narratives32 of travels, which compose so interesting a part of modern literature, I regretted that travellers, the most enlightened in the insulated branches of natural history, were seldom possessed33 of sufficient variety of knowledge to avail themselves of every advantage arising from their position. It appeared to me, that the importance of the results hitherto obtained did not keep pace with the immense progress which, at the end of the eighteenth century, had been made in several departments of science, particularly geology, the history of the modifications34 of the atmosphere, and the physiology35 of animals and plants. I saw with regret, (and all scientific men have shared this feeling) that whilst the number of accurate instruments was daily increasing, we were still ignorant of the height of many mountains and elevated plains; of the periodical oscillations of the aerial ocean; of the limit of perpetual snow within the polar circle and on the borders of the torrid zone; of the variable intensity36 of the magnetic forces, and of many other phenomena equally important.
Maritime37 expeditions and circumnavigatory voyages have conferred just celebrity38 on the names of the naturalists39 and astronomers41 who have been appointed by various governments to share the dangers of those undertakings42; but though these eminent43 men have given us precise notions of the external configuration44 of countries, of the natural history of the ocean, and of the productions of islands and coasts, it must be admitted that maritime expeditions are less fitted to advance the progress of geology and other parts of physical science, than travels into the interior of a continent. The advancement of the natural sciences has been subordinate to that of geography and nautical45 astronomy. During a voyage of several years, the land but seldom presents itself to the observation of the mariner46, and when, after lengthened47 expectation, it is descried48, he often finds it stripped of its most beautiful productions. Sometimes, beyond a barren coast, he perceives a ridge49 of mountains covered with verdure, but its distance forbids examination, and the view serves only to excite regret.
Journeys by land are attended with considerable difficulties in the conveyance50 of instruments and collections, but these difficulties are compensated by advantages which it is unnecessary to enumerate51. It is not by sailing along a coast that we can discover the direction of chains of mountains, and their geological constitution, the climate of each zone, and its influence on the forms and habits of organized beings. In proportion to the extent of continents, the greater on the surface of the soil are the riches of animal and vegetable productions; the more distant the central chain of mountains from the sea-shore, the greater is the variety in the bosom52 of the earth, of those stony53 strata54, the regular succession of which unfolds the history of our planet. As every being considered apart is impressed with a particular type, so, in like manner, we find the same distinctive55 impression in the arrangement of brute56 matter organized in rocks, and also in the distribution and mutual57 relations of plants and animals. The great problem of the physical description of the globe, is the determination of the form of these types, the laws of their relations with each other, and the eternal ties which link the phenomena of life, and those of inanimate nature.
Having stated the general object I had in view in my expeditions, I will now hasten to give a slight sketch58 of the whole of the collections and observations which we have accumulated, and the union of which is the aim and end of every scientific journey. The maritime war, during our abode59 in America, having rendered communication with Europe very uncertain, we found ourselves compelled, in order to diminish the chance of losses, to form three different collections. Of these, the first was embarked60 for Spain and France, the second for the United States and England, and the third, which was the most considerable, remained almost constantly under our own eyes. Towards the close of our expedition, this last collection formed forty-two boxes, containing an herbal of six thousand equinoctial plants, seeds, shells, insects, and (what had hitherto never been brought to Europe) geological specimens62, from the Chimborazo, New Grenada, and the banks of the river Amazon.
After our journey to the Orinoco, we left a part of these collections at the island of Cuba, intending to take them on our return from Peru to Mexico. The rest followed us during the space of five years, on the chain of the Andes, across New Spain, from the shores of the Pacific to the coasts of the Caribbean Sea. The conveyance of these objects, and the minute care they required, occasioned embarrassments63 scarcely conceiveable even by those who have traversed the most uncultivated parts of Europe. Our progress was often retarded64 by the necessity of dragging after us, during expeditions of five or six months, twelve, fifteen, and sometimes more than twenty loaded mules65, exchanging these animals every eight or ten days, and superintending the Indians who were employed in driving the numerous caravan66. Often, in order to add to our collections of new mineral substances, we found ourselves obliged to throw away others, which we had collected a considerable time before. These sacrifices were not less vexatious than the losses we accidentally sustained. Sad experience taught us but too late, that from the sultry humidity of the climate, and the frequent falls of the beasts of burden, we could preserve neither the skins of animals hastily prepared, nor the fishes and reptiles67 placed in phials filled with alcohol. I enter into these details, because, though little interesting in themselves, they serve to show that we had no means of bringing back, in their natural state, many objects of zoology and comparative anatomy68, of which we have published descriptions and drawings. Notwithstanding some obstacles, and the expense occasioned by the carriage of these articles, I had reason to applaud the resolution I had taken before my departure, of sending to Europe the duplicates only of the productions we collected. I cannot too often repeat, that when the seas are infested69 with privateers, a traveller can be sure only of the objects in his own possession. A very few of the duplicates, which we shipped for Europe during our abode in America, were saved; the greater part fell into the hands of persons who feel no interest for science. When a ship is condemned70 in a foreign port, boxes containing only dried plants or stones, instead of being sent to the scientific men to whom they are addressed, are put aside and forgotten. Some of our geological collections taken in the Pacific were, however, more fortunate. We were indebted for their preservation71 to the generous activity of Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society of London, who, amidst the political agitations72 of Europe, unceasingly laboured to strengthen the bonds of union between scientific men of all nations.
In our investigations we have considered each phenomenon under different aspects, and classed our remarks according to the relations they bear to each other. To afford an idea of the method we have followed, I will here add a succinct73 enumeration74 of the materials with which we were furnished for describing the volcanoes of Antisana and Pichincha, as well as that of Jorullo: the latter, during the night of the 20th of September, 1759, rose from the earth one thousand five hundred and seventy-eight French feet above the surrounding plains of Mexico. The position of these singular mountains in longitude75 and latitude76 was ascertained77 by astronomical78 observations. We took the heights of the different parts by the aid of the barometer79, and determined80 the dip of the needle and the intensity of the magnetic forces. Our collections contain the plants which are spread over the flanks of these volcanoes, and specimens of different rocks which, superposed one upon another, constitute their external coat. We are enabled to indicate, by measures sufficiently81 exact, the height above the level of the ocean, at which we found each group of plants, and each volcanic82 rock. Our journals furnish us with a series of observations on the humidity, the temperature, the electricity, and the degree of transparency of the air on the brinks of the craters83 of Pichincha and Jorullo; they also contain topographical plans and geological profiles of these mountains, founded in part on the measure of vertical84 bases, and on angles of altitude. Each observation has been calculated according to the tables and the methods which are considered most exact in the present state of our knowledge; and in order to judge of the degree of confidence which the results may claim, we have preserved the whole detail of our partial operations.
It would have been possible to blend these different materials in a work devoted wholly to the description of the volcanoes of Peru and New Spain. Had I given the physical description of a single province, I could have treated separately everything relating to its geography, mineralogy, and botany; but how could I interrupt the narrative of a journey, a disquisition on the manners of a people, or the great phenomena of nature, by an enumeration of the productions of the country, the description of new species of animals and plants, or the detail of astronomical observations. Had I adopted a mode of composition which would have included in one and the same chapter all that has been observed on one particular point of the globe, I should have prepared a work of cumbrous length, and devoid85 of that clearness which arises in a great measure from the methodical distribution of matter. Notwithstanding the efforts I have made to avoid, in this narrative, the errors I had to dread86, I feel conscious that I have not always succeeded in separating the observations of detail from those general results which interest every enlightened mind. These results comprise in one view the climate and its influence on organized beings, the aspect of the country, varied87 according to the nature of the soil and its vegetable covering, the direction of the mountains and rivers which separate races of men as well as tribes of plants; and finally, the modifications observable in the condition of people living in different latitudes88, and in circumstances more or less favourable to the development of their faculties89. I do not fear having too much enlarged on objects so worthy90 of attention: one of the noblest characteristics which distinguish modern civilization from that of remoter times is, that it has enlarged the mass of our conceptions, rendered us more capable of perceiving the connection between the physical and intellectual world, and thrown a more general interest over objects which heretofore occupied only a few scientific men, because those objects were contemplated91 separately, and from a narrower point of view.
As it is probable that these volumes will obtain the attention of a greater number of readers than the detail of my observations merely scientific, or my researches on the population, the commerce, and the mines of New Spain, I may be permitted here to enumerate all the works which I have hitherto published conjointly with M. Bonpland. When several works are interwoven in some sort with each other, it may perhaps be interesting to the reader to know the sources whence he may obtain more circumstantial information.
1. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS, TRIGONOMETRICAL OPERATIONS, AND BAROMETRICAL93 MEASUREMENTS MADE DURING THE COURSE OF A JOURNEY TO THE EQUINOCTIAL REGIONS OF THE NEW CONTINENT, FROM 1799 TO 1804.
This work, to which are added historical researches on the position of several points important to navigators, contains, first, the original observations which I made from the twelfth degree of southern to the forty-first degree of northern latitude; the transits94 of the sun and stars over the meridian95; distances of the moon from the sun and the stars; occultations of the satellites; eclipses of the sun and moon; transits of Mercury over the disc of the sun; azimuths; circum-meridian altitudes of the moon, to determine the longitude by the differences of declination; researches on the relative intensity of the light of the austral stars; geodesical measures, etc. Secondly96, a treatise97 on the astronomical refractions in the torrid zone, considered as the effect of the decrement of caloric in the strata of the air; thirdly, the barometric92 measurement of the Cordillera of the Andes, of Mexico, of the province of Venezuela, of the kingdom of Quito, and of New Grenada; followed by geological observations, and containing the indication of four hundred and fifty-three heights, calculated according to the method of M. Laplace, and the new co-efficient of M. Ramond; fourthly, a table of near seven hundred geographical positions on the New Continent; two hundred and thirty-five of which have been determined by my own observations, according to the three co-ordinates of longitude, latitude, and height.
2. EQUINOCTIAL PLANTS COLLECTED IN MEXICO, IN THE ISLAND OF CUBA, IN THE PROVINCES OF CARACAS, CUMANA, AND BARCELONA, ON THE ANDES OF NEW GRENADA, QUITO, AND PERU, AND ON THE BANKS OF THE RIO NEGRO, THE ORINOCO, AND THE RIVER AMAZON.
M. Bonpland has in this work given figures of more than forty new genera of plants of the torrid zone, classed according to their natural families. The methodical descriptions of the species are both in French and Latin, and are accompanied by observations on the medicinal properties of the plants, their use in the arts, and the climate of the countries in which they are found.
3. MONOGRAPHY OF THE MELASTOMA, RHEXIA, AND OTHER GENERA OF THIS ORDER OF PLANTS.
Comprising upwards98 of a hundred and fifty species of melastomaceae, which we collected during the course of our expeditions, and which form one of the most beautiful ornaments99 of tropical vegetation. M. Bonpland has added the plants of the same family, which, among many other rich stores of natural history, M. Richard collected in his interesting expedition to the Antilles and French Guiana, and the descriptions of which he has communicated to us.
4. ESSAY ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS, ACCOMPANIED BY A PHYSICAL TABLE OF THE EQUINOCTIAL REGIONS, FOUNDED ON MEASURES TAKEN FROM THE TENTH DEGREE OF NORTHERN TO THE TENTH DEGREE OF SOUTHERN LATITUDE.
I have endeavoured to collect in one point of view the whole of the physical phenomena of that part of the New Continent comprised within the limits of the torrid zone from the level of the Pacific to the highest summit of the Andes; namely, the vegetation, the animals, the geological relations, the cultivation100 of the soil, the temperature of the air, the limit of perpetual snow, the chemical constitution of the atmosphere, its electrical intensity, its barometrical pressure, the decrement of gravitation, the intensity of the azure101 colour of the sky, the diminution102 of light during its passage through the successive strata of the air, the horizontal refractions, and the heat of boiling water at different heights. Fourteen scales, disposed side by side with a profile of the Andes, indicate the modifications to which these phenomena are subject from the influence of the elevation103 of the soil above the level of the sea. Each group of plants is placed at the height which nature has assigned to it, and we may follow the prodigious104 variety of their forms from the region of the palms and arborescent ferns to those of the johannesia (chuquiraga, Juss.), the gramineous plants, and lichens105. These regions form the natural divisions of the vegetable empire; and as perpetual snow is found in each climate at a determinate height, so, in like manner, the febrifuge species of the quinquina (cinchona) have their fixed106 limits, which I have marked in the botanical chart belonging to this essay.
5. OBSERVATIONS ON ZOOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE ANATOMY.
I have comprised in this work the history of the condor107; experiments on the electrical action of the gymnotus; a treatise on the larynx of the crocodiles, the quadrumani, and birds of the tropics; the description of several new species of reptiles, fishes, birds, monkeys, and other mammalia but little known. M. Cuvier has enriched this work with a very comprehensive treatise on the axolotl of the lake of Mexico, and on the genera of the Protei. That naturalist40 has also recognized two new species of mastodons and an elephant among the fossil bones of quadrupeds which we brought from North and South America. For the description of the insects collected by M. Bonpland we are indebted to M. Latreille, whose labours have so much contributed to the progress of entomology in our times. The second volume of this work contains figures of the Mexican, Peruvian, and Aturian skulls108, which we have deposited in the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and respecting which Blumenbach has published observations in the ‘Decas quinta Craniorum diversarum gentium.’
6. POLITICAL ESSAY ON THE KINGDOM OF NEW SPAIN, WITH A PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL ATLAS109, FOUNDED ON ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS AND TRIGONOMETRICAL AND BAROMETRICAL MEASUREMENTS.
This work, based on numerous official memoirs110, presents, in six divisions, considerations on the extent and natural appearance of Mexico, on the population, on the manners of the inhabitants, their ancient civilization, and the political division of their territory. It embraces also the agriculture, the mineral riches, the manufactures, the commerce, the finances, and the military defence of that vast country. In treating these different subjects I have endeavoured to consider them under a general point of view; I have drawn111 a parallel not only between New Spain, the other Spanish colonies, and the United States of North America, but also between New Spain and the possessions of the English in Asia; I have compared the agriculture of the countries situated112 in the torrid zone with that of the temperate113 climates; and I have examined the quantity of colonial produce necessary to Europe in the present state of civilization. In tracing the geological description of the richest mining districts in Mexico, I have, in short, given a statement of the mineral produce, the population, the imports and exports of the whole of Spanish America. I have examined several questions which, for want of precise data, had not hitherto been treated with the attention they demand, such as the influx114 and reflux of metals, their progressive accumulation in Europe and Asia, and the quantity of gold and silver which, since the discovery of America down to our own times, the Old World has received from the New. The geographical introduction at the beginning of this work contains the analysis of the materials which have been employed in the construction of the Mexican Atlas.
7. VIEWS OF THE CORDILLERAS, AND MONUMENTS OF THE INDIGENOUS115 NATIONS OF THE NEW CONTINENT.*
[*Atlas Pittoresque, ou Vues des Cordilleres, 1 volume folio, with 69 plates, part of which are coloured, accompanied by explanatory treatises116. This work may be considered as the Atlas to the historical narrative of the travels.]
This work is intended to represent a few of the grand scenes which nature presents in the lofty chain of the Andes, and at the same time to throw some light on the ancient civilization of the Americans, through the study of their monuments of architecture, their hieroglyphics117, their religious rites118, and their astrological reveries. I have given in this work a description of the teocalli, or Mexican pyramids, and have compared their structure with that of the temple of Belus. I have described the arabesques119 which cover the ruins of Mitla, the idols120 in basalt ornamented121 with the calantica of the heads of Isis; and also a considerable number of symbolical122 paintings, representing the serpent-woman (the Mexican Eve), the deluge123 of Coxcox, and the first migrations of the natives of the Aztec race. I have endeavoured to prove the striking analogies existing between the calendar of the Toltecs and the catasterisms of their zodiac, and the division of time of the people of Tartary and Thibet, as well as the Mexican traditions on the four regenerations of the globe, the pralayas of the Hindoos, and the four ages of Hesiod. In this work I have also included (in addition to the hieroglyphical124 paintings I brought to Europe), fragments of all the Aztec manuscripts, collected in Rome, Veletri, Vienna, and Dresden, and one of which reminds us, by its lineary symbols, of the kouas of the Chinese. Together with the rude monuments of the aborigines of America, this volume contains picturesque125 views of the mountainous countries which those people inhabited; for example, the cataract126 of Tequendama, Chimborazo, the volcano of Jorullo and Cayambe, the pyramidal summit of which, covered with eternal ice, is situated directly under the equinoctial line. In every zone the configuration of the ground, the physiognomy of the plants, and the aspect of lovely or wild scenery, have great influence on the progress of the arts, and on the style which distinguishes their productions. This influence is so much the more perceptible in proportion as man is farther removed from civilization.
I could have added to this work researches on the character of languages, which are the most durable127 monuments of nations. I have collected a number of materials on the languages of America, of which MM. Frederic Schlegel and Vater have made use; the former in his Considerations on the Hindoos, the latter in his Continuation of the Mithridates of Adelung, in the Ethnographical Magazine, and in his Inquiries into the Population of the New Continent. These materials are now in the hands of my brother, William von Humboldt, who, during his travels in Spain, and a long abode at Rome, formed the richest collection of American vocabularies in existence. His extensive knowledge of the ancient and modern languages has enabled him to trace some curious analogies in relation to this subject, so important to the philosophical128 study of the history of man. A part of his labours will find a place in this narrative.
Of the different works which I have here enumerated129, the second and third were composed by M. Bonpland, from the observations which he made in a botanical journal. This journal contains more than four thousand methodical descriptions of equinoctial plants, a ninth part only of which have been made by me. They appear in a separate publication, under the title of Nova Genera et Species Plantariem. In this work will be found, not only the new species we collected, which, after a careful examination by one of the first botanists130 of the age, Professor Willdenouw, are computed131 to amount to fourteen or fifteen hundred, but also the interesting observations made by M. Bonpland on plants hitherto imperfectly described. The plates of this work are all engraved132 according to the method followed by M. Labillardiere, in the Specimen61 Planterum Novae Hollandiae, a work remarkable133 for profound research and clearness of arrangement.
After having distributed into separate works all that belongs to astronomy, botany, zoology, the political description of New Spain, and the history of the ancient civilization of certain nations of the New Continent, there still remained many general results and local descriptions, which I might have collected into separate treatises. I had, during my journey, prepared papers on the races of men in South America; on the Missions of the Orinoco; on the obstacles to the progress of society in the torrid zone arising from the climate and the strength of vegetation; on the character of the landscape in the Cordilleras of the Andes compared with that of the Alps in Switzerland; on the analogies between the rocks of the two hemispheres; on the physical constitution of the air in the equinoctial regions, etc. I had left Europe with the firm intention of not writing what is usually called the historical narrative of a journey, but to publish the fruit of my inquiries in works merely descriptive; and I had arranged the facts, not in the order in which they successively presented themselves, but according to the relation they bore to each other. Amidst the overwhelming majesty134 of Nature, and the stupendous objects she presents at every step, the traveller is little disposed to record in his journal matters which relate only to himself, and the ordinary details of life.
I composed a very brief itinerary135 during the course of my excursions on the rivers of South America, and in my long journeys by land. I regularly described (and almost always on the spot) the visits I made to the summits of volcanoes, or mountains remarkable for their height; but the entries in my journal were interrupted whenever I resided in a town, or when other occupations prevented me from continuing a work which I considered as having only a secondary interest. Whenever I wrote in my journal, I had no other motive136 than the preservation of some of those fugitive137 ideas which present themselves to a naturalist, whose life is almost wholly passed in the open air. I wished to make a temporary collection of such facts as I had not then leisure to class, and note down the first impressions, whether agreeable or painful, which I received from nature or from man. Far from thinking at the time that those pages thus hurriedly written would form the basis of an extensive work to be offered to the public, it appeared to me, that my journal, though it might furnish certain data useful to science, would present very few of those incidents, the recital138 of which constitutes the principal charm of an itinerary.
The difficulties I have experienced since my return, in the composition of a considerable number of treatises, for the purpose of making known certain classes of phenomena, insensibly overcame my repugnance139 to write the narrative of my journey. In undertaking this task, I have been guided by the advice of many estimable persons, who honour me with their friendship. I also perceived that such a preference is given to this sort of composition, that scientific men, after having presented in an isolated140 form the account of their researches on the productions, the manners, and the political state of the countries through which they have passed, imagine that they have not fulfilled their engagements with the public, till they have written their itinerary.
An historical narrative embraces two very distinct objects; the greater or the less important events connected with the purpose of the traveller, and the observations he has made during his journey. The unity141 of composition also, which distinguishes good works from those on an ill-constructed plan, can be strictly142 observed only when the traveller describes what has passed under his own eye; and when his principal attention has been fixed less on scientific observations than on the manners of different people and the great phenomena of nature. Now, the most faithful picture of manners is that which best displays the relations of men towards each other. The character of savage143 or civilized144 life is portrayed145 either in the obstacles a traveller meets with, or in the sensations he feels. It is the traveller himself whom we continually desire to see in contact with the objects which surround him; and his narration146 interests us the more, when a local tint147 is diffused148 over the description of a country and its inhabitants. Such is the source of the interest excited by the history of those early navigators, who, impelled149 by intrepidity150 rather than by science, struggled against the elements in their search for the discovery of a new world. Such is the irresistible151 charm attached to the fate of that enterprising traveller (Mungo Park.), who, full of enthusiasm and energy, penetrated152 alone into the centre of Africa, to discover amidst barbarous nations the traces of ancient civilization.
In proportion as travels have been undertaken by persons whose views have been directed to researches into descriptive natural history, geography, or political economy, itineraries153 have partly lost that unity of composition, and that simplicity154 which characterized those of former ages. It is now become scarcely possible to connect so many different materials with the detail of other events; and that part of a traveller’s narrative which we may call dramatic gives way to dissertations155 merely descriptive. The numerous class of readers who prefer agreeable amusement to solid instruction, have not gained by the exchange; and I am afraid that the temptation will not be great to follow the course of travellers who are incumbered with scientific instruments and collections.
To give greater variety to my work, I have often interrupted the historical narrative by descriptions. I first represent phenomena in the order in which they appeared; and I afterwards consider them in the whole of their individual relations. This mode has been successfully followed in the journey of M. de Saussure, whose most valuable work has contributed more than any other to the advancement of science. Often, amidst dry discussions on meteorology, it contains many charming descriptions; such as those of the modes of life of the inhabitants of the mountains, the dangers of hunting the chamois, and the sensations felt on the summit of the higher Alps.
There are details of ordinary life which it may be useful to note in an itinerary, because they serve for the guidance of those who afterwards journey through the same countries. I have preserved a few, but have suppressed the greater part of those personal incidents which present no particular interest, and which can be rendered amusing only by the perfection of style.
With respect to the country which has been the object of my investigations, I am fully156 sensible of the great advantages enjoyed by persons who travel in Greece, Egypt, the banks of the Euphrates, and the islands of the Pacific, in comparison with those who traverse the continent of America. In the Old World, nations and the distinctions of their civilization form the principal points in the picture; in the New World, man and his productions almost disappear amidst the stupendous display of wild and gigantic nature. The human race in the New World presents only a few remnants of indigenous hordes157, slightly advanced in civilization; or it exhibits merely the uniformity of manners and institutions transplanted by European colonists158 to foreign shores. Information which relates to the history of our species, to the various forms of government, to monuments of art, to places full of great remembrances, affect us far more than descriptions of those vast solitudes159 which seem destined160 only for the development of vegetable life, and to be the domain161 of wild animals. The savages162 of America, who have been the objects of so many systematic163 reveries, and on whom M. Volney has lately published some accurate and intelligent observations, inspire less interest since celebrated164 navigators have made known to us the inhabitants of the South Sea islands, in whose character we find a striking mixture of perversity165 and meekness166. The state of half-civilization existing among those islanders gives a peculiar167 charm to the description of their manners. A king, followed by a numerous suite168, presents the fruits of his orchard169; or a funeral is performed amidst the shade of the lofty forest. Such pictures, no doubt, have more attraction than those which pourtray the solemn gravity of the inhabitant of the banks of the Missouri or the Maranon.
America offers an ample field for the labours of the naturalist. On no other part of the globe is he called upon more powerfully by nature to raise himself to general ideas on the cause of phenomena and their mutual connection. To say nothing of that luxuriance of vegetation, that eternal spring of organic life, those climates varying by stages as we climb the flanks of the Cordilleras, and those majestic170 rivers which a celebrated writer (M. Chateaubriand.) has described with such graceful171 accuracy, the resources which the New World affords for the study of geology and natural philosophy in general have been long since acknowledged. Happy the traveller who may cherish the hope that he has availed himself of the advantages of his position, and that he has added some new facts to the mass of those previously acquired!
Since I left America, one of those great revolutions, which at certain periods agitate6 the human race, has broken out in the Spanish colonies, and seems to prepare new destinies for a population of fourteen millions of inhabitants, spreading from the southern to the northern hemisphere, from the shores of the Rio de la Plata and Chile to the remotest part of Mexico. Deep resentments172, excited by colonial legislation, and fostered by mistrustful policy, have stained with blood regions which had enjoyed, for the space of nearly three centuries, what I will not call happiness but uninterrupted peace. At Quito several of the most virtuous173 and enlightened citizens have perished, victims of devotion to their country. While I am giving the description of regions, the remembrance of which is so dear to me, I continually light on places which recall to my mind the loss of a friend.
When we reflect on the great political agitations of the New World, we observe that the Spanish Americans are by no means in so favourable a position as the inhabitants of the United States; the latter having been prepared for independence by the long enjoyment3 of constitutional liberty. Internal dissensions are chiefly to be dreaded174 in regions where civilization is but slightly rooted, and where, from the influence of climate, forests may soon regain175 their empire over cleared lands if their culture be abandoned. It may also be feared that, during a long series of years, no foreign traveller will be enabled to traverse all the countries which I have visited. This circumstance may perhaps add to the interest of a work which pourtrays the state of the greater part of the Spanish colonies at the beginning of the 19th century. I even venture to indulge the hope that this work will be thought worthy of attention when passions shall be hushed into peace, and when, under the influence of a new social order, those countries shall have made rapid progress in public welfare. If then some pages of my book are snatched from oblivion, the inhabitant of the banks of the Orinoco and the Atabapo will behold176 with delight populous177 cities enriched by commerce, and fertile fields cultivated by the hands of free men, on those very spots where, at the time of my travels, I found only impenetrable forests and inundated178 lands.
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enjoyments
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3
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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4
compensated
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| 补偿，报酬( compensate的过去式和过去分词 )； 给（某人）赔偿（或赔款） | |
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5
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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6
agitate
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| vi.(for,against)煽动，鼓动；vt.搅动 | |
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7
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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8
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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9
makers
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| n.制造者，制造商（maker的复数形式） | |
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10
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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11
courageous
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| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
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12
propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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13
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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14
equanimity
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| n.沉着，镇定 | |
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15
fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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16
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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17
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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18
elucidate
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| v.阐明，说明 | |
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19
vaguely
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| adv.含糊地，暖昧地 | |
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20
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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21
zoology
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| n.动物学，生态 | |
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22
geographical
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| adj.地理的；地区(性)的 | |
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23
migrations
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| n.迁移，移居( migration的名词复数 ) | |
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24
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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25
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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26
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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27
geologist
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| n.地质学家 | |
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28
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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29
inhale
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| v.吸入(气体等)，吸(烟) | |
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30
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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31
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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32
narratives
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| 记叙文( narrative的名词复数 )； 故事； 叙述； 叙述部分 | |
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33
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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34
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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35
physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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36
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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37
maritime
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| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
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38
celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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39
naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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40
naturalist
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| n.博物学家(尤指直接观察动植物者) | |
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41
astronomers
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| n.天文学者，天文学家( astronomer的名词复数 ) | |
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42
undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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43
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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44
configuration
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| n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置 | |
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45
nautical
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| adj.海上的，航海的，船员的 | |
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46
mariner
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| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
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47
lengthened
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
descried
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| adj.被注意到的，被发现的，被看到的 | |
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49
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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50
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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51
enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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52
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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53
stony
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| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
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54
strata
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| n.地层（复数）；社会阶层 | |
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55
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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56
brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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57
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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58
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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59
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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60
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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61
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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62
specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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63
embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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64
retarded
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| a.智力迟钝的，智力发育迟缓的 | |
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65
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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66
caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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67
reptiles
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| n.爬行动物，爬虫( reptile的名词复数 ) | |
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68
anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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69
infested
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| adj.为患的，大批滋生的（常与with搭配）v.害虫、野兽大批出没于( infest的过去式和过去分词 )；遍布于 | |
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70
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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71
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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72
agitations
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| （液体等的）摇动( agitation的名词复数 )； 鼓动； 激烈争论； （情绪等的）纷乱 | |
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73
succinct
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| adj.简明的，简洁的 | |
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74
enumeration
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| n.计数，列举；细目；详表；点查 | |
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75
longitude
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| n.经线，经度 | |
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76
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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77
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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78
astronomical
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| adj.天文学的，（数字）极大的 | |
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79
barometer
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| n.气压表，睛雨表，反应指标 | |
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80
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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81
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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82
volcanic
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| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
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83
craters
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| n.火山口( crater的名词复数 )；弹坑等 | |
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84
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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85
devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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86
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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87
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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88
latitudes
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| 纬度 | |
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89
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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90
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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91
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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92
barometric
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| 大气压力 | |
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93
barometrical
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| 气压计的 | |
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94
transits
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| 通过（transit的复数形式） | |
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95
meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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96
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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97
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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98
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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99
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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100
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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101
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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102
diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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103
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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104
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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105
lichens
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| n.地衣( lichen的名词复数 ) | |
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106
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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107
condor
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| n.秃鹰；秃鹰金币 | |
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108
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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109
atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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110
memoirs
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| n.回忆录；回忆录传( mem,自oir的名词复数) | |
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111
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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112
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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113
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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114
influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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115
indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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116
treatises
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| n.专题著作，专题论文，专著( treatise的名词复数 ) | |
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117
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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118
rites
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| 仪式，典礼( rite的名词复数 ) | |
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119
arabesques
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| n.阿拉伯式花饰( arabesque的名词复数 )；错综图饰；阿拉伯图案；阿拉贝斯克芭蕾舞姿（独脚站立，手前伸，另一脚一手向后伸） | |
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120
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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121
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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122
symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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123
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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124
hieroglyphical
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| n.象形文字，象形文字的文章 | |
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125
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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126
cataract
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| n.大瀑布，奔流，洪水，白内障 | |
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127
durable
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| adj.持久的，耐久的 | |
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128
philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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129
enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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130
botanists
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| n.植物学家，研究植物的人( botanist的名词复数 ) | |
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131
computed
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| adj.[医]计算的，使用计算机的v.计算，估算( compute的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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132
engraved
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| v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的过去式和过去分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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133
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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134
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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135
itinerary
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| n.行程表，旅行路线；旅行计划 | |
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136
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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137
fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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138
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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139
repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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140
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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141
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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142
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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143
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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144
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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145
portrayed
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| v.画像( portray的过去式和过去分词 )；描述；描绘；描画 | |
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146
narration
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| n.讲述，叙述；故事；记叙体 | |
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147
tint
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| n.淡色，浅色；染发剂；vt.着以淡淡的颜色 | |
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148
diffused
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| 散布的，普及的，扩散的 | |
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149
impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
intrepidity
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| n.大胆，刚勇；大胆的行为 | |
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151
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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153
itineraries
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| n.旅程，行程( itinerary的名词复数 ) | |
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154
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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155
dissertations
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| 专题论文，学位论文( dissertation的名词复数 ) | |
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156
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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157
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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158
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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159
solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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160
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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161
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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162
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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163
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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164
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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165
perversity
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| n.任性；刚愎自用 | |
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166
meekness
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| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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167
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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168
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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169
orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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170
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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172
resentments
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| （因受虐待而）愤恨，不满，怨恨( resentment的名词复数 ) | |
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173
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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174
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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175
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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176
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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177
populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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178
inundated
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| v.淹没( inundate的过去式和过去分词 )；（洪水般地）涌来；充满；给予或交予（太多事物）使难以应付 | |
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