Modes of Operating, and Susceptibility.
THE 'hypnotic,' 'mesmeric,' or 'magnetic' trance can be induced in various ways, each operator having his pet method. The simplest one is to leave the subject seated by himself, telling him that if he close his eyes and relax his muscles and, as far as possible, think of vacancy1, in a few minutes he will 'go off.' On returning in ten minutes you may find him effectually hypnotized. Braid used to make his subjects look at a bright button held near their forehead until their eyes spontaneously closed. The older mesmerists made 'passes' in a downward direction over the face and body, but without contact. Stroking the skin of the head, face, arms and hands, especially that of the region round the brews3 and eyes, will have the same effect. Staring into the eyes of the subject until the latter droop4; making him listen to a watch's ticking; or simply making him close his eyes for a minute whilst you describe to him the feeling of falling into sleep, 'talk sleep' to him, are equally efficacious methods in the hands of some operators; whilst with trained subjects any method whatever from which they have been led by previous suggestion to expect results will be successful. 1 The touching5 of an object which they are told has been 'magnetized,' the drinking of 'magnetized' water, the reception of a letter ordering them to sleep, etc., are means which have been frequently employed. Recently M. Liégeois has hypnotized some of his subjects at a distance of 1 ½ kilometres by giving them an intimation to that effect through a telephone. With some subjects, if you tell them in advance that at a certain hour of a certain day they will become entranced, the prophecy is fulfilled. Certain hysterical6 patients are immediately thrown into hypnotic catalepsy by any violent sensation, such as a blow on a gong or the flashing of an intense light in their eyes. Pressure on certain parts of the body (called zones hypnognes by M. Pitres) rapidly produces hypnotic sleep in some hysterics. These regions, which differ in different subjects, are oftenest found on the forehead and about the root of the thumbs. Finally, persons in ordinary sleep may be transferred into the hypnotic condition by verbal intimation or contact, performed so gently as not to wake them up.
Some operators appear to be more successful than others in getting control of their subjects. I am informed that Mr.Gurney (who made valuable contributions to the theory of hypnotism) was never able himself to hypnotize, and had to use for his observations the subjects of others. On the other hand, Liébault claims that he hypnotizes 92 per cent of all comers, and Wetterstrand in Stockholm says that amongst 718 persons there proved to be only 18 whom he failed to influence. Some of this disparity is unquestionably due to differences in the personal 'authority' of the operator, for the prime condition of success is that the subject should confidently expect to be entranced. Much also depends on the operator's tact2 in interpreting the physiognomy of his subjects, so as to give the right commands, and 'crowd it on' to the subject, at just the propitious8 moments. These conditions account for the fact that operators grow more successful the more they operate. Bernheim says that whoever does not hypnotize 80 per cent of the persons whom he tries has not yet learned to operate as he should. Whether certain operators have over and above this a peculiar9 'magnetic power' is a question which I leave at present undecided. 2 Children under three or four, and insane persons, especially idiots, are unusually hard to hypnotize. This seems due to the impossibility of getting them to focus their attention continuously on the idea of the coming trance. All ages above infancy10 are probably equally hypotizable, as are all races and both sexes. A certain amount of mental training, sufficient to aid concentration of the attention, seems a favorable condition, and so does a certain momentary11 indifference12 or passivity as to the result. Native strength or weakness of 'will' have absolutely nothing to do with the matter. Frequent trances enormously increase the susceptibility of a subject, and many who resist at first succumb13 after several trials. Dr. Moll says he has more than once succeeded after forty fruitless attempts. Some experts are of the opinion that every one is hypnotizable essentially14, the only difficulty being the more habitual15 presence in some individuals of hindering mental preoccupations, which, however, may suddenly at some moment be removed.
The trance may be dispelled16 instantaneously by saying in a rousing voice, 'All right, wake up!' or words of similar purport17. At the Saléptrière they awaken18 subjects by blowing on their eyelids19. Upward passes have an awakening20 effect; sprinkling cold water ditto. Anything will awaken a patient who expects to be awakened21 by that thing. Tell him that he will wake after counting five, and he will do so. Tell him to waken in five minutes, and he is very likely to do so punctually, even though he interrupt thereby22 some exciting histrionic performance which you may have suggested. -- As Dr. Moll says, any theory which pretends to explain the physiology23 of the hypnotic state must keep account of the fact that so simple a thing as hearing the word 'wake!' will end it.
Theories About the Hypnotic State.
The intimate nature of the hypnotic condition, when once induced, can hardly be said to be understood. Without entering into details of controversy24, one may say that three main opinions have been held concerning it, which we may call respectively the theories of
1. Animal magnetism25;
2. of Neurosis; and finally of
3. Suggestion.
According to the animal-magnetism theory there is a direct passage of force from the operator to the subject, whereby the latter becomes the former's puppet. This theory is nowadays given up as regards all the ordinary hypnotic phenomena26, and is only held to by some persons as an explanation of a few effects exceptionally met with.
According to the neurosis-theory, the hypnotic state is a peculiar pathological condition into which certain pre-disposed patients fall, and in which special physical agents have the power of provoking special symptoms, quite apart from the subjects mentally expecting the effect. Professor Charcot and his colleagues at the Salpétrière hospital admit that this condition is rarely found in typical form. They call it then le grand hypnotisme, and say that it accompanies the disease hystero-epilepsy. If a patient subject to this sort of hypnotism hear a sudden loud noise, or look at a bright light unexpectedly, she falls into the cataleptic trance. Her limbs and body offer no resistance to movements communicated to them, but retain permanently27 the attitudes impressed. The eyes are staring, there is insensibility to pain, etc., etc. If the eyelids be forcibly closed, the cataleptic gives place to the lethargic28 condition, characterized by apparent abolition29 of consciousness, and absolute muscular relaxation30 except where the muscles are kneaded or the tendons struck by the operator's hand, or certain nerve-trunks are pressed upon. Then the muscles in question, or those supplied by the same nerve-trunk enter into a more or less steadfast31 tonic32 contraction33. Charcot calls this symptom by the name of neuro-muscular hyperexcitability. The lethargic state may be primarily brought on by fixedly34 looking at anything, or by pressure on the closed eyeballs. Friction35 on the top of the head will make the patient pass from either of the two preceding conditions into the somnambulic state, in which she is alert, talkative, and susceptible36 to all the suggestions of the operator. The somnambulic state may also be induced primarily, by fixedly looking at a small object. In this state the accurately37 limited muscular contractions38 characteristic of lethargy do not follow upon the above-described manipulations, but instead of them there is a tendency to rigidity39 of entire regions of the body, which may upon occasion develop into general tetanus, and which is brought about by gently touching the skin or blowing upon it. M. Charcot calls this by the name of cutaneo-muscular hyperexcitability.
Many other symptoms, supposed by their observers to be independent of mental expectation, are described, of which I only will mention the more interesting. Opening the eyes of a patient in lethargy causes her to pass into catalepsy. If one eye only be opened, the corresponding half of the body becomes cataleptic, whilst the other half remains41 in lethargy. Similarly, rubbing one side of the head may result in a patient becoming hemilethargic or hemicataleptic and hemisomnambulic. The approach of a magnet (or certain metals) to the skin causes these half-states (and many others) to be transferred to the opposite sides. Automatic repetition of every sound heard ('echolalia') is said to be produced by pressure on the lower cervical vertebræ or on the epigastrium. Aphasia42 is brought about by rubbing the head over the region of the speech-centre. Pressure behind the occiput determines movements of imitation. Heidenhain describes a number of curious automatic tendencies to movement, which are brought about by stroking various portions of the vertebral column. Certain other symptoms have been frequently noticed, such as a flushed face and cold hands, brilliant and congested eyes, dilated43 pupils. Dilated retinal vessels44 and spasm45 of the accommodation are also reported.
The theory of Suggestion denies that there is any special hypnotic state worthy46 of the name of trance or neurosis. All the symptoms above described, as well as those to be described hereafter, are results of that mental susceptibility which we all to some degree possess, of yielding assent47 to outward suggestion, of affirming what we strongly conceive, and of acting48 in accordance with what we are made to expect. The bodily symptoms of the Salépêtrière patients are all of them results of expectation and training. The first patients accidentally did certain things which their doctors thought typical and caused to be repeated. The subsequent subjects 'caught on' and followed the established tradition. In proof of this the fact is urged that the classical three stages and their grouped symptoms have only been reported as spontaneously occurring, so far, at the Salpétrière, though they may be superinduced by deliberate suggestion, in patients anywhere found. The ocular symptoms, the flushed face, accelerated breathing, etc., are said not to be symptoms of the passage into the hypnotic state as such, but merely consequences of the strain on the eyes when the method of looking at a bright object is used. They are absent in the subjects at Nancy, where simple verbal suggestion is employed. The various reflex effects (aphasia, echolalia, imitation, etc.) are but habits induced by the influence of the operator, who unconsciously urges the subject into the direction in which he would prefer to have him go. The influence of the magnet, the opposite effects of upward and downward passes, etc., are similarly explained. Even that sleepy and inert50 condition, the advent51 of which seems to be the prime condition of farther symptoms being developed, is said to be merely due to the fact that the mind expects it to come; whilst its influence on the other symptoms is not physiological52, so to speak, but psychical54, its own easy realization55 by suggestion simply encouraging the subject to expect that ulterior suggestions will be realized with equal ease. The radical56 defenders57 of the suggestion-theory are thus led to deny the very exist- ence of the hypnotic state, in the sense of a peculiar trance-like condition which deprives the patient of spontaneity and makes him passive to suggestion from without. The trance itself is only one of the suggestions, and many subjects in fact can be made to exhibit the other hypnotic phenomena without the preliminary induction58 of this one.
The theory of suggestion may be said to be quite triumphant59 at the present day over the neurosis-theory as held at the Salpétrière, with its three states, and its definite symptoms supposed to be produced by physical agents apart from co-operation of the subject's mind. But it is one thing to say this, and it is quite another thing to say that there is no peculiar physiological condition whatever worthy of the name of hypnotic trance, no peculiar state of nervous equilibrium60, 'hypotaxy,' 'dissociation,' or whatever you please to call it, during which the subject's susceptibility to outward suggestion is greater than at ordinary times. All the facts seem to prove that, until this trance-like state is assumed by the patient, suggestion produces very insignificant61 results, but that, when it is once assumed, there are no limits to suggestion's power. The state in question has many affinities62 with ordinary sleep. It is probable, in fact, that we all pass through it transiently whenever we fall asleep; and one might most naturally describe the usual relation of operator and subject by saying that the former keeps the latter suspended between making and sleeping by talking to him enough to beep his slumber63 from growing profound, and yet not in such a way as to wake him up. A hypnotized patient, left to himself, will either fall sound asleep or wake up entirely64. The difficulty in hypnotizing refractory65 persons is that of catching66 them at the right moment of transition and making it permanent. Fixing the eyes and relaxing the muscles of the body produce the hypnotic state just as they facilitate the advent of sleep. The first stages of ordinary sleep are characterized by a peculiar dispersed67 attitude of the attention. Images come before consciousness which are entirely incongruous with our ordinary beliefs and habits of thought. The latter either vanish altogether or withdraw, as it were, inertly68 into the background of the mind, and let the incongruous images reign69 alone. These images acquire, more-over, an exceptional vivacity70; they become first 'hypnagogic hallucinations,' and then, as the sleep grows deeper, dreams. Now the 'mono-ideism,' or else the impotency and failure to 'rally' on the part of the background-ideas, which thus characterize somnolescence, are unquestionably the result of a special physiological change occurring in the brain at that time. Just so that similar mono-ideism, or dissociation of the reigning71 fancy from those other thoughts which might possibly act as its 'reductives,' which characterize the hypnotic consciousness, must equally be due to a special cerebral72 change. The term 'hypnotic trance,' which I employ, tells us nothing of what the change is, but it marks the fact that it exists, and is consequently a useful expression. The great vivacity of the hypnotic images (as gauged73 by their motor effects), the oblivion of them when normal life is resumed, the abrupt74 awakening, the recollection of them again in subsequent trances, the anæsthesia and hyperæsthesia which are so frequent, all point away from our simple waking credulity and 'suggestibility' as the type by which the phenomena are to be interpreted, and make us look rather towards sleep and dreaming, or towards those deeper alterations75 of the personality known as automatism, double consciousness, or 'second' personality for the true analogues76 of the hypnotic trance. 3 Even the best hypnotic subjects pass through life without anyone suspecting them to possess such a remarkable77 susceptibility, until by deliberate experiment it is made manifest. The operator fixes their eyes or their attention a short time to develop the propitious phase, holds them in it by his talk, and the state being there, makes them the puppets of all his suggestions. But no ordinary suggestions of waking life ever took such control of their mind.
The suggestion-theory may therefore be approved as correct, provided we grant the trance-state as its prerequisite78. The three states of Charcot, the strange reflexes of Heidenhain, and all the other bodily phenomena which have been called direct consequences of the trance-state itself, are not such. They are products of suggestion, the trance-state having no particular outward symptoms of its own; but without the trance-state there, those particular suggestions could never have been successfully made. 4
The Symptoms of the Trance.
This accounts for the altogether indefinite array of symptoms which have been gathered together as characteristic of the hypnotic state. The law of habit dominates hypnotic subjects even more than it does waking ones. Any sort of personal peculiarity79, any trick accidentally fallen into in the first instance by some one subject, may, by attracting attention, become stereotyped80, serve as a pattern for imitation, and figure as the type of a school. The first subject trains the operator, the operator trains the succeeding subjects, all of them in perfect good faith conspiring81 together to evolve a perfectly82 arbitrary result. With the extraordinary perspicacity83 and subtlety84 of perception which subjects often display for all that concerns the operator with whom they are en rapport85, it is hard to keep them ignorant of anything which he expects. Thus it happens that one easily verifies on new subjects what one has already seen on old ones, or any desired symptom of which one may have heard or read.
The symptoms earliest observed by writers were all thought to be typical. But with the multiplication86 of observed phenomena, the importance of most particular symptoms as marks of the state has diminished. This lightens very much our own immediate7 task. Proceeding87 to enumerate88 the symptoms of the hypnotic trance, I may confine myself to those which are intrinsically interesting, or which differ considerably89 from the normal functions of man.
First of all comes amnesia90. In the earlier stages of hypnotism the patient remembers what has happened, but with successive sittings he sinks into a deeper condition, which is commonly followed by complete loss of memory. He may have been led through the liveliest hallucinations and dramatic performances, and have exhibited the intensest apparent emotion, but on waking he can recall nothing at all. The same thing happens on waking from sleep in the midst of a dream -- it quickly eludes91 recall. But just as we may be reminded of it, or of parts of it, by meeting persons or objects which figured therein, so on being adroitly92 prompted, the hypnotic patient will often remember what happened in his trance. One cause of the forgetfulness seems to be the disconnection of the trance performances with the sys-tem of waking ideas. Memory requires a continuous train of association. M. Delboeuf, reasoning in this way, woke his subjects in the midst of an action begun during trance (washing the hands, e.g.), and found that they then remembered the trance. The act in question bridged over the two states. But one call often make them remember by merely telling them during the trance that they shall remember. Acts of one trance, moreover, are usually recalled, either spontaneously or at command, during another trance, provided that the contents of the two trances be not mutually incompatible93.
Suggestibility. The patient believes everything which his hypnotizer tells him, and does everything which the latter commands. Even results over which the will has normally no control, such as sneezing, secretion94, reddening and growing pale, alterations of temperature and heart-beat, menstruation, action of the bowels95, etc., may take place in consequence of the operator's firm assertions during the hypnotic trance, and the resulting conviction on the part of the subject, that the effects will occur. Since almost all the phenomena yet to be described are effects of this heightened suggestibility, I will say no more under the general head, but proceed to illustrate96 the peculiarity in detail.
Effects on, the voluntary muscles seem to be those most easily got; and the ordinary routine of hypnotizing consists in provoking them first. Tell the patient that he cannot open his eyes or his mouth, cannot unclasp his hands or lower his raised arm, cannot rise from his seat, or pickup97 a certain object from the floor, and he will be immediately smitten98 with absolute impotence in these regards. The effect here is generally due to the involuntary contraction of antagonizing muscles. But one can equally well suggest paralysis99, of an arm for example, in which case it will hang perfectly placid100 by the subject's side. Cataleptic and tetanic rigidity are easily produced by suggestion, aided by handling the parts. One of the favorite shows at public exhibitions is that of a subject stretched stiff as a board with his head on one chair and his heels on another. The cataleptic retention101 of impressed attitudes differs from voluntary assumption of the same attitude. An arm voluntarily held out straight will drop from fatigue102 after a quarter of an hour at the at most, and before it falls the agent's distress103 will be made manifest by oscillations in the arm, disturbances104 in the breathing, etc. But Charcot has shown that an arm held out in hypnotic catalepsy, though it may as soon descend105, yet does so slowly and with no accompanying vibration106, whilst the breathing remains entirely calm. He rightly points out that this shows a profound physiological change, and is proof positive against simulation, as far as this symptom is concerned. A cataleptic attitude, moreover, may be held for many hours. -- Sometimes an expressive107 attitude, clinching108 of the fist, contraction of the brows, will gradually set up a sympathetic action of the other muscles of the body, so that at last a tableau109 vivant of fear, anger, disdain110, prayer, or other emotional condition, is produced with rare perfection. This effect would seem to be due to the suggestion of the mental state by the first contraction. Stammering111, aphasia, or inability to utter certain words, pronounce certain letters, are readily producible by suggestion.
Hallucinations of all the senses and delusions112 of every conceivable kind can be easily suggested to good subjects. The emotional effects are then often so lively, and the pantomimic display so expressive, that it is hard not to believe in a certain 'psychic53 hyper-excitability,' as one of the concomitants of the hypnotic condition. You call make the subject think that he is freezing or burning, itching114 or covered with dirt, or wet; you can make him eat a potato for a peach, or drink a cup of vinegar for a glass of champagne115; 5 ammonia will smell to him like cologne water; a chair will be a lion, a broom-stick a beautiful woman, a noise in the street will be an orchestral music, etc., etc., with no limit except your powers of invention and the patience of the lookers on. 6 Illusions and hallucinations form the pieces de résistance at public exhibitions. The comic effect is at its climax116 when it is successfully suggested to the subject that his personality is changed into that of a baby, of a street boy, of a young lady dressing117 for a party, of a stump118 orator119, or of Napoleon the Great. He may even be transformed into a beast, or an inanimate thing like a chair or a carpet, and in every case will act out all the details of the part with a sincerity120 and intensity121 seldom seen at the theatre. The excellence122 of the performance is in these cases the best reply to the suspicion that the subject may be shamming124 -- so skilful125 a shammer126 must long since have found his true function in life upon the stage. Hallucinations and histrionic delusions generally go with a certain depth of the trance, and are followed by complete forgetfulness. The subject awakens127 from them at the command of the operator with a sudden start of surprise, and may seem for a while a little dazed.
Subjects in this condition will receive and execute suggestions of crime, and act out a theft, forgery128, arson129, or murder. A girl will believe that she is married to her hypnotizer, etc. It is unfair, however, to say that in these cases the subject is a pure puppet with no spontaneity. His spontaneity is certainly not in abeyance130 so far as things go which are harmoniously131 associated with the suggestion given him. He takes the text from his operator; but he may amplify132 and develop it enormously as he acts it out. His spontaneity is lost only for those systems of ideas which conflict with the suggested delusion113, The latter is thus 'systematized'; the rest of consciousness is shutoff, excluded, dissociated from it. In extreme cases the rest of the mind would seem to be actually abolished and the hypnotic subject to be literally133 a changed personality, a being in one of those 'second' states which we studied in Chapter X. But the reign of the delusion is often not as absolute as this. If the thing suggested be too intimately repugnant, the subject may strenuously134 resist and get nervously135 excited in consequence, even to the point of having an hysterical attack. The conflicting ideas slumber in the background and merely permit those in the foreground to have their way until a real emergency arises; then they assert their rights. As M. Delboeuf says, the subject surrenders himself good-naturedly to the performance, stabs with the pasteboard dagger136 you give him because he knows what it is, and fires off the pistol because he knows it has no ball; but for a real murder he would not be your man. It is undoubtedly137 true that subjects are often well aware that they are acting a part. They know that what they do is absurd. They know that the hallucination which they see, describe, and act upon, is not really there. They may laugh at themselves; and they always recognize the abnormality of their state when asked about it, and call it 'sleep.' One often notices a sort of mocking smile upon them, as if they mere49 playing a comedy, and they may even say on 'coming to' that they were shamming all the while. These facts have misled ultra-skeptical people so far as to make them doubt the genuineness of any hypnotic phenomena at all. But, save the consciousness of 'sleep,' they do not occur in the deeper conditions; and when they do occur they are only a natural consequence of the fact that the 'monoideism' is incomplete. The background-thoughts still exist, and have the power of comment on the suggestions, but no power to inhibit138 their motor and associative effects. A similar condition is frequent enough in the waking state, when an impulse carries us away and our 'will' looks on wonderingly like an impotent spectator. These 'shammers' continue to sham123 in just the same way, every new time you hypnotize them, until at last they are forced to admit that if shamming there be, it is something very different from the free voluntary shamming of waking hours.
Real sensations may be abolished as well as false ones suggested. Legs and breasts may be amputated, children born, teeth extracted, in short the most painful experiences undergone, with no other anæsthetic than the hypnotizer's assurance that no pain shall be felt. Similarly morbid139 pains may be annihilated140, neuralgias, toothaches, rheumatisms cured. The sensation of hunger has thus been abolished, so that a patient took no nourishment141 for fourteen days. The most interesting of these suggested anæsthesias are close limited to certain objects of perception. Thus a subject may be made blind to a certain per-son and to him alone, or deaf to certain words but to no others. 7 In this case the anæsthesia (or negative hallucination, as it has been called) is apt to become systematized. Other things related to the person to whom one has been made blind may also be shut out of consciousness. What he says is not heard, his contact is not felt, objects which he takes from his pocket are not seen, etc. Objects which he screens are seen as if he were transparent142. Facts about him are forgotten, his name is not recognized when pronounced. Of course there is great variety in the com- pleteness of this systematic143 extension of the suggested anæsthesia, but one may say that some tendency to it always exists. When one of the subjects' own limbs is made ansthetic, for example, memories as well as sensations of its movements often seem to depart. An interesting degree of the phenomenon is found in the case related by M. Binet of a subject to whom it was suggested that a certain M. C. was invisible. She still saw M. C., but saw him as a stranger, having lost the memory of his name and his existence. -- Nothing is easier than to make subjects forget their own name and condition in life. It is one of the suggestions which most promptly144 succeed, even with quite fresh ones. A systematized amnesia of certain periods of one's life may also be suggested, the subject placed, for instance, where he was a decade ago with the intervening years obliterated145 from his mind.
The mental condition which accompanies these systematized anæsthesias and amnesias is a very curious one. The anæsthesia is not a genuine sensorial one, for if you make a real red cross (say) on a sheet of white paper invisible to an hypnotic subject, and yet cause him to look fixedly at a dot on the paper on or near the cross, he will, on transferring his eye to a blank sheet, see a bluish-green after-image of the cross. This proves that it has impressed his sensibility. He has felt it, but not perceived it. He had actively146 ignored it, refused to recognize it, as it were. Another experiment proves that he must distinguish it first in order thus to ignore it. Make a stroke on paper or blackboard, and tell the subject it is not there, and he will see nothing but the clean paper or board. Next, he not looking, surround the original stroke with other strokes exactly like it, and ask him what he sees. He will point out one by one all the new strokes slid omit the original one every time, no matter how numerous the new strokes may be, or in what order they are arranged. Similarly, if the original single stroke to which he is blind be doubled by a prism of sixteen degrees placed before one of his eyes (both being kept open), he will say that he now sees one stroke, and point in the direction in which the image seen through the prism lies.
Obviously, then, he is not blind to the kind of stroke in the least. He is blind only to one individual stroke of that kind in a particular position on the board or paper, -- that is, to a particular complex object; and, paradoxical as it may seem to say so, he must distinguish it with great accuracy from others like it, in order to remain blind to it when the others are brought near. He 'apperceives' it, as a preliminary to not seeing it at all! How to conceive of this state of mind is not easy. It would be much simpler to understand the process, if adding new strokes made the first one visible. There would then be two different objects apperceived as totals, -- paper with one stroke, paper with two strokes; and, blind to the former, he would see all that was in the latter, because he would have apperceived it as a different total in the first instance.
A process of this sort occurs sometimes (not always) when the new strokes, instead of Being mere repetitions of the original one, are lines which combine with it into a total effect, say a human face. The subject of the trance then may regain147 his sight of the line to which he had previously148 been blind, by seeing it as part of the face.
When by a prism before one eye a previously invisible line has been made visible to that eye, and the other eye is closed or screened, its closure makes no difference; the line still remains visible. But if then the prism is removed, the line will disappear even to the eye which a moment ago saw it, and both eyes will revert149 to their original blind state.
We have, then, to deal in these cases neither with a sensorial anæsthesia, nor with a mere failure to notice, but with something much more complex; namely, an active counting out and positive exclusion150 of certain objects. It is as when one 'cuts' an acquaintance, 'ignores' a claim, or 'refuses to be influenced' by a consideration of whose existence one remains aware. Thus a lover of Nature in America finds himself able to overlook and ignore entirely the board- and rail-fences and general roadside raggedness151, and revel152 in the beauty and picturesqueness153 of the other elements of the landscape, whilst to a newly-arrived European the fences are so aggressively present as to spoil enjoyment154.
Messrs. Gurney, Janet, and Binet have shown that the ignored elements are preserved in a split-off portion of the subjects' consciousness which can be tapped in certain ways, and made to give an account of itself (see Vol. I. p. 209).
Hyperæsthesia of the senses is as common a symptom as anæsthesia. On the skin two points can be discriminated155 at less than the normal distance. The sense of touch is so delicate that (as M. Delboeuf informs me) a subject after simply poising157 on her finger-tips a blank card drawn158 from a pack of similar ones can pick it out from the pack again by its 'weight.' We approach here the line where, to many persons, it seems as if something more than the ordinary senses, however sharpened, were required in explanation. I have seen a coin from the operator's pocket repeatedly picked out by the subject from a heap of twenty others, 8 by its greater 'weight' in the subject's language. -- auditory hyperæsthesia may enable a subject to hear a watch tick, or his operator speak, in a distant room. -- One of the most extraordinary examples of visual hyperæsthesia is that reported by Bergson, in which a subject who seemed to be reading through the back of a book held and looked at by the operator, was really proved to be reading the image of the page reflected on the latter's cornea. The same subject was able to discriminate156 with the naked eye details in a microscopic159 preparation. Such cases of 'hyperæsthesia of vision' as that reported by Taguet and Sauvaire, where subjects could see things mirrored by non-reflecting bodies, or through opaque160 pasteboard, would seem rather to belong to 'psychical research' than to the present category. -- The ordinary test of visual hyperacuteness in hypnotism is the favorite trick of giving a subject the hallucination of a picture on a blank sheet of card-board, and then mixing the latter with a lot of other similar sheets. The subject will always find the picture on the original sheet again, and recognize infallibly if it has been turned over, or upside down, although the bystanders have to re-sort to artifice161 to identify it again. The Subject notes peculiarities162 on the card, too small for waking observation to detect. 9 If it be said that the spectators guide him by their manner, their breathing, etc., that is only another proof of his hyperæsthesia; for he undoubtedly is conscious of subtler personal indications (of his operator's mental states especially) than he could notice in his waking state. Examples of this are found in the so-called 'magnetic rapport.' This is a name for the fact that in deep trance, or in lighter163 trance whenever the suggestion is made, the subject is deaf and blind to everyone but the operator or those spectators to whom the latter expressly awakens his senses. The most violent appeals from anyone else are for him as if non-existent, whilst he obeys the faintest signals on the part of his hypnotizer. If in catalepsy, his limbs will retain their attitude only when the operator moves them; when others move them they fall down, etc. A more remarkable fact still is that the patient will often answer anyone whom his operator touches, or at whom he even points his finger, in however concealed164 a manner. All which is rationally explicable by expectation and suggestion, if only it be farther admitted that his senses are acutely sharpened for all the operator's movements. 10 He often shows great anxiety and restlessness if the latter is out of the room. A favorite experiment of Mr. E. Gurney's was to put the subject's hands through an opaque screen, and cause the operator to point at one finger. That finger presently grew insensible or rigid40. A bystander pointing simultaneously166 at another finger, never made that insensible or rigid. Of course the elective rapport with their operator had been developed in these trained subjects during the hypnotic state, but the phenomenon then occurred in some of them during the waking state, even when their consciousness was absorbed in animated167 conversation with a fourth party. 11 I confess that when I saw these experiments I was impressed with the necessity for admitting between the emanations from different people differences for which we have no name, and a discriminative168 sensibility for them of the nature of which we can form no clear conception, but which seems to be developed in certain subjects by the hypnotic trance. -- The enigmatic reports of the effect of magnets and metals, even if they be due, as many contend, to unintentional suggestion on the operator's part, certainly involve hypersthetic perception, for the operator seeks as well as possible to conceal165 the moment when the magnet is brought into play, and yet the subject not only finds it out that moment in away difficult to understand, but may develop effects which (in the first instance certainly) the operator did not expect to find. Unilateral contractures, movements, paralyses, hallucinations, etc., are made to pass to tile other side of the body, hallucinations to disappear, or to change to the complementary color, suggested emotions to pass into their opposites, etc. Many Italian observations agree with the French ones, and the upshot is that if unconscious suggestion lie at the bottom of this matter, the patients show an enormously exalted169 power of divining what it is they are expected to do. This hypersthetic perception is what concerns us now. 12 Its modus cannot yet be said to be defined.
Changes in the nutrition of the tissues may be produced by suggestion. These effects lead into therapeutics -- a subject which I do not propose to treat of here. But I may say that there seems no reasonable ground for doubting that in certain chosen subjects the suggestion of a congestion171, a burn, a blister172, a raised papule, or a bleeding from the nose or skin, may produce the effect. Messrs, Beaunis, Berjon, Bernheim, Bourru, Buret, Charcot, Delboeuf, Dumontpalier, Focachon, Forel, Jendrássik, Krafft-Ebing, Liébault, Liégeois, Lipp, Mabille, and others have recently vouched173 for one or other of these effects. Messrs. Delboeuf and Liégeois have annulled174 by suggestion, one the effects of a burn, the other of a blister. Delboeuf was led to his experiments after seeing a burn on the skill produced by suggestion, at the Saléptrière, by reasoning that if the idea of a pain could produce inflammation it must be because pain was itself an inflammatory irritant, and that the abolition of it from a real burn ought therefore to entail175 the absence of inflammation. He applied176 the actual cautery (as well as vesicants) to symmetrical places on the skin, affirming that no pain should be felt on one of the sides. The result was a dry scorch177 on that side, with (as he assures me) no after-mark, but on the other side a regular blister with suppuration and a subsequent scar. This explains the innocuity of certain assaults made on subjects during trance. To test stimulation178, recourse is often had to sticking pills under their finger-nails or through their tongue, to inhalations of strong ammonia, and the like. These irritations179, when not felt by the subject, seem to leave no after-consequences. One is reminded of the reported non-inflammatory character of the wounds made on themselves by dervishes in their pious180 orgies. On the other hand, the reddenings and bleedings of the skin along certain lines, suggested by tracing lines or pressing objects thereupon, put the accounts handed down to us of the stigmata of the cross appearing oil the hands, feet, sides, and forehead of certain Catholic mystics in a new light. As so often happens, a fact is denied until a welcome interpretation181 comes with it. Then it is admitted readily enough; and evidence judged quite insufficient182 to back a claim, so long as the church had an interest in making it, proves to be quite sufficient for modern scientific enlightenment, the moment it appears that a reputed saint can thereby be classed as 'a case of hystero-epilepsy.'
There remain two other topics, vis., post-hypnotic effects of suggestion, and effects of suggestion in the waking state.
Post-hypnotic, or deferred183, suggestions are such as are given to the patients during trance, to take effect after waking. They succeed with a certain number of patients even when the execution is named for a remote period -- months or even a year, in one case reported by M. Liégeois. In this way one can make the patient feel a pain, or be paralyzed, or be hungry or thirsty, or have an hallucination, positive or negative, or perform some fantastic action after emerging from his trance. The effect in question may be ordered to take place not immediately, but after an interval184 of time has elapsed, and the interval may be left to the subject to measure, or may be marked by a certain signal. The moment the signal occurs, or the time is run out, the subject, who until then seems in a perfectly normal waking condition, will experience the suggested effect. In many instances, whilst thus obedient to the suggestion, he seems to fall into the hypnotic condition again. This is proved by the fact that the moment the hallucination or suggested performance is over he forgets it, denies all knowledge of it, and so forth186; and by the further fact that he is 'suggestable' during its performance, that is, will receive new hallucinations, etc., at command. A moment later and this suggestibility has disappeared. It cannot be said, how-ever, that relapse into the trance is an absolutely necessary condition for the post-hypnotic carrying out of commands, for the subject may be neither suggestible nor amnesic187, and may struggle with all the strength of his will against the absurdity188 of this impulse which he feels rising in him, he knows not why. In these cases, as in most cases, he forgets the circumstance of the impulse having been suggested to him in a previous trance; regards it as arising within him-self; and often improvises189, as he yields to it, some more or less plausible190 or ingenious motive191 by which to justify192 it to the lookers-on. He acts, in short, with his usual sense of personal spontaneity and freedom; and the disbelievers in the freedom of the will have naturally made much of these cases in their attempts to show it be an illusion.
The only really mysterious feature of these deferred suggestions is the patient's absolute ignorance during the interval preceeding their execution that they have been deposited in his mind. They will often surge up at the preappointed time, even though you have vainly tried a while before to make him recall the circumstances of their production. The most important class of post-hypnotic suggestions are, of course, those relative to the patient's health -- bowels, sleep, and other bodily functions. Among the most interesting (apart from the hallucinations) are those relative to future trances. One can determine the hour and minute, or the signal, at which the patient will of his own accord lapse185 into trace again. One can make him susceptible in [the] future to another operator who may have been unsuccessful with him in the past. Or more important still in certain cases, one can, by suggesting that certain person shall never be able hereafter to put him to sleep, remove him for all future time from hypnotic influences which might be dangerous. this, indeed, is the simple and natural safeguard against those 'dangers of hypnotism' of which uninstructed persons talk so vaguely193. A subject who knows himself to be ultra-susceptible should never allow himself to be entranced by an operator in whose moral delicacy194 he lacks complete confidence; and he can use a trusted operator's suggestions to protect himself against liberties which others, knowing his weakness, might tempted195 to take with him.
The mechanism196 by which the command is retained until the moment for its execution arrives is a mystery which give rise to much discussion. The experiments of Gurney and the observations of M. Pierre-Janet and others on certain hysterical somnabulists seem to prove that it is stored up in consciousness; not simply organically registered, but that the consciousness which thus retains it is split off, dissociated form the rest of the subject's mind. We have here, in short, an experimental production of one of those 'second' states of the personality of which we have spoken so often. Only here the second state coexists as well as alternates with the first. Gurney had the brilliant idea of tapping this second consciousness by means of the planchette. He found that certain persons, who were both hypnotic subjects and automatic writers, would if their hands were placed on a planchette (after being wakened from a trance in which they had received the suggestion of something to be done at a later time) write out unconsciously the order, or something connected with it. This shows that something inside of them, which could express itself through the hand alone, was continuing to think of the order, and possibly of it alone. These researchers have opened a new vista197 of possible experimental investigations198 into the so-called 'second' states of the personality.
Some subjects seem almost as obedient to suggestion in the waking state as in sleep, or even more so, according to certain observers. Not only muscular phenomena, but changes of personality and hallucinations are recorded as the result of simple affirmation on the operator's part, with-out the previous ceremony of 'magnetizing' or putting into the 'mesmeretic sleep.' These are all trained subjects, however, so far as I know, and the affirmation must apparently199 be accompanied by the patient concentrating his attention and gazing, however briefly200, into the eyes of the operator. It is probable therefore that an extremely rapidly induced condition of trance is a prerequisite for success in these experiments.
I have now made mention of all the more important phenomena of the hypnotic trance. Of their therapeutic170 or forensic201 bearings this is not the proper place to speak. The recent literature of the subject is quite voluminous, but much of it consists in repetition. The best compendious202 work on the subject is 'Der Hypnoismus,' by Dr. A. Moll (Berlin, 1889; and just translated into English, N. Y., 1890), which is extraordinarily203 complete and judicious204. The other writings most recommendable ape subjoined in the note. 13
Most of them contain a historical sketch205 and much bibliography206. A complete bibliography has been published by M. Dessoir (Berlin, 1888).
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1
vacancy
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| n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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3
brews
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| n.（尤指某地酿造的）啤酒( brew的名词复数 )；酿造物的种类；（茶）一次的冲泡量；（不同思想、环境、事件的）交融v.调制( brew的第三人称单数 )；酝酿；沏（茶）；煮（咖啡） | |
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4
droop
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| v.低垂，下垂；凋萎，萎靡 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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succumb
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| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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purport
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| n.意义，要旨，大要；v.意味著，做为...要旨，要领是... | |
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18
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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19
eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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21
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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lethargic
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| adj.昏睡的，懒洋洋的 | |
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abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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steadfast
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| adj.固定的，不变的，不动摇的；忠实的；坚贞不移的 | |
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tonic
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| n./adj.滋补品，补药，强身的，健体的 | |
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contraction
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| n.缩略词，缩写式，害病 | |
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fixedly
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| adv.固定地；不屈地，坚定不移地 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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contractions
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| n.收缩( contraction的名词复数 )；缩减；缩略词；（分娩时）子宫收缩 | |
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rigidity
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| adj.钢性，坚硬 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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42
aphasia
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| n.失语症 | |
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dilated
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| adj.加宽的，扩大的v.（使某物）扩大，膨胀，张大( dilate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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spasm
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| n.痉挛，抽搐；一阵发作 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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inert
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| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
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51
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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52
physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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53
psychic
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| n.对超自然力敏感的人；adj.有超自然力的 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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56
radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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defenders
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| n.防御者( defender的名词复数 )；守卫者；保护者；辩护者 | |
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58
induction
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| n.感应，感应现象 | |
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59
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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60
equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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61
insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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affinities
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| n.密切关系( affinity的名词复数 )；亲近；（生性）喜爱；类同 | |
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63
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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64
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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65
refractory
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| adj.倔强的，难驾驭的 | |
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66
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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67
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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68
inertly
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| adv.不活泼地，无生气地 | |
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69
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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70
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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71
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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72
cerebral
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| adj.脑的，大脑的；有智力的，理智型的 | |
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73
gauged
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| adj.校准的；标准的；量规的；量计的v.（用仪器）测量( gauge的过去式和过去分词 )；估计；计量；划分 | |
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74
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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75
alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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analogues
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| 相似物( analogue的名词复数 )； 类似物； 类比； 同源词 | |
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77
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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prerequisite
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| n.先决条件；adj.作为前提的，必备的 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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80
stereotyped
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| adj.(指形象、思想、人物等)模式化的 | |
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81
conspiring
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| 密谋( conspire的现在分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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82
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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83
perspicacity
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| n. 敏锐, 聪明, 洞察力 | |
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84
subtlety
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| n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别 | |
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85
rapport
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| n.和睦，意见一致 | |
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86
multiplication
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| n.增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法 | |
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87
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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88
enumerate
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| v.列举，计算，枚举，数 | |
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89
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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90
amnesia
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| n.健忘症，健忘 | |
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91
eludes
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的第三人称单数 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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92
adroitly
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| adv.熟练地，敏捷地 | |
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93
incompatible
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| adj.不相容的，不协调的，不相配的 | |
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94
secretion
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| n.分泌 | |
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95
bowels
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| n.肠，内脏，内部；肠( bowel的名词复数 )；内部，最深处 | |
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96
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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97
pickup
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| n.拾起，获得 | |
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98
smitten
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| 猛打，重击，打击( smite的过去分词 ) | |
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99
paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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100
placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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101
retention
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| n.保留，保持，保持力，记忆力 | |
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102
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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103
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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104
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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105
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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106
vibration
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| n.颤动，振动；摆动 | |
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107
expressive
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| adj.表现的，表达…的，富于表情的 | |
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108
clinching
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| v.（尤指两人）互相紧紧抱[扭]住( clinch的现在分词 )；解决（争端、交易），达成（协议） | |
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109
tableau
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| n.画面，活人画（舞台上活人扮的静态画面） | |
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110
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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111
stammering
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| v.结巴地说出( stammer的现在分词 ) | |
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112
delusions
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| n.欺骗( delusion的名词复数 )；谬见；错觉；妄想 | |
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113
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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114
itching
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| adj.贪得的，痒的，渴望的v.发痒( itch的现在分词 ) | |
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115
champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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116
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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117
dressing
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| n.(食物)调料；包扎伤口的用品，敷料 | |
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118
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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119
orator
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| n.演说者，演讲者，雄辩家 | |
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120
sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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121
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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122
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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123
sham
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| n./adj.假冒(的)，虚伪(的) | |
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124
shamming
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| 假装，冒充( sham的现在分词 ) | |
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125
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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126
shammer
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| 骗子，诈欺者，伪君子 | |
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127
awakens
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的第三人称单数 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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128
forgery
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| n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为） | |
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129
arson
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| n.纵火，放火 | |
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130
abeyance
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| n.搁置，缓办，中止，产权未定 | |
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131
harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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132
amplify
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| vt.放大，增强；详述，详加解说 | |
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133
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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134
strenuously
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| adv.奋发地，费力地 | |
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135
nervously
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| adv.神情激动地，不安地 | |
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136
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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137
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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138
inhibit
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| vt.阻止，妨碍，抑制 | |
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139
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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140
annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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141
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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142
transparent
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| adj.明显的，无疑的；透明的 | |
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143
systematic
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| adj.有系统的，有计划的，有方法的 | |
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144
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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145
obliterated
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| v.除去( obliterate的过去式和过去分词 )；涂去；擦掉；彻底破坏或毁灭 | |
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146
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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147
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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148
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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149
revert
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| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
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150
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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151
raggedness
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| 破烂，粗糙 | |
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152
revel
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| vi.狂欢作乐，陶醉；n.作乐，狂欢 | |
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153
picturesqueness
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154
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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155
discriminated
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| 分别，辨别，区分( discriminate的过去式和过去分词 )； 歧视，有差别地对待 | |
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156
discriminate
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| v.区别，辨别，区分；有区别地对待 | |
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157
poising
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| 使平衡( poise的现在分词 )； 保持（某种姿势）； 抓紧； 使稳定 | |
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158
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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159
microscopic
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| adj.微小的，细微的，极小的，显微的 | |
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160
opaque
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| adj.不透光的；不反光的，不传导的；晦涩的 | |
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161
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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162
peculiarities
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| n. 特质, 特性, 怪癖, 古怪 | |
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163
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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164
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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165
conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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166
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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167
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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168
discriminative
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| 有判别力 | |
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169
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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170
therapeutic
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| adj.治疗的，起治疗作用的；对身心健康有益的 | |
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171
congestion
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| n.阻塞，消化不良 | |
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172
blister
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| n.水疱；(油漆等的)气泡；v.(使)起泡 | |
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173
vouched
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| v.保证( vouch的过去式和过去分词 )；担保；确定；确定地说 | |
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174
annulled
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| v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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175
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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176
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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177
scorch
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| v.烧焦，烤焦；高速疾驶；n.烧焦处，焦痕 | |
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178
stimulation
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| n.刺激，激励，鼓舞 | |
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179
irritations
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| n.激怒( irritation的名词复数 )；恼怒；生气；令人恼火的事 | |
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180
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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181
interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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182
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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183
deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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184
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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185
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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186
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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187
amnesic
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| 遗忘的； 失去记忆的； 失去存储的； 引起遗忘的 | |
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188
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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189
improvises
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| 临时制作，临时凑成( improvise的名词复数 )； 即兴创作（音乐、台词、演讲词等） | |
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190
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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191
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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192
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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193
vaguely
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| adv.含糊地，暖昧地 | |
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194
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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195
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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196
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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197
vista
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| n.远景，深景，展望，回想 | |
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198
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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199
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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200
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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201
forensic
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| adj.法庭的，雄辩的 | |
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202
compendious
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| adj.简要的，精简的 | |
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203
extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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204
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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205
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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206
bibliography
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| n.参考书目；(有关某一专题的)书目 | |
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