Full notice of these holidays would be history 34 of Venice, for each one had its origin in some great event of her existence, and they were so numerous as to commemorate7 nearly every notable incident in her annals. Though, as has been before observed, they had nearly all a general religious character, the Church, as usual in Venice, only seemed to direct the ceremonies in its own honor, while it really ministered to the political glory of the oligarchy8, which knew how to manage its priests as well as its prince and people. Nay9, it happened in one case, at least, that a religious anniversary was selected by the Republic as the day on which to put to shame before the populace certain of the highest and reverendest dignitaries of the Church. In 1162, Ulrich, the Patriarch of Aquileja, seized, by a treacherous10 stratagem11, the city of Grado, then subject to Venice. The Venetians immediately besieged12 and took the city, with the patriarch and twelve of his canons in it, and carried them prisoners to the lagoons13. The turbulent patriarchs of Aquileja had long been disturbers of the Republic’s dominion15, and the people now determined16 to make an end of these displeasures. They refused, therefore, to release the patriarch, except on condition that he should bind17 himself to send them annually18 a bull and twelve fat hogs19. It is not known what meaning the patriarch attached to this singular ceremony; but with the Venetians the bull was typical of himself, and the swine of his canons, and they yearly suffered death in these animals, which were slaughtered21 during Shrovetide in the Piazza22 San Marco amid a great concourse of the people, in the presence of the Doge and Signory. The locksmiths, and other workers in iron, had distinguished23 themselves in the recapture of Grado, and to their guild24 was allotted25 the honor of putting to death the bull and swine. Great art was shown in striking off the bull’s head at one blow, without suffering the sword to touch the ground after passing through the animal’s neck; the swine were slain26 with lances. Athletic27 games among the people succeeded, and the Doge and his Senators attacked and destroyed, with staves, several lightly built wooden castles, to symbolize28 the abasement29 of the feudal30 power before the Republic. As the centuries advanced this part of the ceremony, together with the slaughter20 of the swine, was disused; in which fact Mr. Ruskin sees evidence of a corrupt31 disdain32 of simple and healthy allegory on the part of the proud doges, but in which I think most people will discern only a natural wish to discontinue in more civilized33 times a puerile34 barbarity. Mr. Ruskin himself finds no evidence of “state pride” in the abolition35 of the slaughter of the swine. The festival was very popular, and continued a long time, though I believe not till the fall of the Republic.
Another tribute, equally humiliating to those who paid it, was imposed upon the Paduans for an insult offered to St. Mark, and gave occasion for a national holiday, some fifty years after the Patriarch of Aquileja began atonement for his outrage36. In the year 1214, the citizens of Treviso made an entertainment to which they invited the noble youth of the surrounding cities. In the chief piazza of the town a castle of wood exquisitely37 decorated was held against all comers by a garrison38 of the fairest Trevisan damsels. The weapons of defense39 were flowers, fruits, bonbons40, and the bright eyes of the besieged; while the missiles of attack were much the same, with whatever added virtue41 might lie in tender prayers and sugared supplications. Padua, Vicenza, Bassano, and Venice sent their gallantest youths, under their municipal banners, to take part in this famous enterprise; and the attack was carried on by the leagued forces with great vigor43, but with no effect on the Castle of Love, as it was called, till the Venetians made a breach44 at a weak point. These young men were better skilled in the arts of war than their allies; they were richer, and had come to Treviso decked in the spoils of the recent sack of Constantinople, and at the moment they neared the castle it is reported that they corrupted45 the besieged by throwing handfuls of gold into the tower. Whether this be true or not, it is certain that the conduct of the Venetians in some manner roused the Paduans to insult, and that the hot youths came to blows. In an instant the standard of St. Mark was thrown down and trampled46 under the feet of the furious Paduans; blood flowed, and the indignant Trevisans drove the combatants out of their city. The spark of war spreading to the rival cities, the Paduans were soon worsted, and three hundred of their number were made prisoners. These they would willingly have ransomed48 at any price, but their enemies would not release them except on the payment of two white pullets for each warrior50. The shameful51 ransom49 was paid in the Piazza, to the inextinguishable delight of the Venetians, who, never wanting in sharp and biting wit, abandoned themselves to sarcastic52 exultation53. They demanded that the Paduans should, like the patriarch, repeat the tribute annually; but the prudent54 Doge Ziani judged the single humiliation55 sufficient, and refused to establish a yearly celebration of the feast.
One of the most famous occasional festivals of Venice is described by Petrarch in a Latin letter to his friend Pietro Bolognese. It was in celebration of the reduction of the Greeks of Candia, an island which in 1361 had recently been ceded56 to the Republic. The Candiotes rose in general rebellion, but were so promptly57 subdued58 that the news of the outbreak scarcely anticipated the announcement of its suppression in Venice. Petrarch was at this time the guest of the Republic, and from his seat at the right of the Doge on the gallery of St. Mark’s Church, in front of the bronze horses, he witnessed the chivalric59 shows given in the Piazza below, which was then unpaved, and admirably adapted for equestrian60 feats61 of arms. It is curious to read the poet’s account of these in a city where there is now no four-footed beast larger than a dog. But in the age of chivalry62 even the Venetians were mounted, and rode up and down their narrow streets, and jousted63 in their great campos.
Speaking of twenty-four noble and handsome youths, whose feats formed a chief part of a show of which he “does not know if in the whole world there has been seen the equal,” Petrarch says: “It was a gentle sight to see so many youths decked in purple and gold, as they ruled with the rein64 and urged with the spur their coursers, moving in glittering harness, with iron-shod feet which scarcely seemed to touch the ground.” And it must have been a noble sight, indeed, to behold65 all this before the “golden fa?ade of the temple,” in a place so packed with spectators “that a grain of barley66 could not have fallen to the ground. The great piazza, the church itself, the towers, the roofs, the arcades67, the windows, all were—I will not say full, but running over, walled and paved with people.” At the right of the church was built a great platform, on which sat “four hundred honestest gentlewomen, chosen from the flower of the nobility, and distinguished in their dress and bearing, who, amid the continual homage68 offered them morning, noon, and night, presented the image of a celestial69 congress.” Some noblemen, come hither by chance, “from the part of Britain, comrades and kinsmen70 of their King, were present,” and attracted the notice of the poet. The feasts lasted many days, but on the third day Petrarch excused himself to the Doge, pleading, he says, his “ordinary occupations, already known to all.”
Among remoter feasts in honor of national triumphs, was one on the Day of the Annunciation, commemorative of the removal of the capital of the Venetian isles71 to Rialto from Malamocco, after King Pepin had burnt the latter city, and when, advancing on Venice, he was met in the lagoons and beaten by the islanders and the tides: these by their recession stranding72 his boats in the mud, and those falling upon his helpless host with the fury of an insulted and imperiled people. The Doge annually assisted at mass in St. Mark’s in honor of the victory, but not long afterward73 the celebration of it ceased, as did that of a precisely74 similar defeat of the Hungarians, who had just descended75 from Asia into Europe. In 1339 there were great rejoicings in the Piazza for the peace with Mastino della Scala, who, beaten by the Republic, ceded his city of Treviso to her.
Doubtless the most splendid of all the occasional festivals was that held for the Venetian share of the great Christian76 victory at Lepanto over the Turks. All orders of the State took part in it; but the most remarkable77 feature of the celebration was the roofing of the Merceria, all the way from St. Mark’s to Rialto, with fine blue cloth, studded with golden stars to represent the firmament78, as the shopkeepers imagined it. The pictures of the famous painters of that day, Titian, Tintoretto, Palma, and the rest, were exposed under this canopy79, at the end near Rialto. Later, the Venetian victories over the Turks at the Dardanelles were celebrated80 by a regatta, in 1658; and Morosini’s brilliant reconquest of the Morea, in 1688, was the occasion of other magnificent shows.
The whole world has now adopted, with various modifications81, the picturesque82 and exciting pastime of the regatta, which, according to Mutinelli, 35 originated among the lagoons at a very early period, from a peculiar83 feature in the military discipline of the Republic. A target for practice with the bow and cross-bow was set up every week on the beach at the Lido, and nobles and plebeians84 rowed thither85 in barges87 of thirty oars89, vying90 with each other in the speed and skill with which the boats were driven. To divert the popular discontent that followed the Serrar del Consiglio and the suppression of Bajamonte Tiepolo’s conspiracy91 early in the fourteenth century, the proficiency92 arising from this rivalry93 was turned to account, and the spectacle of the regatta was instituted. Agreeably, however, to the aristocratic spirit of the newly established oligarchy, the patricians95 withdrew from the lists, and the regatta became the affair exclusively of the gondoliers. In other Italian cities, where horse and donkey races were the favorite amusement, the riders were of both sexes; and now at Venice women also entered into the rivalry of the regatta. But in gallant42 deference96 to their weakness, they were permitted to begin the course at the mouth of the Grand Canal before the Doganna di Mare97, while the men were obliged to start from the Public Gardens. They followed the Grand Canal to its opposite extremity98, beyond the present railway station, and there doubling a pole planted in the water near the Ponte della Croce, returned to the common goal before the Palazzo Foscari. Here was erected99 an ornate scaffolding to which the different prizes were attached. The first boat carried off a red banner; the next received a green flag; the third, a blue; and the fourth, a yellow one. With each of these was given a purse, and with the last was added, by way of gibe100, a live pig, a picture of which was painted on the yellow banner. Every regatta included five courses, in which single and double oared101 boats, and single and double oared gondolas102 successively competed,—the fifth contest being that in which the women participated with two-oared boats. Four prizes like those described were awarded to the winners in each course.
The regatta was celebrated with all the pomp which the superb city could assume. As soon as the government announced that it was to take place, the preparations of the champions began. “From that time the gondolier ceased to be a servant; he became almost an adoptive son;” 36 his master giving him every possible assistance and encouragement in the daily exercises by which he trained himself for the contest, and his parish priest visiting him in his own house, to bless his person, his boat, and the image of the Madonna or other saint attached to the gondola103. When the great day arrived the Canalazzo swarmed104 with boats of every kind. “All the trades and callings,” says Giustina Renier-Michiel, 37 with that pride in the Venetian past which does not always pass from verbosity105 to eloquence106, “had each its boats appropriately mounted and adorned108; and private societies filled an hundred more. The chief families among the nobility appeared in their boats, on which they had lavished110 their taste and wealth.” The rowers were dressed with the most profuse111 and elaborate luxury, and the barges were made to represent historical and mythological113 conceptions. “To this end the builders employed carving114 and sculpture, together with all manner of costly stuffs of silk and velvet115, gorgeous fringes and tassels116 of silver and gold, flowers, fruits, shrubs117, mirrors, furs, and plumage of rare birds. . . . Young patricians, in fleet and narrow craft, propelled by swift rowers, preceded the champions and cleared the way for them, obliging the spectators to withdraw on either side. . . . They knelt on sumptuous118 cushions in the prows119 of their gondolas, cross-bow in hand, and launched little pellets of plaster at the directors of such obstinate121 boats as failed to obey their orders to retire. . . .
“To augment122 the brilliancy of the regatta the nature of the place concurred123. Let us imagine that superb canal, flanked on either side by a long line of edifices125 of every sort; with great numbers of marble palaces,—nearly all of noble and majestic126 structure, some admirable for an antique and Gothic taste, some for the richest Greek and Roman architecture,—their windows and balconies decked with damasks, stuffs of the Levant, tapestries127, and velvets, the vivid colors of which were animated128 still more by borders and fringes of gold, and on which leaned beautiful women richly dressed and wearing tremulous and glittering jewels in their hair. Wherever the eye turned, it beheld129 a vast multitude at doorways130, on the rivas, and even on the roofs. Some of the spectators occupied scaffoldings erected at favorable points along the sides of the canal; and the patrician94 ladies did not disdain to leave their palaces, and, entering their gondolas, lose themselves among the infinite number of the boats. . . .
“The cannons131 give the signal of departure. The boats dart133 over the water with the rapidity of lightning. . . . They advance and fall behind alternately. One champion who seems to yield the way to a rival suddenly leaves him in the rear. The shouts of his friends and kinsmen hail his advantage, while others already passing him, force him to redouble his efforts. Some weaker ones succumb134 midway, exhausted135. . . . They withdraw, and the kindly136 Venetian populace will not aggravate137 their shame with jeers138; the spectators glance at them compassionately139, and turn again to those still in the lists. Here and there they encourage them by waving handkerchiefs, and the women toss their shawls in the air. Each patrician following close upon his gondolier’s boat, incites140 him with his voice, salutes141 him by name, and flatters his pride and spirit. . . . The water foams143 under the repeated strokes of the oars; it leaps up in spray and falls in showers on the backs of the rowers already dripping with their own sweat. . . . At last behold the dauntless mortal who seizes the red banner! His rival had almost clutched it, but one mighty144 stroke of the oar88 gave him the victory. . . . The air reverberates145 with a clapping of hands so loud that at the remotest point on the canal the moment of triumph is known. The victors plant on their agile146 boat the conquered flag, and instead of thinking to rest their weary arms, take up the oars again and retrace147 their course to receive congratulations and applause.”
The regattas were by no means of frequent occurrence, for only forty-one took place during some five centuries. The first was given in 1315, and the last in 1857, in honor of the luckless Archduke Maximilian’s marriage with Princess Charlotte of Belgium. The most sumptuous and magnificent regatta of all was that given to the city in the year 1686, by Duke Ernest of Brunswick. This excellent prince having sold a great part of his subjects to the Republic for use in its wars against the Turk, generously spent their price in the costly and edifying148 entertainments of which Venice had already become the scene. The Judgment149 of Paris, and the Triumph of the Marine150 Goddesses had been represented at his expense on the Grand Canal, with great acceptance. And now the Triumph of Neptune151 formed a principal feature in the gayeties of his regatta. Nearly the whole of the salt-water mythology152 was employed in the ceremony. An immense wooden whale supporting a structure of dolphins and Tritons, surmounted153 by a statue of Neptune, and drawn154 by sea-horses, moved from the Piazzetta to the Palazzo Foscari, where numbers of Sirens sported about in every direction till the Regatta began. The whole company of the deities155, very splendidly arrayed, then joined them as spectators, and behaved in the manner affected156 by gods and goddesses on these occasions. Mutinelli 38 recounts the story with many sighs and sneers157 and great exactness; but it is not interesting. The miraculous158 recovery of the body of St. Mark, in 1094, after it had been lost for nearly two centuries, created a festive159 anniversary which was celebrated for a while with great religious pomp; but the rejoicings were not separately continued in after years. The festival was consolidated160 (if one may so speak) with two others in honor of the same saint, and the triple occasions were commemorated161 by a single holiday. The holidays annually distinguished by civil or ecclesiastical displays were twenty-five in number, of which only eleven were of religious origin, though all were of partly religious observance. One of the most curious and interesting of the former was of the earliest date, and was continued till the last years of the Republic. In 596 Narses, the general of the Greek Emperor, was furnished by the Venetians with means of transport by sea from Aquieja to Ravenna for the army which he was leading against the Ostrogoths; and he made a vow162 that if successful in his campaign, he would requite163 their generosity164 by erecting165 two churches in Venice. Accordingly, when he had beaten the Ostrogoths, he caused two votive churches to be built,—one to St. Theodore, on the site of the present St. Mark’s Church, and another to San Geminiano, on the opposite bank of the canal which then flowed there. In lapse166 of time the citizens, desiring to enlarge their Piazza, removed the church of San Geminiano back as far as the present Fabbrica Nuova, which Napoleon built on the site of the demolished167 temple, between the western ends of the New and Old Procuratie. The removal was effected without the pope’s leave, which had been asked, but was refused in these words,—“The Holy Father cannot sanction the commission of a sacrilege, though he can pardon it afterwards.” The pontiff, therefore, imposed on the Venetians for penance168 that the Doge should pay an annual visit forever to the church. On the occasion of this visit the parish priest met him at the door, and offered the holy water to him; and then the Doge, having assisted at mass, marched with his Signory and the clergy169 of the church to its original site, where the clergy demanded that it should be rebuilt, and the Doge replied with the promise,—“Next year.” A red stone was set in the pavement to mark the spot where the Doge renewed this never-fulfilled promise. 39 The old church was destroyed by fire, and Sansovino built, in 1506, the temple thrown down by Napoleon to make room for his palace.
The 31st of January, on which day in 828 the body of St. Mark was brought from Alexandria to Venice, is still observed, though the festival has lost all the splendor170 which it received from civil intervention171. For a thousand years the day was hallowed by a solemn mass in St. Mark’s, at which the Doge and his Signory assisted.
The chief of the State annually paid a number of festive visits, which were made the occasion of as many holidays. To the convent of San Zaccaria he went in commemoration of the visit paid to that retreat by Pope Benedict III., in 855, when the pontiff was so charmed by the piety172 and goodness of the fair nuns173, that, after his return to Rome, he sent them great store of relics174 and indulgences. It thus became one of the most popular of the holidays, and the people repaired in great multitude with their Doge to the convent, on each recurrence175 of the day, that they might see the relics and buy the indulgences. The nuns were of the richest and noblest families of the city, and on the Doge’s first visit, they presented him with that bonnet176 which became the symbol of his sovereignty. It was wrought177 of pure gold, and set with precious stones of marvelous great beauty and value; and in order that the State might never seem forgetful of the munificence178 which bestowed180 the gift, the bonnet was annually taken from the treasury181 and shown by the Doge himself to the Sisters of San Zaccaria. The Doge Pietro Tradonico, to whom the bonnet was given, was killed in a popular tumult182 on this holiday, while going to the convent.
There was likewise a vast concourse of people and traffic in indulgences at the church of Santa Maria della Carita (now the Academy of Fine Arts), on the anniversary of the day when Pope Alexander III., in 1177, flying from the Emperor Barbarossa, found refuge in that monastery183. 40 He bestowed great privileges upon it, and the Venetians honored the event to the end of their national existence.
One of the rare occasions during the year when the Doge appeared officially in public after nightfall, was on St. Stephen’s Day. He then repaired at dusk in his gilded184 barge86, with splendid attendance of nobles and citizens, to the island church of San Giorgio Maggiore, whither, in 1009, the body of St. Stephen was brought from Constantinople. On the first of May the Doge visited the Convent of the Virgins185, (the convent building now forms part of the Arsenal187,) where the abbess presented him with a bouquet188, and graceful189 and pleasing ceremonies took place in commemoration of the erection and endowment of the church. The head of the State also annually assisted at mass in St. Mark’s, to celebrate the arrival in Venice of St. Isidore’s body, which the Doge Domenico Michiel brought with him from the East, at the end of twenty-six years’ war against the infidels; and, finally, after the year 1485, when the Venetians stole the bones of San Rocco from the Milanese, and deposited them in the newly finished Scuola di San Rocco, a ducal visit was annually paid to that edifice124.
Two only of the national religious festivals yet survive the Republic,—that of the church of the Redentore on the Giudecca, and that of the church of the Salute142 on the Grand Canal,—both votive churches, built in commemoration of the city’s deliverances from the pest in 1578 and 1630. In their general features the celebrations of the two holidays are much alike; but that of the Salute is the less important of the two, and is more entirely191 religious in its character. A bridge of boats is annually thrown across the Canalazzo, and on the day of the Purification, the people throng192 to the Virgin186’s shrine193 to express their gratitude194 for her favor. This gratitude was so strong immediately after the cessation of the pest in 1630, that the Senate, while the architects were preparing their designs for the present church, caused a wooden one to be built on its site, and consecrated195 with ceremonies of singular splendor. On the Festa del Redentore (the third Sunday of July) a bridge of boats crosses the great canal of the Giudecca, and vast throngs196 constantly pass it, day and night. But though the small tradesmen who deal in fried cakes, and in apples, peaches, pears, and other fruits, make intolerable uproar197 behind their booths on the long quay198 before the church; though the venders of mulberries (for which the gardens of the Giudecca are famous) fill the air with their sweet jargoning (for their cries are like the shrill199 notes of so many singing-birds); though thousands of people pace up and down, and come and go upon the bridge, yet the Festa del Redentore has now none of the old-time gayety it wore when the Venetians thronged200 the gardens, and feasted, sang, danced, and flirted201 the night away, and at dawn went in their fleets of many-lanterned boats, covering the lagoon14 with fairy light, to behold the sunrise on the Adriatic Sea.
Besides the religious festivals mentioned, there were five banquets annually given by the State on the several days of St. Mark, St. Vitus, St. Jerome, and St. Stephen, and the Day of the Ascension, all of which were attended with religious observances. Good Friday was especially hallowed by church processions in each of the campos; and St. Martha’s Day was occasion for junketings on the Giudecca Canal, when a favorite fish, being in season, was devotionally eaten.
The civil and political holidays which lasted till the fall of the Republic were eleven. One of the earliest was the anniversary of the recapture of the Venetian Brides, who were snatched from their bridegrooms, at the altar of San Pietro di Castello, by Triestine pirates. The class of citizens most distinguished in the punishment of the abductors was the trade of carpenters, who lived chiefly in the parish of Santa Maria Formosa; and when the Doge in his gratitude bade them demand any reasonable grace, the trade asked that he should pay their quarter an annual visit. “But if it rains?” said the Doge. “We will give you a hat to cover you,” answered the carpenters. “And if I am hungry?” “We will give you to eat and drink.” So when the Doge made his visit on the day of the Virgin’s Purification, he was given a hat of gilded straw, a bottle of wine, and loaves of bread. On this occasion the State bestowed dowers upon twelve young girls among the fairest and best of Venice (chosen two from each of the six sections of the city), who marched in procession to the church of Santa Maria Formosa. But as time passed, the custom lost its simplicity202 and purity: pretty girls were said to make eyes at handsome youths in the crowd, and scandals occurred in public. Twelve wooden figures were then substituted, but the procession in which they were carried was followed by a disgusted and hooting203 populace, and assailed204 with a shower of turnips205. The festivities, which used to last eight days, with incredible magnificence, fell into discredit206, and were finally abolished during the war when the Genoese took Chioggia and threatened Venice, under Doria. This was the famous Festa delle Marie.
In 997 the Venetians beat the Narentines at sea, and annexed207 all Istria, as far as Dalmatia, to the Republic. On the day of the Ascension, of the same year, the Doge, for the first time, celebrated the dominion of Venice over the Adriatic, though it was not till some two hundred years later that the Pope Alexander III. blessed the famous espousals, and confirmed the Republic in the possession of the sea forever. “What,” cries Giustina Renier-Michiel, turning to speak of the holiday thus established, and destined208 to be the proudest in the Venetian calendar,—“what shall I say of the greatest of all our solemnities, that of the Ascension? Alas209! I myself saw Frenchmen and Venetians, full of derision and insult, combine to dismantle210 the Bucintoro and burn it for the gold upon it!” 41. . . . (This was the nuptial-ship in which the Doge went to wed47 the sea, and the patriotic212 lady tells us concerning the Bucintoro of her day): “It was in the form of a galley213, and two hundred feet long, with two decks. The first of these was occupied by an hundred and sixty rowers, the handsomest and strongest of the fleet, who sat four men to each oar, and there awaited their orders; forty other sailors completed the crew. The upper deck was divided lengthwise by a partition, pierced with arched doorways, ornamented214 with gilded figures, and covered with a roof supported by caryatides—the whole surmounted by a canopy of crimson215 velvet embroidered216 with gold. Under this were ninety seats, and at the stern a still richer chamber217 for the Doge’s throne, over which drooped218 the banner of St. Mark. The prow120 was double-beaked, and the sides of the vessel219 were enriched with figures of Justice, Peace, Sea, Land, and other allegories and ornaments220.
“Let me imagine those times—it is the habit of the old. At midday, having heard mass in the chapel221 of the Collegio, the Doge descends222 the Giant’s Stairs, issues from the Porta della Carta, 42 and passes the booths of the mercers and glass-venders erected for the fair beginning that evening. He is preceded by eight standard-bearers with the flags of the Republic,—red, blue, white, and purple,—given by Alexander III. to the Doge Ziani. Six trumpets223 of silver, borne by as many boys, mix their notes with the clangor of the bells of the city. Behind come the retinues224 of the ambassadors in sumptuous liveries, and the fifty Comandadori in their flowing blue robes and red caps; then follow musicians, and the squires226 of the Doge in black velvet; then the guards of the Doge, two chancellors227, the secretary of the Pregadi, a deacon clad in purple and bearing a wax taper229, six canons, three parish priests in their sacerdotal robes, and the Doge’s chaplain dressed in crimson. The grand chancellor228 is known by his crimson vesture. Two squires bear the Doge’s chair and the cushion of cloth of gold. And the Doge—the representative, and not the master of his country; the executor, and not the maker230 of the laws; citizen and prince, revered231 and guarded, sovereign of individuals, servant of the State—comes clad in a long mantle211 of ermine, cassock of blue, and vest and hose of tocca d’oro 43 with the golden bonnet on his head, under the umbrella borne by a squire225, and surrounded by the foreign ambassadors and the papal nuncio, while his drawn sword is carried by a patrician recently destined for some government of land or sea, and soon to depart upon his mission. In the rear comes a throng of personages,—the grand captain of the city, the judges, the three chiefs of the Forty, the Avogodori, the three chiefs of the Council of Ten, the three censors232, and the sixty of the Senate with the sixty of the Aggiunta, all in robes of crimson silk.
“On the Bucintoro, each takes the post assigned him, and the prince ascends233 the throne. The Admiral of the Arsenal and the Lido stands in front as pilot; at the helm is the Admiral of Malamacco, and around him the ship-carpenters of the Arsenal. The Bucintoro, amid redoubled clamor of bells and roar of cannon132, quits the riva and majestically234 plows235 the lagoon, surrounded by innumerable boats of every form and size.
“The Patriarch, who had already sent several vases of flowers to do courtesy to the company in the Bucintoro, joins them at the island of Sant’ Elena, and sprinkles their course with holy water. So they reach the port of Lido, whence they formerly236 issued out upon the open sea; but in my time they paused there, turning the stern of the vessel to the sea. Then the Doge, amid the thunders of the artillery237 of the fort, took the ring blessed by the Patriarch,—who now emptied a cup of holy water into the sea,—and, advancing into a little gallery behind his throne, threw the ring into the waves, pronouncing the words, Desponsamus te, mare, in signum veri perpetuique dominii. Proceeding238 then to the church of San Nicoletto, they listened to a solemn mass, and returned to Venice, where the dignitaries were entertained at a banquet, while the multitude peacefully dispersed239 among the labyrinths241 of the booths erected for the fair.” 44 This fair, which was established as early as 1180, was an industrial exhibition of the arts and trades peculiar to Venice, and was repeated annually, with increasing ostentation242, till the end, in 1796. Indeed, the feasts of the Republic at last grew so numerous that it became necessary, as we have seen before, to make a single holiday pay a double or triple debt of rejoicing. When the Venetians recovered Chioggia after the terrible war of 1380, the Senate refused to yield them another festa, and merely ordered that St. Mark’s Day should be thereafter observed with some added ceremony: there was already one festival commemorative of a triumph over the Genoese (that of San Giovanni Decollate, on whose day, in 1358, the Venetians beat the Genoese at Negroponte), and the Senate declared that this was sufficient. A curious custom, however, on the Sunday after Ascension, celebrated a remoter victory over the same enemies, to which it is hard to attach any historic probability. It is not known exactly when the Genoese in immense force penetrated243 to Poveglia (one of the small islands of the lagoons), nor why being there they stopped to ask the islanders the best way of getting to Venice. But tradition says that the sly Povegliesi persuaded these silly Genoese that the best method of navigating244 the lagoons was by means of rafts, which they constructed for them, and on which they sent them afloat. About the time the Venetians came out to meet the armada, the withes binding245 the members of the rafts gave way, and the Genoese who were not drowned in the tides stuck in the mud, and were cut in pieces like so many melons. No one will be surprised to learn that not a soul of them escaped, and that only the Povegliesi lived to tell the tale. Special and considerable privileges were conferred on them for their part in this exploit, and were annually confirmed by the Doge, when a deputation of the islanders called on him in his palace, and hugged and kissed the devoted246 prince.
People who will sentimentalize over the pigeons of St. Mark’s, may like to know that they have been settled in the city ever since 877. After the religious services on Palm Sunday, it was anciently the custom of the sacristans of St. Mark’s to release doves fettered248 with fragments of paper, and thus partly disabled from flight, for the people to scramble249 for in the Piazza. The people fatted such of the birds as they caught, and ate them at Easter, but those pigeons which escaped took refuge in the roof of the church, where they gradually assumed a certain sacredness of character, and increased to enormous numbers. They were fed by provision of the Republic, and being neglected at the time of its fall, many of them were starved. But they now flourish on a bequest250 left by a pious251 lady for their maintenance, and on the largess of grain and polenta constantly bestowed by strangers. Besides the holidays mentioned, the 6th of December was religiously observed in honor of the taking of Constantinople, the Doge assisting at mass in the ducal chapel of St. Nicholas. He also annually visited, with his Signory in the state barges, and with great concourse of people, the church of San Vito on the 15th of June, in memory of the change of the government from a democracy to an oligarchy, and of the suppression of Bajamonte Tiepolo’s conspiracy. On St. Isidore’s Day he went with his Signory, and the religious confraternities, in torchlight procession, to hear mass at St. Mark’s in celebration of the failure of Marin Falier’s plot. On the 17th of January he visited by water the hospital erected for invalid252 soldiers and sailors, and thus commemorated the famous defence of Scutari against the Turks, in 1413. For the peace of 1516, concluded after the dissolution of the League of Cambray, he went in his barge to the church of Santa Marina, who had potently253 exerted her influence for the preservation254 of the Republic against allied255 France, Austria, Spain, and Rome. On St. Jerome’s Day, when the newly-elected members of the Council of Ten took their seats, the Doge entertained them with a banquet, and there were great popular rejoicings over an affair in which the people had no interest.
It is by a singular caprice of fortune that, while not only all the Venetian holidays in anywise connected with the glory of the Republic, but also those which peculiarly signalized her piety and gratitude, have ceased to be, a festival common to the whole Catholic world should still be observed in Venice with extraordinary display. On the day of Corpus Christi there is a superb ecclesiastical procession in the Piazza.
The great splendor of the solemnization is said to date from the times when Enrico Dandolo and his fellow-Crusaders so far forgot their purpose of taking Palestine from the infidels as to take Constantinople from the schismatics. Up to that period the day of Corpus Christi was honored by a procession from what was then the Cathedral of San Pietro di Castello; but now all the thirty parishes of the city, with their hundred churches, have part in the procession, which is of such great length as to take some two hours in its progress round the Piazza.
Several days before the holiday workmen begin to build, within the Place of St. Mark, the colonnade256 through which the procession is to pass; they roof it with blue cotton cloth, and adorn107 it with rolls of pasteboard representing garlands of palm. At last, on the festive morning, the dwellers257 on the Grand Canal are drawn to their balconies by the apparition258 of boat-loads of facchini, gorgeous in scarlet259 robes, and bearing banners, painted candles, and other movable elements of devotion, with which they pass to the Piazzetta, and thence into St. Mark’s. They re-appear presently, and, with a guard of Austrian troops to clear the way before them, begin their march under the canopy of the colonnade.
When you have seen the Place of St. Mark by night your eye has tasted its most delicate delight, but then it is the delight given by a memory only, and it touches you with sadness. You must see the Piazza to-day,—every window fluttering with rich stuffs and vivid colors; the three great flag staffs 45 hanging their heavy flags; the brilliant square alive with a holiday population, with resplendent uniforms, with Italian gesture and movement, and that long glittering procession, bearing slowly on the august paraphernalia260 of the Church—you must see all this before you can enter into the old heart of Venetian magnificence, and feel its life about you.
To-day, the ancient church of San Pietro di Castello comes first in the procession, and, with a proud humility261, the Basilica San Marco last. Before each parochial division goes a banner displaying the picture or distinctive262 device of its titular263 saint, under the shadow of which chants a priest; there are the hosts of the different churches, and the gorgeous canopies264 under which they are elevated; then come facchini dressed in scarlet and bearing the painted candles, or the long carved and gilded candlesticks; and again facchini delicately robed in vestments of the purest white linen265, with caps of azure266, green, and purple, and shod with sandals or white shoes, carrying other apparatus267 of worship. Each banner and candlestick has a fluttering leaf of tinsel paper attached to it, and the procession makes a soft rustling268 as it passes. The matter-of-fact character of the external Church walks between those symbolists, the candle-bearers,—in the form of persons who gather the dropping fatness of the candles, and deposit it in a vase carried for that purpose. Citizens march in the procession with candles; and there are charity-schools which also take part, and sing in the harsh, shrill manner, of which I think only little boys who have their heads closely shorn are capable.
On all this we looked down from a window of the Old Procuratie—of course with that calm sense of superiority which people are apt to have in regarding the solemnities of a religion different from their own. But that did not altogether prevent us from enjoying what was really beautiful and charming in the scene. I thought most of the priests, very good and gentle looking,—and in all respects they were much pleasanter to the eye than the monks269 of the Carmelite order, who, in shaving their heads to simulate the Saviour’s crown of thorns, produce a hideous270 burlesque271 of the divine humiliation. Yet many even of these had earnest and sincere faces, and I could not think so much as I ought, perhaps, of their idle life, and the fleas272 in their coarse brown cloaks. I confess, indeed, I felt rather a sadness than an indignation at all that self-sacrifice to an end of which I could but dimly see the usefulness. With some things in this grand spectacle we were wholly charmed, and doubtless had most delight in the little child who personated John the Baptist, and who was quite naked, but for a fleece folded about him: he bore the cross-headed staff in one small hand, and led with the other a lamb much tied up with blue ribbon. Here and there in the procession little girls, exquisitely dressed, and gifted by fond mothers with wings and aureoles, walked, scattering273 flowers. I likewise greatly relished274 the lively holiday air of a company of airy old men, the pensioners275 of some charity, who, in their white linen trousers and blue coats, formed a prominent feature of the display. Far from being puffed276 up with their consequence, they gossiped cheerfully with the spectators in the pauses of the march, and made jests to each other in that light-hearted, careless way observable in old men taken care of, and with nothing before them to do worth speaking of but to die. I must own that the honest facchini who bore the candles were equally affable, and even freer with their jokes. But in this they formed a fine contrast to here and there a closely hooded277 devotee, who, with hidden face and silent lips, was carrying a taper for religion, and not, like them, for money. I liked the great good-natured crowd, so orderly and amiable278; and I enjoyed even that old citizen in the procession who, when the Patriarch gave his blessing279, found it inconvenient280 to kneel, and compromised by stretching one leg a great way out behind him. These things, indeed, quite took my mind off of the splendors281; and I let the canopy of the Scuola di San Rocco (worth 40,000 ducats) go by with scarce a glance, and did not bestow179 much more attention upon the brilliant liveries of the Patriarch’s servants,—though the appearance of these ecclesiastical flunkies is far more impressive than that of any of their secular282 brethren. They went gorgeously before the Patriarch, who was surrounded by the richly dressed clergy of St. Mark’s, and by clouds of incense283 rising from the smoking censers. He walked under the canopy in his cardinal’s robes, and with his eye fixed284 upon the Host.
All at once the procession halted, and the Patriarch blessed the crowd, which knelt in a profound silence. Then the military band before him struck up an air from “Un Ballo in Maschera;” the procession moved on to the cathedral, and the crowd melted away.
The once-magnificent day of the Ascension the Venetians now honor by closing all shop-doors behind them and putting all thought of labor112 out of their minds, and going forth285 to enjoy themselves in the mild, inexplosive fashion which seems to satisfy Italian nature. It is the same on all the feast-days: then the city sinks into profounder quiet; only bells are noisy, and where their clangor is so common as in Venice, it seems at last to make friends with the general stillness, and disturbs none but people of untranquil minds. We always go to the Piazza San Marco when we seek pleasure, and now, for eight days only of all the year, we have there the great spectacle of the Adoration286 of the Magi, performed every hour by automata within the little golden-railed gallery on the facade287 of the Giant’s Clock Tower. There the Virgin sits above the azure circle of the zodiac, all heavily gilded, and holding the Child, equally splendid. Through the doors on either side, usually occupied by the illuminated288 figures of the hours, appears the procession and disappears. The stately giant on the summit of the tower, at the hither side of the great bell, solemnly strikes the hour—as a giant should who has struck it for centuries—with a grand, whole-arm movement, and a slow, muscular pride. We look up—we tourists of the red-backed books; we peasant-girls radiant with converging289 darts290 of silver piercing the masses of our thick black hair; we Austrian soldiers in white coats and blue tights; we voiceful sellers of the cherries of Padua, and we calm loafers about the many-pillared base of the church—we look up and see the Adoration. First, the trumpeter, blowing the world news of the act; then the first king, turning softly to the Virgin, and bowing; then the second, that enthusiastic devotee,—the second who lifts his crown quite from his head; last the Ethiopian prince, gorgeous in green and gold, who, I am sorry to say, burlesques291 the whole solemnity. His devotion may be equally heart-felt, but it is more jerky than that of the others. He bows well and adequately, but recovers his balance with a prodigious292 start, altogether too suggestive of springs and wheels. Perhaps there is a touch of the pathetic in this grotesque293 fatality294 of the black king, whose suffering race has always held mankind between laughter and tears, and has seldom done a fine thing without leaving somewhere the neutralizing295 absurdity296; but if there is, the sentimental247 may find it, not I. When the procession has disappeared, we wait till the other giant has struck the hour, and then we disperse240.
If it is six o’clock, and the sea has begun to breathe cool across the Basin of St. Mark, we find our account in strolling upon the long Riva degli Schiavoni towards the Public Gardens. One would suppose, at first thought, that here, on this magnificent quay, with its glorious lookout297 over the lagoons, the patricians would have built their finest palaces; whereas there is hardly any thing but architectural shabbiness from the Ponte della Paglia at one end, to the Ponte Santa Marina at the other. But there need be nothing surprising in the fact, after all. The feudal wealth and nobility of other cities kept the base at a respectful distance by means of lofty stone walls, and so shut in their palaces and gardens. Here equal seclusion298 could only be achieved by building flush upon the water, and therefore all the finest palaces rise sheer from the canals; and caffè, shops, barracks, and puppet-shows occupy the Riva degli Schiavoni. Nevertheless, it is the favorite promenade299 of the Venetians for the winter sunshine, and at such times in the summer as when the sun’s rage is tempered. There is always variety in the throng on the Riva, but the fashionable part of it is the least interesting: here and there a magnificent Greek flashes through the crowd, in dazzling white petticoats and gold-embroidered leggings and jacket; now and then a tall Dalmat or a solemn Turk; even the fishermen and the peasants, and the lower orders of the people, are picturesque; but polite Venice is hopelessly given to the pride of the eyes, and commits all the excesses of the French modes. The Venetian dandy, when dressed to his own satisfaction, is the worst-dressed man in the world. His hat curls outrageously300 in brim and sides; his coatsleeves are extremely full, and the garment pinches him at the waist; his pantaloons flow forth from the hips301, and contract narrowly at the boot, which is square-toed and made too long. The whole effect is something not to be seen elsewhere, and is well calculated to move the beholder302 to desperation. 46 The Venetian fine lady, also, is prone303 to be superfine. Her dress is as full of color as a Paolo Veronese; in these narrow streets, where it is hard to expand an umbrella, she exaggerates hoops304 to the utmost; and she fatally hides her ankles in pantalets.
In the wide thoroughfare leading from the last bridge of the Riva to the gate of the gardens there is always a clapping of wooden shoes on the stones, a braying305 of hand-organs, a shrieking306 of people who sell fish and fruit, at once insufferable and indescribable. The street is a rio terrà,—a filled-up canal,—and, as always happens with rii terrai, is abandoned to the poorest classes who manifest themselves, as the poorest classes are apt to do always, in groups of frowzy307 women, small girls carrying large babies, beggars, of course, and soldiers. I spoke1 of fruit-sellers; but in this quarter the traffic in pumpkin-seeds is the most popular,—the people finding these an inexpensive and pleasant excess, when taken with a glass of water flavored with anise.
The Gardens were made by Napoleon, who demolished to that end some monasteries308 once cumbering the ground. They are pleasant enough, and are not gardens at all, but a park of formally-planted trees—sycamores, chiefly. I do not remember to have seen here any Venetians of the better class, except on the Mondays-of-the-Garden, in September. Usually the promenaders are fishermen, Austrian corporals, loutish309 youth of low degree, and women too old and too poor to have any thing to do. Strangers go there, and the German visitors even drink the exceptionable beer which is sold in the wooden cottage on the little hillock at the end of the Gardens. There is also a stable—where are the only horses in Venice. They are let at a florin an hour, and I do not know why the riders are always persons of the Hebrew faith. In a word, nothing can be drearier310 than the company in the Gardens, and nothing lovelier than the view they command,—from the sunset on the dome190 of the church of the Salute, all round the broad sweep of lagoon, to the tower at the port of San Nicolò, where you catch a glimpse of the Adriatic.
The company is commonly stupid, but one evening, as we strolled idly through the walks, we came upon an interesting group—forty or fifty sailors, soldiers, youth of the people, gray-haired fishermen and contadini—sitting and lying on the grass, and listening with rapt attention to an old man reclining against a tree. I never saw a manner of sweeter or easier dignity than the speaker’s. Nature is so lavish109 of her grace to these people that grow near her heart—the sun! Infinite study could not have taught one northern-born the charm of oratory311 as this old man displayed it. I listened, and heard that he was speaking Tuscan. Do you guess with what he was enchanting312 his simple auditors313? Nothing less than “Orlando Furioso.” They listened with the hungriest delight, and when Ariosto’s interpreter raised his finger and said, “Disse l’imperatore,” or, “Orlando disse, Carlomano mio,” they hardly breathed.
On the Lunedì dei Giardini, already mentioned, all orders of the people flock thither, and promenade, and banquet on the grass. The trees get back the voices of their dryads, and the children fill the aisles314 with glancing movement and graceful sport.
Of course, the hand-organ seeks here its proper element, the populace,—but here it brays315 to a peculiarly beautiful purpose. For no sooner does it sound than the young girls of the people wreathe themselves into dances, and improvise316 the poetry of motion. Over the grass they whirl, and up and down the broad avenues, and no one of all the gentle and peaceable crowd molests317 or makes them afraid. It is a scene to make you believe in Miriam dancing with Donatello there in that old garden at Rome, and reveals a simple beauty in the nature of the Italian poor, which shall one day, I hope, be counted in their favor when they are called to answer for lying and swindling.
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1
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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7
commemorate
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| vt.纪念，庆祝 | |
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oligarchy
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| n.寡头政治 | |
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nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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10
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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stratagem
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| n.诡计，计谋 | |
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12
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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13
lagoons
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| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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lagoon
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| n.泻湖，咸水湖 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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bind
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| vt.捆，包扎；装订；约束；使凝固；vi.变硬 | |
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annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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piazza
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| n.广场；走廊 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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guild
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| n.行会，同业公会，协会 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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symbolize
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| vt.作为...的象征，用符号代表 | |
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29
abasement
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| n.滥用 | |
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30
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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bonbons
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| n.小糖果( bonbon的名词复数 ) | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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45
corrupted
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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46
trampled
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| 踩( trample的过去式和过去分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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47
wed
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| v.娶，嫁，与…结婚 | |
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48
ransomed
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| 付赎金救人，赎金( ransom的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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50
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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51
shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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52
sarcastic
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| adj.讥讽的，讽刺的，嘲弄的 | |
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53
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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54
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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55
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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56
ceded
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 ) | |
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57
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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58
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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59
chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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60
equestrian
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| adj.骑马的；n.马术 | |
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61
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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62
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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63
jousted
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| （骑士）骑马用长矛比武( joust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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64
rein
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| n.疆绳，统治，支配；vt.以僵绳控制，统治 | |
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65
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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66
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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67
arcades
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| n.商场( arcade的名词复数 )；拱形走道（两旁有商店或娱乐设施）；连拱廊；拱形建筑物 | |
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68
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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69
celestial
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| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
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70
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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71
isles
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| 岛( isle的名词复数 ) | |
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72
stranding
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| n.（船只）搁浅v.使滞留，使搁浅( strand的现在分词 ) | |
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73
afterward
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|
| adv.后来；以后 | |
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74
precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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75
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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76
Christian
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|
| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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77
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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78
firmament
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| n.苍穹；最高层 | |
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79
canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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80
celebrated
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|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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81
modifications
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| n.缓和( modification的名词复数 )；限制；更改；改变 | |
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82
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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83
peculiar
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|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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84
plebeians
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| n.平民( plebeian的名词复数 )；庶民；平民百姓；平庸粗俗的人 | |
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85
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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86
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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87
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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88
oar
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| n.桨，橹，划手；v.划行 | |
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89
oars
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| n.桨，橹( oar的名词复数 )；划手v.划（行）( oar的第三人称单数 ) | |
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90
vying
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| adj.竞争的；比赛的 | |
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91
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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92
proficiency
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| n.精通，熟练，精练 | |
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93
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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94
patrician
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| adj.贵族的，显贵的；n.贵族；有教养的人；罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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95
patricians
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| n.（古罗马的）统治阶层成员( patrician的名词复数 )；贵族，显贵 | |
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96
deference
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| n.尊重，顺从；敬意 | |
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97
mare
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| n.母马，母驴 | |
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98
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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99
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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100
gibe
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| n.讥笑；嘲弄 | |
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101
oared
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| adj.有桨的v.划（行）( oar的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
gondolas
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| n.狭长小船( gondola的名词复数 )；货架（一般指商店，例如化妆品店）；吊船工作台 | |
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103
gondola
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| n.威尼斯的平底轻舟；飞船的吊船 | |
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104
swarmed
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|
| 密集( swarm的过去式和过去分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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105
verbosity
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|
| n.冗长，赘言 | |
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106
eloquence
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|
| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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107
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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108
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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109
lavish
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|
| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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110
lavished
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
profuse
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|
| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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112
labor
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|
| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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113
mythological
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|
| adj.神话的 | |
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114
carving
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| n.雕刻品，雕花 | |
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115
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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116
tassels
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| n.穗( tassel的名词复数 )；流苏状物；（植物的）穗；玉蜀黍的穗状雄花v.抽穗， （玉米）长穗须( tassel的第三人称单数 )；使抽穗， （为了使作物茁壮生长）摘去穗状雄花；用流苏装饰 | |
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117
shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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118
sumptuous
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|
| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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119
prows
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| n.船首( prow的名词复数 ) | |
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120
prow
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| n.(飞机)机头，船头 | |
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121
obstinate
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|
| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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122
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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123
concurred
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| 同意（concur的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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124
edifice
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|
| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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125
edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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126
majestic
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|
| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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127
tapestries
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| n.挂毯( tapestry的名词复数 )；绣帷，织锦v.用挂毯（或绣帷）装饰( tapestry的第三人称单数 ) | |
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128
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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129
beheld
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|
| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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130
doorways
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| n.门口，门道( doorway的名词复数 ) | |
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131
cannons
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| n.加农炮，大炮，火炮( cannon的名词复数 ) | |
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132
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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133
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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134
succumb
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| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
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135
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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136
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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137
aggravate
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| vt.加重(剧)，使恶化；激怒，使恼火 | |
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138
jeers
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| n.操纵帆桁下部（使其上下的）索具；嘲讽( jeer的名词复数 )v.嘲笑( jeer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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139
compassionately
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| adv.表示怜悯地，有同情心地 | |
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140
incites
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的第三人称单数 ) | |
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141
salutes
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| n.致敬，欢迎，敬礼( salute的名词复数 )v.欢迎，致敬( salute的第三人称单数 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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142
salute
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| vi.行礼，致意，问候，放礼炮；vt.向…致意，迎接，赞扬；n.招呼，敬礼，礼炮 | |
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143
foams
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| n.泡沫，泡沫材料( foam的名词复数 ) | |
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144
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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145
reverberates
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| 回响，回荡( reverberate的第三人称单数 )； 使反响，使回荡，使反射 | |
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146
agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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147
retrace
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| v.折回；追溯，探源 | |
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148
edifying
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| adj.有教训意味的，教训性的，有益的v.开导，启发( edify的现在分词 ) | |
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149
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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150
marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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151
Neptune
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| n.海王星 | |
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152
mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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153
surmounted
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|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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154
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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155
deities
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| n.神，女神( deity的名词复数 )；神祗；神灵；神明 | |
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156
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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157
sneers
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| 讥笑的表情（言语）( sneer的名词复数 ) | |
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158
miraculous
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|
| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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159
festive
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| adj.欢宴的，节日的 | |
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160
consolidated
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| a.联合的 | |
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161
commemorated
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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162
vow
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| n.誓(言)，誓约；v.起誓，立誓 | |
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163
requite
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| v.报酬，报答 | |
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164
generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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165
erecting
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| v.使直立，竖起( erect的现在分词 )；建立 | |
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166
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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167
demolished
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|
| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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168
penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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169
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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170
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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171
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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172
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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173
nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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174
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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175
recurrence
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| n.复发，反复，重现 | |
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176
bonnet
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| n.无边女帽；童帽 | |
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177
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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178
munificence
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| n.宽宏大量，慷慨给与 | |
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179
bestow
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| v.把…赠与，把…授予；花费 | |
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180
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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181
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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182
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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183
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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184
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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185
virgins
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| 处女，童男( virgin的名词复数 )； 童贞玛利亚（耶稣之母） | |
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186
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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187
arsenal
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| n.兵工厂，军械库 | |
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188
bouquet
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| n.花束，酒香 | |
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189
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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190
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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191
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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192
throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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193
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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194
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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195
consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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196
throngs
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| n.人群( throng的名词复数 )v.成群，挤满( throng的第三人称单数 ) | |
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197
uproar
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| n.骚动，喧嚣，鼎沸 | |
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198
quay
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| n.码头，靠岸处 | |
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199
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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200
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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201
flirted
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| v.调情，打情骂俏( flirt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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202
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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203
hooting
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| （使）作汽笛声响，作汽车喇叭声( hoot的现在分词 )； 倒好儿； 倒彩 | |
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204
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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205
turnips
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| 芜青( turnip的名词复数 )； 芜菁块根； 芜菁甘蓝块根； 怀表 | |
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206
discredit
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| vt.使不可置信；n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 | |
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207
annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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208
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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209
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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210
dismantle
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| vt.拆开，拆卸；废除，取消 | |
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211
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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212
patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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213
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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214
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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215
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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216
embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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217
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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218
drooped
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| 弯曲或下垂，发蔫( droop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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219
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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220
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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221
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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222
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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223
trumpets
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| 喇叭( trumpet的名词复数 )； 小号； 喇叭形物； （尤指）绽开的水仙花 | |
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224
retinues
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| n.一批随员( retinue的名词复数 ) | |
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225
squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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226
squires
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| n.地主，乡绅( squire的名词复数 ) | |
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227
chancellors
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| 大臣( chancellor的名词复数 )； （某些美国大学的）校长； （德国或奥地利的）总理； （英国大学的）名誉校长 | |
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228
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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229
taper
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| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
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230
maker
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| n.制造者，制造商 | |
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231
revered
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| v.崇敬，尊崇，敬畏( revere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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232
censors
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| 删剪（书籍、电影等中被认为犯忌、违反道德或政治上危险的内容）( censor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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233
ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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234
majestically
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| 雄伟地； 庄重地； 威严地； 崇高地 | |
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235
plows
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| n.犁( plow的名词复数 )；犁型铲雪机v.耕( plow的第三人称单数 )；犁耕；费力穿过 | |
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236
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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237
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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238
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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239
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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240
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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241
labyrinths
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| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
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242
ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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243
penetrated
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|
| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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244
navigating
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| v.给（船舶、飞机等）引航，导航( navigate的现在分词 )；（从海上、空中等）横越；横渡；飞跃 | |
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245
binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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246
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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247
sentimental
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| adj.多愁善感的，感伤的 | |
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248
fettered
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| v.给…上脚镣，束缚( fetter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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249
scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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250
bequest
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| n.遗赠；遗产，遗物 | |
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251
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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252
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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253
potently
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254
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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255
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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256
colonnade
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| n.柱廊 | |
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257
dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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258
apparition
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| n.幽灵，神奇的现象 | |
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259
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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260
paraphernalia
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| n.装备；随身用品 | |
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261
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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262
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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263
titular
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| adj.名义上的，有名无实的；n.只有名义（或头衔）的人 | |
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264
canopies
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| （宝座或床等上面的）华盖( canopy的名词复数 )； （飞行器上的）座舱罩； 任何悬于上空的覆盖物； 森林中天棚似的树荫 | |
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265
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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266
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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267
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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268
rustling
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| n. 瑟瑟声，沙沙声 adj. 发沙沙声的 | |
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269
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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270
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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271
burlesque
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| v.嘲弄，戏仿；n.嘲弄，取笑，滑稽模仿 | |
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272
fleas
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| n.跳蚤( flea的名词复数 )；爱财如命；没好气地（拒绝某人的要求） | |
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273
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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274
relished
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| v.欣赏( relish的过去式和过去分词 )；从…获得乐趣；渴望 | |
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275
pensioners
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| n.领取退休、养老金或抚恤金的人( pensioner的名词复数 ) | |
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276
puffed
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| adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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277
hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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278
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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279
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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280
inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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281
splendors
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| n.华丽( splendor的名词复数 )；壮丽；光辉；显赫 | |
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282
secular
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| n.牧师，凡人；adj.世俗的，现世的，不朽的 | |
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283
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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284
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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285
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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286
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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287
facade
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| n.(建筑物的)正面，临街正面；外表 | |
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288
illuminated
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| adj.被照明的；受启迪的 | |
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289
converging
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| adj.收敛[缩]的，会聚的，趋同的v.（线条、运动的物体等）会于一点( converge的现在分词 )；（趋于）相似或相同；人或车辆汇集；聚集 | |
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290
darts
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| n.掷飞镖游戏；飞镖( dart的名词复数 )；急驰，飞奔v.投掷，投射( dart的第三人称单数 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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291
burlesques
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| n.滑稽模仿( burlesque的名词复数 )；（包括脱衣舞的）滑稽歌舞杂剧v.（嘲弄地）模仿，（通过模仿）取笑( burlesque的第三人称单数 ) | |
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292
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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293
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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294
fatality
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| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
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295
neutralizing
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| v.使失效( neutralize的现在分词 )；抵消；中和；使（一个国家）中立化 | |
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296
absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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297
lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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298
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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299
promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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300
outrageously
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| 凶残地； 肆无忌惮地； 令人不能容忍地； 不寻常地 | |
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301
hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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302
beholder
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| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
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303
prone
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| adj.(to)易于…的，很可能…的；俯卧的 | |
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304
hoops
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| n.箍( hoop的名词复数 )；（篮球）篮圈；（旧时儿童玩的）大环子；（两端埋在地里的）小铁弓 | |
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305
braying
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| v.发出驴叫似的声音( bray的现在分词 )；发嘟嘟声；粗声粗气地讲话（或大笑）；猛击 | |
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306
shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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307
frowzy
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| adj.不整洁的；污秽的 | |
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308
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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309
loutish
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| adj.粗鲁的 | |
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310
drearier
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| 使人闷闷不乐或沮丧的( dreary的比较级 )； 阴沉的； 令人厌烦的； 单调的 | |
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311
oratory
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| n.演讲术；词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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312
enchanting
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| a.讨人喜欢的 | |
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313
auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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314
aisles
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| n. (席位间的)通道, 侧廊 | |
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315
brays
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| n.驴叫声，似驴叫的声音( bray的名词复数 )；（喇叭的）嘟嘟声v.发出驴叫似的声音( bray的第三人称单数 )；发嘟嘟声；粗声粗气地讲话（或大笑）；猛击 | |
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316
improvise
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| v.即兴创作；临时准备，临时凑成 | |
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317
molests
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| n.骚扰( molest的名词复数 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵v.骚扰( molest的第三人称单数 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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