Among the many documents which passed through my hands were not lacking some of considerable importance. I see before me a letter, found in the pocket of a subaltern officer of the Fourth German Army, which he had not had time to dispatch. In part the letter read:
18 “Dear Friend:
“After a painful time, the good Lord God gave us wings and, from the icy and snowy caves, has transported us into a magnificent country. We were half-dead, but now we are beginning to resuscitate7. This is a splendid country. There is everything one wants; food and drink enough for all to choke on, rice and coffee in abundance and enough red wine to bathe in.”
Another letter found on a German prisoner reads:
“We are living like princes, we have food and drink, and may it always continue thus! If only I could send some to my family in Berlin. But there is not room for much in our packs, and furthermore, one would have to carry it for days along mountainous roads a distance of about thirty-five or forty kilometers. 19 Right now we have before us a whole cheese, round and large as a cart wheel, and we don’t know what to do with it. No one is hungry, yet the cheese is good.”
Such acknowledgments filled me with rage. Those who yesterday were hungry are now full and they have filled themselves by stealing from our homes!
The many documents which passed through my hands demonstrated how extensive were the requisitions of the Germans who robbed the poor peasants of the things they needed most.
From the notebook of a Czech officer, a deserter, under date of November 15, 1917, I read:
“Everyone requisitions what he pleases. The plowers are busy all night cooking rice with tomatoes.
“At Villa3 Santina a supply of foodstuffs8 sufficient to last ten days for the entire division was found. Every company 20 formed a requisition patrol; the very privates go to the peasants and requisition cattle, pigs, horses, mules10, cheese, wine, wheat, etc. In every patrol there is a soldier who knows Italian. The army, during its advance lives on the country and eats more than is necessary. The troops in the rear are always drunk.
“We found and requisitioned from the civilians11 bicycles, many motorcycles and automobiles14.”
“October 29.—We pass through Colobrida, Prepotto, where we find wine. We stop at Villa Rubini. The men take advantage to find some Chianti, which is insuperable, and many get drunk.”
“October 31.—At Carpeneto I requisition a saddle horse and a mule9, and during the stop we refresh ourselves with champagne15. At night Captain Vellsang arrives in an automobile13 requisitioned for the command at Udine, where we took a quantity of things.”
21 “November 24.—Our attendants were continuously cooking corn-meal and chicken.”
These diaries speak mostly of the greed with which the enemy steals, destroys and consumes every valuable thing in the land. The voracity16 and greed of the Germans and Austrians are such that after continued debauches of wines and liquors, the provisions are soon exhausted17. As an example of the voracity of these men, I shall quote the report of one of their meals from the calendar of an Austrian Lieutenant18 of the Second Battalion19 of the 47th Infantry20:
“November 11.—We ate splendidly; in the morning—coffee and milk, half a pound of butter, a pound of bread. In the middle of the morning—half a pound of Gorgonzola cheese, half a pound of excellent preserved fruits, a tablet of chocolate. Luncheon—broth, roast veal21 with fresh peas and rice, a bottle of excellent 22 wine, and then coffee (without sugar). In the afternoon—a box of sardines22, bread and butter with honey. Supper—roast pork with prunes23, black coffee. And not on one day only, but continuously; especially after the requisitions. We seldom have less. At nine in the evening, we have a can of condensed milk, three boxes of sardines, a pound of preserved pears, and six candles apiece.”
From questions submitted to an Austrian prisoner, I learnt that the troops stationed between the Tagliamento and the Piave kept up their march with supplies taken from the factories and houses. The prisoners themselves admitted that their lot was hard because they could no longer get drunk, nor gorge24 themselves on the chicken, sausages and fruit which they had found so plentiful25 in every house and factory. From a conversation with an officer of the Third Regiment26 of Kaiserj?ger I 23 learnt, “The foodstuffs found and requisitioned have all been consumed and wasted. Whatever our soldiers cannot devour27 or preserve on the spot is shipped to Austria and Germany. The 94th Division while at Tolmezzo requisitioned all kinds of woven materials and the officers sent much of it, as their own private property, to Kotshach by means of auto-ambulances.
“Captain Opitz sent home two hundred pounds of coffee, which in Austria is worth about 500 Kronen. Captain Pflanzer collected precious oil paintings during the offensive. He found the most precious near Castellavazzo.
“A bicycle of the 7th company of the Third Battalion of trench28 diggers was stolen from a civilian12 by the Captain.
“The officers sent home sacks of rice and coffee. At Timau everything was taken from the civilians. The horses are fed with maize29.”
24 From prisoners taken in Val Bella December 24, 1917, I learnt that there was a rumor30 current among the officers and men that the Italian cities had been thoroughly31 sacked and that the objects collected had been sent to Germany and Austria through the co-operation of the military forces. It is said that superior officers offered to buy for a few pence, whatever booty the soldiers could lay hands upon.
In another diary taken from a German officer of the 5th Division (which had penetrated32 to Udine), the following was found under date of November 6, 1917:
“After we had spent several days at Rovereto on the Tagliamento we withdrew to Udine. As the command gave me full police powers I had the authority to enter all the shops which were still furnished with considerable stocks. I spent my time making raids, and during one of these I found materials suitable 25 for military and civilian clothing. I filled three cases full of them and I had them sent through the military station at Neuhaus. I hope some day I shall find them at home. I have also secured some material for the Captain.”
Deserters from the enemy lines confirmed the reports that the Germans took away and sent to Germany all that could be removed—church bells, beds, household linens33, entire doors and windows. Their pillaging35 was so complete that some houses have only the walls and roof left. Furthermore the Austro-Hungarian authorities organized special squads36 to visit every house and requisition foodstuffs, kitchen utensils37, livestock38 and pack animals. At present the population is compelled to buy at a high price the supplies which were taken from them.
Proof of this organized thieving which was supported by the enemy authorities, 26 was obtained not merely from writings and conversations with scattered39 individuals but from reports in enemy newspapers. The Gazette of Veneto which was printed at Udine for the Austrian government published the following notice, “The Administration of the Austro-Hungarian Army has ordered the requisitioning of metals in the occupied regions, to meet the army’s demands for metals. Church bells, roofs of copper40 or lead, lightning rods and railings will be requisitioned.”
A communication received by our command during the first days of our retreat to the Piave said, “At Graz, and at Vienna, a trade in Italian products has been begun. Besides the small quantities of rice, oil, and lemons carried by soldiers on leave and bargained for at the stations by Jewish speculators, rice is beginning to arrive at Graz in important quantities. The authorities have been asked to pass measures to prevent speculation42 with this rice, and to reserve 27 it for the use of the sick and for children.” The children and the sick of the invaded territories were left without these necessary articles of food.
From scattered phrases found in documents, or overheard in conversations with soldiers and officer prisoners, I gathered a general notion of the carefree, corrupt43 life led by the troops in the invaded regions. A few notes from the diary of the Czech officer who had deserted44 follow:
“Lieutenant Skebek and an employee got drunk in a villa at Pelos with wine requisitioned at Auronzo and later devastated45 a villa. At Belluno the gendarmes46 were supposed to guard the wine cellars; but in a moment there gathered before the house a mob of soldiers with pails, basins, and other vessels47.
“The artillery48 officers have organized nightly orgies in a villa near Feltre; there were more than enough women.
28 “Almost all the horses have diarrh?a because they have eaten too much.”
The same spectacle of gluttony and drunkenness at the expense of our people, is repeated in the diary of the Austrian lieutenant of the second battalion of the 47th infantry who has already been mentioned.
“December 2.—Visited the Command of the Regiment. Had breakfast with the commander of the battalion. We drank much excellent wine. At three in the afternoon, the officers of the command of the regiment left, hilarious49 from the wine. The officers of the 16th company and others withdrew singing, and they would have continued their orgy at my house had I not made all the wines and liquors disappear.”
An Italian soldier and an officer, prisoners 29 escaped from the hands of the Austrians, reported the following:
“The German officers in command lead a gay, carefree life. They do not mind being seen in public, driving in open carriages with women of bad repute, brought there from their own country. During the first days of the occupation, the enemy troops, exalted50 with victory, would parade the streets, shouting joyously51. They would enter private houses by forcing doors and windows, and make for storerooms full of provisions, and for wine cellars, with bestial52 avidity.”
In sharp contrast to this life of gluttony and greed was the life led by the Italian prisoners, both those in the invaded regions and those transported back to German prison camps. The following extract is taken from a report of Lieutenant Massa Antonio, a physician who was sent back to Italy after a term in a prison camp:
30 “By a long and weary journey we were taken to Trento, then to Gardolo and finally to Sigmundsherberg, to a camp of Russian prisoners. The physicians were at once invited to take care of their own soldiers. Captain Luigi Ferrero, the head physician, entrusted53 me to take care of Group IV. I therefore found myself living side by side with our own soldiers, suffering their physical and mental tortures and hardships.
“There I saw a pitiable spectacle. Our own soldiers were left for whole days without a bit of food. Hungry and sad they would stand against the wire railings begging for food, for a morsel54 of bread. Daily, fifteen or twenty soldiers who had fallen from sheer exhaustion55 were brought into the hospital. Gradually the entire camp was cleared of grass by our hungry men who avidly56 plucked and chewed it in an attempt to allay57 their hunger.
31 “During the first days our soldiers were submitted to extremely strict discipline. The punishment posts were always occupied, and the prisons rapidly filling, for the Austrians believed in giving vent41 to their hatred58 against us by floggings and beatings.
“The enemy soldiers and petty officers became vile59 merchants who robbed our poor soldiers of whatever little money they had by selling them pieces of bread at exorbitant60 rates. Because of the bad quality of the food there were many cases of auto-intoxication. The soldiers welcomed a chance to go and work for they hoped for better treatment.
“Besides acting61 as journeying physician I was also entrusted with the inspection62 of the mess and of the discipline of our soldiers.
“I cannot express how painful, how agonizing63 a task that was. Daily, soldiers would come to me with tales of incredible 32 treatment, with their bodies livid from the cruel and fierce blows of the Austrians. Exhausted, worn-out, veritable bundles of human rags, they would tell me of the incredible labors65 expected of them; how, among the snow of the Carpathians, half-naked, without shirts, while the cold which was far below freezing point, stiffened66 their bodies, they were compelled to start out at three or four in the morning and walk until eight, after having had only a cup of tea; and how they were then forced to work until night. As payment for their superhuman labors, the poor wretches67 received a cheap substitute for coffee with one-quarter of a pound of bread.
“During a meal of the officers in Bucovina an Italian violinist was compelled to play the Italian national hymn68, and while he was playing he was made the target for all sorts of table rubbish: left-over bits of food and the dregs of beverages69. 33 Some of our soldiers were compelled to drag for fifty miles a car in which was the baggage of an Austrian officer. Did one of the tired prisoners attempt to stop a moment for rest, the officer leveled his revolver at him.
“With my very eyes, I saw Grenadier Dantin die some minutes after he had been badly beaten. A special report of his case was made to Captain Ferrero. I made another report against a wealthy Hungarian undertaker who said to our soldiers, ‘You did not die at the front, but you will die here.’
“In the marshes70 of the Danube our prisoners are placed in the hands of war contractors71 who treat them like veritable slaves. They try to get the maximum labor64 from them. Our prisoners were given to all those who asked for them, without any control from the government as to the way in which they were to be treated. They were sent to the squares 34 of the cities, and there exposed for public choice, just as though they were cattle.
“In the camp of Sigmundsherberg the sanitary72 service is completely in the hands of the Italians who do all they can to alleviate73 the ills and pains of the soldiers. There are absolutely no medicines, surgical74 tools and sterilizing75 apparata. The sick are fed with corn meal, sour cabbages, and dried codfish.
“There are very many sick, especially of tuberculosis76, which assumes every form. Statistics show that this disease was found in thirty cases out of a hundred visited, and that it was continually increasing because of the scarcity77 of food.”
We learnt of the treatment of Italian prisoners taken during the Austrian invasion from escaped Italian prisoners and from reports from captured Austrians. The Czech officer, mentioned in the foregoing, 35 wrote in his diary: “While the Italian prisoners were passing through the city (of Feltre) the women along the streets wept.”
The following information I received from two automobilists, by name Ventura and Gandolfo, with whom I was able to speak:
“The life of the Italian prisoners is most terrible. They are treated with scorn, are scantily78 fed, and are compelled to work at nerve-racking tasks. The harshest kind of a life would be welcomed by them to-day as a liberation.”
The two automobilists on December 13 saw the fresh grave of two Italian infantrymen, taken prisoners. They both affirmed that the prisoners had died of hunger. The Italian soldiers had not been thought worthy79 of burial in sacred ground, despite the protestations made by a worthy priest, 36 therefore their graves were out upon a common field.
Finally, here is the story of two Italian prisoners who escaped from the enemy—Lieut. Mario Zannini of the Second Battalion, 245th Infantry, and Private Tortoriello Domenico of the Third Battalion, 21st Infantry.
“There are still many of our men wandering round the country. Some of them have not as yet been arrested and others are escaped prisoners. Their condition is most miserable80. They have about one two-pound loaf of bread to divide among six. The under-nourishment weakens the organs and they can no longer work. Several have taken sick, and a few have died from exhaustion.
“Those who belong to the invaded regions try to escape to their own homes, where relatives and friends do all they can to protect them, though, often 37 enough, they fall again into the hands of the tyrants81, who then make them pay for their flight with all sorts of torment82, ill-treatment, and injury.”
What sort of an existence did the people of the invaded lands lead; those people who so long tranquilly83 waited in the hope that we would forever drive away from them the eternal menace of the enemy ready to pounce84 upon them?
The diary of the Czech officer says, “The civilians are living in a most critical condition. The passing troops have taken everything from them, edibles85, horses, mules, wagons86, kitchen utensils. Whatever remained, especially objects of copper, were seized by the gendarmes.”
The Germans do their requisitioning in the following manner: they order, at the point of a gun, the peasants to open their doors, and when they have thus frightened them, succeed in getting everything from 38 them. Enemy deserters who have come to our lines have confirmed the vexations to which the troops subject the people of the invaded lands. According to them, the cruelest and most savage87 are the Slovenes, the Bosnians and the Croatians, especially the Croatians who have indeed been known to enter a home, and at the point of a gun, take away the few provisions left to a family by the rationing88 committee. Often the Croatian officers themselves incite89 the troops to pillage90 and plunder91. Wherever the Croatians pass they leave traces of their brutality92 not only on property but also on the people, both men and women, whom they treat with violence.
The same report was confirmed by a deserter from the second battalion, 23rd Regiment of chasseurs, who said:
“The people of the occupied lands are continually subjected to injuries. Almost all the food they have has been taken 39 from them. Wherever anything is left by the official requisitioning committees, the soldiers, especially the Slovenes, steal the rest. Near Sesto al Roghena several Slovenes fired fifteen shots at a civilian who refused to let them remove his goods. He was seriously wounded.
“With my own eyes I saw near the Tower of Mos, two drunken Hungarian soldiers beating an old man who would not let them steal his cow.”
The Croatian troops were ready to steal and plunder wherever they passed. A Hungarian volunteer, taken prisoner, assured us he had seen at Rivarotta (Palazzolo) a group of Croatians threatening a priest with a stick unless he immediately procured93 them some girls. At Portogruaro a woman threatened to wound with a stick a corporal who attempted to do her violence.
The following impressions are taken from the afore-mentioned automobilists. 40 Ventura and Gandolfi, who as prisoners were placed in the postal94 service by the Austrians, but who succeeded in escaping:
“We entered for the first time into Udine under the hands of the Austrians, on November 3, at about three in the afternoon. The city’s wounds were all still open and bleeding. There were still smouldering fires along the outskirts95. Houses were thrown open, stores shattered; all that which made for a prosperous, wealthy trade, turned out onto the streets—furniture, linen34, utensils, crockery, broken bottles, old papers and families keepsakes. Over the smiling, peaceful city, it seemed as if a destructive squall had swept. The automobile stopped at the hospital of the seminary. In one corner of the street three young Italian women were offering such little comfort as lay in their power with their 41 scanty96 food and their most welcome presence.
“The city was full of German and Austrian soldiers hunting from house to house and from store to store for booty. The officers took part without a shame in the pillaging.
“Doors to houses were thrown in and the inhabitants compelled, by threats, to help in the plunder of their own belongings97. After a short time, there was not a single family which had not been robbed and plundered98.
“In the country regions the soldiers rush with impunity99 from one farmhouse100 to another leaving everywhere the traces of their rapine. The military authorities encourage the soldiers to send home to their families packages of provisions, knowing well enough that such have not been bought, but have been seized by violence. Furthermore the authorities themselves leave behind them, in exchange 42 for horses and provisions requisitioned, receipts either with illegal signatures or irregularly compiled, or with ridiculous phrases, as for instance, ‘Fulle Kusse,’ or signed, ‘Cadorna will pay you.’
“Between San Fior and Monticella, near the inn of Gai, a detachment of German soldiers who wanted to occupy a house inhabited by about forty old persons, women and children, not only entered with violence, but in a spiteful, bestial mood, threw all the furniture from the windows.
“Near the headquarters of the 51st corps101, a peasant family had succeeded in saving from theft a cow. One night, a group of soldiers entered by sheer force and took her away.”
Two other prisoners who succeeded in escaping after many adventures, Lieut. Zannini and Private Torotoriello, formerly102 mentioned, added the following details to 43 the account of the life of those in the invaded districts:
“The enemy troops, drunk, entered the houses and dwellings103 and broke and burnt the furniture which was thrown out of the windows.
“The young women, terrorized by the looks of the barbarians104, barricaded105 themselves behind piles of furniture. Many deeds of violence were attempted and accomplished106.”
Lieutenant Zannini told me how he took by the chest and hurled107 out of the door, at San Michele di Piave, a German soldier who in the presence of her mother tried to seduce108 a young girl, after having wounded with a knife an old man who had tried to defend her.
Private Torotoriello told me he saw one day, the body of a girl on the street near Polcenigo. She had thrown herself from 44 the window in an attempt to escape from two German officers. The same soldier at Stevenà di Caneva, was threatened with a revolver by two other German officers, because he would not forsake109 a young woman whose mother had entreated110 him to protect her. He later learnt of the violence done and the wrath111 of the entire population which openly revolted against the authorities. In the face of such violence, thievery, bestiality and rape112, the Italian people reacted.
The population of Fouzaso composed largely of women and children lived apart in silence, maintaining a dignified113, proud demeanor114 in front of the Austrians. There was a look of sadness on the face of every Italian. Every day the church was crowded with worshippers. One could often see, along the street, women, who when they stopped to talk to one another could not keep back the tears. The children sang a ditty with the refrain, “Mount Grappa you are my country.” The song is forbidden. 45 From the belfry the bells have been removed. That was a painful occurrence, for the bells were hurled from the belfry and broke into a thousand pieces right before the eyes of the people. Some of them, weeping, gathered a few of the broken bits of bronze and cherished them as though they were sacred relics115. The fragments of the bells were at once loaded on automobiles and sent to Primolano. Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the village were ever discussing an Italian counter-offensive to drive out the Austrians.
Such are the documents I gathered while I remained one month with the Intelligence Division of the Third Army.
Meanwhile my thoughts ran somewhat as follows:
“I have as yet no plan, as yet no definite program, but everything must be tried, everything must be risked against this vile enemy which devastates116 our 46 properties, steals all that which we hold most beautiful and sacred, violates our women, and commits every kind of abomination. Of what value is my life when compared with the good which our command might derive117 from having on the other side a trusted person, capable of sending to it daily detailed118 reports on the location of troops, on the condition of the enemy troops, on the plans of the enemy? My plans will take shape gradually, but meanwhile I am certain of one thing—I am going to try everything, I am going to dare the incredible, I am going to make real the fantastic. The enemy! He is destroying my houses; the paintings, the tapestries119, the relics of our church at Vittorio have been taken from their frames and sent towards the far-off ways of Austria. If they are pillaging my house and destroying with it all which memory holds most sacred, then I want to assume the great risk and the great 47 honor of attempting to destroy their army.”
And so one morning I presented myself before Colonel Smaniotto and said in a steady voice, “Sir, I have as yet no definite plan, but I am disposed to accept in broad terms your proposition. At first the undertaking120 seemed inconceivable, but after what I have seen and heard about the way in which the invader is treating our lands and the inhabitants who have remained there, nothing is any longer inconceivable to me, nothing is unattemptable.”
The Colonel grasped my hand, smiled good-naturedly, and said, “That is why I placed you among the prisoners; that is why I gave you access to such important documents. I knew that your sturdy type of citizen and soldier could not remain insensible to the cry of pain which comes to us from every land across the Piave. And now let us get to work. We must plan and organize the undertaking.”
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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implicit
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| a.暗示的，含蓄的，不明晰的，绝对的 | |
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relinquishing
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的现在分词 )； 放弃 | |
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invader
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| n.侵略者，侵犯者，入侵者 | |
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resuscitate
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| v.使复活，使苏醒 | |
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foodstuffs
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| 食物，食品( foodstuff的名词复数 ) | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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automobiles
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| n.汽车( automobile的名词复数 ) | |
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champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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voracity
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| n.贪食，贪婪 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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veal
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| n.小牛肉 | |
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sardines
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| n. 沙丁鱼 | |
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prunes
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| n.西梅脯，西梅干( prune的名词复数 )v.修剪（树木等）( prune的第三人称单数 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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plentiful
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| adj.富裕的，丰富的 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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trench
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| n./v.(挖)沟，(挖)战壕 | |
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maize
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| n.玉米 | |
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rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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linens
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| n.亚麻布( linen的名词复数 )；家庭日用织品 | |
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linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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pillaging
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的现在分词 ) | |
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squads
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| n.（军队中的）班( squad的名词复数 )；（暗杀）小组；体育运动的运动（代表）队；（对付某类犯罪活动的）警察队伍 | |
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utensils
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| 器具，用具，器皿( utensil的名词复数 )； 器物 | |
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livestock
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| n.家畜，牲畜 | |
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39
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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40
copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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41
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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42
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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43
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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44
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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45
devastated
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
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46
gendarmes
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| n.宪兵，警官( gendarme的名词复数 ) | |
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47
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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48
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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49
hilarious
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| adj.充满笑声的，欢闹的；[反]depressed | |
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50
exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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51
joyously
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| ad.快乐地, 高兴地 | |
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52
bestial
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| adj.残忍的；野蛮的 | |
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53
entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
morsel
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| n.一口，一点点 | |
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55
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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56
avidly
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| adv.渴望地，热心地 | |
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57
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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58
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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59
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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60
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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61
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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62
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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63
agonizing
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| adj.痛苦难忍的；使人苦恼的v.使极度痛苦；折磨(agonize的ing形式) | |
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64
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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65
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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66
stiffened
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| 加强的 | |
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67
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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68
hymn
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| n.赞美诗，圣歌，颂歌 | |
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69
beverages
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| n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 ) | |
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70
marshes
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| n.沼泽，湿地( marsh的名词复数 ) | |
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71
contractors
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| n.（建筑、监造中的）承包人( contractor的名词复数 ) | |
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72
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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73
alleviate
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| v.减轻，缓和，缓解(痛苦等) | |
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74
surgical
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| adj.外科的，外科医生的，手术上的 | |
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sterilizing
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| v.消毒( sterilize的现在分词 )；使无菌；使失去生育能力；使绝育 | |
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76
tuberculosis
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| n.结核病，肺结核 | |
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77
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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78
scantily
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| adv.缺乏地；不充足地；吝啬地；狭窄地 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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80
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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81
tyrants
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| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
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82
torment
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| n.折磨；令人痛苦的东西(人)；vt.折磨；纠缠 | |
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83
tranquilly
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| adv. 宁静地 | |
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84
pounce
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| n.猛扑；v.猛扑，突然袭击，欣然同意 | |
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85
edibles
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| 可以吃的，可食用的( edible的名词复数 )； 食物 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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87
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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88
rationing
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| n.定量供应 | |
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89
incite
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| v.引起，激动，煽动 | |
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90
pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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91
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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92
brutality
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| n.野蛮的行为，残忍，野蛮 | |
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93
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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94
postal
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| adj.邮政的，邮局的 | |
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95
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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96
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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97
belongings
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| n.私人物品，私人财物 | |
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98
plundered
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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99
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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100
farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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101
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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102
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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103
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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104
barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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105
barricaded
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| 设路障于，以障碍物阻塞( barricade的过去式和过去分词 )； 设路障[防御工事]保卫或固守 | |
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106
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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107
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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108
seduce
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| vt.勾引，诱奸，诱惑，引诱 | |
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109
forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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110
entreated
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| 恳求，乞求( entreat的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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112
rape
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| n.抢夺，掠夺，强奸；vt.掠夺，抢夺，强奸 | |
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113
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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114
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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115
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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116
devastates
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| v.彻底破坏( devastate的第三人称单数 )；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮 | |
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117
derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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118
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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119
tapestries
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| n.挂毯( tapestry的名词复数 )；绣帷，织锦v.用挂毯（或绣帷）装饰( tapestry的第三人称单数 ) | |
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120
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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