HISTORICAL NOTICE.
Being about to give a few sketches1 taken during a three weeks' sojourn2 in the ancestral mansion3 of the late Lord Byron, I think it proper to premise4 some brief particulars concerning its history.
Newstead Abbey is one of the finest specimens5 in existence of those quaint7 and romantic piles, half castle, half convent, which remain as monuments of the olden times of England. It stands, too, in the midst of a legendary9 neighborhood; being in the heart of Sherwood Forest, and surrounded by the haunts of Robin11 Hood10 and his band of outlaws12, so famous in ancient ballad13 and nursery tale. It is true, the forest scarcely exists but in name, and the tract14 of country over which it once extended its broad solitudes16 and shades, is now an open and smiling region, cultivated with parks and farms, and enlivened with villages.
Newstead, which probably once exerted a monastic sway over this region, and controlled the consciences of the rude foresters, was originally a priory, founded in the latter part of the twelfth century, by Henry II., at the time when he sought, by building of shrines18 and convents, and by other acts of external piety19, to expiate20 the murder of Thomas a Becket. The priory was dedicated21 to God and the Virgin22, and was inhabited by a fraternity of canons regular of St. Augustine. This order was originally simple and abstemious23 in its mode of living, and exemplary in its conduct; but it would seem that it gradually lapsed24 into those abuses which disgraced too many of the wealthy monastic establishments; for there are documents among its archives which intimate the prevalence of gross misrule and dissolute sensuality among its members. At the time of the dissolution of the convents during the reign25 of Henry VIII., Newstead underwent a sudden reverse, being given, with the neighboring manor26 and rectory of Papelwick, to Sir John Byron, Steward27 of Manchester and Rochdale, and Lieutenant28 of Sherwood Forest. This ancient family worthy30 figures in the traditions of the Abbey, and in the ghost stories with which it abounds31, under the quaint and graphic32 appellation33 of "Sir John Byron the Little, with the great Beard." He converted the saintly edifice34 into a castellated dwelling35, making it his favorite residence and the seat of his forest jurisdiction36.
The Byron family being subsequently ennobled by a baronial title, and enriched by various possessions, maintained great style and retinue37 at Newstead. The proud edifice partook, however, of the vicissitudes38 of the times, and Lord Byron, in one of his poems, represents it as alternately the scene of lordly wassailing and of civil war:
"Hark, how the hall resounding39 to the strain,
Shakes with the martial40 music's novel din17!
The heralds41 of a warrior's haughty42 reign,
High crested43 banners wave thy walls within.
"Of changing sentinels the distant hum,
The mirth of feasts, the clang of burnish'd arms,
The braying44 trumpet45, and the hoarser46 drum,
Unite in concert with increased alarms."
About the middle of the last century, the Abbey came into the possession of another noted47 character, who makes no less figure in its shadowy traditions than Sir John the Little with the great Beard. This was the grand-uncle of the poet, familiarly known among the gossiping chroniclers of the Abbey as "the Wicked Lord Byron." He is represented as a man of irritable48 passions and vindictive49 temper, in the indulgence of which an incident occurred which gave a turn to his whole character and life, and in some measure affected50 the fortunes of the Abbey. In his neighborhood lived his kinsman51 and friend, Mr. Chaworth, proprietor52 of Annesley Hall. Being together in London in 1765, in a chamber53 of the Star and Garter tavern54 in Pall55 Mall, a quarrel rose between them. Byron insisted upon settling it upon the spot by single combat. They fought without seconds, by the dim light of a candle, and Mr. Chaworth, although the most expert swordsman, received a mortal wound. With his dying breath he related such particulars the contest as induced the coroner's jury to return a verdict of wilful56 murder. Lord Byron was sent to the Tower, and subsequently tried before the House of Peers, where an ultimate verdict was given of manslaughter.
He retired57 after this to the Abbey, where he shut himself up to brood over his disgraces; grew gloomy, morose58, and fantastical, and indulged in fits of passion and caprice, that made him the theme of rural wonder and scandal. No tale was too wild or too monstrous59 for vulgar belief. Like his successor the poet, he was accused of all kinds of vagaries60 and wickedness. It was said that he always went armed, as if prepared to commit murder on the least provocation61. At one time, when a gentleman of his neighborhood was to dine tete a tete with him, it is said a brace62 of pistols were gravely laid with the knives and forks upon the table, as part of the regular table furniture, and implements63 that might be needed in the course of the repast. Another rumor64 states that being exasperated65 at his coachman for disobedience to orders, he shot him on the spot, threw his body into the coach where Lady Byron was seated, and, mounting the box, officiated in his stead. At another time, according to the same vulgar rumors66, he threw her ladyship into the lake in front of the Abbey, where she would have been drowned, but for the timely aid of the gardener. These stories are doubtless exaggerations of trivial incidents which may have occurred; but it is certain that the wayward passions of this unhappy man caused a separation from his wife, and finally spread a solitude15 around him. Being displeased67 at the marriage of his son and heir, he displayed an inveterate68 malignity69 toward him. Not being able to cut off his succession to the Abbey estate, which descended70 to him by entail71, he endeavored to injure it as much as possible, so that it might come a mere72 wreck73 into his hands. For this purpose he suffered the Abbey to fall out of repair, and everything to go to waste about it, and cut down all the timber on the estate, laying low many a tract of old Sherwood Forest, so that the Abbey lands lay stripped and bare of all their ancient honors. He was baffled in his unnatural74 revenge by the premature75 death of his son, and passed the remainder of his days in his deserted76 and dilapidated halls, a gloomy misanthrope77, brooding amidst the scenes he had laid desolate78.
His wayward humors drove from him all neighborly society, and for a part of the time he was almost without domestics. In his misanthropic80 mood, when at variance81 with all human kind, he took to feeding crickets, so that in process of time the Abbey was overrun with them, and its lonely halls made more lonely at night by their monotonous82 music. Tradition adds that, at his death, the crickets seemed aware that they had lost their patron and protector, for they one and all packed up bag and baggage, and left the Abbey, trooping across its courts and corridors in all directions.
The death of the "Old Lord," or "The Wicked Lord Byron," for he is known by both appellations83, occurred in 1798; and the Abbey then passed into the possession of the poet. The latter was but eleven years of age, and living in humble84 style with his mother in Scotland. They came soon after to England, to take possession. Moore gives a simple but striking anecdote85 of the first arrival of the poet at the domains86 of his ancestors.
They had arrived at the Newstead toll-bar, and saw the woods of the Abbey stretching out to receive them, when Mrs. Byron, affecting to be ignorant of the place, asked the woman of the toll-house to whom that seat belonged? She was told that the owner of it, Lord Byron, had been some months dead. "And who is the next heir?" asked the proud and happy mother. "They say," answered the old woman, "it is a little boy who lives at Aberdeen." "And this is he, bless him!" exclaimed the nurse, no longer able to contain herself, and turning to kiss with delight the young lord who was seated on her lap. [Footnote: Moore's Life of Lord Byron.]
During Lord Byron's minority, the Abbey was let to Lord Grey de Ruthen, but the poet visited it occasionally during the Harrow vacations, when he resided with his mother at lodgings87 in Nottingham. It was treated little better by its present tenant29, than by the old lord who preceded him; so that when, in the autumn of 1808, Lord Byron took up his abode88 there, it was in a ruinous condition. The following lines from his own pen may give some idea of its condition:
"Through thy battlements, Newstead, the hollow winds whistle,
Thou, the hall of my fathers, art gone to decay;
In thy once smiling garden, the hemlock89 and thistle
Have choked up the rose which once bloomed in the way.
"Of the mail-covered barons90 who, proudly, to battle
Led thy vassals91 from Europe to Palestine's plain,
The escutcheon and shield, which with every wind rattle92,
Are the only sad vestiges93 now that remain."
[Footnote: Lines on leaving Newstead Abbey.]
In another poem he expresses the melancholy95 feeling with which he took possession of his ancestral mansion:
"Newstead! what saddening scene of change is thine,
Thy yawning arch betokens96 sure decay:
The last and youngest of a noble line,
Now holds thy mouldering97 turrets98 in his sway.
"Deserted now, he scans thy gray-worn towers,
Thy vaults99, where dead of feudal100 ages sleep,
Thy cloisters101, pervious to the wintry showers,
These—these he views, and views them but to weep.
"Yet he prefers thee to the gilded102 domes79,
Or gewgaw grottoes of the vainly great;
Yet lingers mid8 thy damp and mossy tombs,
Nor breathes a murmur103 'gainst the will of fate."
[Footnote: Elegy104 on Newstead Abbey.]
Lord Byron had not fortune sufficient to put the pile in extensive repair, nor to maintain anything like the state of his ancestors. He restored some of the apartments, so as to furnish his mother with a comfortable habitation, and fitted up a quaint study for himself, in which, among books and busts105, and other library furniture, were two skulls107 of the ancient friars, grinning on each side of an antique cross. One of his gay companions gives a picture of Newstead when thus repaired, and the picture is sufficiently108 desolate.
"There are two tiers of cloisters, with a variety of cells and rooms about them, which, though not inhabited, nor in an inhabitable state, might easily be made so; and many of the original rooms, among which is a fine stone hall, are still in use. Of the Abbey church, one end only remains109; and the old kitchen, with a long range of apartments, is reduced to a heap of rubbish. Leading from the Abbey to the modern part of the habitation is a noble room, seventy feet in length, and twenty-three in breadth; but every part of the house displays neglect and decay, save those which the present lord has lately fitted up." [Footnote: Letter of the late Charles Skinner Mathews, Esq.]
Even the repairs thus made were but of transient benefit, for the roof being left in its dilapidated state, the rain soon penetrated110 into the apartments which Lord Byron had restored and decorated, and in a few years rendered them almost as desolate as the rest of the Abbey.
Still he felt a pride in the ruinous old edifice; its very dreary111 and dismantled112 state, addressed itself to his poetical113 imagination, and to that love of the melancholy and the grand which is evinced in all his writings. "Come what may," said he in one of his letters, "Newstead and I stand or fall together. I have now lived on the spot. I have fixed114 my heart upon it, and no pressure, present or future, shall induce me to barter115 the last vestige94 of our inheritance. I have that pride within me which will enable me to support difficulties: could I obtain in exchange for Newstead Abbey, the first fortune in the country, I would reject the proposition."
His residence at the Abbey, however, was fitful and uncertain. He passed occasional portions of time there, sometimes studiously and alone, oftener idly and recklessly, and occasionally with young and gay companions, in riot and revelry, and the indulgence of all kinds of mad caprice. The Abbey was by no means benefited by these roystering inmates116, who sometimes played off monkish119 mummeries about the cloisters, at other times turned the state chambers120 into schools for boxing and single-stick, and shot pistols in the great hall. The country people of the neighborhood were as much puzzled by these madcap vagaries of the new incumbent121, as by the gloomier habits of the "old lord," and began to think that madness was inherent in the Byron race, or that some wayward star ruled over the Abbey.
It is needless to enter into a detail of the circumstances which led his Lordship to sell his ancestral estate, notwithstanding the partial predilections123 and hereditary124 feeling which he had so eloquently125 expressed. Fortunately, it fell into the hands of a man who possessed126 something of a poetical temperament127, and who cherished an enthusiastic admiration128 for Lord Byron. Colonel (at that time Major) Wildman had been a schoolmate of the poet, and sat with him on the same form at Harrow. He had subsequently distinguished129 himself in the war of the Peninsula, and at the battle of Waterloo, and it was a great consolation130 to Lord Byron, in parting with his family estate, to know that it would be held by one capable of restoring its faded glories, and who would respect and preserve all the monuments and memorials of his line. [Footnote: The following letter, written in the course of the transfer of the estate, has never been published:—
Venice, November 18, 1818.
My Dear Wildman,
Mr. Hanson is on the eve of his return, so that I have only time to return a few inadequate131 thanks for your very kind letter. I should regret to trouble you with any requests of mine, in regard to the preservation132 of any signs of my family, which may still exist at Newstead, and leave everything of that kind to your own feelings, present or future, upon the subject. The portrait which you flatter me by desiring, would not be worth to you your trouble and expense of such an expedition, but you may rely upon having the very first that may be painted, and which may seem worth your acceptance.
I trust that Newstead will, being yours, remain so, and that it may see you as happy, as I am very sure that you will make your dependents. With regard to myself, you may be sure that whether in the fourth, or fifth, or sixth form at Harrow, or in the fluctuations133 of after life, I shall always remember with regard my old schoolfellow—fellow monitor, and friend, and recognize with respect the gallant134 soldier, who, with all the advantages of fortune and allurements135 of youth to a life of pleasure, devoted136 himself to duties of a nobler order, and will receive his reward in the esteem137 and admiration of his country.
Ever yours most truly and affectionately,
BYRON.]
The confidence of Lord Byron in the good feeling and good taste of Colonel Wildman has been justified138 by the event. Under his judicious139 eye and munificent140 hand the venerable and romantic pile has risen from its ruins in all its old monastic and baronial splendor141, and additions have been made to it in perfect conformity142 of style. The groves143 and forests have been replanted; the lakes and fish-ponds cleaned out, and the gardens rescued from the "hemlock and thistle," and restored to their pristine145 and dignified146 formality.
The farms on the estate have been put in complete order, new farm-houses built of stone, in the picturesque147 and comfortable style of the old English granges; the hereditary tenants148 secured in their paternal149 homes, and treated with the most considerate indulgence; everything, in a word, gives happy indications of a liberal and beneficent landlord.
What most, however, will interest the visitors to the Abbey in favor of its present occupant, is the reverential care with which he has preserved and renovated150 every monument and relic151 of the Byron family, and every object in anywise connected with the memory of the poet. Eighty thousand pounds have already been expended152 upon the venerable pile, yet the work is still going on, and Newstead promises to realize the hope faintly breathed by the poet when bidding it a melancholy farewell—
"Haply thy sun emerging, yet may shine,
Thee to irradiate with meridian153 ray;
Hours splendid as the past may still be thine,
And bless thy future, as thy former day."
ARRIVAL AT THE ABBEY.
I had been passing a merry Christmas in the good old style at Barlhoro' Hall, a venerable family mansion in Derbyshire, and set off to finish the holidays with the hospitable154 proprietor of Newstead Abbey. A drive of seventeen miles through a pleasant country, part of it the storied region of Sherwood Forest, brought me to the gate of Newstead Park. The aspect of the park was by no means imposing155, the fine old trees that once adorned156 it having been laid low by Lord Byron's wayward predecessor157.
Entering the gate, the postchaise rolled heavily along a sandy road, between naked declivities, gradually descending158 into one of those gentle and sheltered valleys, in which the sleek159 monks160 of old loved to nestle themselves. Here a sweep of the road round an angle of a garden wall brought us full in front of the venerable edifice, embosomed in the valley, with a beautiful sheet of water spreading out before it.
The irregular gray pile, of motley architecture, answered to the description given by Lord Byron:
"An old, old monastery161 once, and now
Still older mansion, of a rich and rare
Mixed Gothic"——
One end was fortified162 by a castellated tower, bespeaking163 the baronial and warlike days of the edifice; the other end maintained its primitive164 monastic character. A ruined chapel165, flanked by a solemn grove144, still reared its front entire. It is true, the threshold of the once frequented portal was grass-grown, and the great lancet window, once glorious with painted glass, was now entwined and overhung with ivy166; but the old convent cross still braved both time and tempest on the pinnacle167 of the chapel, and below, the blessed effigies168 of the Virgin and child, sculptured in gray stone, remained uninjured in their niche169, giving a sanctified aspect to the pile. [Footnote:
"—in a higher niche, alone, but crown'd,
The Virgin Mother of the God-born child
With her son in her blessed arms, looked round,
Spared by some chance, when all beside was spoil'd:
She made the earth below seem holy ground."—DON JUAN, Canto170 III.]
A flight of rooks, tenants of the adjacent grove, were hovering171 about the ruin, and balancing themselves upon ever airy projection172, and looked down with curious eye and cawed as the postchaise rattled173 along below.
The chamberlain of the Abbey, a most decorous personage, dressed in black, received us at the portal. Here, too, we encountered a memento174 of Lord Byron, a great black and white Newfoundland dog, that had accompanied his remains from Greece. He was descended from the famous Boatswain, and inherited his generous qualities. He was a cherished inmate117 of the Abbey, and honored and caressed175 by every visitor. Conducted by the chamberlain, and followed by the dog, who assisted in doing the honors of the house, we passed through a long low vaulted176 hall, supported by massive Gothic arches, and not a little resembling the crypt of a cathedral, being the basement story of the Abbey.
From this we ascended177 a stone staircase, at the head of which a pair of folding doors admitted us into a broad corridor that ran round the interior of the Abbey. The windows of the corridor looked into a quadrangular grass-grown court, forming the hollow centre of the pile. In the midst of it rose a lofty and fantastic fountain, wrought178 of the same gray stone as the main edifice, and which has been well described by Lord Byron.
"Amidst the court a Gothic fountain play'd,
Symmetrical, but deck'd with carvings179 quaint,
Strange faces, like to men in masquerade,
And here perhaps a monster, there a saint:
The spring rush'd through grim mouths of granite180 made,
And sparkled into basins, where it spent
Its little torrent181 in a thousand bubbles,
Like man's vain glory, and his vainer troubles."
[Footnote: DON JUAN, Canto III]
Around this quadrangle were low vaulted cloisters, with Gothic arches, once the secluded182 walks of the monks: the corridor along which we were passing was built above these cloisters, and their hollow arches seemed to reverberate183 every footfall. Everything thus far had a solemn monastic air; but, on arriving at an angle of the corridor, the eye, glancing along a shadowy gallery, caught a sight of two dark figures in plate armor, with closed visors, bucklers braced184, and swords drawn185, standing122 motionless against the wall. They seemed two phantoms186 of the chivalrous187 era of the Abbey.
Here the chamberlain, throwing open a folding door, ushered188 us at once into a spacious189 and lofty saloon, which offered a brilliant contrast to the quaint and sombre apartments we had traversed. It was elegantly furnished, and the walls hung with paintings, yet something of its original architecture had been preserved and blended with modern embellishments. There were the stone-shafted casements190 and the deep bow-window of former times. The carved and panelled wood-work of the lofty ceiling had likewise been carefully restored, and its Gothic and grotesque192 devices painted and gilded in their ancient style.
Here, too, were emblems193 of the former and latter days of the Abbey, in the effigies of the first and last of the Byron line that held sway over its destinies. At the upper end of the saloon, above the door, the dark Gothic portrait of "Sir John Byron the Little with the great Beard," looked grimly down from his canvas, while, at the opposite end, a white marble bust106 of the genius loci, the noble poet, shone conspicuously194 from its pedestal.
The whole air and style of the apartment partook more of the palace than the monastery, and its windows looked forth195 on a suitable prospect196, composed of beautiful groves, smooth verdant197 lawns, and silver sheets of water. Below the windows was a small flower-garden, inclosed by stone balustrades, on which were stately peacocks, sunning themselves and displaying their plumage. About the grass-plots in front, were gay cock pheasants, and plump partridges, and nimble-footed water hens, feeding almost in perfect security.
Such was the medley198 of objects presented to the eye on first visiting the Abbey, and I found the interior fully191 to answer the description of the poet—
"The mansion's self was vast and venerable,
With more of the monastic than has been
Elsewhere preserved; the cloisters still were stable,
The cells, too, and refectory, I ween;
An exquisite199 small chapel had been able,
Still unimpair'd, to decorate the scene;
The rest had been reformed, replaced, or sunk,
And spoke200 more of the friar than the monk118.
"Huge halls, long galleries, spacious chambers, joined
By no quite lawful201 marriage of the arts,
Might shock a connoisseur202; but when combined
Formed a whole, which, irregular in parts,
Yet left a grand impression on the mind,
At least of those whose eyes were in their hearts."
It is not my intention to lay open the scenes of domestic life at the Abbey, nor to describe the festivities of which I was a partaker during my sojourn within its hospitable walls. I wish merely to present a picture of the edifice itself, and of those personages and circumstances about it, connected with the memory of Byron.
I forbear, therefore, to dwell on my reception by my excellent and amiable203 host and hostess, or to make my reader acquainted with the elegant inmates of the mansion that I met in the saloon; and I shall pass on at once with him to the chamber allotted204 me, and to which I was most respectfully conducted by the chamberlain.
It was one of a magnificent suite205 of rooms, extending between the court of the cloisters and the Abbey garden, the windows looking into the latter. The whole suite formed the ancient state apartment, and had fallen into decay during the neglected days of the Abbey, so as to be in a ruinous condition in the time of Lord Byron. It had since been restored to its ancient splendor, of which my chamber may be cited as a specimen6. It was lofty and well proportioned; the lower part of the walls was panelled with ancient oak, the upper part hung with gobelin tapestry206, representing oriental hunting scenes, wherein the figures were of the size of life, and of great vivacity207 of attitude and color.
The furniture was antique, dignified, and cumbrous. High-backed chairs curiously208 carved, and wrought in needlework; a massive clothes-press of dark oak, well polished, and inlaid with landscapes of various tinted209 woods; a bed of state, ample and lofty, so as only to be ascended by a movable flight of steps, the huge posts supporting a high tester with a tuft of crimson210 plumes211 at each corner, and rich curtains of crimson damask hanging in broad and heavy folds.
A venerable mirror of plate glass stood on the toilet, in which belles212 of former centuries may have contemplated213 and decorated their charms. The floor of the chamber was of tesselated oak, shining with wax, and partly covered by a Turkey carpet. In the centre stood a massy oaken table, waxed and polished as smooth as glass, and furnished with a writing-desk of perfumed rosewood.
A sober light was admitted into the room through Gothic stone-shafted casements, partly shaded by crimson curtains, and partly overshadowed by the trees of the garden. This solemnly tempered light added to the effect of the stately and antiquated214 interior.
Two portraits, suspended over the doors, were in keeping with the scene. They were in ancient Vandyke dresses; one was a cavalier, who may have occupied this apartment in days of yore, the other was a lady with a black velvet215 mask in her hand, who may once have arrayed herself for conquest at the very mirror I have described.
The most curious relic of old times, however, in this quaint but richly dight apartment, was a great chimney-piece of panel-work, carved in high relief, with niches216 or compartments217, each containing a human bust, that protruded218 almost entirely219 from the wall. Some of the figures were in ancient Gothic garb220; the most striking among them was a female, who was earnestly regarded by a fierce Saracen from an adjoining niche.
This panel-work is among the mysteries of the Abbey, and causes as much wide speculation221 as the Egyptian hieroglyphics222. Some suppose it to illustrate223 an adventure in the Holy Land, and that the lady in effigy224 had been rescued by some Crusader of the family from the turbaned Turk who watches her so earnestly. What tends to give weight to these suppositions is, that similar pieces of panel-work exist in other parts of the Abbey, in all of which are to be seen the Christian225 lady and her Saracen guardian226 or lover. At the bottom of these sculptures are emblazoned the armorial bearings of the Byrons.
I shall not detain the reader, however, with any further description of my apartment, or of the mysteries connected with it. As he is to pass some days with me at the Abbey, we shall have time to examine the old edifice at our leisure, and to make ourselves acquainted, not merely with its interior, but likewise with its environs.
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sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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sojourn
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| v./n.旅居，寄居；逗留 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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premise
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| n.前提；v.提论，预述 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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mid
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| adj.中央的，中间的 | |
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legendary
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| adj.传奇（中）的，闻名遐迩的；n.传奇（文学） | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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robin
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| n.知更鸟，红襟鸟 | |
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outlaws
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| 歹徒，亡命之徒( outlaw的名词复数 )； 逃犯 | |
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ballad
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| n.歌谣，民谣，流行爱情歌曲 | |
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tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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solitude
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| n. 孤独; 独居,荒僻之地,幽静的地方 | |
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solitudes
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| n.独居( solitude的名词复数 )；孤独；荒僻的地方；人迹罕至的地方 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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expiate
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| v.抵补，赎罪 | |
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dedicated
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| adj.一心一意的；献身的；热诚的 | |
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virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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abstemious
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| adj.有节制的，节俭的 | |
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lapsed
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| adj.流失的，堕落的v.退步( lapse的过去式和过去分词 )；陷入；倒退；丧失 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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28
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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29
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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30
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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31
abounds
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的第三人称单数 ) | |
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32
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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33
appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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34
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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35
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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36
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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37
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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38
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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39
resounding
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| adj. 响亮的 | |
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40
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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41
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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42
haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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43
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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44
braying
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| v.发出驴叫似的声音( bray的现在分词 )；发嘟嘟声；粗声粗气地讲话（或大笑）；猛击 | |
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45
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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46
hoarser
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| （指声音）粗哑的，嘶哑的( hoarse的比较级 ) | |
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47
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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48
irritable
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| adj.急躁的；过敏的；易怒的 | |
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49
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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50
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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51
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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52
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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53
chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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54
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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55
pall
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| v.覆盖，使平淡无味；n.柩衣，棺罩；棺材；帷幕 | |
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56
wilful
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|
| adj.任性的，故意的 | |
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57
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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58
morose
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| adj.脾气坏的，不高兴的 | |
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59
monstrous
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|
| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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60
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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61
provocation
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| n.激怒，刺激，挑拨，挑衅的事物，激怒的原因 | |
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62
brace
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| n. 支柱,曲柄,大括号; v. 绷紧,顶住,(为困难或坏事)做准备 | |
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63
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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64
rumor
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| n.谣言，谣传，传说 | |
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65
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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66
rumors
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| n.传闻( rumor的名词复数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷v.传闻( rumor的第三人称单数 )；[古]名誉；咕哝；[古]喧嚷 | |
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67
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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68
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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69
malignity
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| n.极度的恶意，恶毒；（病的）恶性 | |
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70
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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71
entail
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| vt.使承担，使成为必要，需要 | |
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72
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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73
wreck
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| n.失事，遇难；沉船；vt.(船等)失事，遇难 | |
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74
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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75
premature
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| adj.比预期时间早的；不成熟的，仓促的 | |
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76
deserted
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|
| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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77
misanthrope
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| n.恨人类的人；厌世者 | |
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78
desolate
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|
| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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79
domes
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| n.圆屋顶( dome的名词复数 )；像圆屋顶一样的东西；圆顶体育场 | |
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80
misanthropic
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| adj.厌恶人类的，憎恶（或蔑视）世人的；愤世嫉俗 | |
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81
variance
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| n.矛盾，不同 | |
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82
monotonous
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|
| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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83
appellations
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| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
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84
humble
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|
| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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85
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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86
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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87
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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88
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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89
hemlock
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| n.毒胡萝卜，铁杉 | |
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90
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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91
vassals
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| n.奴仆( vassal的名词复数 )；（封建时代）诸侯；从属者；下属 | |
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92
rattle
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| v.飞奔，碰响；激怒；n.碰撞声；拨浪鼓 | |
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93
vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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94
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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95
melancholy
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|
| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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96
betokens
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的第三人称单数 ) | |
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97
mouldering
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| v.腐朽( moulder的现在分词 )；腐烂，崩塌 | |
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98
turrets
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| （六角）转台( turret的名词复数 )； （战舰和坦克等上的）转动炮塔； （摄影机等上的）镜头转台； （旧时攻城用的）塔车 | |
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99
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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100
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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101
cloisters
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| n.（学院、修道院、教堂等建筑的）走廊( cloister的名词复数 )；回廊；修道院的生活；隐居v.隐退，使与世隔绝( cloister的第三人称单数 ) | |
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102
gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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103
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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104
elegy
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| n.哀歌，挽歌 | |
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105
busts
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| 半身雕塑像( bust的名词复数 )； 妇女的胸部； 胸围； 突击搜捕 | |
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106
bust
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| vt.打破；vi.爆裂；n.半身像；胸部 | |
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107
skulls
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| 颅骨( skull的名词复数 )； 脑袋； 脑子； 脑瓜 | |
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108
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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109
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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110
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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111
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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112
dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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113
poetical
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| adj.似诗人的；诗一般的；韵文的；富有诗意的 | |
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114
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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115
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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116
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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117
inmate
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| n.被收容者；(房屋等的)居住人；住院人 | |
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118
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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119
monkish
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| adj.僧侣的，修道士的，禁欲的 | |
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120
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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121
incumbent
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| adj.成为责任的，有义务的；现任的，在职的 | |
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122
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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123
predilections
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| n.偏爱，偏好，嗜好( predilection的名词复数 ) | |
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124
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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125
eloquently
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| adv. 雄辩地(有口才地, 富于表情地) | |
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126
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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127
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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128
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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129
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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130
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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131
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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132
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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133
fluctuations
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| 波动，涨落，起伏( fluctuation的名词复数 ) | |
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134
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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135
allurements
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| n.诱惑( allurement的名词复数 )；吸引；诱惑物；有诱惑力的事物 | |
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136
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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137
esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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138
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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139
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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140
munificent
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| adj.慷慨的，大方的 | |
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141
splendor
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| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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142
conformity
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| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
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143
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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144
grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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145
pristine
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| adj.原来的，古时的，原始的，纯净的，无垢的 | |
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146
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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147
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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148
tenants
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| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
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149
paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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150
renovated
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| 翻新，修复，整修( renovate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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151
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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153
meridian
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| adj.子午线的；全盛期的 | |
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154
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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155
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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156
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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157
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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158
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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159
sleek
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| adj.光滑的，井然有序的；v.使光滑，梳拢 | |
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monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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161
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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162
fortified
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| adj. 加强的 | |
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163
bespeaking
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| v.预定( bespeak的现在分词 )；订（货）；证明；预先请求 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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166
ivy
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| n.常青藤，常春藤 | |
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167
pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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effigies
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| n.（人的）雕像，模拟像，肖像( effigy的名词复数 ) | |
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169
niche
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| n.壁龛；合适的职务(环境、位置等) | |
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170
canto
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| n.长篇诗的章 | |
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171
hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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172
projection
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| n.发射，计划，突出部分 | |
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173
rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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174
memento
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| n.纪念品，令人回忆的东西 | |
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175
caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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176
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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177
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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178
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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179
carvings
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| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
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granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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181
torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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182
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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183
reverberate
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| v.使回响，使反响 | |
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184
braced
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| adj.拉牢的v.支住( brace的过去式和过去分词 )；撑牢；使自己站稳；振作起来 | |
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185
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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186
phantoms
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| n.鬼怪，幽灵( phantom的名词复数 ) | |
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187
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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188
ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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189
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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190
casements
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| n.窗扉( casement的名词复数 ) | |
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191
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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192
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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194
conspicuously
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| ad.明显地，惹人注目地 | |
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195
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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196
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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197
verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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198
medley
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| n.混合 | |
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199
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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200
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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201
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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202
connoisseur
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| n.鉴赏家，行家，内行 | |
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203
amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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204
allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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205
suite
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| n.一套(家具)；套房；随从人员 | |
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206
tapestry
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| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
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207
vivacity
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| n.快活，活泼，精神充沛 | |
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208
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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209
tinted
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| adj. 带色彩的 动词tint的过去式和过去分词 | |
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210
crimson
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| n./adj.深(绯)红色(的)；vi.脸变绯红色 | |
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211
plumes
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| 羽毛( plume的名词复数 )； 羽毛饰； 羽毛状物； 升上空中的羽状物 | |
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212
belles
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| n.美女( belle的名词复数 )；最美的美女 | |
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213
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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214
antiquated
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| adj.陈旧的，过时的 | |
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215
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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216
niches
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| 壁龛( niche的名词复数 )； 合适的位置[工作等]； （产品的）商机； 生态位（一个生物所占据的生境的最小单位） | |
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217
compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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218
protruded
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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219
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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220
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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221
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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222
hieroglyphics
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| n.pl.象形文字 | |
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223
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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224
effigy
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| n.肖像 | |
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225
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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226
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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