drop Cap T
THE great central plateau of France that serves as the watershed between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean2, and severs3 France proper—the old medieval France—from Languedoc, is due to a mighty4 upheaval5 of granite6, carrying with it aloft on its back beds of schist, Jura limestone7, chalk, coal, and red sandstone. The granite has not everywhere reached the surface, it has not in all parts shaken off the burden that lay on it. The superincumbent beds do not lie in position one above another, like ranges of books on shelves. Many of them over a large tract9 have been carried away by denudation10 through the action of water.
The plateau under consideration stretches over an area of 3,000 square miles. It dies down towards the [Pg 2] north-west, but reaches its highest elevation11 in the east and in the south. This great upland district had to be crossed before the peoples dwelling12 north and south of it could be fused into one. The plateau extends through the old provinces of Marche and Limousin, Auvergne, Forez, the Velay, the Vivarais, Rouergue, and the Gévaudan. But it was disturbed, broken up, and overlaid by volcanic13 eruptions14 at a comparatively recent date, pouring forth15 floods of lava16 and clouds of ash in Auvergne, le Velay, and le Vivarais. In its upheaval, moreover, the granite turned up, snapped, and exposed the superposed beds, and left them as bristling17 ridges18 to the east and south. It is this fringe that constitutes the Cévennes. These describe a half-moon, with its convexity towards the basin of the Rh?ne. Locally, indeed, the name Cévennes is limited to a tangle21 of schist ridges and deep-cleft22 ravines, constituting that portion of the arc which is between the Coiron and the limestone plateau of Larzac. But such is not the original limitation. The Romans undoubtedly23, looking from the basin of the Rh?ne on the long purple chain, behind which set the sun in a glow of amber24, as they passed up and down between Arles and Vienne—designated that range Cebenn?, and geographers25 still are disposed to so name the entire series, as constituting an orological entity26, although the several portions have received distinguishing appellations27.
They all belong to the same system, were all in their main lines thrown up at the same time, though not by any means all of the same geological formation; and they are all peopled by the same race, all speaking the Langue d'Oc.
The Cyclopses, Mourèze
[Pg 3]
It seems therefore reasonable to take the entire curve as forming the Cévennes from the depression of the Jarrêt, through which runs the line from Lyons to the coalfields of S. Etienne, as the northern limit, and the Montagne Noire, east of the gap of Revel28, by which the road by which Castelnaudary and Castres are linked, as the western termination.
"The Cévennes," says Onésime Reclus, "have this striking feature, that they separate two climates, two vegetations, two natures. To the north and to the west are rain, snow, light fog silvered by the moon, and dense29 vapours which the sun cannot pierce; and the streams that water the smallest valleys nourish rich green meadows; to the south and east is a blazing sun, are glare, heat, drought, barrenness, dust, the vine, the olive, springs of water few and far between, but where they do issue, copious30 and clear; here—contrasts of colour, sharp-cut horizons, more beautiful than those of the north. What a contrast within a few leagues' distance between the verdure of Mezamet and the vari-coloured marbles of Cannes, between the Agout and the Salvetat d'Angles ... between the valley of the Dourbie at Nant and the Hérault at Ganges, between the Tarn31 at Pont-de-Montvert and the embattled gorges32 of the Gardons, between the Allier at La Bastide and the ravines down which rushes the Cèze, between the young Loire and the terrible rapids of the Ardèche ... on one side a French Siberia, on the other an Africa where the sirocco does not parch33 up the harvests, but where the mistral shrieks34, itself producing a brief winter." [1]
The chain of the Cévennes, of which Mézenc may be regarded as the hinge, forms a ridge19 on the right bank of the Rh?ne, running for a while parallel to the French Alps upon the left bank. But whereas these latter [Pg 4] turn and curve to the east, forming the Maritime35 Alps, the Cévennes have bent8 in exactly the opposite direction.
Geographically36 and historically the Cévennes divide into two great sections—the Cévennes Méridionales and the Cévennes Septentrionales. This continuous mountain ridge, in fact, forms a line of separation of waters very distinct, without solution of continuity, and which, in spite of the variety of its geological structure, has been determined37 by the same fold in the earth's crust, by one and the same act of pressure.
From the main chain, like the rib20 of a fern, extend lateral38 offshoots, between which are valleys watered by the drainage of the principal spinal39 chain. On the east side of the Cévennes these are all approximately at right angles to the axis40. But this is not the case on the west side; nor is it so on the south. On this latter, before the main range a sort of outwork has been thrown up that deflects41 the streams, where they have not cut through it. These bastions are the Garrigues and the Espinouse.
The eastern face of the Cévennes towards the Rh?ne is torn and steep. That towards the west exhibits a different aspect altogether, as there the range starts out of a high uplifted plain but little eroded42.
The Garrigues above mentioned form a barren, waterless bastion, with little growing on them but the dwarf43 Kirmes oak (Quercus coccifera) evergreen44, with spiky45 leaves, locally called garrus, giving the name to the range. They are full of pot-holes (avens), down which the rain that falls sinks to travel underground and reappear often at great distances in copious springs.
Larger Image Button
Sketch46 Map of the Cevennes
The northernmost portion of the Cévennes is the [Pg 7] chain of the Boutières, composed of granite and gneiss, and they are the least interesting portion of the series. Few of the summits surpass 3,600 feet, but they throw out a spur that is a supreme47 effort, the Mont Pilat, 4,700 feet; precisely48 as the Pyrenees, before expiring in the east, have projected to the north-east, and tossed aloft the noble pyramid of the Canigou. The Boutières attach themselves at their southern extremity49 to Mézenc, the loftiest peak of the Cévennes, 5,750 feet. So also does the chain of the Mégal, separated from the Boutières by the valley of the Lignon. Seen from Le Puy, this ridge is fine, broken into peaks. The Mégal itself attains50 to the height of 4,345 feet. This cone51 formerly52 belched53 forth a torrent54 of lava reaching to a thickness of 450 feet, and extending to a distance of fifty miles by eight miles wide.
From the volcanic nucleus55 of Mézenc branches south-east the chain of the Coiron, volcanic as well, stretching to the Rh?ne, where its last deposits of lava are crowned by the ruins of Rochemaure. The geologist56 Cordier, who had travelled in Auvergne, Italy, Syria, and Egypt, declared that he had never seen a volcanic region comparable to the Coiron. This chain is of special interest to the geologist, and is full of surprises to the ordinary traveller, for the lava bed caps the mountains, composed of friable57 limestone, that once formed a great calcareous plain. The Rh?ne has lowered its bed a thousand feet since the liquid stone flowed, and torrents58 have cut through lava and limestone, fashioning deep and even broad valleys. Next, the weather ate into the flanks where the stone was soft, undermined the basalt, that came down for lack of support in huge masses.
[Pg 8]
Not only so, but man from the remotest period has burrowed59 into the rock to form habitations for himself. Near S. Jean-le-Centenier are the Balmes de Montbrul, a volcanic crater60 300 feet in diameter and 480 feet deep. Men have scooped61 out rudimentary dwelling places in the sides in fifteen to twenty stages, one above another; a chapel62 and a prison were among these excavations63. A troglodyte64 family lived in one of these caves at the end of the eighteenth century.
The mountains of the Vivarais are the finest portion of the Cévennes, so noble are their outlines, so deep are the clefts65 that seam them, so tumbled is the aspect of range heaped on range; and they are supremely66 interesting on account of the volcanic vents67 that remain in good preservation68, and the wondrous69 walls of prismatic basalt that line the rivers.
The Ardèche is certainly the most extraordinary river in Europe; after leaping, and burrowing70, and sawing its way through basalt, it passes down a cleft of lias disposed in beds completely horizontal, and rising like the walls of houses. In fact, it traverses a long white street, many miles in length, and then enters the great ravine between lofty precipices72 of Dolomitic limestone, where runs no road, and where one must descend73 in a boat, shooting rapid after rapid in the midst of scenery only rivalled by the noted74 gorges of the Tarn.
It is not necessary to do more than indicate the general aspect of this portion of the Cévennes, to give an outline that may be filled in with details later on.
But before quitting this department, I must quote some words of Mr. Hammerton, no mean judge of landscape:—
[Pg 9]
"The department of Ardèche on the right bank of the Rh?ne is but little visited by tourists, and does not contain a single mountain whose name is known in England. It is natural that the hills of the Ardèche should be little known, as the fame of them is extinguished by the Alps; yet they are highly picturesque75 and full of geological interest. As to the altitudes, they are not considered high mountains in France, but there are twelve of them that exceed Ben Nevis."
The volcanic region of Mézenc and the Coiron to the east of the granitic76 plateau separates the southern from the northern Cévennes. The first volcanic cones77 are met with immediately north of Mont Tanargue (4,785 feet). The southernmost is the Coupe de Jaujac. There are six of these volcanoes lying at the foot of the granite plateau, but they are insignificant78 in comparison with those of the principal range, which forms the watershed between the Loire and the Rh?ne, in the centre of which range is the three-toothed Mézenc, surrounded by subsidiary cones, among which is the Gerbier de Jonc (5,090 feet), which was 5,610 feet high before a landslip occurred in 1821, that reduced its height. On the flank of this mountain rises the Loire.
The department of Gard takes it name from several Gardons, a name as common in this part of the Cévennes as Gave is in the Pyrenees.
We are now in the midst of the Camisard country, an inextricable network of mountains of lacerated schist and of deeply furrowed79 valleys, in which the revolted Cevenols held at bay the armies of Louis XIV. At the present day the department of Gard contains more Protestants than any other in France, and whole villages are entirely80 Calvinist, with scarce a Catholic in them.
[Pg 10]
The Cévennes are drifting westward81. In Hérault they take a definitely western direction. Here comes in the limestone plateau of Larzac, that feeds the countless82 flocks from which are derived83 Roquefort cheese. This is a barren land. It was not always so, but man has devastated84 it with the axe85, and the sheep devour86 every plant that shoots, and kill the future of Larzac. Little soil now remains87 on this elevated white tableland; what there is is swept away by the rains and carried underground in the avens or pot-holes. M. Martel says:—
"Nowadays that atmospheric88 condensation89 is weak, the rains so soon as they touch the calcareous rock are engulfed90 in its thousands of fissures91, at once, as if evaporated by contact with red-hot iron. The porosity92 of the soil is guilty of this legerdemain93. Save on the morrow of great storms, drunk up thirstily by the parched94 causse in a few hours, there is not a drop of water on the plateau. In the stony95 bed of the torrents one may make almost a complete circuit of such a peninsula as that circumscribed96 by the Vis on the east, and the Virenque on the north, west, and south, where run their trenches97, cut to the depth of 600 to 900 feet, forming tortuous98 chaplets of rubble99 beds, grey and sunburnt. Torrent beds these, sufficiently100 large to accommodate the Dordogne with ease, but now only rivers of ballast, where the flood of a passing storm rarely troubles the sleep of the sand and the solitary101 pebbles102."
The river Hérault, that gives its name to the department, flows through a ravine, up which runs no road, save to S. Guilhem-le-Désert. Another river not easy to be explored is its tributary103, the Vis. One can look down into the ca?on from above, but not thread it.
[Pg 11]
We come next to the coalfields that are more or less energetically exploited. Some talk has been about running a special line from them to Marseilles, so as to furnish the vessels104 with home-produced steam-coal. But the fuel here turned out has not the heating power of the anthracite of Cardiff, and it has proved cheaper to obtain a supply by water from Wales than to employ that which is dug out of the flanks of the Cévennes 150 miles distant.
The Espinouse gives birth on one slope to affluents105 of the Tarn, that discharges its waters into the Garonne and finally into the Atlantic. On the southern face, which is not a slope but a precipice71, through chasms106 it sends feeders to the Orb107 that throws its waters into the Mediterranean. The Espinouse is composed of gneiss and schist, penetrated108 by veins109 of eruptive matter. Although the actual heights are not great, rarely exceeding 3,300 feet, yet the sheer cliffs, and the manner in which they have been cleft by torrents, gives them a grandeur110 which makes this portion of the Cévennes well deserving of a visit.
The Monts de Lacaune, almost wholly sterile111, link the Cévennes of Hérault to those of Aveyron. The highest crest112 is the Pic de Montalet, 3,810 feet. They are composed of mica-schists, granite, and porphyry, and stretch in barren plateaux, or monotonous113 rolling ground, frozen for a great part of the year. The Montagne Noire, on the other hand, is well wooded. From its wretched hamlets come the men who help to gather in the vintage in the more fertile plains.
"These mountaineers arrive," says Mme. L. Figuier, "to earn in one month enough to support them and their families all the rest of the year in their contracted valleys, [Pg 12] rich in vegetation but very poor in products. The Languedoc peasants treat them harshly. The unfortunate mountaineers, who ought to inspire compassion114, are often enough badly treated, and serve as butts115 for chaff116 to the grape gatherers of the country to which they have come as assistants. The farmer who has hired a band of these montagnards gives them a granary and some hay in and on which to rest after the fatigues117 of the day. Here they are huddled118 together, men, women, and children, living on the grapes and on a coarse soup which they cook in common in the evening, and eat together out of one porringer. But these veritable pariahs119 are linked together by strong ties of affection. They rise, walk, work, eat, sleep together always in herds120. In the evening, on returning from the vineyards, they dance their national bourées, not so much for enjoyment121, as to bring back to their minds their native country, and sometimes great tears may be seen rolling down the cheeks of the young girls, who think of the happy times when they danced so merrily on the earthen floors of their cottages. The most fertile plains, the most brilliant cities, cannot compensate122, to these poor people, for the century-old nut trees and the chestnuts123 which nourish them in their miserable124 hovels. Their hearts crave125 for the freshness of their valleys, the fragrance126 of their meadows, their snowy mountains, and the distaff over the fire of the winter's evenings." [2]
I have not in this book included the Montagne Noire. I have not described the range beyond the Espinouse westward, nor the mountains about Annonais and Mont Pilat, as these portions of the Cévennes are less interesting than that which intervenes, and, also, lest I should unduly127 extend the book.
It is strange that the region of the Cévennes should [Pg 13] have been neglected by tourists to such an extent as it has; but it is explicable.
Those who seek sunshine during the winter in the Riviera leave the Cévennes far away as a bank of cloud silver-fringed on their right hand beyond the Rh?ne. On their way back to England in spring they are disinclined to loiter, and break their home journey for the sake of excursions into this region, so little explored. In like manner, those who go to Pau are carried by the railway far away to the west, and see nothing of the plateau, because it slants128 downwards129 from the lofty ridge to the east.
Those who travel from Toulouse to Montpellier by the railway have their eyes attracted south to the snows and glaciers130 of the Pyrenees, and do not turn their heads to look north at the range that is so unassertive, sheltering itself behind the desolate131 Garrigues.
In 1894 I published a book, The Deserts of Central France, in which I described the great tableland high uplifted that lies in the penumbra132 of the great crescent, and I shall say nothing in this of the plateaux of Lot, Tarn, and Lozère, dealt with in the former work, but confine myself to the marginal range. Since M. Martel first drew attention to the gorges of the Tarn, and possibly due in a measure to my work, these gorges are becoming annually133 frequented more and more by tourists. However fine they may be, there are others in the departments of Ardèche, Gard, and Hérault, that fall but little, if at all, short of them in savagery134 and strangeness.
There are no great towns in the Cévennes. Such as there are are sleepy and stationary135; but from Béziers, Montpellier, N?mes, Le Puy, where every comfort may be found, it is easy to run into the mountains, and [Pg 14] return from them to recruit. Hotels are vastly improved of late years owing to the insistence136 of the Touring Club on the sanitary137 arrangements being at least decent, which they were not ten years ago.
Enough has been said to show that the Cévennes abound138 in scenes of great beauty, and that they are of special interest to geologists139. They are interesting in another way. The limestone hills are overgrown with aromatic140 herbs, mint, marjoram, thyme, sage141, lavender, rosemary, so as to be veritable spice mountains over which the warm air wafts142 fragrance. The shrubs143 and trees present to our eyes, familiar with northern vegetation, an unfamiliar144 appearance. They are for the most part evergreens145, where the chestnuts do not spread in forests, or the mulberry is not cultivated for silkworm culture.
For the geology of the volcanic district of Haute Loire and Ardèche, an excellent guide is Mr. Paulett Scrope's Geology and Extinct Volcanoes in Central France, London, second edition, 1858.
Lovers of the writings of Robert Louis Stevenson know his Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes—a delightful146 book, but dealing147 very little with the Cévennes proper, mainly with the Upper Gévaudan, and with that portion of Lozère threaded by the Tarn, and with neither of these do I deal in this volume.
Le Suc de Sara
FOOTNOTES:
[1] France: Algérie et Colonies, Paris, Hachette et Cie.
[2] Figuier (L). Mos de Lavène, Paris, Marpon.
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
watershed
|
|
| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
Mediterranean
|
|
| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
severs
|
|
| v.切断，断绝( sever的第三人称单数 )；断，裂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
upheaval
|
|
| n.胀起，(地壳)的隆起；剧变，动乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
granite
|
|
| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
limestone
|
|
| n.石灰石 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
bent
|
|
| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
tract
|
|
| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
denudation
|
|
| n.剥下；裸露；滥伐；剥蚀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
elevation
|
|
| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
dwelling
|
|
| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
volcanic
|
|
| adj.火山的；象火山的；由火山引起的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
eruptions
|
|
| n.喷发，爆发( eruption的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
lava
|
|
| n.熔岩，火山岩 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
bristling
|
|
| a.竖立的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
ridges
|
|
| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
ridge
|
|
| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
rib
|
|
| n.肋骨，肋状物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
tangle
|
|
| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
cleft
|
|
| n.裂缝；adj.裂开的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
undoubtedly
|
|
| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
amber
|
|
| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
geographers
|
|
| 地理学家( geographer的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
entity
|
|
| n.实体，独立存在体，实际存在物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
appellations
|
|
| n.名称，称号( appellation的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
revel
|
|
| vi.狂欢作乐，陶醉；n.作乐，狂欢 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
dense
|
|
| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
copious
|
|
| adj.丰富的，大量的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
tarn
|
|
| n.山中的小湖或小潭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
gorges
|
|
| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
parch
|
|
| v.烤干，焦干 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
shrieks
|
|
| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
maritime
|
|
| adj.海的，海事的，航海的，近海的，沿海的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
geographically
|
|
| adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
lateral
|
|
| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
spinal
|
|
| adj.针的，尖刺的，尖刺状突起的；adj.脊骨的，脊髓的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
axis
|
|
| n.轴，轴线，中心线；坐标轴，基准线 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
deflects
|
|
| （使）偏斜， （使）偏离， （使）转向( deflect的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
eroded
|
|
| adj. 被侵蚀的，有蚀痕的 动词erode的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
dwarf
|
|
| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
evergreen
|
|
| n.常青树；adj.四季常青的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
spiky
|
|
| adj.长而尖的，大钉似的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
sketch
|
|
| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
supreme
|
|
| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
precisely
|
|
| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
extremity
|
|
| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
attains
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的第三人称单数 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
cone
|
|
| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
belched
|
|
| v.打嗝( belch的过去式和过去分词 )；喷出，吐出；打（嗝）；嗳（气） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
torrent
|
|
| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
nucleus
|
|
| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
geologist
|
|
| n.地质学家 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
friable
|
|
| adj.易碎的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
torrents
|
|
| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
burrowed
|
|
| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的过去式和过去分词 )；翻寻 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
crater
|
|
| n.火山口，弹坑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
scooped
|
|
| v.抢先报道( scoop的过去式和过去分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
chapel
|
|
| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
excavations
|
|
| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
troglodyte
|
|
| n.古代穴居者；井底之蛙 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
clefts
|
|
| n.裂缝( cleft的名词复数 )；裂口；cleave的过去式和过去分词；进退维谷 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
supremely
|
|
| adv.无上地，崇高地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
vents
|
|
| （气体、液体等进出的）孔、口( vent的名词复数 )； （鸟、鱼、爬行动物或小哺乳动物的）肛门； 大衣等的)衩口； 开衩 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
preservation
|
|
| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
wondrous
|
|
| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
burrowing
|
|
| v.挖掘（洞穴），挖洞( burrow的现在分词 )；翻寻 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
precipice
|
|
| n.悬崖，危急的处境 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
precipices
|
|
| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
descend
|
|
| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
noted
|
|
| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
picturesque
|
|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
granitic
|
|
| 花岗石的，由花岗岩形成的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
cones
|
|
| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
insignificant
|
|
| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
furrowed
|
|
| v.犁田，开沟( furrow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
westward
|
|
| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
countless
|
|
| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
derived
|
|
| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
devastated
|
|
| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
axe
|
|
| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
devour
|
|
| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
remains
|
|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
atmospheric
|
|
| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
condensation
|
|
| n.压缩，浓缩；凝结的水珠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
engulfed
|
|
| v.吞没，包住( engulf的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
fissures
|
|
| n.狭长裂缝或裂隙( fissure的名词复数 )；裂伤；分歧；分裂v.裂开( fissure的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
porosity
|
|
| n.多孔性，有孔性 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
legerdemain
|
|
| n.戏法，诈术 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
parched
|
|
| adj.焦干的；极渴的；v.（使）焦干 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
stony
|
|
| adj.石头的，多石头的，冷酷的，无情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
circumscribed
|
|
| adj.[医]局限的：受限制或限于有限空间的v.在…周围划线( circumscribe的过去式和过去分词 )；划定…范围；限制；限定 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
trenches
|
|
| 深沟，地沟( trench的名词复数 )； 战壕 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
tortuous
|
|
| adj.弯弯曲曲的，蜿蜒的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
rubble
|
|
| n.（一堆）碎石，瓦砾 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
solitary
|
|
| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
pebbles
|
|
| [复数]鹅卵石； 沙砾； 卵石，小圆石( pebble的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
tributary
|
|
| n.支流；纳贡国；adj.附庸的；辅助的；支流的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
vessels
|
|
| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
affluents
|
|
| n.富裕的，富足的( affluent的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
106
chasms
|
|
| 裂缝( chasm的名词复数 )； 裂口； 分歧； 差别 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
orb
|
|
| n.太阳；星球；v.弄圆；成球形 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
penetrated
|
|
| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
veins
|
|
| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
grandeur
|
|
| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
sterile
|
|
| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
crest
|
|
| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
monotonous
|
|
| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
compassion
|
|
| n.同情，怜悯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
butts
|
|
| 笑柄( butt的名词复数 )； （武器或工具的）粗大的一端； 屁股； 烟蒂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
chaff
|
|
| v.取笑，嘲笑；n.谷壳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
fatigues
|
|
| n.疲劳( fatigue的名词复数 )；杂役；厌倦；（士兵穿的）工作服 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
huddled
|
|
| 挤在一起（huddle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
pariahs
|
|
| n.被社会遗弃者( pariah的名词复数 )；贱民 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
herds
|
|
| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
enjoyment
|
|
| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
compensate
|
|
| vt.补偿，赔偿；酬报 vi.弥补；补偿；抵消 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
chestnuts
|
|
| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
miserable
|
|
| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
crave
|
|
| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
fragrance
|
|
| n.芬芳，香味，香气 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
unduly
|
|
| adv.过度地，不适当地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
slants
|
|
| （使）倾斜，歪斜( slant的第三人称单数 )； 有倾向性地编写或报道 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
downwards
|
|
| adj./adv.向下的（地），下行的（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
glaciers
|
|
| 冰河，冰川( glacier的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
desolate
|
|
| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
penumbra
|
|
| n.（日蚀）半影部 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
annually
|
|
| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
savagery
|
|
| n.野性 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
stationary
|
|
| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
insistence
|
|
| n.坚持；强调；坚决主张 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
sanitary
|
|
| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
abound
|
|
| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
geologists
|
|
| 地质学家，地质学者( geologist的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
aromatic
|
|
| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
sage
|
|
| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
wafts
|
|
| n.空中飘来的气味，一阵气味( waft的名词复数 )；摇转风扇v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
shrubs
|
|
| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
unfamiliar
|
|
| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
evergreens
|
|
| n.常青树，常绿植物，万年青( evergreen的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
delightful
|
|
| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
dealing
|
|
| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |