It is impossible to do otherwise than admire the boldness of the conception of Stuart’s raid in 1862, when, with 1200 men and two guns, he rode right round the Federal lines, alarmed McClellan, and caused him to withdraw troops to cover his line of cavalry and thus weaken his first line. Yet even this raid, brilliant as it was and tactically successful, is said to be strategically a mistake. For, to quote General Alexander’s American Civil War, it “seriously alarmed McClellan for his rear. But for it the probabilities are he would never have given the subject any thought, and he certainly would not have been prepared with a fleet of loaded transports on hand when he was, soon after, forced to change his base to Harrison’s landing on the James River.... On the whole, therefore, the éclat of our brilliant raid lost us much more than its results were worth. Where important strategy is on foot, too great care can scarcely be used to avoid making any such powerful suggestion to the enemy as resulted in this case.”
146 Similarly the raid in 1863, by the same general, had disastrous2 results for the Confederates. Lee was then preparing for his campaign north of the Potomac. Stuart proposed moving with the cavalry in between the Federal army and Washington, and rejoining the main army when north of the Potomac. Lee, unfortunately, sanctioned it, and Stuart set out on the 24th June, did some minor3 damage to the Federals, but lost Lee, not rejoining him till late in the afternoon of the 2nd July, the second day of the battle of Gettysburg. Had Lee had his cavalry with him, that campaign might have had a very different ending. Therefore, in this case, the timing4 of the raid was wrong, and of benefit only to the enemy.
The value of Gourko’s raid across the Balkans in July 1877, when in eight days he carried dismay into the heart of Turkey, destroyed parts of the railroad and telegraph on the principal lines, and gained a great deal of information as to Turkish movements, appears to be undoubted. His force, however, was not entirely5 a cavalry one.
Coming to a more recent date, in the Manchurian War, the Japanese, only a few days before the battle of Mukden, by means of an undertaking6 against the rear of the Russians, which was carried out by two Japanese squadrons (280 men), marching as quickly as possible by night and hiding by day, succeeded in reaching an important railway bridge 200 kilometres north of Tieh-ling and in rear of the Russians. The troops covering the bridge were surprised at night, and their attention was thus drawn7 away from147 the bridge, which a skilfully-led patrol succeeded in blowing up. The railway service was interrupted for several days. A regular panic set in among the Russian Headquarter Staff. The immediate8 result was that 8000 Russian troops were diverted for the defence of the line and were unable to take part in the decisive battle at Mukden: an instance of most admirable timing of a raid.
It is true that cavalry raids may disorganize the lines of communication “which in the case of large armies,” as Bernhardi says, “have increased in importance.” But, on the other hand, we must remember that well-organized lines of communication are now almost invariably railways. On these there is a most efficient engineer service, with a breakdown9 train and gang of trained road-layers and menders always ready. These are able to mend a railway in approximately the same time that it takes to break it up. It is only badly organized lines of communication which are really vulnerable,—though we must not forget that the blowing up of a French bridge near the frontier in 1870, during the siege of Paris, very nearly caused the siege to be raised.
The pages of De Brack’s Light Cavalry Outposts are full of instances of successful raids, those of which Curély was the hero being specially10 attractive and effective.64 In our own knowledge are the raids of De Wet and others on our line of communication in South Africa, which entailed11 a large number of troops148 being allotted12 to the defence of the railway; whilst little less effective were the operations of our columns against the Boers when, hiding by day and riding by night, they swooped13 down upon the Boers and captured their herds14 of cattle and horses. The Boers suffered little inconvenience from those columns which had not recourse to methods combining speed with avoidance of observation, and with secrecy15 in their preparation.
All these operations are obviously those which are favoured by “conditions of sparsely-settled terrain16 and very partially-developed telegraphic communication, and few roads and railways,” and the success of many of the American raids forms no basis for the assumption, so often made, that equal results would attend their employment in Europe outside Russia.65
The other side of the question may be seen in some of the unsuccessful raids entered upon by both sides in the American War, when raids became “the fashion”—raids, which were not only unsuccessful, but which even had the effect of depriving their own side of their cavalry at a most important juncture17, quite apart from the number of cavalry horses rendered useless.
A typical instance of this is seen in Wheeler’s raid on the Federal lines of communications. When beaten off at Dalton he made his way into East Tennessee; his subsequent operations in that region had no effect upon the fortune of the two armies battling149 round Atlanta. Hood18, deprived of Wheeler’s cavalry—“the eyes of his army”—found himself in the dark as to Sherman’s movements. On the evening of the 27th he jumped hastily to the conclusion that Wheeler’s raid had been successful, and that Sherman’s army was retiring from lack of supplies to the other side of the Chattahoochee. For forty-eight hours he adhered to this strange delusion19, and by that time the Federals had gained a position from which it was impossible to dislodge them.66
Quite without permanent result were the big raids by De Wet into the Cape20 Colony and by Botha into Natal21, both of which caused the loss of many overridden22 horses, and had a bad moral effect on the Boers, who were hunted from pillar to post; but the attack on our mule23 transport in rear of the columns moving on Kimberley and Paardeberg was an excellent piece of work and far-reaching in its effect.
Again, the Russian raids against the Japanese were strangely unfortunate in their results, but it is probable that sufficient secrecy was not observed prior to these raids moving off.
Taking Mischenko’s raid or reconnaissance into Northern Korea early in the Russo-Japanese War as an instance, it is interesting to see the manner, first, in which it was met by the Japanese; second, in which it allowed itself to be distracted from the main object. This raid was sent to find out what force of Japanese150 was in front of the Russians, and, arriving at Chon Chou at 11 A.M., “tumbled upon” a town garrison24, deployed25 five sotnias in all, keeping one in reserve, thus voluntarily renouncing26 its mobility27 to attack a town. The result might have been foretold28. The force was held in front by two squadrons dismounted and attacked by one squadron mounted on the flank, meanwhile a Japanese infantry29 battalion30 is brought up at the double. Result: retirement31 of the Russians, reconnaissance practically valueless.
In the case of General Mischenko’s long ride to Yinkov with fifty-three sotnias of Cossacks, four commandos of mounted scouts32, twenty-two guns, and four machine guns, the primary object of the raid, and a notable one, was to interrupt the junction33 of the Japanese troops, freed by the fall of Port Arthur, with those on the Shaho, a quite secondary objective being the stores at Yinkov. 1500 pack-horses accompanied the column. 30 kilometres were covered in two days. On the third day the garrisons34 of Hai-cheng (1500) and Ta-shih-chiao, somewhat larger (the distance between these towns being 20 miles), sufficed to turn the leader of 9000 cavalry from his first objective, and to send him towards Yinkov. Here he dismounted sixteen sotnias for a night attack, but, meeting with wire entanglements35 and a vigorous resistance, retired36.
Nothing had been effected.
Rennenkampf’s reconnaissance on the 9th May to Kuan-tien-cheng. Force at his disposal one battalion, ten sotnias, and eight guns. We read that, making151 “two very trying marches,” he reaches Kuan-tien-cheng with six sotnias. “The remainder of the detachment had been left behind at various points on the line of communication, partly on account of the exhaustion37 of the men and horses, partly to secure its line of retreat. As the march had been carried out without any regard to the pace of the various arms, the detachment was completely scattered38.” A Japanese force of 400 infantry left the town, but shortly returned reinforced by a battalion, which unexpectedly attacked and drove the Russians away. The result of the reconnaissance was nil39. And so on.... Rennenkampf was indefatigable40. But the work “though so fruitless had exhausted41 the sotnias, which were now considerably42 under strength, and most of the horses had sore backs,” and so it will always be. Those who have seen the state of men and horses after four, three, or even two nights in the saddle will not need assurance on this subject.
Von Pelet Narbonne puts down the general failure of Russian raids to the small value of the Cossacks, who were not trained in offensive dismounted action, nor possessed43 with a keen desire to use the sword. He then compares the method of the Japanese, whose tactics were more suited in his opinion to the intricate and mountainous nature of the country. They sent infantry with their cavalry, who carried out the unavoidable reconnaissance combat. This method certainly economized44 the cavalry, an arm in which the Japanese were very deficient45. Again, the Japanese cavalry frequently152 met the Russian cavalry by dismounted fire from the mud walls of villages, and were mistaken by them for infantry.
What, then, are the general conclusions at which we arrive?—
1st. That big raids seldom have results which justify46 the loss and wear and tear of the horses and men.
2nd. That a raid must not be entered upon except with a special and adequate purpose and as a result of careful reconnaissance by spies and others.
3rd. That once entered upon, the leader must devote himself to carrying out his mission and not allow himself to be turned aside on any account whatever.
4th. That a small, swift, well-hidden raid on a line of communication made at a favourable47 moment may cause the detachment of a large number of troops, whose absence will be felt in the decisive battle.
5th. That raids against which the enemy has made preparations are purposeless, but are nevertheless often made by cavalry leaders, lest they should incur48 the reproach of having done nothing.
6th. That the first raids in a war are often successful.
7th. That a friendly country favours raids, and conversely an enemy’s country renders them difficult to the verge49 of impracticability.
8th. That cavalry should not be sent off on raids when required for action on a battlefield.
153 9th. That a raid is like any other detachment, i.e. if it succeeds in drawing away from the decisive point at the right time a stronger force than itself, it is justified50; and therefore the chief point to consider in planning a raid is its timing.
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1
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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timing
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| n.时间安排，时间选择 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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breakdown
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| n.垮，衰竭；损坏，故障，倒塌 | |
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specially
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| adv.特定地；特殊地；明确地 | |
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entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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swooped
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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terrain
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| n.地面，地形，地图 | |
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juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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hood
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| n.头巾，兜帽，覆盖；v.罩上，以头巾覆盖 | |
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delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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natal
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| adj.出生的，先天的 | |
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overridden
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| 越控( override的过去分词 )； （以权力）否决； 优先于； 比…更重要 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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deployed
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| （尤指军事行动）使展开( deploy的过去式和过去分词 )； 施展； 部署； 有效地利用 | |
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renouncing
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的现在分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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mobility
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| n.可动性，变动性，情感不定 | |
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foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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32
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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entanglements
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| n.瓜葛( entanglement的名词复数 )；牵连；纠缠；缠住 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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nil
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| n.无，全无，零 | |
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indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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44
economized
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| v.节省，减少开支( economize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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45
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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46
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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47
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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48
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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49
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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50
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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