Starting with the peril7 and annoyance8 involved in the maintenance of retinues, the proposition may be easily demonstrated. Alike in town and country the presence of armed and idle ruffians was a source of well-grounded apprehension9. Thus, when the Bishop10 of Durham attended parliament, he had to obtain a licence before his retainers could be quartered at Stratford-at-Bow; and the manifold inconveniences produced by these satellites in country districts during the reign11 of Edward I. form the subject of a versified complaint, to be found in Wright's 'Political Songs'. One of the causes of the grievous scarcity12 of labour is believed to have been that nobles and others, under the pretence13 of husbandry, kept in their pay able-bodied dependants14 who, rather than eke15 out a miserable16 existence on the land, preferred to follow some warlike lord.
Billeting
As usual, the trouble began at the fountain-head. Everybody knows the term "billeting" as applied17 to soldiers on the march, who are compulsorily18 quartered on licensed19 victuallers and others at fixed20 rates. This is really a very ancient custom, which is closely, and indeed lineally, connected with the topic under discussion.
In the early days of royal progresses it was the duty of the Marshal of the King's Household to secure lodgings21 for the members of the retinue3 which accompanied him; and this he did by means of a billet, by virtue22 of which he appropriated for the occasion the best of the houses in the vicinity, marking them with chalk and ruthlessly ejecting the occupiers. The Marshal, it may be observed, did not do the chalking himself—a task which seems to have been delegated to the Sergeant23 Chamberlain of the Household.
Even London did not escape this intolerable vexation, though its immunity25 from billeting was expressly laid down in a succession of charters. The royal officials, paying scant26 heed27 to the sanctity of these clauses, repeatedly invaded the precincts of the City; and in the reign of Edward II. they went so far as to seize the house of one of the sheriffs, John de Caustone, and quarter therein the King's Secretary, sergeants28, horses, and harness. The sheriff acted boldly. He erased29 the chalk marks, and proceeded to expel the intrusive30 sergeants—perhaps even the Secretary himself, unless, as Mr. Riley thinks probable, that person "walked quietly away." For this resolute31 vindication32 of the liberties of the City, Caustone had to answer before the Seneschal and Marshal of the King's Household, sitting in the Tower, but, as there was no excuse for the insolent33 aggression34, he suffered no harm. The citizens, indeed, were so assured of their rights in this particular, that at some date—probably in the reign of Edward I.—an ordinance35 had been passed:
"That if any member of the royal household, or any retainer of the nobility, shall attempt to take possession of a house within the City either by main force or by delivery [of the Marshal of the King's Household]; and, if in such attempt he shall be slain36 by the master of the house, then, and in such case, the master of the house, shall find six of his kinsmen37 [i.e. as compurgators], who shall make oath, himself making oath as the seventh, that it was for this reason that he so slew38 the intruder; and thereupon he shall go acquitted39."
Pre-emption
The humbler people who escaped billeting might still have cause to regret royal journeys owing to the inconsiderate exercise of the right of pre-emption. Subjects were compelled to sell; and the worst of it was that the King's purveyors were in the habit of paying not in cash down, but by means of an exchequer42 tally43, or a beating! A tally was a hazel rod which had certain notches44 indicating the amount due. It obtained its name from the circumstance that these rods were in pairs, the creditor45 having one and the debtor46 the other, so that they could be used for the purpose of comparison. In practice it was found no easy matter to recover under this system, which lent itself to the worst exactions, and is the subject of numerous complaints in our early popular poetry. Thus in "King Edward and the Shepherd":
"I had catell, now have I none;
They take my beasts, and done them slon,
And payen but a stick of tree ...
They take geese, capons, and hen
And all that ever they may with ren
And reaves us our catell....
They took my hens and my geese
And my sheep with all the fleece
And led them forth47 away."
Somewhat similarly, when a ship arrived in port with a cargo48 of wine, the prerogative49 of prise was enforced, whereby the King was entitled to "a tun before and one abaft50 the mast," or the equivalent in money.
The royal household and those of "the great lords of the land" enjoyed the right of pre-emption not only in the country but in the London markets. Dealers51 in fish, for example, were not allowed to quit the City in order to meet a consignment52 "for the purpose of sending it to any great lord or a house of religion, or of regrating it," until the King's purveyors had first purchased what was required for their master's table.
When fish had been brought to the City, no fishmonger might buy "before the good people have bought what they need." It was the same with poultry53. Until prime had been sounded at St. Paul's, poulterers were forbidden to buy for resale, the object being that "the buyers for the King and great lords of the land, and the good people of the City may make good their purchases, so far as they shall need."
Livery
So much for purveyance. As regards the disposition54 of the provisions thus obtained, it was expressed by the term "livery," formerly55 of much wider application than at present. The word comprehended all that was delivered or dispensed56 by the lord to his underlings or domestics—money, victuals57, wine, garments, fuel, and lights; but no doubt it was employed more particularly of external and distinctive58 garb59. The Wardrobe Book of 28 Edward I. and the Household Ordinances60 show that officers and retainers of the Court were presented with a roba estivalis and hiemalis. The livrée des chaperons, so often mentioned, refers to hoods61 or tippets of a colour sharply contrasting with that of the garment over which they were worn. Subsequently this mark took the form of a round cap, attached to which was a long liripipe, which might be wound round the head, but more usually hung over the arm. In the dress of the City Liverymen traces of it may still be found.
This suggests the remark that livery was used not by the members of great households merely, but by brotherhoods62 and gentz de mester; hence it is that Chaucer in his Prologue63 of the "Canterbury Tales" enumerates64
A Haberdassher and a Carpenter
A Webbe, Dyere, and a Tapicer;
and says of them:
... they were clothed alle in a liveree
Of a solempne and great fraternitee.
The statute65 7 Henry IV. conceded this privilege to the "trades of the cities of the realm," thus confirming previous acts of the reign of Edward III. and Richard II., which sanctioned the wearing of livery by menials and members of gilds67, but prohibited the distribution of badges to adherents68 who assumed them in testimony69 of their readiness to aid their patron in any private quarrel. The practice was therefore a grave menace to the King's peace.
The prohibition70 was renewed 8 Edward IV., c. 2., which inflicted71 a penalty of one hundred shillings for every person "other than his menial servant, officer, or man learned in the one law or the other," so retained by anyone "of what estate, degree, or condition that he be." The fine was to be repeated for every month "that any such person is so retained by him by oath, writing, indenture72 or promise," and a similar penalty attached to the person retained. But there were many exceptions—"Provided that this ordinance do not extend to any livery given or to be given at the King's or Queen's coronation, or at the installation of an archbishop or bishop, or erection, creation, or marriage of any lord or lady of estate, or at the creation of Knights74 of the Bath, or at the commencement of any clerk in any university, or at the creation of serjeants in the law, or by any gild66, fraternity, or mystery corporate75, or by the mayor and sheriffs of London, or any other mayor, sheriff, or other chief officer of any city, borough76, town, or port of this realm of England for the time being, during that time and for executing their office or occupation; nor to any badges or liveries to be given in defence of the King or of this realm of England; nor to the constable77 and marshal, nor to any of them for giving any badge, livery or token for any such feat78 of arms to be done within this realm; nor to any of the wardens79 towards Scotland for any livery, badge, or token of them to be given from Trent northward81, at such time only as shall be necessary to levy82 people for the defence of the said marches, or any of them."
A Medi?val Household
The establishment of a great noble or ecclesiastic83 sometimes embraced a vast category of persons; and if we would learn on what an elaborate scale housekeeping might be conducted by subjects, we cannot do better than turn to Gascoigne's account of Cardinal84 Wolsey's colossal85 retinue. After stating that the ambitious churchman had in attendance upon him "men of great possessions and for his guard the tallest yeomen in the realm," he proceeds:
"And first, for his house, you shall understand that he had in his hall three boards, kept with three several officers, that is, a steward86 that was always a priest; a treasurer87 that was ever a knight73; and a comptroller that was an esquire; also a confessor, a doctor, three marshals, three ushers89 in the hall, besides two almoners and grooms90.
"Then had he in the hall-kitchen two clerks, a clerk-comptroller, and a surveyor over the dresser, with a clerk in the spicery, which kept continually a mess together in the hall; also, he had in the kitchen two cooks, labourers, and children, twelve persons; four men of the scullery, two yeomen of the pastry92, with two other paste-layers under the yeomen.
"Then had he in his kitchen a master-cook, who went daily in velvet93 or satin, with a gold chain, besides two other cooks and six labourers in the same room.
"In the larder94, one yeoman and a groom91; in the scullery, one yeoman and two grooms; in the buttery, two yeomen and two grooms; in the ewry, so many; in the cellar three yeomen and three pages; in the chandlery, two yeomen; in the wafery, two yeomen; in the wardrobe of beds the master of the wardrobe and twenty persons besides; in the laundry, a yeoman, groom, and thirteen pages; two yeomen purveyors, and a groom purveyor41; in the bakehouse, two yeomen and grooms; in the woodyard, one yeoman and a groom; in the barn, one yeoman; porters at the gate, two yeomen and two grooms; a yeoman in his barge95, and a master of his horse; a clerk of the stables, and a yeoman of the same; a farrier and a yeoman of the stirrup; a maltlour and sixteen grooms, every one of them keeping four geldings.
"Now I will declare unto you the officers of his chapel, and singing-men of the same. First, he had there a dean, a great divine, and a man of excellent learning; and a sub-dean, a repeater of the choir96, a gospeller, an epistler of the singing-priests, and a master of the children: in the vestry a yeoman and two grooms, besides other retainers that came thither97 at principal feasts....
"Now you shall understand that he had two cross-bearers and two pillar-bearers; in his great chamber24, and in his privy-chamber, all these persons, the chief chamberlain, a vice-chamberlain, a gentleman-usher, besides one of his privy-chamber; he had also twelve waiters and six gentlemen-waiters; also he had nine or ten lords, who had each of them two or three men to wait upon him, except the Earl of Derby, who had five men.
"Then he had gentlemen cup-bearers, and carvers, and of the sewers98, both of the great chamber and of the privy-chamber, forty persons; six yeomen ushers, eight grooms of his chamber; also, he had of alms, who were daily waiters of his board at dinner, twelve doctors and chaplains, besides them of his chapel, which I never rehearsed; a clerk of his closet, and two secretaries, and two clerks of his signet; four counsellors learned in the law.
"And for that he was chancellor99 of England, it was necessary to have officers of the chancery to attend him for the better furniture of the same.
"First he had a riding clerk, a clerk of the crown, a clerk of the hamper100, and a chafer; then he had a clerk of the check, as well upon the chaplains as upon the yeomen of the chamber; he had also four footmen, garnished101 with rich running coats, whensoever he had any journey. Then he had a herald102 of arms, a physician, an apothecary103, four minstrels, a keeper of his tents, an armourer and instructor105 of his wards80, an instructor of his wardrobe of robes, a keeper of his chamber continually; he had also in his house a surveyor of York, a clerk of the greencloth. All these were daily attending, down-lying and up-rising; and at meat he had eight continual boards for the chamberlains and gentlemen-officers, having a mess of young lords, and another of gentlemen; besides this there was never a gentleman, or officer, or other worthy106 person, but he kept some two, some three persons to wait upon them; and all others at the least had one, which did amount to a great number of persons.
"Now, having declared the order according to the chain roll, use of his house, and what officers he had daily attending to furnish the same, besides retainers and other persons, being suitors, [that] dined in the hall: and, when shall we see any more such subjects that shall keep such a noble house? Therefore here is an end of his household; the number of persons in the chain were eight hundred persons."[18]
Minstrels and Pages
One department of Wolsey's household may not have passed unheeded—namely, the minstrels. As a class, these musicians were doubtless peripatetic107, so that the term "wandering," as applied to them, has almost the character of a standing108 epithet109. But in the "Romance of Sir Degrevant" mention occurs of the Earl's "owne mynstralle," and, where these artists were not permanent members of the establishment, they were always of "great admittance" to the houses of the nobility, who treated them with high distinction and much liberality. Naturally, the status of minstrels differed. Of those who played before Edward I. at Whitsuntide, and who were divided into ranks, five are styled "Kings," and each of them received five marks. A valuable gold cup is recorded to have been given to a minstrel, but the usual presents were robes and garments.
What is signified by the phrase "great admittance" is rendered clear by a decree of Edward II. published in the year 1315, and called forth by the dishonest practice of certain persons who procured110 entertainment under colour of minstrelsy. It was therefore ordered that "to the houses of prelates, earls, and barons111 none resort to meat and drink unless he be a minstrel, and that of these minstrels there come none except it be three or four Minstrels of Honour at the most in one day, unless he be desired of the lord of the house; and to the houses of meaner men that none shall come unless he be desired; and that such as shall come so, hold themselves contented112 with meat and drink, and with such courtesy as the master of the house will show unto them of his own good will, without their asking of anything."
Minstrels, however, were after all only an incident. They served to entertain and amuse, as well as to keep alive the memory of great deeds and sentiments of truth and honour. But they were essentially113 a luxury, not a necessity, for the circumstances of a rough age sufficed to perpetuate114 the type which it had created. For more stable and significant elements we must look elsewhere. Just as the lower fabric115 of society reposed116 on the humble40 apprentice117, so its upper framework depended on the page as the repository of its traditions and guarantee of the future. As early as the reign of Henry II., and doubtless earlier, the sons of nobles and gentlemen were entered at the King's Court, baronial halls, and episcopal palaces as "henchmen." To these scions118 of chivalry—and a similar remark applies to the "demoiselles," their sisters—such places were a school of manners wherein they learnt the duties of obedience119 and reverence120 to their elders and betters; and, in process of time, they attained121 the rank of squire88, and, eventually, the knight's belt. Received into the lord's family on the best terms, as became their birth and connexions, they had, nevertheless, to wait at table and perform other tasks that would now be deemed menial, such as walking by the lord's charger; and, until their education was complete, they had to submit to his orders, whatever they might be.
Perhaps the first of many books on etiquette122 in English is a treatise123 written by Grosseteste for Margaret, Countess of Lincoln, and entitled "Reules Seynt Robert." Here it is laid down that servants and retainers should be of good character, loyal, diligent124; and if they grumble125 or gainsay126, they should be discharged, as there are many others to take their place.
We have seen that Cardinal Wolsey had young gentlemen in his household. This was also the case with Thomas à Becket, one of whose protégés was the heir to the throne. Another churchman, Longchamps, Bishop of Ely and Chancellor of Richard II., was notorious for the rigour of his discipline towards the young and noble members of his establishment.
The custom, one can scarcely question, was evolved from the military requirements of early Teutonic society; and, as private war died down, so the status of the page became impaired127, until in the reign of Elizabeth we find him a pampered128 domestic, whose pert air and gaudy129 dress represented all that was left of a formidable troop armed with sword and buckler. Ben Jonson deplores130 and ridicules131 the transformation132 in lines with which the present volume may well close. The host in the play has refused his son as page to Lord Lovel, saying that he would hang him sooner than "damn him to that desperate course of life."
Lovel. Call you that desperate, which, by a line
Of institution from our ancestors,
Hath been derived133 down to us, and received
In succession for the noblest way
Of brushing up our youth, in letters, arms,
Fair mien134, discourses135 civil, exercise,
And all the blazon136 of a gentleman?
Where can he learn to vault137, to fence,
To move his body gracefully138, to speak
The language pure; or turn his mind
Or manners more to the harmony of nature
Than in these nurseries of nobility?
Host. Ay, that was when the nursery's self was noble
And only virtue made it, not the market,
That titles were not vended139 at the drum
And common outcry; goodness gave the greatness
And greatness worship; every house became
An academy; and those parts
We see depicted140 in the practice now
Quite from the institution.
Lovel. Why do you say so?
Or think so enviously141? Do they not still
Learn thus the Centaur's skill, the art of Thrace,
To ride? or Pollux's mystery, to fence?
The Pyrrick gestures, both to stand and spring
In armour104, to be active for the wars;
To study figures, numbers, and proportions
May yield them great in counsel and the arts:
To make their English sweet upon their tongues,
As Chaucer says?
The End
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1
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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2
retinues
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| n.一批随员( retinue的名词复数 ) | |
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retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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6
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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7
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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8
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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9
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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11
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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12
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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13
pretence
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| n.假装，作假；借口，口实；虚伪；虚饰 | |
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dependants
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| 受赡养者，受扶养的家属( dependant的名词复数 ) | |
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15
eke
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| v.勉强度日，节约使用 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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compulsorily
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| 强迫地，强制地 | |
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19
licensed
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| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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21
lodgings
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| n. 出租的房舍, 寄宿舍 | |
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22
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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25
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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27
heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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sergeants
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| 警官( sergeant的名词复数 )； （美国警察）警佐； （英国警察）巡佐； 陆军（或空军）中士 | |
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erased
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| v.擦掉( erase的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；清除 | |
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30
intrusive
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| adj.打搅的；侵扰的 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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vindication
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| n.洗冤，证实 | |
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33
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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aggression
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| n.进攻，侵略，侵犯，侵害 | |
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35
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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36
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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37
kinsmen
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| n.家属，亲属( kinsman的名词复数 ) | |
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38
slew
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| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
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39
acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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41
purveyor
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| n.承办商，伙食承办商 | |
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42
exchequer
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| n.财政部；国库 | |
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tally
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| n.计数器，记分，一致，测量；vt.计算，记录，使一致；vi.计算，记分，一致 | |
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44
notches
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| n.（边缘或表面上的）V型痕迹( notch的名词复数 )；刻痕；水平；等级 | |
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45
creditor
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| n.债仅人，债主，贷方 | |
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debtor
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| n.借方，债务人 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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cargo
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| n.(一只船或一架飞机运载的)货物 | |
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prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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abaft
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| prep.在…之后；adv.在船尾，向船尾 | |
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dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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consignment
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| n.寄售；发货；委托；交运货物 | |
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53
poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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55
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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56
dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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57
victuals
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| n.食物；食品 | |
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58
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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59
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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60
ordinances
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| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
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61
hoods
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| n.兜帽( hood的名词复数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩v.兜帽( hood的第三人称单数 )；头巾；（汽车、童车等的）折合式车篷；汽车发动机罩 | |
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62
brotherhoods
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| 兄弟关系( brotherhood的名词复数 )； （总称）同行； （宗教性的）兄弟会； 同业公会 | |
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63
prologue
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| n.开场白，序言；开端，序幕 | |
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64
enumerates
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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65
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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66
gild
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| vt.给…镀金，把…漆成金色，使呈金色 | |
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67
gilds
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| 把…镀金( gild的第三人称单数 )； 给…上金色； 作多余的修饰（反而破坏原已完美的东西）； 画蛇添足 | |
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68
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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69
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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70
prohibition
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| n.禁止；禁令，禁律 | |
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71
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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72
indenture
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| n.契约；合同 | |
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73
knight
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| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
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74
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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75
corporate
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| adj.共同的，全体的；公司的，企业的 | |
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76
borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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77
constable
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| n.(英国)警察，警官 | |
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78
feat
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| n.功绩；武艺，技艺；adj.灵巧的，漂亮的，合适的 | |
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79
wardens
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| n.看守人( warden的名词复数 )；管理员；监察员；监察官 | |
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80
wards
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| 区( ward的名词复数 )； 病房； 受监护的未成年者； 被人照顾或控制的状态 | |
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81
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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82
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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83
ecclesiastic
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| n.教士，基督教会；adj.神职者的，牧师的，教会的 | |
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84
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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85
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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86
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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87
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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88
squire
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| n.护卫, 侍从, 乡绅 | |
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89
ushers
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| n.引座员( usher的名词复数 )；招待员；门房；助理教员v.引，领，陪同( usher的第三人称单数 ) | |
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90
grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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91
groom
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| vt.给（马、狗等）梳毛，照料，使...整洁 | |
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92
pastry
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| n.油酥面团，酥皮糕点 | |
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93
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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94
larder
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| n.食物贮藏室，食品橱 | |
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95
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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96
choir
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| n.唱诗班，唱诗班的席位，合唱团，舞蹈团；v.合唱 | |
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97
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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98
sewers
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| n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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99
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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100
hamper
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| vt.妨碍，束缚，限制；n.(有盖的)大篮子 | |
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101
garnished
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| v.给（上餐桌的食物）加装饰( garnish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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102
herald
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| vt.预示...的来临，预告，宣布，欢迎 | |
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103
apothecary
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| n.药剂师 | |
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104
armour
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| （=armor）n.盔甲；装甲部队 | |
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105
instructor
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| n.指导者，教员，教练 | |
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106
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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107
peripatetic
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| adj.漫游的，逍遥派的，巡回的 | |
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108
standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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109
epithet
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| n.（用于褒贬人物等的）表述形容词，修饰语 | |
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110
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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111
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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112
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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113
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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114
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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115
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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116
reposed
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
apprentice
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| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
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118
scions
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| n.接穗，幼枝( scion的名词复数 )；（尤指富家）子孙 | |
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119
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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120
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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121
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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122
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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123
treatise
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| n.专著；(专题)论文 | |
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124
diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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125
grumble
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| vi.抱怨；咕哝；n.抱怨，牢骚；咕哝，隆隆声 | |
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126
gainsay
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| v.否认，反驳 | |
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127
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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128
pampered
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| adj.饮食过量的，饮食奢侈的v.纵容，宠，娇养( pamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
gaudy
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| adj.华而不实的；俗丽的 | |
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130
deplores
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| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的第三人称单数 ) | |
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131
ridicules
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| n.嘲笑( ridicule的名词复数 )；奚落；嘲弄；戏弄v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的第三人称单数 ) | |
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132
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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133
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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134
mien
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| n.风采；态度 | |
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135
discourses
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| 论文( discourse的名词复数 )； 演说； 讲道； 话语 | |
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136
blazon
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| n.纹章，装饰；精确描绘；v.广布；宣布 | |
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137
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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138
gracefully
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| ad.大大方方地；优美地 | |
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139
vended
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| v.出售（尤指土地等财产）( vend的过去式和过去分词 )；（尤指在公共场所）贩卖；发表（意见，言论）；声明 | |
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140
depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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141
enviously
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| adv.满怀嫉妒地 | |
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