drop Cap T
THE Aigoual is the hinge or knot of the inner range of the Cévennes, as Mézenc is that of the outer range. On one of its summits sits a meteorological observatory5 astride on the ridge6 of the watershed7. Indeed, so exactly is it so placed, that the rain pouring off the roof on one side reaches the Mediterranean8, whereas that off the other side goes to replenish9 the Atlantic.
PEASANT GIRLS OF THE CAUSSES
The station is admirably calculated for the purpose, as thence can be watched the atmospheric10 currents as they sweep from the north or from the south, and the battle of the winds may be contemplated11 when the northern blast rolls back the moisture-laden currents from the south. This battle of the winds is an interesting phenomenon. Occasionally it happens that a veil of mist rising from the Mediterranean is swept forward, obscuring the landscape as it gathers density12, and is propelled by the south-east wind till it reaches the [Pg 249] Cévennes. It gradually becomes thicker and darker, packing in the valleys and then creeping up the heights. No sooner, however, has it reached the summit of the chain, than it is caught by the north-west wind and sent back in flying streamers, like the mare's tails we are accustomed to see in our skies presaging13 a change of wind, but with this difference, that these streamers are viewed from above.
The north wind gathering14 strength, as though mustering15 its forces against the audacious invasion of the southern vapours, rages and blusters16 for several days. Meanwhile the south-east wind is still thrusting forward volumes of vapour and compacting them in the gorges18 and valleys, cautiously throwing up a tentacle19 towards the heights, up lateral20 ravines, as though to feel whether the north wind is still on the alert. Should Boreas slacken his efforts, then the clouds climb the mountain sides like storming parties and reach the battlements. But their success is momentary21 only. The north wind has been dozing22, and awakes to resume the combat. The heavily charged clouds, packed beyond endurance in the valleys, can make no progress, and the volleys of ice-cold wind overhead condense the mist and bring about torrential rains, accompanied by incessant24 explosions of thunder and lightning. In a few minutes the granitic25 or limestone cliffs are seamed with cascades27. The silver thread that meandered28 through the meadows below is transformed into a yellow raging torrent23, carrying before it masses of rock torn from the mountain side, trees, the wreckage30 of enclosures, houses even with their inhabitants. The rivers hitherto sliding through rubbly31 beds, vastly out of proportion to their diminutive32 size, swell33 to the brim and overflow34, carrying [Pg 250] devastation35 on every side. As in the story of Puss in Boots the magician transforms himself into a mouse at one moment and into an elephant at another, so is it with these Cevenol rivers—what is a rill to-day is like the Thames to-morrow.
Those in the Observatory on the Aigoual perform a most valuable service. They can predict the coming of a flood, and they telegraph to all villages and towns that are menaced, to be on their guard, and evacuate37 dwellings38 on low ground, and remove their cattle to heights.
The inmates39 of the Observatory have become very weatherwise, and note many indications of an approaching tempest. One that is infallible in summer is the conduct of the bees. These shrewd insects, that have been humming and honey-gathering among the wild thyme, fly to the Observatory and cling to the panes40, darkening them, and remaining motionless till the atmospheric disturbance41 is over.
How furious the wind may be, and what a force it exercises on the Aigoual, may be judged by looking at the refuge of the Touring Club that is fastened to the rock by chains, like the ropes of a tent.
The Mont Lozère, though higher than the Aigoual, is not so subject to these veritable tornadoes42. There the wind blows almost invariably from the north. The Cevenol peasant says:
"Se lo nibou bén de l'Oual prén tons bioous et ba? o l'oustal.
Se lo nibou bén de Louzero, prén tons bioous et ba? o lo rego";
which may be rendered, "If the cloud comes from the Aigoual, take your oxen and go to the stable. If the cloud comes from the Lozère, take your oxen and go to the furrow43."
[Pg 251]
The Aigoual is a granitic mass, reaching to 5,140 feet, whereas the Roc de Malpertus, in the Mont Lozère group, rises to 5,520 feet, but this latter is far less suitable for meteorologic observation. Around the Aigoual erosion has formed a labyrinth44 of gorges and profound valleys, in the beds of which race torrents45 impatient to reach lower levels.
From the side of Merueys, the Aigoual does not present by any means an imposing46 appearance. It is a domed47 green mass, on the top of which gleam white the walls of the Observatory. From the side of La Luzette it bears some resemblance to a huge antediluvian48 monster in a crouching49 posture50 with fore29 paws extended.
On the south side the Aigoual is rugged51 and abrupt52. Its precipices53 descend54 to great depths. The stream of the Claron there in a succession of falls drops to the depth of 3,000 feet in a very short distance.
The Aigoual has two heads, one of these, La Fayède, looking towards the sun-bathed basin of the Rh?ne; the other, that of the Hort Dieu, the loftiest but the least picturesque55. Between these is a coombe, watered by a thousand springs that ooze56 from the turf and nourish a rich vegetation. It is this coombe really which is the Garden of God, as the natives term it.
On the one side the Aigoual rises out of mulberry and chestnut57 woods, torn and precipitous; on the other it is smooth and velvety58, wooded only with distorted beech59. It has been ravaged60 by the merciless axe62 of the peasant that has left it bald and desolate63. From the summit a superb view is obtained of the tossed and torn ridges64 of schist mountain, some rounded, but furrowed65 like the face of one very aged61, some starting [Pg 252] up into peaks, some stretching out saw-like ridges, some flat-headed, according to the nature of the rock of which composed. To the north rises the Tarnon that passes by Florac, below which it enters the Tarn66. A little to the north-east is the Signal de l'Hospitalet, and beyond Barre des Cévennes. The old Roman road ran over this latter col to penetrate67 into the heart of the Cévennes; it kept to the crest68, commanding glorious views.
The Aigoual should be ascended69 from Meyrueis, a little town half the population of which is Protestant. Near it, and on the way, is the Renaissance70 castle of Roquedols.
Here one passes abruptly71 from the limestone to the granite72, and at once notes a corresponding difference in the flora2. Among the limestone rocks the pinks show as drops of blood. On the granite are none. The fields by Roquedols are white with narcissus poeticus, not a flower of that bulb is in the calcareous fields. The distance from Meyrueis to the Aigoual is just over nineteen miles, and a carriage should be taken at least as far as to Camprieu, where Bramabiau demands a visit. On the top of the Aigoual a dinner and a bed may be obtained at the Observatory. Bramabiau may also be visited from Le Vigan. The rivulet73 of the Bonheur, that descends74 from the Col de Séyrerède near the Aigoual, after flowing over granite and schist, encounters a mass of Dolomitic limestone, through which it has bored a channel for a distance of 1,200 feet. The tunnel through which it flows is in one place open to the sky through the falling in of the roof. The name Bramabiau given to this cavern75 traversed by a stream is onomatop?ic, and signifies [Pg 253] the bellowing76 of a bull, as the water in time of flood gives forth77 angry sounds.
Nothing surprises one more than the apparent inadequacy78 of the means to the end attained79. The Bonheur is but a small stream, yet the work it has achieved is tremendous. But it must be borne in mind that where stands Camprieu was once a lake, the water held back by the barrier of limestone, and that the accumulated force was brought to bear on the rock to effect this tunnel of drainage. Moreover, the rock itself was full of holes like a sponge, with large vaults82 like huge bubbles in its interior, so that it was not a solid mass through which the stream had to bore its way. It was further aided by several springs rising within the rock, all working in their several courses to effect their escape.
Bramabiau
The exploration of Bramabiau was accomplished83 in June, 1888, by M. Martel and his guides. They attempted first to penetrate by the opening through which the Bonheur leaps into light again, but found that the gallery consisted of a series of ascents85, with cascades and pools; and although by wading86 and with ladders they succeeded in reaching a considerable distance, they could not attain80 to the point where the stream begins to dive underground. On the following day these indefatigable87 explorers attacked the tunnel from above, where the Bonheur enters, and were able to descend to the point reached on the preceding day, and further to pursue their course till they came out where the stream issues, a distance as the crow flies of a kilometre.
In January, 1888, a man of Camprieu disappeared, and there was reason to suspect he had committed [Pg 254] suicide. As his body could not be found, it was supposed that he had flung himself down the abyss of the Bonheur; and, in fact, when M. Martel searched the cavern he found the body wedged into a spot where, in the cave itself, the stream disappears underground for a while, to again reappear and continue its subterranean88 course. It goes through these vagaries89 twice, and perpetrates seven cascades.
"To avoid repetitions," says M. Martel in his account of the exploration, "I will say no more of the magic of magnesium90 light under vaults lofty as Gothic naves91; I must only ask of the reader to figure, if he can in the profound night of these caverns92, the deafening93 roar of the falling water, the dispersion of the party groping in all directions for passages, the flicker95 of the feeble candles, the distant calls and signals, whistles, and horns, the cords strained, and the ladders set up against steep walls, our silhouettes96 magnified against the walls in shadows, and profiled against the boiling torrent, all under vaults 150 feet high and at the extremity97 of galleries of 300 feet.
"One portion of our course was effected only by a series of gymnastics, according to the width of the gallery that varied98 from three feet to ten feet, according to how far the ledges99 were practicable—so we crept along, a few yards above the torrent, clinging to the rock with our fingers, our breasts against the wall, or else wading in the water up to our armpits. Often our candles went out, caused by our rapid movements, or by the rush of wind that swept through the tunnel; the drip of our soaked clothes, the difficulty of communication amidst the roar of the falling water, increased our difficulties tenfold."
Where the Bonheur escapes into daylight there is an immense rift100 in the rocks, and out of this the stream leaps in a fall of some dignity. Up to 1888 it was not [Pg 255] thought possible that the Bonheur could be the stream that issued at Bramabiau, for anything thrown in above never issued below. But the exploration by M. Martel solved the mystery. The stream sinks, filters through the rock, leaving above that which is thrown in, and issues limpid101 at the cascade26 that rushes from the entrance.
The descent of the Aigoual on the side of Valleraugue is by a thousand steps hewn in granite and schist, and at the bottom of this is the vegetable garden of the officials of the Observatory.
Valleraugue lies at the bottom of a cirque of mountains at the confluence102 of the rivers of the Mallet103 and the Clareau, and it is after their marriage that the united streams assume the name of Hérault. The descent from the Aigoual to Valleraugue occupies two hours, the ascent84 by the carriage road takes seven. Valleraugue is a busy factory town; the population is mainly engaged in silk spinning and weaving. The place is almost wholly Protestant. This valley of the Hérault as far as Ganges is one of the most active in silk industry in the Cévennes. The vegetation is wholly southern; the hillsides disposed in terraces are planted with vines and mulberries; and ilexes abound104, providing the tanneries with their bark. "This valley," says Ardouin Dumazet, "is a synthesis of all the somewhat severe graces of the Cevenol land." The Roman road over l'Hospitalet has been already referred to. It runs from Avignon to Anduze and then ascends105 the crest above the Gardon, and passing under Barre stretches away to Florac. Barre itself occupies a Gallo-Roman oppidum, of which traces remain, and throughout the neighbourhood relics106 of the Roman tenure107 of the land are found. After the Col d'Aire de C?te ensues a series of frightful108 cirques, whose [Pg 256] vertical109 walls crumble110 away by degrees under the action of the weather. The flanks of the mountain are profoundly breached111, and form precipices. The nature of the rock contributes to augment112 the savagery113 of the region. It is composed of schists steeply inclined towards the north, and penetrated114 by numerous veins115 of porphyry that metamorphized them. Here are needles, here masses of schist support tables of limestone. A little triangular116 plateau, a lost islet of the Causse, succeeds to the schists. This is the Can de l'Hospitalet.
"Here, atmospheric agencies have carved the strangest edifices118. Huge calcareous hats cover and overhang slender schistous supports, shaped like the tables in a glacier119. Many of these gigantic mushrooms have reeled on their corroded120 stalks and are thrown into a sloping position like fallen dolmens. The plateau of l'Hospitalet is both picturesque and of scientific interest." [12]
Florac hardly comes within the range that I have marked out for description, and yet some words must be given to it, as it was the centre of the Cevenol revolt, and was the scene of several conflicts and of the execution of Camisards.
It is a very dirty place, originally walled; the houses were so crowded that the streets were contracted to the narrowest possible width. One has to be careful not to walk down them before eight o'clock in the morning, as all the slops are thrown from the windows into the street, and may fall on the head of the incautious passenger; and here no warning call is given, as in the narrow lanes of old Edinburgh, to put the man in the street on his guard. What is cast forth remains121 where it falls till torrential rains sweep away the accumulated [Pg 257] filth122 of weeks and even months. In the Languedoc towns that reek123 with evil odours, in a country too where the hillsides are redolent with aromatic124 herbs, lavender, sage94, marjoram, rosemary, beds of violets, thyme in sheets, one can hardly help repeating the lines of Bishop125 Heber:
"What though the spicy126 breezes
Blow sweet o'er Ceylon's isle117,
And every prospect127 pleases,
Yet only man is vile128."
But it is not man who is vile, that he is nowhere, it is the refuse he casts about him that is offensive, and the offensiveness is a provision of nature to instruct him to remove it beyond the reach of the nose. But familiarity must breed a liking129 for these disgusting odours, or women would not sit on their doorsteps all day working and chatting, and let their children play about amidst festering garbage.
Florac is, in spite of dragonades and gallows130 and the stake, almost entirely131 Protestant. The large meeting-house contains nothing but a pulpit and bare benches. The Catholic church is a new and mean structure, the temple bare as a barn, the church ugly as a modern French architect can make one.
Florac is near the influx132 of the Mimente into the Tarnon. The three valleys of the Mimente, the Tarn, and the Tarnon lead into the inextricable labyrinth of defiles133 in which the Camisards were able to establish their arsenals134, hospitals, and storehouses. The Mimente rises in the mountain of Bougès, whose summit is crowned by the forest of Altefage, where under three huge beech trees met the murderers of the Abbé du Chayla. At Cassagnas, a village near the source of [Pg 258] the Mimente, the caverns may be inspected that served the Camisards as magazines, filled with corn, wine, oil, and above all chestnuts135. Roland had established here a powder factory; the saltpetre was obtained, as later during the European wars of Bonaparte, from the numerous caverns that contained the bones of extinct beasts. Drugs were procured136 for the wounded from Montpellier, where there were many well-wishers ready to smuggle137 them into the mountains. When the water-mills for grinding the corn were destroyed by the military commander of Languedoc, the Camisards reverted138 to the use of querns. In some of the caves whole flocks and herds139 were secreted140; others were stored with salted meat.
Florac possesses its natural curiosity, the Fontaine du Pêcher, that discharges the water infiltrated141 from the plateau of Méjan. It pours forth in an abundant stream and forms a cascade, but the water is at once eagerly captured for the purpose of irrigation. During the winter and after a storm it vomits142 forth a torrent with a roar like that of a lion.
After a visit to the summit of the Aigoual it would be well to descend the Dourbie to Milau, reaching the Dourbie by the ravine of the Trévesel. The Pas de l'Ase is a profound gorge17, 1,200 feet deep, between fiery-red dolomitic cliffs, in three stages superposed and separated by slopes of detritus143. At midday, when the sun streams down on these rocks, the effect is dazzling. At Trèves, where are coal mines, is the cave called the Baume de S. Firmin, and near by the ruins of a castle.
S. Firmin was the grandson of Tonantius Ferreolus, Prefect of Gaul, who, as we have seen, was the host of Sidonius Apollinaris. He had a villa36 here, Trevido, as [Pg 259] the town was then called, and in it he died in the year 470. Firminus was educated by his uncle Noricus, Bishop of Uzès, the son of Tonantius, and he in turn became bishop of the same see, and died at the early age of thirty-seven, in the year 553, and was succeeded by his nephew, Ferreolus; so that at that time it is pretty clear bishoprics had become the perquisites144 of members of the great families of Gallo-Roman origin. When S. Firmin visited his grandfather or his father, at Trèves, he was wont145 to retire to the cave that bears his name, for reading and devotion. Possibly the dampness of this grotto146 may have sowed the seeds of the disorder147 from which he died. The cave runs deep into the mountain, and is adorned148 with numerous white and graceful149 stalactites. But it is very damp; notwithstanding this, prehistoric man occupied it, for in the first two halls of the grotto have been found old hearths150, remains of feasts, broken and split bones, and fragments of badly burnt pottery151.
About ninety feet above the Baume de S. Firmin is another cave forming a great vault81 that is filled with water during heavy rains. Nevertheless man inhabited it at a remote period; for thence also have been excavated152 numerous fragments of vessels153, which by their paste and ornamentation show that they belonged to the age of polished stone.
How the men of that period must have suffered from rheumatism154! And it has been noticed that among the bones of prehistoric man, who was a cave dweller155, rheumatic swellings of the joints156 are common. Usually the caves in limestone and chalk are tolerably dry. France must have teemed157 with peoples at that early period, for not only on the Causse, but also in the chalk [Pg 260] districts of Dordogne and Lot, and in the sandstone regions of Maine-et-Loire and Vienne, troglodite habitations abound.
After crossing the Col de la Pierre-Plantée, the road winds down into the valley of the Dourbie, which wriggles158 along at a great depth below between rocks of quartz159 and schist, then passes among chestnut trees, and reaches S. Jean-du-Bruel, when we are in the valley of the Dourbie. Here comes in the road from Saudières, where is a station on the line from Le Vigan to the junction160 on the main line opposite Roquefort; and the lower valley of the Dourbie can be visited from Le Vigan by taking the train to Saudières and a carriage thence to Milau.
Nant, a little town on the left bank of the Dourbie, has a Celtic name, very descriptive, for Nant signifies a valley or a river bottom. Nantes in Brittany has the same derivation, as has also Devon in Welsh, Dyffneint, the county of valleys. So also the Dourbie and the Durzon proclaim that they were named by Celts, for dour3 signifies water in Welsh.
The church of S. Pierre of the twelfth century is all that remains of a Benedictine abbey; the Romanesque chapel161 of S. Alban stands on a barren rock 2,400 feet high. But the great attraction is the source of the Durzon, as Reclus describes it:—
"A little river issuing from a deep foux some six or seven kilometres from Nant, near the Mas-de-Pommier, at the bottom of a cirque where walls, which are those of the Larzac, rise above the well to the height of 900 feet. There opens a great gulf162, un dormant163 qui ne dort pas toujours. A slight rain on Larzac agitates164 it, and it begins to boil languidly in the centre of the well; but after a long rain, a storm, or the [Pg 261] melting of the snows, the water rises in clashing floods like a cascade turned upside down; it is no longer a murmuring stream, but a growling165 torrent whose voice breaks the austere166 silence of the cirque."
Still descending167 the valley, we see perched high up on the right the curious village of Cantobre, on a point of the Causse Bégon, shaded by gigantic dolomitic mushrooms, and comprised within the walls of a ruined castle that was destroyed in 1660, after its owner, Jean de Fombesse, had been executed as a coiner.
But more curious even than Cantobre is the village of S. Veran, plastered against the rocks which shoot up into needles. The ravine opening behind it describes a circus bristling168 with pinnacles169 and rocks scooped170 out and shaped into the most fantastic forms. The whole is commanded by an immense wall of limestone on which, and intermingled with which, are the artificial structures of a castle, the cradle of the family of Montcalm, whose most illustrious member was the Marquess who fell on the heights of Abraham, 14th September, 1759, in the struggle over Quebec, that cost also the life of Wolfe. The inhabitants of this poor hamlet, in a barren and waste land, are themselves wretchedly poor. Some one said to one of them: "So, the Montcalms left this place!" "Aye! and would to God we could leave it too," was the reply.
Below this is La Roque, whence Roquesaltes may be visited, and the Rajol, extraordinary groups of rocks little less curious than those of Montpellier le Vieux, that are also reached from the valley of the Dourbie. But these I have described elsewhere, and I am not so garrulous171 that I care to repeat myself.
FOOTNOTE
[12] Martel: Les Cévennes. Paris, 1891.
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limestone
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| n.石灰石 | |
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flora
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| n.(某一地区的)植物群 | |
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dour
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| adj.冷酷的，严厉的；（岩石）嶙峋的；顽强不屈 | |
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prehistoric
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| adj.（有记载的）历史以前的，史前的，古老的 | |
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observatory
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| n.天文台，气象台，瞭望台，观测台 | |
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ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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watershed
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| n.转折点，分水岭，分界线 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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atmospheric
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| adj.大气的，空气的；大气层的；大气所引起的 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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density
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| n.密集，密度，浓度 | |
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presaging
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| v.预示，预兆( presage的现在分词 ) | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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mustering
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的现在分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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blusters
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| n.大声的威吓( bluster的名词复数 )；狂风声，巨浪声v.外强中干的威吓( bluster的第三人称单数 )；咆哮；（风）呼啸；狂吹 | |
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gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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gorges
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| n.山峡，峡谷( gorge的名词复数 )；咽喉v.（用食物把自己）塞饱，填饱( gorge的第三人称单数 )；作呕 | |
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tentacle
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| n.触角，触须，触手 | |
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lateral
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| adj.侧面的，旁边的 | |
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momentary
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| adj.片刻的，瞬息的；短暂的 | |
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dozing
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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granitic
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| 花岗石的，由花岗岩形成的 | |
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cascade
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| n.小瀑布，喷流；层叠；vi.成瀑布落下 | |
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cascades
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| 倾泻( cascade的名词复数 )； 小瀑布（尤指一连串瀑布中的一支）； 瀑布状物； 倾泻（或涌出）的东西 | |
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meandered
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fore
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wreckage
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rubbly
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diminutive
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swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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overflow
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devastation
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villa
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| n.别墅，城郊小屋 | |
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37
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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38
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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39
inmates
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| n.囚犯( inmate的名词复数 ) | |
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40
panes
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| 窗玻璃( pane的名词复数 ) | |
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41
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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42
tornadoes
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| n.龙卷风，旋风( tornado的名词复数 ) | |
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43
furrow
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| n.沟；垄沟；轨迹；车辙；皱纹 | |
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44
labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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45
torrents
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| n.倾注；奔流( torrent的名词复数 )；急流；爆发；连续不断 | |
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46
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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47
domed
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| adj. 圆屋顶的, 半球形的, 拱曲的 动词dome的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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48
antediluvian
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| adj.史前的，陈旧的 | |
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49
crouching
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| v.屈膝，蹲伏( crouch的现在分词 ) | |
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50
posture
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| n.姿势，姿态，心态，态度；v.作出某种姿势 | |
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51
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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52
abrupt
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| adj.突然的，意外的；唐突的，鲁莽的 | |
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53
precipices
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| n.悬崖，峭壁( precipice的名词复数 ) | |
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54
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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55
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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56
ooze
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| n.软泥，渗出物；vi.渗出，泄漏；vt.慢慢渗出，流露 | |
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57
chestnut
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| n.栗树，栗子 | |
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58
velvety
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| adj. 像天鹅绒的, 轻软光滑的, 柔软的 | |
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59
beech
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| n.山毛榉；adj.山毛榉的 | |
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60
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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61
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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62
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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63
desolate
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| adj.荒凉的，荒芜的；孤独的，凄凉的；v.使荒芜，使孤寂 | |
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64
ridges
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| n.脊( ridge的名词复数 )；山脊；脊状突起；大气层的)高压脊 | |
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65
furrowed
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| v.犁田，开沟( furrow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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66
tarn
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| n.山中的小湖或小潭 | |
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67
penetrate
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| v.透(渗)入；刺入，刺穿；洞察，了解 | |
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68
crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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69
ascended
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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70
renaissance
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| n.复活，复兴，文艺复兴 | |
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71
abruptly
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| adv.突然地，出其不意地 | |
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72
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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73
rivulet
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| n.小溪，小河 | |
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74
descends
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| v.下来( descend的第三人称单数 )；下去；下降；下斜 | |
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75
cavern
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| n.洞穴，大山洞 | |
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76
bellowing
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| v.发出吼叫声，咆哮（尤指因痛苦）( bellow的现在分词 )；（愤怒地）说出（某事），大叫 | |
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77
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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78
inadequacy
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| n.无法胜任，信心不足 | |
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79
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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80
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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81
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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82
vaults
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| n.拱顶( vault的名词复数 )；地下室；撑物跳高；墓穴 | |
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83
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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84
ascent
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| n.(声望或地位)提高；上升，升高；登高 | |
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85
ascents
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| n.上升( ascent的名词复数 )；（身份、地位等的）提高；上坡路；攀登 | |
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86
wading
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| （从水、泥等）蹚，走过，跋( wade的现在分词 ) | |
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87
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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88
subterranean
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| adj.地下的，地表下的 | |
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89
vagaries
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| n.奇想( vagary的名词复数 )；异想天开；异常行为；难以预测的情况 | |
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90
magnesium
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| n.镁 | |
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91
naves
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| n.教堂正厅( nave的名词复数 )；本堂；中央部；车轮的中心部 | |
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92
caverns
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| 大山洞，大洞穴( cavern的名词复数 ) | |
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93
deafening
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| adj. 振耳欲聋的, 极喧闹的 动词deafen的现在分词形式 | |
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94
sage
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| n.圣人，哲人；adj.贤明的，明智的 | |
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95
flicker
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| vi./n.闪烁，摇曳，闪现 | |
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96
silhouettes
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| 轮廓( silhouette的名词复数 )； （人的）体形； （事物的）形状； 剪影 | |
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97
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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98
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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99
ledges
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| n.（墙壁，悬崖等）突出的狭长部分( ledge的名词复数 )；（平窄的）壁架；横档；（尤指）窗台 | |
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100
rift
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| n.裂口，隙缝，切口；v.裂开，割开，渗入 | |
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101
limpid
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| adj.清澈的，透明的 | |
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102
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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103
mallet
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| n.槌棒 | |
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104
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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105
ascends
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| v.上升，攀登( ascend的第三人称单数 ) | |
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106
relics
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| [pl.］n.遗物，遗迹，遗产；遗体，尸骸 | |
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107
tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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108
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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109
vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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110
crumble
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|
| vi.碎裂，崩溃；vt.弄碎，摧毁 | |
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111
breached
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| 攻破( breach的现在分词 )； 破坏，违反 | |
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112
augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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113
savagery
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| n.野性 | |
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114
penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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115
veins
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| n.纹理；矿脉( vein的名词复数 )；静脉；叶脉；纹理 | |
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116
triangular
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| adj.三角（形）的，三者间的 | |
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117
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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118
edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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119
glacier
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| n.冰川，冰河 | |
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120
corroded
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| 已被腐蚀的 | |
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121
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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122
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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123
reek
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| v.发出臭气；n.恶臭 | |
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124
aromatic
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| adj.芳香的，有香味的 | |
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125
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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126
spicy
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| adj.加香料的；辛辣的，有风味的 | |
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127
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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128
vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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129
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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130
gallows
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| n.绞刑架，绞台 | |
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131
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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132
influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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133
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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134
arsenals
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| n.兵工厂，军火库( arsenal的名词复数 )；任何事物的集成 | |
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135
chestnuts
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| n.栗子( chestnut的名词复数 )；栗色；栗树；栗色马 | |
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136
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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137
smuggle
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| vt.私运；vi.走私 | |
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138
reverted
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| 恢复( revert的过去式和过去分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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139
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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140
secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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141
infiltrated
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| adj.[医]浸润的v.（使）渗透，（指思想）渗入人的心中( infiltrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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142
vomits
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| 呕吐物( vomit的名词复数 ) | |
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143
detritus
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| n.碎石 | |
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144
perquisites
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| n.（工资以外的）财务补贴( perquisite的名词复数 )；额外收入；（随职位而得到的）好处；利益 | |
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145
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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146
grotto
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| n.洞穴 | |
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147
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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148
adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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149
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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150
hearths
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| 壁炉前的地板，炉床，壁炉边( hearth的名词复数 ) | |
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151
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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152
excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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153
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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154
rheumatism
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| n.风湿病 | |
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155
dweller
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| n.居住者，住客 | |
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156
joints
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| 接头( joint的名词复数 )； 关节； 公共场所（尤指价格低廉的饮食和娱乐场所） （非正式）； 一块烤肉 （英式英语） | |
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157
teemed
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| v.充满( teem的过去式和过去分词 )；到处都是；（指水、雨等）暴降；倾注 | |
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158
wriggles
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| n.蠕动，扭动( wriggle的名词复数 )v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的第三人称单数 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等） | |
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159
quartz
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| n.石英 | |
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160
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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161
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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162
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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163
dormant
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| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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164
agitates
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| 搅动( agitate的第三人称单数 )； 激怒； 使焦虑不安； （尤指为法律、社会状况的改变而）激烈争论 | |
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165
growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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166
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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167
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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168
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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169
pinnacles
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| 顶峰( pinnacle的名词复数 )； 顶点； 尖顶； 小尖塔 | |
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170
scooped
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| v.抢先报道( scoop的过去式和过去分词 )；（敏捷地）抱起；抢先获得；用铲[勺]等挖（洞等） | |
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171
garrulous
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| adj.唠叨的，多话的 | |
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