This is the catalogue he gave of the books he knew in his youth. His biographer included Plutarch's "Lives," and when the advanced sheets of the campaign sketch8 reached Lincoln he gave a curious exhibition of his habitual9 accuracy by calling attention to the fact that this was not exact when it was written, "for, up to that moment in my life, I had never seen that early contribution to human history; but I want your book, even if it is nothing more than a mere campaign sketch, to be faithful to the facts, and, in order that the statement might be literally10 true, I secured the book (Plutarch's57 'Lives') a few weeks ago and have sent for you to tell you that I have just read it through."
It is quite remarkable11 that a country lad, almost illiterate12, should have found a volume of statutes interesting reading, but Lincoln read and reread it until he had almost committed its contents to memory, and in after-years, when any one cited an Indiana law, he could usually repeat the exact text and often give the numbers of the page, chapter, and paragraph. The book belonged to David Turnham, who seems to have been a constable13 or magistrate14 in that part of Indiana, and this volume constituted his professional library. The actual copy is now preserved in the library of the New York Law Institute. The binding15 is worn and the title-page and a few leaves at the end are missing. Besides the statutes as enacted16 up to 1824, it contains the Declaration of Independence, the Constitutions of the United States and the State of Indiana, and the Act of Virginia, passed in 1783, by which "The territory North Westward17 of the river Ohio" was conveyed to the United States, and the ordinance18 of 1787 for governing that territory, of which Article VI. reads:
"There shall neither be slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crime, whereof the party shall be duly convicted; provided always, that any person escaping into the same, from whom labor19 or service is lawfully20 claimed, in any one of the original States, such fugitive22 may be lawfully reclaimed23, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as aforesaid."
It is an interesting coincidence that Abraham Lincoln should not only have received the impressions which guided him in the choice of his career from this volume, but also his first knowledge of the legal side of slavery. Before he finished that book he knew the principles upon which the government of the United States was founded and how they were applied24 in the States.58 Its contents were fastened upon his memory by copying long extracts with a quill25 of a turkey-buzzard and ink home-made from the juice of the brier root. When he had no paper he wrote upon a shingle26, and, after he had committed to memory the paragraphs so preserved, he would shave off the shingle with his knife and write others. When he was in the field ploughing or cultivating he took a book with him, and when he stopped to rest would pull it from his pocket and read until it was time to resume work again. In after-life, even when he came to the White House, he used to speak of the impressions made upon his mind by the "Life of Washington," and always contended that it was better for the young men of the country to regard Washington in the light of a demigod, as Parson Weems describes him, than to shake their faith in the greatest hero of American history by narrating27 his mistakes and follies28 as if he were a common man.
He never lost his love for "Pilgrim's Progress" or "Robinson Crusoe." The characters in both were real to him, and to the end of his days he could repeat ?sop's "Fables" verbatim.
In those days schools were very scarce and poor; the teachers were usually incompetent29 itinerant30 adventurers or men too lazy or feeble to do the manual labor required of frontiersmen. They were paid a trifling31 fee for each scholar and "boarded 'round." Nothing was expected of them in the way of education beyond a knowledge of the three R's, and Lincoln, of all famous self-made men, owed the least of his intellectual strength and knowledge to teachers and books and the most to observation and human contact. When he was upon his eventful "speaking trip," as he called it, in New England, in the spring of 1860, a clergyman of Hartford was so impressed by the language and logic33 of his address that he inquired where he was educated. Mr. Lincoln replied,—
59 "Well, as to education, the newspapers are correct. I never went to school more than six months in my life. I can say this: that among my earliest recollections I remember how, when a mere child, I used to get irritated when anybody talked to me in a way that I could not understand. I can remember going to my little bedroom, after hearing the neighbors talk of an evening with my father, and spending no small part of the night trying to make out what was the exact meaning of some of their, to me, dark sayings.
"I could not sleep, although I tried to, when I got on such a hunt for an idea until I had caught it; and when I thought I had got it I was not satisfied until I had repeated it over and over again, until I had put it in language plain enough, as I thought, for any boy I knew to comprehend. This was a kind of passion with me, and it has stuck by me; for I am never easy now, when I am handling a thought, until I have bounded it north and bounded it south and bounded it east and bounded it west."
Among the papers of the late Charles Lanman there is a sketch of Mr. Lincoln, written in his own hand. Mr. Lanman was editor of the Congressional Directory at the time that Mr. Lincoln was elected to Congress, and, according to the ordinary custom, forwarded to him, as well as to all the other members-elect, a blank to be filled out with facts and dates which might be made the basis for a biographical sketch in the Directory. Lincoln's blank was returned promptly34 filled up in his own handwriting, with the following information:
"Born February 12, 1809, in Hardin County, Kentucky.
"Education defective35.
"Profession, lawyer.
"Military service, captain of volunteers in the Black Hawk36 War.
"Offices held: postmaster at a very small office; four60 times a member of the Illinois Legislature, and elected to the Lower House of the next Congress."
Mr. Leonard Swett, who was closely identified with Mr. Lincoln for many years, says,—
"In the fall of 1853, as I was riding with Mr. Lincoln, I said, 'I have heard a great many curious incidents of your early life, and I would be obliged if you would begin at your earliest recollection and tell me the story of it continuously.'
"'I can remember,' he said, 'our life in Kentucky: the cabin, the stinted37 living, the sale of our possessions, and the journey with my father and mother to Southern Indiana.' I think he said he was then about six years old. Shortly after his arrival in Indiana his mother died. 'It was pretty pinching times at first in Indiana, getting the cabin built, and the clearing for the crops, but presently we got reasonably comfortable, and my father married again.'
"He had very faint recollections of his own mother, he was so young when she died; but he spoke38 most kindly39 of her and of his step-mother, and her cares for him in providing for his wants.
"'My father,' he said, 'had suffered greatly for the want of an education, and he determined40 at an early day that I should be well educated. And what do you think his ideas of a good education were? We had a dog-eared arithmetic in our house, and father determined that somehow, or somehow else, I should cipher41 clear through that book.'
"With this standard of an education, he started to a school in a log-house in the neighborhood, and began his educational career. He had attended this school but about six weeks, however, when a calamity42 befell his father. He had endorsed43 a man's note in the neighborhood for a considerable amount, and the prospect44 was he would have it to pay, and that would sweep away all their little possessions. His father, therefore, explained to61 him that he wanted to hire him out and receive the fruits of his labor and his aid in averting45 this calamity. Accordingly, at the expiration46 of six weeks, he left school and never returned to it again."
He first attended school when he was about seven years old and still living in Kentucky. It was held in a little log-hut near their cabin, and was taught by Zachariah Riney, an Irish Catholic of whom he retained a pleasant memory, for it was there that he learned to read. The next year Caleb Hazel opened a school about four miles distant, which Lincoln attended for three months with his sister Sarah, and both of them learned to write. He had no more teaching while he lived in Kentucky, except from his mother. There is no record of his schooling47 in Indiana, but the neighbors testify that in his tenth year he attended school for a few months in a small cabin of round logs about a mile and a half from the rude home of his father; there he went again for a few months when he was fourteen years old, and again in 1826, when he was seventeen, to a man named Swaney, who taught at a distance of four miles and a half from the Lincoln cabin. He had little encouragement from his father, for the latter considered the daily walk of nine miles and the six hours spent in the school-room a waste of time for a boy six feet tall. His step-mother, however, endeavored to encourage and protect him in his efforts to learn, and they studied together. He read her the books he borrowed, and they used to discuss the unintelligible48 passages. He was not remarkably49 quick at learning. On the contrary, his perceptions were rather dull; but that is often an advantage to a studious mind, as everything increases in value with the effort required to attain50 it. His memory was good, his power of reasoning was early developed, and a habit of reflection was acquired at an early age. He once remarked to a friend that his mind did not take impressions easily, but they were never effaced51. "I am62 slow to learn, and slow to forget that which I have learned," he said. "My mind is like a piece of steel—very hard to scratch anything on it, and almost impossible after you get it there to rub it out." The fact that he never abandoned an idea until it was thoroughly52 understood was the foundation of a healthy mental growth.
At this time, when he was seventeen years old, he had a general knowledge of the rudiments53 of learning. He was a good arithmetician, he had some knowledge of geography and history, he could "spell down" the whole county at spelling-school, and wrote a clear and neat hand. His general reading embraced poetry and a few novels. He even attempted to make rhymes, although he was not very successful. He wrote several prose compositions, and it is related that "one of the most popular amusements in the neighborhood was to hear Abe Lincoln make a comic speech."
Lincoln received no more teaching, but continued his reading and study until his family removed to Illinois. When he went to New Salem, after he had made his second voyage to New Orleans, and was waiting for Denton Offutt to open his store, a local election was held. One of the clerks of election being unable to attend, Menton Graham, the other clerk, who was also the village school-master, asked Lincoln if he could write.
"I can make a few rabbit tracks," was the reply, and upon that admission he was sworn into his first office.
Thus began one of the most useful friendships he ever enjoyed, for Graham was an intelligent and sympathetic friend who inspired the future President with ambition, nourished his appetite for knowledge, loaned him books, assisted him in his studies, heard him recite, corrected his compositions, and was his constant companion while he was clerking in Offutt's store. One day Graham told him that he ought to study grammar, and63 the next morning Lincoln walked six miles to a neighboring town to obtain a copy of Kirkham's "Grammar." This volume was found in his library after his death. It was Graham, too, who in six weeks taught him the science of surveying after Lincoln was appointed deputy to John Calhoun. From none of his many friends did he receive more valuable counsel and assistance.
After he was admitted to the bar and became a member of the Legislature, he continued a regular course of study, including mathematics, logic, rhetoric56, astronomy, literature, and other branches, devoting a certain number of hours to it every day. He followed this rule even after his marriage, and several years after his return from Congress he joined a German class which met in his office two evenings a week.
His early friends have always contended that his devotion to study hastened the failure of the mercantile enterprise which caused him so much anxiety and left the burden of debt upon his shoulders which he carried so many years; for when he should have been attending to the store and watching the dissolute habits of his partner, he was absorbed in his books.
His ambition to be a lawyer was stimulated57 by a curious incident that occurred soon after he went into partnership58 with Berry. He related it himself in these words:
"One day a man who was migrating to the West drove up in front of my store with a wagon59 which contained his family and household plunder60. He asked me if I would buy an old barrel for which he had no room in his wagon, and which he said contained nothing of special value. I did not want it, but to oblige him I bought it, and paid him, I think, half a dollar for it. Without further examination I put it away in the store and forgot all about it. Some time after, in overhauling61 things, I came upon the barrel, and emptying it upon the floor to see what it contained, I found at the bottom64 of the rubbish a complete edition of Blackstone's 'Commentaries.' I began to read those famous works, and I had plenty of time; for during the long summer days, when the farmers were busy with their crops, my customers were few and far between. The more I read"—this he said with unusual emphasis—"the more intensely interested I became. Never in my whole life was my mind so thoroughly absorbed. I read until I devoured62 them."
It was while he was still a deputy surveyor that Lincoln was elected to the Legislature, and in his autobiographical notes he says, "During the canvass63, in a private conversation, Major John T. Stuart (one of his fellow-candidates) encouraged Abraham to study law. After the election he borrowed books of Stuart, took them home with him and went at it in good earnest. He never studied with anybody. As he tramped back and forth64 from Springfield, twenty miles away, to get his law books, he read sometimes forty pages or more on the way. The subject seemed to be never out of his mind. It was the great absorbing interest of his life." The rule he gave twenty years later to a young man who wanted to know how to become a lawyer, was the one he practised: "Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with Blackstone's 'Commentaries,' say twice, take Chitty's 'Pleadings,' Greenleaf's 'Evidence,' and Story's 'Equity,' in succession. Work, work, work is the main thing."
Immediately after his election he went to Springfield and was admitted to the bar on September 9, 1836. His name first appears upon the list of the attorneys and counsellors-at-law published at the opening of the next term, March 1, 1837. As there was no lawyer in the neighborhood of New Salem, and none nearer than Springfield, Lincoln had obtained a little practice in petty cases before the village magistrate, and it is stated that, poor as he was, he never accepted a fee for such65 services because he felt that he was fully21 paid by the experience.
For a long time he was in doubt as to the expediency65 of abandoning his work as surveyor, which brought him from twelve to fifteen dollars a month, for the uncertain income of a lawyer, for he was still burdened by debt, and was constantly called upon for money by his step-mother and step-brother; but John T. Stuart, with whom he had been associated in politics and in the Black Hawk War, and who had proved to be a true friend, offered him a partnership, and Stuart was one of the leading lawyers of the State. Therefore, Lincoln decided66 to take the chances, and, on April 15, 1837, rode into Springfield, says his friend Joshua Speed, "on a borrowed horse, with no earthly property save a pair of saddle-bags containing a few clothes."
His first case was that of Hawthorne vs. Woolridge, his first fee was three dollars, and he made his first appearance in court in October, 1836. We do not know the details. He created a sensation the following summer, and for the first time revealed some of the characteristics which afterwards made him famous by his merciless pursuit of a rascal67 named Adams who had swindled the widow of one Joseph Anderson out of some land. His treatment of this case advertised him far and wide in the country around Springfield as a shrewd practitioner68 and a man of tireless energy, and it doubtless brought him considerable business. The account-book of Stuart & Lincoln is still preserved, and shows that their fees were very small,—not exceeding sixteen hundred dollars for the year and seldom more than ten dollars in a case; while many of them were traded out at the town groceries, and, in the case of farmers, were paid in vegetables, poultry69, butter, and other produce. But that was the custom of the time, and at that date a fee of one hundred dollars was as rare as one of ten thousand dollars now.
66 In those days, because of the scattering70 population and the absence of transportation facilities, it was customary for courts to travel in circuits, each circuit being presided over by a judge who went from one county-seat to another twice a year to hear whatever cases had accumulated upon the docket. Springfield was situated71 in the Eighth Judicial72 Circuit, which at that time was one hundred and fifty miles square, including fifteen counties comprising the central part of Illinois. As there were no railroads, the judge travelled on horseback or in a carriage, followed by a number of lawyers. The best-known lawyers had central offices at Springfield and branch offices at the different county-seats, where they were represented permanently73 by junior partners, who prepared their cases and attended to litigation of minor74 importance.
When the county-seat was reached the judge was given the best room at the hotel and presided at the dining-room table, surrounded by lawyers, jurors, witnesses, litigants75, prisoners out on bail76, and even the men who drove their teams. The hotels were primitive77 and limited, and, as the sitting of a court usually attracted all the idle men in the vicinity, the landlords were taxed to accommodate their guests, and packed them in as closely as possible; usually two in a bed and often as many as could find room on the floor. The townspeople made the semi-annual meeting of the court an occasion for social festivities, the judge being the guest of honor at dinners, receptions, quiltings, huskings, weddings, and other entertainments, while the lawyers ranked according to their social standing78 and accomplishments79.
In some of the towns there was no court-house, and trials were held in a church or a school-house, and sometimes, when the weather was favorable, in the open air.
When there was no entertainment of an evening, the members of the bar and their clients who were not preparing for a trial on the morrow amused themselves by playing cards, telling stories, and discussing public affairs,67 so that all who "followed the circuit" became thoroughly acquainted and each was estimated according to his true value. Trials of general interest were attended by the entire cavalcade80, but dull arguments and routine business attracted the attention of those only who were personally concerned. In the mean time the rest of the party would sit around the tavern81 or court-house yard, entertaining themselves and one another in the most agreeable manner, and naturally Mr. Lincoln's talents as a story-teller made him popular and his personal character made him beloved by every one with whom he came in contact. The meeting of the Supreme82 Court once a year at Springfield was the great event, next to the assembling of the Legislature, and served as a reunion of the ablest men in the State. These usually had causes to try or motions to submit, or if they had none would make some excuse for attending the gathering83. The Supreme Court Library was their rendezvous84, and Lincoln was the centre of attraction, even when he was a young man; when he became older his presence was regarded as necessary to a successful evening. His stories were as much a part of these annual gatherings85 as the decisions of the court, and after this custom became obsolete86 the older lawyers retained with an affectionate interest the memories of their association with him.
David Davis, afterwards Justice of the United States Supreme Court and a member of the United States Senate from Illinois, presided over the Eighth Circuit for many years while Lincoln was in practice, and was one of his most ardent87 admirers and devoted88 friends. It is said that he would not sit down at the table for dinner or supper until Lincoln was present. One day, during the trial of a cause, when Lincoln was the centre of a group in a distant corner of the court-room, exchanging whispered stories, Judge Davis rapped on the bench and, calling him by name, exclaimed,—
68 "Mr. Lincoln, this must stop! There is no use in trying to carry on two courts; one of them will have to adjourn89, and I think yours will have to be the one;" and as soon as the group scattered90, Judge Davis called one of the group to the bench and asked him to repeat the stories Lincoln had been telling.
Books of reminiscences written by the men who lived in Illinois in those days are filled with anecdotes91 of him, and, even now, it is common in arguments before the courts in that part of the State to quote what Lincoln said or did under similar circumstances, and his opinions have the force of judicial decisions.
In his autobiography, Joseph Jefferson tells an interesting story of the experience of his father's theatrical92 company when it was travelling through Illinois in 1839. He was then a child of ten years. After playing at Chicago, Quincy, Peoria, and Pekin, the company went to Springfield, where the presence of the Legislature tempted54 the elder Jefferson and his company to remain throughout the season. There was no theatre, so they built one; it was scarcely completed before a religious revival93 turned the influence of the church people against their performances so effectually that a law was passed by the municipality imposing94 a license95 which was practically prohibitory. In the midst of their troubles, says Jefferson, a young lawyer called on the managers and offered, if they would place the matter in his hands, to have the license revoked96, declaring that he only desired to see fair play, and would accept no fee whether he failed or succeeded. The young lawyer handled the case with tact32, skill, and humor, in his argument tracing the history of the drama from the time when Thespis acted in a cart to the stage of to-day. He illustrated97 his speech with pointed55 anecdotes which kept the City Council in a roar of laughter. "This good-humor prevailed," relates the famous actor, "and the exhibition tax was taken off." The young lawyer was Lincoln.
69 Many of the reminiscences relate to Lincoln's skill at cross-examination, in which, it is asserted, he had no equal at the Illinois bar. Judge Davis declared that he had the rare gift of compelling a witness, either friendly or unfriendly, to tell the whole truth, and seldom resorted to the browbeating98 tactics so often used by attorneys. He never irritated a witness, but treated him so kindly and courteously99 as to disarm100 him of any hostile intention.
He never used a word which the dullest juryman could not understand. A lawyer quoting a legal maxim101 one day in court, turned to Lincoln and said, "That is so, is it not, Mr. Lincoln?"
"If that's Latin," Lincoln replied, "you had better call another witness."
Mr. T. W. S. Kidd says that he once heard a lawyer opposed to Lincoln trying to convince a jury that precedent102 was superior to law, and that custom made things legal in all cases. When Lincoln rose to answer, he told the jury he would argue his case in the same way. Said he, "Old Squire103 Bagly, from Menard, came into my office and said, 'Lincoln, I want your advice as a lawyer. Has a man what's been elected justice of the peace a right to issue a marriage license?' I told him he had not; when the old squire threw himself back in his chair very indignantly, and said, 'Lincoln, I thought you was a lawyer. Now, Bob Thomas and me had a bet on this thing, and we agreed to let you decide; but if this is your opinion I don't want it, for I know a thunderin' sight better, for I have been squire now eight years and have done it all the time.'"
Lincoln always felt and frequently expressed a deep sense of gratitude104 to Judge Stephen T. Logan, his second partner, with whom he became associated in 1841. Judge Logan was the recognized head of his profession in the central part of the State, a man of high ideals, noble character, and excellent professional habits. Such70 example and instruction were of the greatest service in forming Lincoln's professional habits, because he was naturally careless in his methods, and at that period of his life was inclined to depend upon his wits rather than his knowledge and to indulge in emotional bursts of oratory105 rather than simple, convincing logic. He attributed his superior faculty106 in presenting a case to Judge Logan's instructions. Nor was he the only man who owed much of his success in life to this great preceptor. Four of Judge Logan's law students found their way to the United States Senate and three were Governors of States.
When Lincoln's experience in Congress had extended his reputation, broadened his ideas, and given him a better knowledge of men and things, his practical value as a partner was recognized by the members of one of the most prominent law firms in Chicago, who invited him to join them; but he declined on the ground that his family ties as well as his professional connections were in Springfield, and he feared that his health would not endure the close confinement107 of a city office.
Among Lincoln's manuscripts after his death were found a few pages of notes evidently intended or, perhaps, used at some time for a lecture to law students, and which express in a very clear manner his opinions as to the ethics108 of practice. His words should be printed upon card-board and hung in every law office in the land.
"... Extemporaneous109 speaking should be practised and cultivated. It is the lawyer's avenue to the public. However able and faithful he may be in other respects, people are slow to bring him business if he cannot make a speech. And yet, there is not a more fatal error to young lawyers than relying too much on speech-making. If any one, upon his rare powers of speaking, shall claim an exemption111 from the drudgery112 of the law, his case is a failure in advance. Discourage litigation. Persuade71 your neighbors to compromise whenever you can. Point out to them how the nominal113 winner is often a real loser—in fees, expenses, and waste of time. As a peacemaker, the lawyer has a superior opportunity of being a good man. There will still be business enough. Never stir up litigation. A worse man can scarcely be found than one who does this. Who can be more nearly a fiend than he who habitually114 overhauls115 the register of deeds in search of defects in titles, whereon to stir up strife116 and put money in his pocket? A moral tone ought to be infused into the profession which should drive such men out of it.... There is a vague popular belief that lawyers are necessarily dishonest. I say vague because, when we consider to what extent confidence and honors are reposed117 in and conferred upon lawyers by the people, it appears improbable that their impression of dishonesty is very distinct and vivid. Yet the impression is common,—almost universal. Let no young man choosing the law for a calling for a moment yield to the popular belief. Resolve to be honest at all events; and if, in your own judgment118, you cannot be an honest lawyer, resolve to be honest without being a lawyer. Choose some other occupation rather than one in the choosing of which you do, in advance, consent to be a knave119."
Lincoln and McClellan first met three or four years before the war, when the latter was Vice-President and Chief Engineer of the Illinois Central Railroad and the former was attorney for that company. General McClellan, in his autobiography, gives an account of his relations with Lincoln at that time, but they were never intimate.
In 1859, when Lincoln appeared for the Illinois Central Railroad in a case which it did not wish to try at that term, he remarked to the court,—
"We are not ready for trial."
"Why is not the company ready to go to trial?" remarked Judge Davis.
72 "We are embarrassed by the absence of Captain McClellan," was Lincoln's reply.
"Who is Captain McClellan and why is he not here?" asked Judge Davis.
"All I know," said Mr. Lincoln, "is that he is the engineer of the railroad, and why he is not here deponent saith not."
It has been frequently said that General McClellan refused to pay Lincoln a fee charged for trying a case for the Illinois Central Railroad, but it is not true. At the time referred to (1855) Captain McClellan was in the regular army and a military attaché in Europe during the Crimean War. It was, however, the only time that Lincoln sued for a fee, and the circumstances were as follows. By its charter the Illinois Central Railroad was exempt110 from taxation120 on condition that it pay into the State treasury121 seven per cent. of its gross earnings122. The officials of McLean County contended that the Legislature of the State had no authority to exempt or remit123 county taxes, and brought a suit against the road to compel payment. Lincoln defended the company, won the case, and presented a bill for two thousand dollars. An official of the railroad, whose name has been forgotten, declined payment on the ground that it was as much as a first-class lawyer would charge. Lincoln was so indignant that he withdrew the original bill of charges, consulted professional friends, and later submitted another for five thousand dollars with a memorandum124 attached, signed by six of the most prominent lawyers in the State, giving as their opinion that the fee was not unreasonable125. As the company still refused to pay, Lincoln sued and recovered the full amount.
Lincoln's theory regarding fees for professional services is expressed in the notes of the law lecture previously126 referred to, and was as follows:
"The matter of fees is important, far beyond the mere question of bread and butter involved. Properly attended73 to, fuller justice is done to both lawyer and client. An exorbitant127 fee should never be claimed. As a general rule, never take your whole fee in advance, nor any more than a small retainer. When fully paid beforehand, you are more than a common mortal if you can feel the same interest in the case as if something was still in prospect for you as well as for your client. And when you lack interest in the case the job will very likely lack skill and diligence in the performance. Settle the amount of fee and take a note in advance. Then you will feel that you are working for something, and you are sure to do your work faithfully and well. Never sell a fee note,—at least not before the consideration service is performed. It leads to negligence128 and dishonesty,—negligence by losing interest in the case, and dishonesty in refusing to refund129 when you have allowed the consideration to fail."
If a client was poor he charged him accordingly, and if he was unable to pay asked nothing for his services. It was one of his theories that a lawyer, like a minister of the Gospel or a physician, was in duty bound to render service whenever called upon, regardless of the prospects130 of compensation, and in several cases he offered his services without compensation to people who had suffered injustice131 and were unable to pay. As a rule, his fees were less than those of other lawyers of his circuit. Justice Davis once remonstrated132 with him, and insisted that he was doing a grave injustice to his associates at the bar by charging so little for his services. From 1850 to 1860 his income varied133 from two to three thousand dollars, and even when he was recognized as one of the ablest lawyers of the State his fee-book frequently shows charges of three dollars, five dollars, and one dollar for advice, although he never went into court for less than ten dollars. During that period he was at the height of his power and popularity, and lawyers of less standing and talent charged several74 times those amounts. But avarice134 was the least of his faults.
While he was President a certain Senator was charged with an attempt to swindle the government out of some millions. Discussing the scandal one day with some friends, he remarked that he could not understand why men should be so eager after wealth. "Wealth," said he, "is simply a superfluity of what we don't need."
An examination of the dockets of the Illinois Supreme Court shows that during a period of twenty years, beginning with 1840 and ending with his election to the Presidency135, he had nearly one hundred cases before that court, which is an unusual record and has been surpassed by few lawyers in the history of the State and by none of his contemporaries. It was declared, in an oration136 delivered by one of his associates, that "In his career as a lawyer he traversed a wide range of territory, attended many courts and had a variety of cases, and in all his conflicts at the bar he was successful in every case where he ought to have been."
When he went to Washington to become President his debts were entirely137 paid and he was worth about ten thousand dollars in real estate and other property.
A singular story is told of a case in which a good many prominent men were involved besides Lincoln. Abraham Brokaw, of Bloomington, loaned five hundred dollars to one of his neighbors and took a note, which remained unpaid138. Action was brought, the sheriff levied139 on the property of the debtor140 and collected the entire amount, but neglected to turn the proceeds over. Brokaw employed Stephen A. Douglas, who collected the amount from the bondsman of the sheriff, but returned to his seat in the Senate at Washington without making a settlement. Like some other great men, Douglas was very careless about money matters, and, after appealing to him again and again, Brokaw employed75 David Davis to bring suit against the Senator. Being an intimate friend and fellow-Democrat, Davis disliked to appear in the case, and by his advice Brokaw engaged the services of Lincoln. The latter wrote to Douglas at Washington that he had a claim against him for collection and must insist upon prompt payment. Douglas became very indignant and reproached Brokaw for placing such a political weapon in the hands of an abolitionist. Brokaw sent Douglas's letter to Lincoln, and the latter employed "Long John" Wentworth, then a Democratic member of Congress from Chicago, as an associate in the case. Wentworth saw Douglas, persuaded him to pay the money, and forwarded five hundred dollars to Lincoln, who, in turn, paid it to Brokaw and sent him a bill of three dollars and fifty cents for professional services.
Lincoln's greatest legal triumph was the acquittal of an old neighbor named Duff Armstrong, who was charged with murder, and several witnesses testified that they saw the accused commit the deed one night about eleven o'clock. Lincoln attempted no cross-examination, except to persuade them to reiterate141 their statements and to explain that they were able to see the act distinctly because of the bright moonlight. By several of the prosecuting142 witnesses he proved the exact position and size of the moon at the time of the murder. The prosecution143 there rested, and Lincoln, addressing the court and the jury, announced that he had no defence to submit except an almanac, which would show that there was no moon on that night. The State's attorney was paralyzed, but the court admitted the almanac as competent testimony144, and every witness was completely impeached145 and convicted of perjury146. The verdict was not guilty.
One of the most important cases in which Lincoln was ever engaged involved the ownership of a patent for the reaping machines manufactured by Cyrus H.76 McCormick, of Chicago, who sued John Manny, of Rockford, for infringement147. McCormick was represented by E. N. Dickerson and Reverdy Johnson. Manny was represented by Edwin M. Stanton, who was afterwards Lincoln's Secretary of War; Peter H. Watson, who was afterwards Assistant Secretary of War; and George Harding, of Philadelphia. The case was tried in Cincinnati, and, to his intense disappointment and chagrin148, Lincoln was not allowed to make an argument he had prepared because the court would not permit four arguments on one side and only two on the other. Lincoln was extremely anxious to meet in debate Reverdy Johnson, of Baltimore, who was then regarded by many as the leader of the American bar; but he accepted the situation gracefully149 though regretfully, watched the case closely as it proceeded, took careful notes which he furnished Mr. Harding, and gave the latter the benefit of his written argument, but requested him not to show it to Mr. Stanton. There is no doubt that he felt that Mr. Stanton had been guilty of professional discourtesy in refusing to insist that the court hear Lincoln as well as himself, believing that this concession151 would have been granted if the demand had been pressed, or if Mr. Stanton had proposed that the time allowed for argument be divided. Mr. Stanton was not unaware152 of Lincoln's wishes, for they were fully explained to him by Mr. Harding, who urged him to give Lincoln an opportunity to speak, but, being the senior counsel in the case, he assigned Mr. Harding, who was a patent expert, to submit the technical side of the case, and assumed the entire responsibility of making the legal argument himself.
This incident is particularly interesting in connection with the future relations between the two men, and it is certain that Lincoln was profoundly impressed with Mr. Stanton's ability in the presentation of his case. The matter was never alluded153 to by either during their long77 and intimate association at Washington. A young lawyer from Rockford who had studied with Lincoln was in Cincinnati at the time and attended the trial. When the court adjourned154 after Stanton's argument they walked together to their hotel. Mr. Emerson says that Lincoln seemed dejected, and, turning to him suddenly, exclaimed in an impulsive155 manner,—
"Emerson, I am going home to study law."
"'Why,' I exclaimed, 'Mr. Lincoln, you stand at the head of the bar in Illinois now! What are you talking about?'
"'Ah, yes,' he said, 'I do occupy a good position there, and I think I can get along with the way things are done there now. But these college-trained men, who have devoted their whole lives to study, are coming West, don't you see? And they study their cases as we never do. They have got as far as Cincinnati now. They will soon be in Illinois.' Another long pause; then stopping and turning towards me, his countenance156 suddenly assuming that look of strong determination which those who knew him best sometimes saw upon his face, he exclaimed, 'I am going home to study law! I am as good as any of them, and when they get out to Illinois I will be ready for them.'"
While Mr. Lincoln was not a sensitive man in the ordinary sense of that term, he felt keenly his own deficiencies in education; nor did he lose this feeling when his ability as a statesman was recognized by the entire universe and he held the destiny of a nation in his grasp. Once, when a famous lawyer called at the White House and referred courteously to his eminent157 position at the bar, he replied, "Oh, I am only a mast-fed lawyer," referring to his limited education. "Mast" is a kind of food composed of acorns158, grass, and similar natural substances which was commonly given to cattle and hogs159 in Indiana and other frontier States when he was a boy.
78 Conscious of his deficiencies, he never ceased to be a student. Until the very day of his death he was eager to acquire knowledge, and no new subject was ever presented to him without exciting his inquisitiveness160 and determination to learn all there was to know about it. Of this characteristic he once remarked to a friend,—
"In the course of my law reading I constantly came upon the word demonstrate—I thought at first that I understood its meaning, but soon became satisfied that I did not. I consulted Webster's Dictionary. That told of certain proof, 'proof beyond the probability of doubt;' but I could form no sort of idea what sort of proof that was.
"I consulted all the dictionaries and books of reference I could find, but with no better results. You might as well have defined blue to a blind man. At last I said, 'Lincoln, you can never make a lawyer if you do not understand what demonstrate means;' and I left my situation in Springfield, went home to my father's house, and stayed there until I could give any proposition in the six books of Euclid at sight. I then found out what demonstrate meant, and went back to my law studies."
He met every new question with the same disposition161, and nobody ever knew better how to dig for the root of a subject than he. When his children began to go to school, he used to study with them, and frequently referred to the many interesting points of information and the valuable knowledge he acquired in that way. The lawyers who were associated with him upon the circuit relate how often he was accustomed to pull a book from his pocket whenever he had an idle moment, and it was quite as frequently a treatise162 on astronomy or engineering or a medical lecture as a collection of poems or speeches.
But, with all his modesty163 and diffidence, he never hesitated to meet with confidence the most formidable opponent at the bar or on the stump164, and frequently,79 when reading accounts of litigation in which famous lawyers were engaged, he would express a wish that he might some time "tackle" them in a court-room. He once said that in all his practice at the bar he had never been surprised by the strength of the testimony or the arguments of his adversary165, and usually found them weaker than he feared. This was due to a habit he acquired early in his practice of studying the opposite side of every disputed question in every law case and every political issue quite as carefully as his own side. When he had an important case on hand he was accustomed to withdraw himself into a room where he would not be disturbed, or, what he liked better, to get out into the fields or the woods around Springfield where there was nothing to distract his thoughts, in order to "argue it out in my own mind," as he put it; and when he returned to his house or his office he would usually have a clear conception of his case and have formed his plan of action.
He argued great causes in which principles were involved with all the zeal166 and earnestness that a righteous soul could feel. Trifling causes he dismissed with the ridicule167 in which he was unsurpassed, and his associates relate many incidents when a verdict was rendered in a gale168 of laughter because of the droll169 tactics used by Lincoln. He never depended upon technicalities or the tricks of the profession. He never attempted to throw obstacles in the way of justice, or to gain an unfair advantage of his adversaries170, but was capable of executing legal man?uvres with as much skill as any of his rivals. He adapted himself to circumstances with remarkable ease, and his thorough knowledge of human nature enabled him to excite the interest and sympathy of a jury by getting very close to their hearts. He argued much from analogy; he used old-fashioned words and homely171 phrases which were familiar to the jurymen he desired to impress, and illustrated his points80 by stories, maxims172, and figures often droll and sometimes vulgar, because he knew that he could make it plainer to them in that way and that they would better understand the force and bearing of his arguments. He relied more upon this method of convincing a jury than upon exhibitions of learning or flights of eloquence173, and his acquaintance with human nature was even more intimate than his knowledge of the law.
Few of his speeches at the bar have been preserved, but his contemporaries have left us many interesting reminiscences of his originality174 and power. His ungainly form and awkward gesticulations enhanced the force of his arguments and attracted the attention and sympathy of a country jury more than the most graceful150 manners and elegant rhetoric could have done. It was always his rule, in presenting a case, to cut out all of the "dead wood" and get down to "hard pan," as he called it, as soon as possible. In making such concessions175 he would establish a position of fairness and honesty, and often disarmed176 his opponent by leaving the impression that he had accidentally "given away his case." Then he would rely upon his remarkable habit of order and command of logic to bring his evidence forward in a clear and strong light, keeping unnecessary details away from the attention of the jury and pressing only the essential points with which he expected to convince them. Sometimes, when his opponent seemed to have captured a verdict, he would abandon his serious argument and begin to tell stories one after another with more or less application, until by such diversion he had effaced from the minds of the jury every impression that the other side had made.
Justice Lawrence Weldon, of the United States Court of Claims, in his reminiscences says, "One of the most interesting incidents in my early acquaintance with Mr. Lincoln was a lawsuit177 in which Mr. Lincoln was counsel for the plaintiff and I was counsel for the defendant178.81 Even then, in a trial that was the sensation of an obscure village on the prairies, Mr. Lincoln showed that supreme sense of justice to God and his fellow-men.
"It was a family quarrel between two brothers-in-law, Jack179 Dungee and Joe Spencer. Dungee was a Portuguese180, extremely dark-complexioned, but not a bad-looking fellow; and after a time he married Spencer's sister, with the approval of Spencer's family. I don't remember the origin of the quarrel, but it became bitter; and the last straw was laid on when Spencer called Dungee a 'nigger' and followed it up, they say, by adding 'a nigger married to a white woman.' The statute2 of Illinois made it a crime for a negro to marry a white woman, and, because of that, the words were slanderous181. Dungee, through Mr. Lincoln, brought the suit for slander182. Judge David Davis was on the bench, and the suit was brought in the De Witt Circuit Court. When the case came up, Mr. Moore and myself appeared for the defence and demurred183 to the declaration, which, to the annoyance184 of Mr. Lincoln, the court sustained. Whatever interest Mr. Lincoln took in the case before that time, his professional pride was aroused by the fact that the court had decided that his papers were deficient185. Looking across the trial table at Moore and myself and shaking his long, bony finger, he said, 'Now, by jing, I will beat you boys!'
"At the next term of the court Mr. Lincoln appeared with his papers amended186, and fully determined to make good his promise to 'beat the boys!' and we thought his chances pretty good to do it, too. We knew our man was a fool not to have settled it, but still we were bound to defend and clear him if we could.
"In the argument of the case on the testimony Mr. Lincoln made a most powerful and remarkable speech, abounding187 in wit, logic, and eloquence of the highest order. His thoughts were clothed in the simplest garb188 of expression and in words understood by every juror82 in the box. After the instructions were given by the court the jury retired189, and in a few moments returned with a judgment for the plaintiff, in a sum which was a large amount for those days.
"Mr. Lincoln's advice to his client was that Dungee agree to remit the whole judgment, by Spencer paying the costs of the suit and Mr. Lincoln's fee. Mr. Lincoln then proposed to leave the amount of his fee to Moore and myself. We protested against this, and insisted that Mr. Lincoln should fix the amount of his own fee. After a few moments' thought he said, 'Well, gentlemen, don't you think I have honestly earned twenty-five dollars?' We were astonished, and had he said one hundred dollars it would have been what we expected. The judgment was a large one for those days; he had attended the case at two terms of court, had been engaged for two days in a hotly contested suit, and his client's adversary was going to pay the bill. The simplicity190 of Mr. Lincoln's character in money matters is well illustrated by the fact that for all this he charged twenty-five dollars."
Justice David Davis, of the Supreme Court of the United States, said, "In all the elements that constitute the great lawyer he had few equals. He was great both at nisi prius and before an appellate tribunal. He seized the strong points of a cause and presented them with clearness and great compactness. His mind was logical and direct, and he did not indulge in extraneous191 discussion. Generalities and platitudes192 had no charms for him. An unfailing vein193 of humor never deserted194 him; and he was able to claim the attention of court and jury, when the cause was the most uninteresting, by the appropriateness of his anecdotes. His power of comparison was large, and he rarely failed in a legal discussion to use that mode of reasoning. The framework of his mental and moral being was honesty, and a wrong cause was poorly defended by him. He hated wrong and oppression83 everywhere, and many a man whose fraudulent conduct was undergoing review in a court of justice has writhed195 under his terrific indignation and rebukes196. The people where he practised law were not rich, and his charges were always small. When he was elected President, I question whether there was a lawyer in the circuit, who had been at the bar so long a time, whose means were not larger. It did not seem to be one of the purposes of his life to accumulate a fortune. In fact, outside of his profession, he had no knowledge of the way to make money, and he never even attempted it."
Lincoln was associated at the Springfield bar with many famous men, and there was a keen rivalry197 among them. Stephen A. Douglas, David Davis, James Shields, Edward D. Baker198, John M. Palmer, Lyman Trumbull, Oliver H. Browning, Shelby M. Cullom, and others afterwards sat in the United States Senate and some of them held positions in the Cabinets of Presidents. Others were afterwards Governors of States and members of the House of Representatives; others led armies during the war with Mexico and the war between the States. One of the strongest groups of men that ever gathered at the capital of a State was to be found in Springfield in those days, and Lincoln was their equal in ability and learning and the superior of many of them in the qualities that make a statesman. They recognized him as their superior on many occasions, and whether or not he was the ablest lawyer on the circuit, there was never any doubt that he was the most popular. He was always a great favorite with the younger members of the bar because of his sympathy and good-nature. He never used the arts of a demagogue; he was never a toady199; he was always ready to do an act of kindness; he was generous with his mind and with his purse; although he never asked for help, was always ready to give it; and while he received everybody's confidence, he rarely gave his own in return. Whatever his cares84 and anxieties may have been, he never inflicted200 them upon others; he never wounded by his wit; his humor was never harsh or rude; he endeavored to lighten the labors201 and the cares of others, and beneath his awkward manner was a gentle refinement and an amiable202 disposition.
For twenty-five years he practised at the Springfield bar. He was not a great lawyer according to the standard of his profession, but the testimony of his associates is that he was a good one, enjoying the confidence of the judiciary, the bar, and the public to a remarkable degree. He was conspicuous203 for several honorable traits, and, above all, for that sense of moral responsibility that can always distinguish between duty to a client and duty to society and the truth. On the wrong side of a case he was always weak, and, realizing this, he often persuaded his clients to give up litigation rather than compel him to argue against truth and justice.
Leonard Swett, of Chicago, for years an intimate associate, and himself one of the most famous of American lawyers, says that, "sometimes, after Lincoln entered upon a criminal case, the conviction that his client was guilty would affect him with a sort of panic. On one occasion he turned suddenly to his associate and said, 'Swett, the man is guilty; you defend him, I can't,' and so gave up his share of a large fee.
"At another time, when he was engaged with Judge S. C. Parks in defending a man accused of larceny204, he said, 'If you can say anything for the man, do it, I can't; if I attempt it, the jury will see I think he is guilty, and convict him.'
"Once he was prosecuting a civil suit, in the course of which evidence was introduced showing that his client was attempting a fraud. Lincoln rose and went to his hotel in deep disgust. The judge sent for him; he refused to come. 'Tell the judge,' he said, 'my hands are dirty; I came over to wash them.' We are aware85 that these stories detract something from the character of the lawyer; but this inflexible205, inconvenient206, and fastidious morality was to be of vast service afterwards to his country and to the world. The fact is that, with all his stories and jests, his frank companionable humor, his gift of easy accessibility and welcome, he was a man of grave and serious temper and of unusual innate207 dignity and reserve. He had few or no special intimates, and there was a line beyond which no one ever thought of passing."
Mr. Chauncey M. Depew said, "He told me once that, in his judgment, one of the two best things he ever originated was this. He was trying a cause in Illinois where he appeared for a prisoner charged with aggravated208 assault and battery. The complainant had told a horrible story of the attack, which his appearance fully justified209, when the district attorney handed the witness over to Mr. Lincoln for cross-examination. Mr. Lincoln said he had no testimony, and unless he could break down the complainant's story he saw no way out. He had come to the conclusion that the witness was a bumptious210 man, who rather prided himself upon his smartness in repartee211, and so, after looking at him for some minutes, he inquired, 'Well, my friend, what ground did you and my client here fight over?' The fellow answered, 'About six acres.' 'Well,' said Mr. Lincoln,'don't you think this is an almighty212 small crop of fight to gather from such a big piece of ground?' The jury laughed, the court and district attorney and complainant all joined in, and the case was laughed out of court."
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1
refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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swampy
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| adj.沼泽的，湿地的 | |
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autobiography
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| n.自传 | |
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fables
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| n.寓言( fable的名词复数 )；神话，传说 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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illiterate
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| adj.文盲的；无知的；n.文盲 | |
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constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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binding
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| 有约束力的，有效的，应遵守的 | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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lawfully
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| adv.守法地，合法地；合理地 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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quill
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| n.羽毛管；v.给（织物或衣服）作皱褶 | |
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shingle
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| n.木瓦板；小招牌(尤指医生或律师挂的营业招牌)；v.用木瓦板盖（屋顶）；把（女子头发）剪短 | |
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narrating
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| v.故事( narrate的现在分词 ) | |
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follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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incompetent
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| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
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itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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tact
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| n.机敏，圆滑，得体 | |
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logic
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| n.逻辑(学)；逻辑性 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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defective
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| adj.有毛病的，有问题的，有瑕疵的 | |
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hawk
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| n.鹰，骗子；鹰派成员 | |
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stinted
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| v.限制，节省（stint的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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cipher
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| n.零；无影响力的人；密码 | |
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42
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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43
endorsed
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| vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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averting
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| 防止，避免( avert的现在分词 )； 转移 | |
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expiration
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| n.终结，期满，呼气，呼出物 | |
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schooling
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| n.教育；正规学校教育 | |
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unintelligible
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| adj.无法了解的，难解的，莫明其妙的 | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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50
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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51
effaced
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| v.擦掉( efface的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；超越；使黯然失色 | |
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52
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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rudiments
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| n.基础知识，入门 | |
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54
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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55
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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56
rhetoric
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| n.修辞学，浮夸之言语 | |
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57
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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58
partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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59
wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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60
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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61
overhauling
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| n.大修；拆修；卸修；翻修v.彻底检查( overhaul的现在分词 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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62
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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63
canvass
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| v.招徕顾客，兜售；游说；详细检查，讨论 | |
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64
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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65
expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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66
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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67
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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68
practitioner
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| n.实践者，从事者；(医生或律师等)开业者 | |
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69
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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70
scattering
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|
| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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71
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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72
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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73
permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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74
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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75
litigants
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| n.诉讼当事人( litigant的名词复数 ) | |
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76
bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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77
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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78
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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79
accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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80
cavalcade
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| n.车队等的行列 | |
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81
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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82
supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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83
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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84
rendezvous
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|
| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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85
gatherings
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| 聚集( gathering的名词复数 )； 收集； 采集； 搜集 | |
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86
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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87
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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88
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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89
adjourn
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| v.（使）休会，（使）休庭 | |
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90
scattered
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|
| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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91
anecdotes
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|
| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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92
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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93
revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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94
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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95
license
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| n.执照，许可证，特许；v.许可，特许 | |
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96
revoked
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| adj.[法]取消的v.撤销，取消，废除( revoke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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98
browbeating
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| v.（以言辞或表情）威逼，恫吓( browbeat的现在分词 ) | |
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99
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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100
disarm
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| v.解除武装，回复平常的编制，缓和 | |
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101
maxim
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| n.格言，箴言 | |
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102
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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103
squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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104
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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105
oratory
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| n.演讲术；词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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106
faculty
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| n.才能；学院，系；(学院或系的)全体教学人员 | |
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107
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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108
ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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109
extemporaneous
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| adj.即席的，一时的 | |
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110
exempt
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| adj.免除的；v.使免除；n.免税者，被免除义务者 | |
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111
exemption
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| n.豁免，免税额，免除 | |
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112
drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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113
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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114
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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115
overhauls
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| v.彻底检查( overhaul的第三人称单数 )；大修；赶上；超越 | |
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116
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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117
reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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118
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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119
knave
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| n.流氓；（纸牌中的）杰克 | |
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120
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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121
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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122
earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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123
remit
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| v.汇款，汇寄；豁免（债务），免除（处罚等） | |
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124
memorandum
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| n.备忘录，便笺 | |
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125
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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126
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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127
exorbitant
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|
| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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128
negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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129
refund
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| v.退还，偿还；n.归还，偿还额，退款 | |
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130
prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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131
injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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132
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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133
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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134
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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135
presidency
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| n.总统(校长，总经理)的职位(任期) | |
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136
oration
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| n.演说，致辞，叙述法 | |
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137
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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138
unpaid
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| adj.未付款的，无报酬的 | |
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139
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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140
debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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141
reiterate
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| v.重申，反复地说 | |
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142
prosecuting
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| 检举、告发某人( prosecute的现在分词 )； 对某人提起公诉； 继续从事（某事物）； 担任控方律师 | |
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143
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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144
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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145
impeached
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| v.控告（某人）犯罪( impeach的过去式和过去分词 )；弹劾；对（某事物）怀疑；提出异议 | |
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146
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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147
infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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148
chagrin
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| n.懊恼；气愤；委屈 | |
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149
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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150
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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151
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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152
unaware
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| a.不知道的，未意识到的 | |
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153
alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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154
adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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155
impulsive
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| adj.冲动的，刺激的；有推动力的 | |
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156
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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157
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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158
acorns
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| n.橡子，栎实( acorn的名词复数 ) | |
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159
hogs
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| n.（尤指喂肥供食用的）猪( hog的名词复数 )；（供食用的）阉公猪；彻底地做某事；自私的或贪婪的人 | |
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160
inquisitiveness
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| 好奇，求知欲 | |
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161
disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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162
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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163
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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164
stump
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| n.残株，烟蒂，讲演台；v.砍断，蹒跚而走 | |
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165
adversary
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| adj.敌手，对手 | |
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166
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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167
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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168
gale
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| n.大风，强风，一阵闹声（尤指笑声等） | |
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169
droll
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| adj.古怪的，好笑的 | |
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170
adversaries
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| n.对手，敌手( adversary的名词复数 ) | |
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171
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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172
maxims
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| n.格言，座右铭( maxim的名词复数 ) | |
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173
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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174
originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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175
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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176
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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177
lawsuit
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| n.诉讼，控诉 | |
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178
defendant
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| n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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179
jack
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|
| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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180
Portuguese
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| n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 | |
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181
slanderous
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| adj.诽谤的，中伤的 | |
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182
slander
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| n./v.诽谤，污蔑 | |
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183
demurred
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| v.表示异议，反对( demur的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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Amended
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| adj. 修正的 动词amend的过去式和过去分词 | |
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abounding
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| adj.丰富的，大量的v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的现在分词 ) | |
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garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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extraneous
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| adj.体外的；外来的；外部的 | |
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platitudes
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| n.平常的话，老生常谈，陈词滥调( platitude的名词复数 )；滥套子 | |
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vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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writhed
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rebukes
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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toady
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| v.奉承；n.谄媚者，马屁精 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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larceny
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| n.盗窃（罪） | |
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inflexible
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| adj.不可改变的，不受影响的，不屈服的 | |
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inconvenient
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| adj.不方便的，令人感到麻烦的 | |
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innate
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| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
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aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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bumptious
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| adj.傲慢的 | |
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repartee
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| n.机敏的应答 | |
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almighty
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| adj.全能的，万能的；很大的，很强的 | |
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