It is now rendered necessary that I give the facts — as far as I comprehend them myself. They are, succinctly3, these:
My attention, for the last three years, had been repeatedly drawn4 to the subject of Mesmerism; and, about nine months ago it occurred to me, quite suddenly, that in the series of experiments made hitherto, there had been a very remarkable5 and most unaccountable omission:— no person had as yet been mesmerized6 in articulo mortis. It remained to be seen, first, whether, in such condition, there existed in the patient any susceptibility to the magnetic influence; secondly7, whether, if any existed, it was impaired8 or increased by the condition; thirdly, to what extent, or for how long a period, the encroachments of Death might be arrested by the process. There were other points to be ascertained9, but these most excited my curiosity — the last in especial, from the immensely important character of its consequences.
In looking around me for some subject by whose means I might test these particulars, I was brought to think of my friend, M. Ernest Valdemar, the well-known compiler of the “Bibliotheca Forensica,” and author (under the nom de plume10 of Issachar Marx) of the Polish versions of “Wallenstein” and “Gargantua.” M. Valdemar, who has resided principally at Harlaem, N.Y., since the year 1839, is (or was) particularly noticeable for the extreme spareness of his person — his lower limbs much resembling those of John Randolph; and, also, for the whiteness of his whiskers, in violent contrast to the blackness of his hair — the latter, in consequence, being very generally mistaken for a wig11. His temperament12 was markedly nervous, and rendered him a good subject for mesmeric experiment. On two or three occasions I had put him to sleep with little difficulty, but was disappointed in other results which his peculiar13 constitution had naturally led me to anticipate. His will was at no period positively14, or thoroughly15, under my control, and in regard to clairvoyance16, I could accomplish with him nothing to be relied upon. I always attributed my failure at these points to the disordered state of his health. For some months previous to my becoming acquainted with him, his physicians had declared him in a confirmed phthisis. It was his custom, indeed, to speak calmly of his approaching dissolution, as of a matter neither to be avoided nor regretted.
When the ideas to which I have alluded17 first occurred to me, it was of course very natural that I should think of M. Valdemar. I knew the steady philosophy of the man too well to apprehend18 any scruples19 from him; and he had no relatives in America who would be likely to interfere20. I spoke21 to him frankly22 upon the subject; and, to my surprise, his interest seemed vividly23 excited. I say to my surprise, for, although he had always yielded his person freely to my experiments, he had never before given me any tokens of sympathy with what I did. His disease was if that character which would admit of exact calculation in respect to the epoch24 of its termination in death; and it was finally arranged between us that he would send for me about twenty-four hours before the period announced by his physicians as that of his decease.
It is now rather more than seven months since I received, from M. Valdemar himself, the subjoined note:
“My DEAR P —
“You may as well come now. D— and F— are agreed that I cannot hold out beyond to-morrow midnight; and I think they have hit the time very nearly.
VALDEMAR”
I received this note within half an hour after it was written, and in fifteen minutes more I was in the dying man’s chamber25. I had not seen him for ten days, and was appalled26 by the fearful alteration27 which the brief interval28 had wrought29 in him. His face wore a leaden hue30; the eyes were utterly31 lustreless32; and the emaciation33 was so extreme that the skin had been broken through by the cheek-bones. His expectoration was excessive. The pulse was barely perceptible. He retained, nevertheless, in a very remarkable manner, both his mental power and a certain degree of physical strength. He spoke with distinctness — took some palliative medicines without aid — and, when I entered the room, was occupied in penciling memoranda34 in a pocket-book. He was propped35 up in the bed by pillows. Doctors D— and F— were in attendance.
After pressing Valdemar’s hand, I took these gentlemen aside, and obtained from them a minute account of the patient’s condition. The left lung had been for eighteen months in a semi-osseous or cartilaginous state, and was, of course, entirely36 useless for all purposes of vitality37. The right, in its upper portion, was also partially38, if not thoroughly, ossified39, while the lower region was merely a mass of purulent tubercles, running one into another. Several extensive perforations existed; and, at one point, permanent adhesion to the ribs40 had taken place. These appearances in the right lobe41 were of comparatively recent date. The ossification42 had proceeded with very unusual rapidity; no sign of it had discovered a month before, and the adhesion had only been observed during the three previous days. Independently of the phthisis, the patient was suspected of aneurism of the aorta43; but on this point the osseous symptoms rendered an exact diagnosis44 impossible. It was the opinion of both physicians that M. Valdemar would die about midnight on the morrow (Sunday). It was then seven o’clock on Saturday evening.
On quitting the invalid’s bed-side to hold conversation with myself, Doctors D— and F— had bidden him a final farewell. It had not been their intention to return; but, at my request, they agreed to look in upon the patient about ten the next night.
When they had gone, I spoke freely with M. Valdemar on the subject of his approaching dissolution, as well as, more particularly, of the experiment proposed. He still professed45 himself quite willing and even anxious to have it made, and urged me to commence it at once. A male and a female nurse were in attendance; but I did not feel myself altogether at liberty to engage in a task of this character with no more reliable witnesses than these people, in case of sudden accident, might prove. I therefore postponed46 operations until about eight the next night, when the arrival of a medical student with whom I had some acquaintance, (Mr. Theodore L— l,) relieved me from farther embarrassment47. It had been my design, originally, to wait for the physicians; but I was induced to proceed, first, by the urgent entreaties48 of M. Valdemar, and secondly, by my conviction that I had not a moment to lose, as he was evidently sinking fast.
Mr. L— l was so kind as to accede49 to my desire that he would take notes of all that occurred, and it is from his memoranda that what I now have to relate is, for the most part, either condensed or copied verbatim.
It wanted about five minutes of eight when, taking the patient’s hand, I begged him to state, as distinctly as he could, to Mr. L— l, whether he (M. Valdemar) was entirely willing that I should make the experiment of mesmerizing50 him in his then condition.
He replied feebly, yet quite audibly, “Yes, I wish to be “I fear you have mesmerized”— adding immediately afterwards, deferred52 it too long.”
While he spoke thus, I commenced the passes which I had already found most effectual in subduing53 him. He was evidently influenced with the first lateral54 stroke of my hand across his forehead; but although I exerted all my powers, no farther perceptible effect was induced until some minutes after ten o’clock, when Doctors D— and F— called, according to appointment. I explained to them, in a few words, what I designed, and as they opposed no objection, saying that the patient was already in the death agony, I proceeded without hesitation55 — exchanging, however, the lateral passes for downward ones, and directing my gaze entirely into the right eye of the sufferer.
By this time his pulse was imperceptible and his breathing was stertorous56, and at intervals57 of half a minute.
This condition was nearly unaltered for a quarter of an hour. At the expiration58 of this period, however, a natural although a very deep sigh escaped the bosom59 of the dying man, and the stertorous breathing ceased — that is to say, its stertorousness was no longer apparent; the intervals were undiminished. The patient’s extremities60 were of an icy coldness.
At five minutes before eleven I perceived unequivocal signs of the mesmeric influence. The glassy roll of the eye was changed for that expression of uneasy inward examination which is never seen except in cases of sleep-waking, and which it is quite impossible to mistake. With a few rapid lateral passes I made the lids quiver, as in incipient61 sleep, and with a few more I closed them altogether. I was not satisfied, however, with this, but continued the manipulations vigorously, and with the fullest exertion62 of the will, until I had completely stiffened63 the limbs of the slumberer64, after placing them in a seemingly easy position. The legs were at full length; the arms were nearly so, and reposed65 on the bed at a moderate distance from the loin. The head was very slightly elevated.
When I had accomplished66 this, it was fully67 midnight, and I requested the gentlemen present to examine M. Valdemar’s condition. After a few experiments, they admitted him to be an unusually perfect state of mesmeric trance. The curiosity of both the physicians was greatly excited. Dr. D— resolved at once to remain with the patient all night, while Dr. F— took leave with a promise to return at daybreak. Mr. L— l and the nurses remained.
We left M. Valdemar entirely undisturbed until about three o’clock in the morning, when I approached him and found him in precisely68 the same condition as when Dr. F— went away — that is to say, he lay in the same position; the pulse was imperceptible; the breathing was gentle (scarcely noticeable, unless through the application of a mirror to the lips); the eyes were closed naturally; and the limbs were as rigid69 and as cold as marble. Still, the general appearance was certainly not that of death.
As I approached M. Valdemar I made a kind of half effort to influence his right arm into pursuit of my own, as I passed the latter gently to and fro above his person. In such experiments with this patient had never perfectly70 succeeded before, and assuredly I had little thought of succeeding now; but to my astonishment71, his arm very readily, although feebly, followed every direction I assigned it with mine. I determined72 to hazard a few words of conversation.
“M. Valdemar,” I said, “are you asleep?” He made no answer, but I perceived a tremor73 about the lips, and was thus induced to repeat the question, again and again. At its third repetition, his whole frame was agitated74 by a very slight shivering; the eyelids75 unclosed themselves so far as to display a white line of the ball; the lips moved sluggishly76, and from between them, in a barely audible whisper, issued the words:
“Yes; — asleep now. Do not wake me! — let me die so!”
I here felt the limbs and found them as rigid as ever. The right arm, as before, obeyed the direction of my hand. I questioned the sleep-waker again:
“Do you still feel pain in the breast, M. Valdemar?”
The answer now was immediate51, but even less audible than before:
“No pain — I am dying.”
I did not think it advisable to disturb him farther just then, and nothing more was said or done until the arrival of Dr. F — who came a little before sunrise, and expressed unbounded astonishment at finding the patient still alive. After feeling the pulse and applying a mirror to the lips, he requested me to speak to the sleep-waker again. I did so, saying:
“M. Valdemar, do you still sleep?”
As before, some minutes elapsed ere a reply was made; and during the interval the dying man seemed to be collecting his energies to speak. At my fourth repetition of the question, he said very faintly, almost inaudibly:
“Yes; still asleep — dying.”
It was now the opinion, or rather the wish, of the physicians, that M. Valdemar should be suffered to remain undisturbed in his present apparently77 tranquil78 condition, until death should supervene — and this, it was generally agreed, must now take place within a few minutes. I concluded, however, to speak to him once more, and merely repeated my previous question.
While I spoke, there came a marked change over the countenance79 of the sleep-waker. The eyes rolled themselves slowly open, the pupils disappearing upwardly; the skin generally assumed a cadaverous hue, resembling not so much parchment as white paper; and the circular hectic80 spots which, hitherto, had been strongly defined in the centre of each cheek, went out at once. I use this expression, because the suddenness of their departure put me in mind of nothing so much as the extinguishment of a candle by a puff81 of the breath. The upper lip, at the same time, writhed82 itself away from the teeth, which it had previously83 covered completely; while the lower jaw84 fell with an audible jerk, leaving the mouth widely extended, and disclosing in full view the swollen85 and blackened tongue. I presume that no member of the party then present had been unaccustomed to death-bed horrors; but so hideous86 beyond conception was the appearance of M. Valdemar at this moment, that there was a general shrinking back from the region of the bed.
I now feel that I have reached a point of this narrative87 at which every reader will be startled into positive disbelief. It is my business, however, simply to proceed.
There was no longer the faintest sign of vitality in M. Valdemar; and concluding him to be dead, we were consigning88 him to the charge of the nurses, when a strong vibratory motion was observable in the tongue. This continued for perhaps a minute. At the expiration of this period, there issued from the distended89 and motionless jaws90 a voice — such as it would be madness in me to attempt describing. There are, indeed, two or three epithets91 which might be considered as applicable to it in part; I might say, for example, that the sound was harsh, and broken and hollow; but the hideous whole is indescribable, for the simple reason that no similar sounds have ever jarred upon the ear of humanity. There were two particulars, nevertheless, which I thought then, and still think, might fairly be stated as characteristic of the intonation92 — as well adapted to convey some idea of its unearthly peculiarity93. In the first place, the voice seemed to reach our ears — at least mine — from a vast distance, or from some deep cavern94 within the earth. In the second place, it impressed me (I fear, indeed, that it will be impossible to make myself comprehended) as gelatinous or glutinous95 matters impress the sense of touch.
I have spoken both of “sound” and of “voice.” I mean to say that the sound was one of distinct — of even wonderfully, thrillingly distinct — syllabification. M. Valdemar spoke — obviously in reply to the question I had propounded96 to him a few minutes before. I had asked him, it will be remembered, if he still slept. He now said:
“Yes; — no; — I have been sleeping — and now — now — I am dead.
No person present even affected97 to deny, or attempted to repress, the unutterable, shuddering98 horror which these few words, thus uttered, were so well calculated to convey. Mr. L— l (the student) swooned. The nurses immediately left the chamber, and could not be induced to return. My own impressions I would not pretend to render intelligible99 to the reader. For nearly an hour, we busied ourselves, silently — without the utterance100 of a word — in endeavors to revive Mr. L— l. When he came to himself, we addressed ourselves again to an investigation of M. Valdemar’s condition.
It remained in all respects as I have last described it, with the exception that the mirror no longer afforded evidence of respiration101. An attempt to draw blood from the arm failed. I should mention, too, that this limb was no farther subject to my will. I endeavored in vain to make it follow the direction of my hand. The only real indication, indeed, of the mesmeric influence, was now found in the vibratory movement of the tongue, whenever I addressed M. Valdemar a question. He seemed to be making an effort to reply, but had no longer sufficient volition102. To queries103 put to him by any other person than myself he seemed utterly insensible — although I endeavored to place each member of the company in mesmeric rapport104 with him. I believe that I have now related all that is necessary to an understanding of the sleep-waker’s state at this epoch. Other nurses were procured105; and at ten o’clock I left the house in company with the two physicians and Mr. L— l.
In the afternoon we all called again to see the patient. His condition remained precisely the same. We had now some discussion as to the propriety106 and feasibility of awakening107 him; but we had little difficulty in agreeing that no good purpose would be served by so doing. It was evident that, so far, death (or what is usually termed death) had been arrested by the mesmeric process. It seemed clear to us all that to awaken108 M. Valdemar would be merely to insure his instant, or at least his speedy dissolution.
From this period until the close of last week — an interval of nearly seven months — we continued to make daily calls at M. Valdemar’s house, accompanied, now and then, by medical and other friends. All this time the sleeper-waker remained exactly as I have last described him. The nurses’ attentions were continual.
It was on Friday last that we finally resolved to make the experiment of awakening or attempting to awaken him; and it is the (perhaps) unfortunate result of this latter experiment which has given rise to so much discussion in private circles — to so much of what I cannot help thinking unwarranted popular feeling.
For the purpose of relieving M. Valdemar from the mesmeric trance, I made use of the customary passes. These, for a time, were unsuccessful. The first indication of revival109 was afforded by a partial descent of the iris110. It was observed, as especially remarkable, that this lowering of the pupil was accompanied by the profuse111 out-flowing of a yellowish ichor (from beneath the lids) of a pungent112 and highly offensive odor.
It was now suggested that I should attempt to influence the patient’s arm, as heretofore. I made the attempt and failed. Dr. F— then intimated a desire to have me put a question. I did so, as follows:
“M. Valdemar, can you explain to us what are your feelings or wishes now?”
There was an instant return of the hectic circles on the cheeks; the tongue quivered, or rather rolled violently in the mouth (although the jaws and lips remained rigid as before;) and at length the same hideous voice which I have already described, broke forth113:
“For God’s sake! — quick! — quick! — put me to sleep — or, quick! — waken me! — quick! — I say to you that I am dead!”
I was thoroughly unnerved, and for an instant remained undecided what to do. At first I made an endeavor to re-compose the patient; but, failing in this through total abeyance114 of the will, I retraced115 my steps and as earnestly struggled to awaken him. In this attempt I soon saw that I should be successful — or at least I soon fancied that my success would be complete — and I am sure that all in the room were prepared to see the patient awaken.
For what really occurred, however, it is quite impossible that any human being could have been prepared.
As I rapidly made the mesmeric passes, amid ejaculations of “dead! dead!” absolutely bursting from the tongue and not from the lips of the sufferer, his whole frame at once — within the space of a single minute, or even less, shrunk — crumbled116 — absolutely rotted away beneath my hands. Upon the bed, before that whole company, there lay a nearly liquid mass of loathsome117 — of detestable putridity118.
The End
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1
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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garbled
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| adj.（指信息）混乱的，引起误解的v.对（事实）歪曲，对（文章等）断章取义，窜改( garble的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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succinctly
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| adv.简洁地；简洁地，简便地 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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mesmerized
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| v.使入迷( mesmerize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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plume
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| n.羽毛；v.整理羽毛，骚首弄姿，用羽毛装饰 | |
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wig
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| n.假发 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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clairvoyance
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| n.超人的洞察力 | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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vividly
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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appalled
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| v.使惊骇，使充满恐惧( appall的过去式和过去分词)adj.惊骇的；丧胆的 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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wrought
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hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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utterly
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lustreless
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| adj.无光泽的，无光彩的，平淡乏味的 | |
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emaciation
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memoranda
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propped
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| 支撑，支持，维持( prop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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ossified
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| adj.已骨化[硬化]的v.骨化，硬化，使僵化( ossify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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lobe
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| n.耳垂，（肺，肝等的）叶 | |
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ossification
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| n.骨化，（思想等的）僵化 | |
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aorta
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| n.主动脉 | |
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diagnosis
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| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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postponed
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| vt.& vi.延期，缓办，（使）延迟vt.把…放在次要地位；[语]把…放在后面（或句尾）vi.（疟疾等）延缓发作（或复发） | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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entreaties
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| n.恳求，乞求( entreaty的名词复数 ) | |
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accede
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| v.应允，同意 | |
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mesmerizing
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| adj.有吸引力的，有魅力的v.使入迷( mesmerize的现在分词 ) | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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deferred
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| adj.延期的，缓召的v.拖延，延缓，推迟( defer的过去式和过去分词 )；服从某人的意愿，遵从 | |
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subduing
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| 征服( subdue的现在分词 )； 克制； 制服； 色变暗 | |
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lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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hesitation
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| n.犹豫，踌躇 | |
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stertorous
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| adj.打鼾的 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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extremities
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| n.端点( extremity的名词复数 )；尽头；手和足；极窘迫的境地 | |
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incipient
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| adj.起初的，发端的，初期的 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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63
stiffened
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| 加强的 | |
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slumberer
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| 睡眠者，微睡者 | |
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reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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tremor
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| n.震动，颤动，战栗，兴奋，地震 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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sluggishly
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| adv.懒惰地；缓慢地 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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tranquil
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| adj. 安静的, 宁静的, 稳定的, 不变的 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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hectic
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| adj.肺病的；消耗热的；发热的；闹哄哄的 | |
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puff
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| n.一口(气)；一阵(风)；v.喷气，喘气 | |
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writhed
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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jaw
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| n.颚，颌，说教，流言蜚语；v.喋喋不休，教训 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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consigning
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| v.把…置于（令人不快的境地）( consign的现在分词 )；把…托付给；把…托人代售；丟弃 | |
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distended
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| v.（使）膨胀，肿胀( distend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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intonation
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| n.语调，声调；发声 | |
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peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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glutinous
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| adj.粘的，胶状的 | |
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propounded
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| v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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shuddering
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| v.战栗( shudder的现在分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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intelligible
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| adj.可理解的，明白易懂的，清楚的 | |
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utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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101
respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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volition
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| n.意志；决意 | |
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queries
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| n.问题( query的名词复数 )；疑问；询问；问号v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的第三人称单数 )；询问 | |
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rapport
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| n.和睦，意见一致 | |
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105
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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107
awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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108
awaken
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| vi.醒，觉醒；vt.唤醒，使觉醒，唤起，激起 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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iris
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| n.虹膜，彩虹 | |
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profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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112
pungent
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| adj.（气味、味道）刺激性的，辛辣的；尖锐的 | |
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113
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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114
abeyance
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| n.搁置，缓办，中止，产权未定 | |
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115
retraced
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| v.折回( retrace的过去式和过去分词 )；回忆；回顾；追溯 | |
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116
crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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117
loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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118
putridity
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| n.腐败 | |
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