It is in the nature of things that such an institution as our English army should have many bad and troublesome characters in it. But, this is a reason for, and not against, its being made as acceptable as possible to well-disposed men of decent behaviour. Such men are assuredly not tempted2 into the ranks, by the beastly inversion3 of natural laws, and the compulsion to live in worse than swinish foulness4. Accordingly, when any such Circumlocutional embellishments of the soldier’s condition have of late been brought to notice, we civilians6, seated in outer darkness cheerfully meditating7 on an Income Tax, have considered the matter as being our business, and have shown a tendency to declare that we would rather not have it misregulated, if such declaration may, without violence to the Church Catechism, be hinted to those who are put in authority over us.
Any animated8 description of a modern battle, any private soldier’s letter published in the newspapers, any page of the records of the Victoria Cross, will show that in the ranks of the army, there exists under all disadvantages as fine a sense of duty as is to be found in any station on earth. Who doubts that if we all did our duty as faithfully as the soldier does his, this world would be a better place? There may be greater difficulties in our way than in the soldier’s. Not disputed. But, let us at least do our duty towards HIM.
I had got back again to that rich and beautiful port where I had looked after Mercantile Jack11, and I was walking up a hill there, on a wild March morning. My conversation with my official friend Pangloss, by whom I was accidentally accompanied, took this direction as we took the up-hill direction, because the object of my uncommercial journey was to see some discharged soldiers who had recently come home from India. There were men of HAVELOCK’s among them; there were men who had been in many of the great battles of the great Indian campaign, among them; and I was curious to note what our discharged soldiers looked like, when they were done with.
I was not the less interested (as I mentioned to my official friend Pangloss) because these men had claimed to be discharged, when their right to be discharged was not admitted. They had behaved with unblemished fidelity12 and bravery; but, a change of circumstances had arisen, which, as they considered, put an end to their compact and entitled them to enter on a new one. Their demand had been blunderingly resisted by the authorities in India: but, it is to be presumed that the men were not far wrong, inasmuch as the bungle13 had ended in their being sent home discharged, in pursuance of orders from home. (There was an immense waste of money, of course.)
Under these circumstances — thought I, as I walked up the hill, on which I accidentally encountered my official friend — under these circumstances of the men having successfully opposed themselves to the Pagoda14 Department of that great Circumlocution5 Office on which the sun never sets and the light of reason never rises, the Pagoda Department will have been particularly careful of the national honour. It will have shown these men, in the scrupulous15 good faith, not to say the generosity16, of its dealing17 with them, that great national authorities can have no small retaliations and revenges. It will have made every provision for their health on the passage home, and will have landed them, restored from their campaigning fatigues18 by a sea-voyage, pure air, sound food, and good medicines. And I pleased myself with dwelling19 beforehand, on the great accounts of their personal treatment which these men would carry into their various towns and villages, and on the increasing popularity of the service that would insensibly follow. I almost began to hope that the hitherto-never-failing deserters on my railroad would by-and-by become a phenomenon.
In this agreeable frame of mind I entered the workhouse of Liverpool. — For, the cultivation20 of laurels21 in a sandy soil, had brought the soldiers in question to THAT abode22 of Glory.
Before going into their wards10 to visit them, I inquired how they had made their triumphant23 entry there? They had been brought through the rain in carts it seemed, from the landing-place to the gate, and had then been carried up-stairs on the backs of paupers24. Their groans25 and pains during the performance of this glorious pageant26, had been so distressing27, as to bring tears into the eyes of spectators but too well accustomed to scenes of suffering. The men were so dreadfully cold, that those who could get near the fires were hard to be restrained from thrusting their feet in among the blazing coals. They were so horribly reduced, that they were awful to look upon. Racked with dysentery and blackened with scurvy28, one hundred and forty wretched soldiers had been revived with brandy and laid in bed.
My official friend Pangloss is lineally descended29 from a learned doctor of that name, who was once tutor to Candide, an ingenious young gentleman of some celebrity30. In his personal character, he is as humane31 and worthy32 a gentleman as any I know; in his official capacity, he unfortunately preaches the doctrines33 of his renowned34 ancestor, by demonstrating on all occasions that we live in the best of all possible official worlds.
‘In the name of Humanity,’ said I, ‘how did the men fall into this deplorable state? Was the ship well found in stores?’
‘I am not here to asseverate35 that I know the fact, of my own knowledge,’ answered Pangloss, ‘but I have grounds for asserting that the stores were the best of all possible stores.’
A medical officer laid before us, a handful of rotten biscuit, and a handful of split peas. The biscuit was a honeycombed heap of maggots, and the excrement36 of maggots. The peas were even harder than this filth37. A similar handful had been experimentally boiled six hours, and had shown no signs of softening38. These were the stores on which the soldiers had been fed.
‘The beef — ‘ I began, when Pangloss cut me short.
‘Was the best of all possible beef,’ said he.
But, behold39, there was laid before us certain evidence given at the Coroner’s Inquest, holden on some of the men (who had obstinately40 died of their treatment), and from that evidence it appeared that the beef was the worst of possible beef!
‘Then I lay my hand upon my heart, and take my stand,’ said Pangloss, ‘by the pork, which was the best of all possible pork.’
‘But look at this food before our eyes, if one may so misuse41 the word,’ said I. ‘Would any Inspector42 who did his duty, pass such abomination?’
‘It ought not to have been passed,’ Pangloss admitted.
‘Then the authorities out there — ‘ I began, when Pangloss cut me short again.
‘There would certainly seem to have been something wrong somewhere,’ said he; ‘but I am prepared to prove that the authorities out there, are the best of all possible authorities.’
I never heard of any impeached43 public authority in my life, who was not the best public authority in existence.
‘We are told of these unfortunate men being laid low by scurvy,’ said I. ‘Since lime-juice has been regularly stored and served out in our navy, surely that disease, which used to devastate44 it, has almost disappeared? Was there lime-juice aboard this transport?’
My official friend was beginning ‘the best of all possible — ‘ when an inconvenient45 medical forefinger46 pointed47 out another passage in the evidence, from which it appeared that the lime-juice had been bad too. Not to mention that the vinegar had been bad too, the vegetables bad too, the cooking accommodation insufficient48 (if there had been anything worth mentioning to cook), the water supply exceedingly inadequate49, and the beer sour.
‘Then the men,’ said Pangloss, a little irritated, ‘Were the worst of all possible men.’
‘In what respect?’ I asked.
‘Oh! Habitual50 drunkards,’ said Pangloss.
But, again the same incorrigible51 medical forefinger pointed out another passage in the evidence, showing that the dead men had been examined after death, and that they, at least, could not possibly have been habitual drunkards, because the organs within them which must have shown traces of that habit, were perfectly52 sound.
‘And besides,’ said the three doctors present, ‘one and all, habitual drunkards brought as low as these men have been, could not recover under care and food, as the great majority of these men are recovering. They would not have strength of constitution to do it.’
‘Reckless and improvident53 dogs, then,’ said Pangloss. ‘Always are — nine times out of ten.’
I turned to the master of the workhouse, and asked him whether the men had any money?
‘Money?’ said he. ‘I have in my iron safe, nearly four hundred pounds of theirs; the agents have nearly a hundred pounds more and many of them have left money in Indian banks besides.’
‘Hah!’ said I to myself, as we went up-stairs, ‘this is not the best of all possible stories, I doubt!’
We went into a large ward9, containing some twenty or five-and-twenty beds. We went into several such wards, one after another. I find it very difficult to indicate what a shocking sight I saw in them, without frightening the reader from the perusal54 of these lines, and defeating my object of making it known.
O the sunken eyes that turned to me as I walked between the rows of beds, or — worse still — that glazedly looked at the white ceiling, and saw nothing and cared for nothing! Here, lay the skeleton of a man, so lightly covered with a thin unwholesome skin, that not a bone in the anatomy56 was clothed, and I could clasp the arm above the elbow, in my finger and thumb. Here, lay a man with the black scurvy eating his legs away, his gums gone, and his teeth all gaunt and bare. This bed was empty, because gangrene had set in, and the patient had died but yesterday. That bed was a hopeless one, because its occupant was sinking fast, and could only be roused to turn the poor pinched mask of face upon the pillow, with a feeble moan. The awful thinness of the fallen cheeks, the awful brightness of the deep set eyes, the lips of lead, the hands of ivory, the recumbent human images lying in the shadow of death with a kind of solemn twilight57 on them, like the sixty who had died aboard the ship and were lying at the bottom of the sea, O Pangloss, GOD forgive you!
In one bed, lay a man whose life had been saved (as it was hoped) by deep incisions58 in the feet and legs. While I was speaking to him, a nurse came up to change the poultices which this operation had rendered necessary, and I had an instinctive59 feeling that it was not well to turn away, merely to spare myself. He was sorely wasted and keenly susceptible60, but the efforts he made to subdue61 any expression of impatience62 or suffering, were quite heroic. It was easy to see, in the shrinking of the figure, and the drawing of the bed-clothes over the head, how acute the endurance was, and it made me shrink too, as if I were in pain; but, when the new bandages were on, and the poor feet were composed again, he made an apology for himself (though he had not uttered a word), and said plaintively63, ‘I am so tender and weak, you see, sir!’ Neither from him nor from any one sufferer of the whole ghastly number, did I hear a complaint. Of thankfulness for present solicitude64 and care, I heard much; of complaint, not a word.
I think I could have recognised in the dismalest skeleton there, the ghost of a soldier. Something of the old air was still latent in the palest shadow of life I talked to. One emaciated65 creature, in the strictest literality worn to the bone, lay stretched on his back, looking so like death that I asked one of the doctors if he were not dying, or dead? A few kind words from the doctor, in his ear, and he opened his eyes, and smiled — looked, in a moment, as if he would have made a salute66, if he could. ‘We shall pull him through, please God,’ said the Doctor. ‘Plase God, surr, and thankye,’ said the patient. ‘You are much better to-day; are you not?’ said the Doctor. ‘Plase God, surr; ’tis the slape I want, surr; ’tis my breathin’ makes the nights so long.’ ‘He is a careful fellow this, you must know,’ said the Doctor, cheerfully; ‘it was raining hard when they put him in the open cart to bring him here, and he had the presence of mind to ask to have a sovereign taken out of his pocket that he had there, and a cab engaged. Probably it saved his life.’ The patient rattled69 out the skeleton of a laugh, and said, proud of the story, ‘‘Deed, surr, an open cairt was a comical means o’ bringin’ a dyin’ man here, and a clever way to kill him.’ You might have sworn to him for a soldier when he said it.
One thing had perplexed70 me very much in going from bed to bed. A very significant and cruel thing. I could find no young man but one. He had attracted my notice, by having got up and dressed himself in his soldier’s jacket and trousers, with the intention of sitting by the fire; but he had found himself too weak, and had crept back to his bed and laid himself down on the outside of it. I could have pronounced him, alone, to be a young man aged68 by famine and sickness. As we were standing71 by the Irish soldier’s bed, I mentioned my perplexity to the Doctor. He took a board with an inscription72 on it from the head of the Irishman’s bed, and asked me what age I supposed that man to be? I had observed him with attention while talking to him, and answered, confidently, ‘Fifty.’ The Doctor, with a pitying glance at the patient, who had dropped into a stupor73 again, put the board back, and said, ‘Twenty-four.’
All the arrangements of the wards were excellent. They could not have been more humane, sympathising, gentle, attentive74, or wholesome55. The owners of the ship, too, had done all they could, liberally. There were bright fires in every room, and the convalescent men were sitting round them, reading various papers and periodicals. I took the liberty of inviting75 my official friend Pangloss to look at those convalescent men, and to tell me whether their faces and bearing were or were not, generally, the faces and bearing of steady respectable soldiers? The master of the workhouse, overhearing me, said he had had a pretty large experience of troops, and that better conducted men than these, he had never had to do with. They were always (he added) as we saw them. And of us visitors (I add) they knew nothing whatever, except that we were there.
It was audacious in me, but I took another liberty with Pangloss. Prefacing it with the observation that, of course, I knew beforehand that there was not the faintest desire, anywhere, to hush76 up any part of this dreadful business, and that the Inquest was the fairest of all possible Inquests, I besought77 four things of Pangloss. Firstly, to observe that the Inquest WAS NOT HELD IN THAT PLACE, but at some distance off. Secondly78, to look round upon those helpless spectres in their beds. Thirdly, to remember that the witnesses produced from among them before that Inquest, could not have been selected because they were the men who had the most to tell it, but because they happened to be in a state admitting of their safe removal. Fourthly, to say whether the coroner and jury could have come there, to those pillows, and taken a little evidence? My official friend declined to commit himself to a reply.
There was a sergeant79, reading, in one of the fireside groups. As he was a man of very intelligent countenance80, and as I have a great respect for non-commissioned officers as a class, I sat down on the nearest bed, to have some talk with him. (It was the bed of one of the grisliest of the poor skeletons, and he died soon afterwards.)
‘I was glad to see, in the evidence of an officer at the Inquest, sergeant, that he never saw men behave better on board ship than these men.’
‘They did behave very well, sir.’
‘I was glad to see, too, that every man had a hammock.’ The sergeant gravely shook his head. ‘There must be some mistake, sir. The men of my own mess had no hammocks. There were not hammocks enough on board, and the men of the two next messes laid hold of hammocks for themselves as soon as they got on board, and squeezed my men out, as I may say.’
‘Had the squeezed-out men none then?’
‘None, sir. As men died, their hammocks were used by other men, who wanted hammocks; but many men had none at all.’
‘Then you don’t agree with the evidence on that point?’
‘Certainly not, sir. A man can’t, when he knows to the contrary.’
‘Did any of the men sell their bedding for drink?’
‘There is some mistake on that point too, sir. Men were under the impression — I knew it for a fact at the time — that it was not allowed to take blankets or bedding on board, and so men who had things of that sort came to sell them purposely.’
‘Did any of the men sell their clothes for drink?’
‘They did, sir.’ (I believe there never was a more truthful81 witness than the sergeant. He had no inclination82 to make out a case.)
‘Many?’
‘Some, sir’ (considering the question). ‘Soldier-like. They had been long marching in the rainy season, by bad roads — no roads at all, in short — and when they got to Calcutta, men turned to and drank, before taking a last look at it. Soldier-like.’
‘Do you see any men in this ward, for example, who sold clothes for drink at that time?’
The sergeant’s wan67 eye, happily just beginning to rekindle83 with health, travelled round the place and came back to me. ‘Certainly, sir.’
‘The marching to Calcutta in the rainy season must have been severe?’
‘It was very severe, sir.’
‘Yet what with the rest and the sea air, I should have thought that the men (even the men who got drunk) would have soon begun to recover on board ship?’
‘So they might; but the bad food told upon them, and when we got into a cold latitude84, it began to tell more, and the men dropped.’
‘The sick had a general disinclination for food, I am told, sergeant?’
‘Have you seen the food, sir?’
‘Some of it.’
‘Have you seen the state of their mouths, sir?’
If the sergeant, who was a man of a few orderly words, had spoken the amount of this volume, he could not have settled that question better. I believe the sick could as soon have eaten the ship, as the ship’s provisions.
I took the additional liberty with my friend Pangloss, when I had left the sergeant with good wishes, of asking Pangloss whether he had ever heard of biscuit getting drunk and bartering85 its nutritious86 qualities for putrefaction87 and vermin; of peas becoming hardened in liquor; of hammocks drinking themselves off the face of the earth; of lime-juice, vegetables, vinegar, cooking accommodation, water supply, and beer, all taking to drinking together and going to ruin? ‘If not (I asked him), what did he say in defence of the officers condemned88 by the Coroner’s jury, who, by signing the General Inspection89 report relative to the ship Great Tasmania, chartered for these troops, had deliberately90 asserted all that bad and poisonous dunghill refuse, to be good and wholesome food?’ My official friend replied that it was a remarkable91 fact, that whereas some officers were only positively92 good, and other officers only comparatively better, those particular officers were superlatively the very best of all possible officers.
My hand and my heart fail me, in writing my record of this journey. The spectacle of the soldiers in the hospital-beds of that Liverpool workhouse (a very good workhouse, indeed, be it understood), was so shocking and so shameful93, that as an Englishman I blush to remember it. It would have been simply unbearable94 at the time, but for the consideration and pity with which they were soothed95 in their sufferings.
No punishment that our inefficient96 laws provide, is worthy of the name when set against the guilt97 of this transaction. But, if the memory of it die out unavenged, and if it do not result in the inexorable dismissal and disgrace of those who are responsible for it, their escape will be infamous98 to the Government (no matter of what party) that so neglects its duty, and infamous to the nation that tamely suffers such intolerable wrong to be done in its name.
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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inversion
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| n.反向，倒转，倒置 | |
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foulness
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| n. 纠缠, 卑鄙 | |
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circumlocution
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| n. 绕圈子的话，迂回累赘的陈述 | |
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civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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meditating
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| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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bungle
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| v.搞糟；n.拙劣的工作 | |
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pagoda
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| n.宝塔（尤指印度和远东的多层宝塔），（印度教或佛教的）塔式庙宇 | |
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scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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fatigues
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| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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scurvy
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| adj.下流的，卑鄙的，无礼的；n.坏血病 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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celebrity
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| n.名人，名流；著名，名声，名望 | |
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humane
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| adj.人道的，富有同情心的 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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asseverate
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| v.断言 | |
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excrement
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| n.排泄物，粪便 | |
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filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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softening
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| 变软，软化 | |
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behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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obstinately
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| ad.固执地，顽固地 | |
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misuse
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| n.误用，滥用；vt.误用，滥用 | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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43
impeached
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| v.控告（某人）犯罪( impeach的过去式和过去分词 )；弹劾；对（某事物）怀疑；提出异议 | |
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devastate
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| v.使荒芜，破坏，压倒 | |
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45
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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46
forefinger
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| n.食指 | |
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47
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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48
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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49
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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50
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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51
incorrigible
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| adj.难以纠正的，屡教不改的 | |
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52
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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53
improvident
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| adj.不顾将来的，不节俭的，无远见的 | |
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54
perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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incisions
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| n.切开，切口( incision的名词复数 ) | |
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instinctive
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| adj.(出于)本能的；直觉的；(出于)天性的 | |
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susceptible
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| adj.过敏的，敏感的；易动感情的，易受感动的 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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plaintively
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| adv.悲哀地，哀怨地 | |
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solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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emaciated
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| adj.衰弱的，消瘦的 | |
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salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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wan
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| (wide area network)广域网 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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perplexed
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| adj.不知所措的 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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inscription
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| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
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stupor
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| v.昏迷；不省人事 | |
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attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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hush
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| int.嘘，别出声；n.沉默，静寂；v.使安静 | |
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besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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truthful
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| adj.真实的，说实话的，诚实的 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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rekindle
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| v.使再振作；再点火 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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bartering
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| v.作物物交换，以货换货( barter的现在分词 ) | |
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nutritious
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| adj.有营养的，营养价值高的 | |
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putrefaction
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| n.腐坏，腐败 | |
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condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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deliberately
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| adv.审慎地；蓄意地；故意地 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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unbearable
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| adj.不能容忍的；忍受不住的 | |
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soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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infamous
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| adj.声名狼藉的，臭名昭著的，邪恶的 | |
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