AMONG THE CHEYENNES
One of the most charming books written about the early plains is Lewis H. Garrard’s Wah-To-Yah and the Taos Trail. It is the narrative1 of a boy, only seventeen years old, who, in 1846, travelled westward2 from St. Louis with a train led by Mr. St. Vrain, of the firm of Bent3, St. Vrain & Co., and after some time spent on the plains and in Cheyenne camps, proceeded westward to New Mexico and there saw and heard of many of the events just antecedent to the Mexican War.
It is an interesting fact that the book, which, in its interest and its fidelity4 to nature and to early times, equals the far more celebrated5 California and Oregon Trail of Parkman, tells of the events of the same year as Parkman’s volume, but deals with a country to the south of that traversed by him who was to become one of the greatest historians of America. The charm of each volume lies in its freshness. Neither238 could have been written except by one who saw things with the enthusiastic eyes of youth, who entered upon each adventure with youth’s enthusiasm, and who told his story with the frankness and simplicity6 of one who was very young. After all, the greatest charm of any literature lies in the simplicity with which the story is told, and in both these delightful7 volumes is found this attractive quality.
Garrard reached St. Louis on his way to the Rocky Mountains in July, 1846, and there became acquainted with the firm of Pierre Chouteau, Jr., & Co., so well known in the fur trade of the West. Here, too, he met Kenneth McKenzie, one of the first traders with the Blackfeet Indians, and Mr. St. Vrain.
To the modern reader it seems odd to see it stated in the first two lines of the book that a part of the necessary preparations for the trip before him was the “laying in a good store of caps, fine glazed9 powder, etc.,” but in those days the percussion10 cap was still a new thing, and of the guns used west of the Missouri River the great majority still used the flint to strike fire to the charge.
Besides Garrard, there were others in St. Vrain’s company, who were new to the plains. Of these one was Drinker, a Cincinnati editor; another, a Mr. Chadwick. Besides these there were General Lee of St. Louis, a friend or two of St. Vrain’s, and various employees of the traders.
Bent’s train was encamped not far from Westport,239 and here Garrard got his first taste of wild life, sleeping on the ground in the open. Here, too, he saw his first Indians, the Wyandottes, who, in 1843, had been moved westward from their homes in Ohio. Here, of course, he met those who for months were to be his travelling companions, and he paints us a fresh picture of them in these pleasing words:
“There were eighteen or twenty Canadian Frenchmen (principally from St. Louis) composing part of our company, as drivers of the teams. As I have ever been a lover of sweet, simple music, their beautiful and piquant11 songs in the original language fell most harmoniously12 on the ear, as we lay wrapped in our blankets.
“On the first of September, Mr. St. Vrain’s arrival infused some life into our proceedings13, but nothing more worthy15 of note occurred, except riding and looking at horses, of which Drinker and I were in need; one of which, Frank De Lisle, ‘le maitre de wagon16,’ sold me for fifty dollars, whom, from his fanciful color, brown and white spots, and white eyes, was designated by the descriptive though not euphonious17 name of, ‘Paint.’ He was a noted18 buffalo19 chaser, and I anticipated much excitement through his services.
“The way the mules20 were broken to wagon harness would have astonished the ‘full-blooded’ animals of Kentucky and other horse-raising States exceedingly. It was a treatment none but hardy22 Mexican or scrub mules could survive. They first had to be lassoed by240 our expert Mexican, Bias23, their heads drawn24 up to a wagon wheel, with scarce two inches of spare rope to relax the tight noose25 on their necks, and starved for twenty-four hours to subdue26 their fiery27 tempers; then harnessed to a heavy wagon, lashed28 unmercifully when they did not pull, whipped still harder when they ran into still faster speed, until, after an hour’s bewilderment, and plunging30 and kicking, they became tractable31 and broken down—a labor-saving operation, with the unflinching motto of ‘kill or cure.’”
The pulling out of the train from near Westport was an interesting and exciting event. Teamsters were shouting to their newly yoked32 bulls; the herders were driving along the caballada; mounted men were hurrying back and forth35; the leader of the company and his wagon-master were constantly passing to and fro from one end of the train to the other, seeing how things went, and looking for weak spots among the teams and the wagons36. A few days later came the first rain-storm—a dismal37 occasion to the young traveller on the plains. There are few old plainsmen but can still recall something of the discomfort38 of a long day’s travel in the storm; of the camping at night with clothing thoroughly39 wet and bodies thoroughly chilled, and the sitting or lying, or perhaps even sleeping in the wet clothing. “The wagons being full of goods, and we without tents, a cheerless, chilling, soaking, wet night was the consequence. As the water penetrated40, successively, my blanket, coat, and shirt, and made its241 way down my back, a cold shudder41 came over me; in the gray, foggy morning a more pitiable set of hungry, shaking wretches42 were never seen. Oh! but it was hard on the poor greenhorns!”
At Council Grove43, which they reached the last of September, the train remained for two days, and as this was the last place travelling westward where hardwood could be procured44, the men felled hickories and oaks for spare axle-trees, and swung the pieces under their wagons. Young Garrard was an eager hunter, and set out from camp in search of wild turkeys, whose cries he could hear, but he got none.
Here is another picture of that early life which may call up in the minds of some readers pleasant memories of early days when they, too, were a part of such things: “So soon as a faint streak45 of light appears in the east, the cry ‘turn out’ is given by De Lisle; all rise, and, in half an hour, the oxen are yoked, hitched46 and started. For the purpose of bringing everything within a small compass, the wagons are corralled; that is, arranged in the form of a pen, when camp is made; and as no animals in that country are caught without a lasso, they are much easier noosed47 if driven in the corral. There, no dependence48 must be placed in any but one’s self; and the sooner he rises, when the cry is given, the easier can he get his horse.
“Like all persons on the first trip, I was green in the use of the lasso, and Paint was given to all sorts of malicious49 dodging50; perhaps I have not worked myself242 into a profuse51 perspiration52 with vexation a hundred and one times, in vain attempts to trap him.
“Not being able to catch my horse this morning, I hung my saddle on a wagon and walked, talking to the loquacious53 Canadians, whose songs and stories were most acceptable. They are a queer mixture, anyhow, these Canadians; rain or shine, hungry or satisfied, they are the same garrulous54, careless fellows; generally caroling in honor of some brunette Vide Poche, or St. Louis Creole beauty, or lauding55, in the words of their ancestry56, the soft skies and grateful wine of La Belle57 France, occasionally uttering a sacré, or enfant de garce, but suffering no cloud of ill humor to overshadow them but for a moment. While walking with a languid step, cheering up their slow oxen, a song would burst out from one end of the train to the other, producing a most charming effect.”
The train was now approaching the buffalo range, and before long several buffalo were seen. Now, too, they had reached a country where “bois de vaches”—buffalo chips—were used for fuel, and the collecting of this was a part of the daily work after camp was made. More and more buffalo were seen, and before long we hear of the plain literally58 covered with them, and now, as buffalo were killed more often, Garrard is introduced to a prairie dish which no one will ever eat again. He says: “The men ate the liver raw, with a slight dash of gall59 by way of zest60, which, served à la Indian, was not very tempting61 to cloyed62 appetites; but to hungry men,243 not at all squeamish, raw, warm liver, with raw marrow63, was quite palatable64.
“It would not do,” he continues, “for small hunting parties to build fires to cook with; for, in this hostile Indian country, a smoke would bring inquiring friends. Speaking of hostile Indians, reminds me of a question related by one of our men: at a party, in a Missouri frontier settlement, a lady asked a mountaineer, fresh from the Platte, ‘if hostile Indians are as savage65 as those who serve on foot!’
“Returning to camp the prairie was black with the herds66; and, a good chance presenting itself, I struck spurs into Paint, directing him toward fourteen or fifteen of the nearest, distant eight or nine hundred yards. We (Paint and I) soon neared them, giving me a flying view of their unwieldy proportions, and, when within fifteen feet of the nearest I raised my rifle half way to the face and fired. Reloading, still in hot pursuit (tough work to load on a full run), I followed, though without catching67 up. One feels a delightfully68 wild sensation when in pursuit of a band of buffalo, on a fleet horse, with a good rifle, and without a hat, the winds playing around the flushed brow, when with hair streaming, the rider nears the frightened herd34, and, with a shout of exultation69, discharges his rifle. I returned to the party highly gratified with my first, though unsuccessful, chase, but Mr. St. Vrain put a slight damper to my ardor70, by simply remarking—
“‘The next time you “run meat” don’t let the horse244 go in a trot71 and yourself in a gallop72’ (I had, in my eagerness, leaned forward in the saddle, and a stumble of the horse would have pitched me over his head); by which well-timed and laconic73 advice, I afterward74 profited.”
From this time on there was much chasing of buffalo, but little killing75 of them, except by the old hands. The young ones, of course, neither knew how to shoot nor where to shoot, and our author na?vely remarks, after one of his chases: “To look at a buffalo, one would think that they could not run with such rapidity; but, let him try to follow with an ordinary horse, and he is soon undeceived.”
During the efforts of the greenhorns to kill buffalo this incident occurred: “Mr. Chadwick (of St. Louis, on his first trip, like several of us, for pleasure), seeing a partially76 blind bull, concluded to ‘make meat’ of him; crawling up close, the buffalo scented77 him and pitched about every way, too blind to travel straight or fast. Chad fired; the mad animal, directed by the rifle report, charged. How they did ‘lick it’ over the ground! He pursued, yelling, half in excitement, half in fear, till they were close to the wagons, where the pursuer changed tack78, only to be shot by one of the teamsters with a nor’-west fusil.”
BUFFALO HERD NEAR LAKE JESSIE, UPPER MISSOURI RIVER
It is natural enough that the boy author, while travelling for the first time through the buffalo range, should think and write chiefly about buffalo, yet he finds time to tell of the prairie-dog towns through245 which they passed, and of the odd ways of the dogs and the curious apparent companionship or at least co-habitation of the snakes and the prairie owls79 with them. As they passed through this region north of the Arkansas in the hot, dry weather of the early fall, they suffered sometimes from thirst. The first grave passed by the train aroused melancholy80 and sympathetic feelings in the boy’s heart.
One day Garrard went out hunting with Mr. St. Vrain and another, and a band of buffalo were discovered on their way to water. Here Garrard first found himself near a wounded bull, and the picture that he paints of the monster is a true and a striking one. “Mr. St. Vrain, dismounting, took his rifle, and soon was on the ‘approach,’ leaving us cached behind a rise of the ground to await the gun report. We laid down with our blankets, which we always carried strapped81 to the saddle, and, with backs to the wind, talked in a low tone, until hearing Mr. St. Vrain’s gun, when we remounted. Again and again the rifle was heard, in hasty succession, and hastening to him, we found a fat cow stretched, and a wounded male limping slowly off. The animals were tied to the horns of our cow; and, with butcher knives, we divested82 the body of its fine coat; but, finding myself a ‘green hand,’ at least not an adept83, in the mysteries of prairie butchering, I mounted Paint for the wounded fellow, who had settled himself, with his fore8 legs doubled under him, three hundred yards from us. Mine was a high246 pommeled, Mexican saddle, with wooden stirrups; and, when once seated, it was no easy matter to be dislodged. Paint went up within twenty yards of the growling85, wounded, gore-covered bull, and there stood trembling, and imparting some of his fear to myself.
“With long, shaggy, dirt-matted, and tangled86 locks falling over his glaring, diabolical87 eyes, blood streaming from nose and mouth, he made the most ferocious88 looking object it is possible to conceive; and, if nurses could portray89 to obstinate90 children in true colors the description of a mad buffalo bull, the oft-repeated ‘bugaboo’ would soon be an obsolete91 idea.
“While looking with considerable trepidation92 on the vanquished93 monarch94 of the Pawnee plains, he started to his feet; and, with a jump, materially lessened96 the distance between us, which so scared Paint that he reared backward, nearly sliding myself and gun over his tail; and before the bridle97 rein98 could be tightened99, ran some rods; but, turning his head, and setting the rowels of my spurs in his flanks, I dashed up within thirty feet of the bull; and at the crack of the gun, the ‘poor buffler’ dropped his head, his skin convulsively shook, his dark eyes, no longer fired with malignancy, rolled back in the sockets100, and his spirit departed for the region of perpetual verdure and running waters, beyond the reach of white man’s rifle or the keen lance of the prairie warrior101.”
And then the picture with which he closes the chapter covering the march through the buffalo range!247 How boyish, and yet how charming and how true it is!
“Good humor reigned102 triumphant103 throughout camp. Canadian songs of mirth filled the air; and at every mess fire, pieces of meat were cooking en appolas; that is, on a stick sharpened, with alternate fat and lean meat, making a delicious roast. Among others, boudins were roasting without any previous culinary operation, but the tying of both ends, to prevent the fat, as it was liquified, from wasting; and when pronounced ‘good’ by the hungry, impatient judges, it was taken off the hot coals, puffed105 up with the heat and fat, the steam escaping from little punctures106, and coiled on the ground, or a not particularly clean saddle blanket, looking for all the world like a dead snake.
“The fortunate owner shouts, ‘Hyar’s the doin’s, and hyar’s the ’coon as savys “poor bull” from “fat cow”; freeze into it, boys!’ And all fall to, with ready knives, cutting off savory107 pieces of this exquisitely108 appetizing prairie production.
“At our mess fire there was a whole side of ribs109 roasted. When browned thoroughly we handled the long bones, and as the generous fat dripped on our clothes, we heeded110 it not, our minds wrapped up with the one absorbing thought of satisfying our relentless111 appetites; progressing in the work of demolition112, our eyes closed with ineffable113 bliss114. Talk of an emperor’s table—why, they could imagine nothing half so good! The meal ended, the pipe lent its aid to248 complete our happiness, and, at night we retired115 to the comfortable blankets, wanting nothing, caring for nothing.”
Late in October the train met with the advance guard of a party of Cheyenne warriors116, then on the warpath for scalps and horses against the Pawnee nation. These were the first really wild Indians that Garrard had seen, and their picturesqueness117 and unusual appearance greatly interested him. In those days the Cheyennes had never been at war with the white people, and they were on terms of especial friendliness118 with Bent and St. Vrain, from whose trading posts they obtained their supplies. A little later, on the way to Bent’s Fort, they passed a Cheyenne medicine lodge84, with its sweat-house, and later still Indian graves on scaffolds which rested on the horizontal limbs of the cottonwood trees. A day or two after this they reached Fort William, or Bent’s Fort, where they met William Bent, in his day one of the best-known men of the southern plains. A few days were spent there, and then came the most interesting adventure that the boy had had.
Early in November he started for the Cheyenne village with John Smith, who, with his wife, his little boy Jack119, and a Canadian, were setting out for the village to trade for robes.
John Smith is believed to have been the first white man ever to learn the Cheyenne language, so as to be able to interpret it into English. When he made his249 appearance on the plains we do not know, but he was there in the ’30’s, and for many years was employed by Bent and St. Vrain to follow the Indians about and trade with them for robes. Early in his life on the plains he had married a Cheyenne woman and established intimate relations with the tribe, among whom he remained for many years. He was present in the camp of the Cheyennes during the Chivington massacre120 at Sand Creek121, in 1864, at which time his son, Jack, the child mentioned by Garrard in this volume, was killed by the soldiers, being shot in the back by a soldier who saw his shadow on the lodge skins and fired at it. It is said that John Smith himself came very near being killed, and had a hard time in talking the Colorado soldiers out of killing him. He has a son now living at Pine Ridge122.
The small party journeyed on toward the village, and while Pierre, the Canadian, drove the wagon, and the woman and her child rode in silence, Smith and Garrard kept up a lively conversation. Smith was anxious to learn all about the “States” and life there, while Garrard replied to him with inquiries123 about Indians and their ways. And so, day after day, they journeyed over the plain until the cone124-shaped lodges125 of the village came in sight, to be reached a few hours later. Riding into the camp, they halted at the lodge of one of the principal men, and unsaddling and unpacking126 their animals there, entered it with their goods, and according to custom established themselves in the250 back part, which was at once given up to them by the host. And now began an entirely128 new life for Garrard—a life into which he threw himself with the whole-hearted enthusiasm of a healthy lad, and which he thoroughly enjoyed. The days and evenings in the camp; the moving from place to place over the prairie; the misfortunes which happened to the men unaccustomed to such life, are all described. Vivid glimpses of the marching Indian column are given in the following paragraphs:
“The young squaws take much care of their dress and horse equipments; they dashed furiously past on wild steeds, astride of the high-pommeled saddles. A fancifully colored cover, worked with beads130 or porcupine132 quills133, making a flashy, striking appearance, extended from withers135 to rump of the horse, while the riders evinced an admirable daring, worthy of Amazons. Their dresses were made of buckskin, high at the neck, short sleeves, or rather none at all, fitting loosely, and reaching obliquely136 to the knee, giving a relieved, Diana look to the costume; the edges scalloped, worked with beads, and fringed. From the knee, downward, the limb was encased in a tightly fitting leggin, terminating in a neat moccasin—both handsomely worked with beads. On the arms were bracelets137 of brass138, which glittered and reflected in the radiant, morning sun, adding much to their attractions. In their pierced ears, shells from the Pacific shore, were pendant; and, to complete the picture of savage taste251 and profusion139, their fine complexions140 were eclipsed by a coat of flaming vermillion.
“Many of the largest dogs were packed with a small quantity of meat, or something not easily injured. They looked queerly, trotting141 industriously142 under their burdens; and, judging from a small stock of canine143 physiological144 information, not a little of the wolf was in their composition. These dogs are extremely muscular and are compactly built.
“We crossed the river on our way to the new camp. The alarm manifested by the ki-kun (children) in the lodge-pole drays, as they dipped in the water, was amusing; the little fellows, holding their breaths, not daring to cry, looked imploringly145 at their inexorable mothers, and were encouraged by words of approbation146 from their stern fathers. Regaining147 the grassy148 bottom, we once more went in a fast walk.
“The different colored horses, the young Indian beaux, the bold, bewildering belles149, and the newness of the scene were gratifying in the extreme to my unaccustomed senses. After a ride of two hours we stopped, and the chiefs, fastening their horses, collected in circles, to smoke the pipe and talk, letting their squaws unpack127 the animals, pitch the lodges, build fires, arrange the robes, and, when all was ready, these ‘lords of creation’ dispersed150 to their several homes to wait until their patient and enduring spouses151 prepared some food. I was provoked, nay152, angry, to see the lazy, overgrown men, do nothing to help their252 wives; and, when the young women pulled off their bracelets and finery, to chop wood, the cup of my wrath153 was full to overflowing154, and, in a fit of honest indignation, I pronounced them ungallant and savage in the true sense of the word. A wife, here, is, indeed, a helpmeet.”
Bravery, endurance, and hardihood were in those days a part of the education of each Indian boy, and here is a glimpse of the training received by a baby, which should fit him for the hardships that each warrior must endure. This was the grandson of the Vip-po-nah, a boy six or seven months old:
“Every morning, his mother washed him in cold water, and sent him out to the air to make him hardy; he would come in, perfectly155 nude156, from his airing, about half frozen. How he would laugh and brighten up, as he felt the warmth of the fire! Being a boy, the parents have great hopes of him as a brave and chief (the acme157 of Indian greatness); his father dotes upon him, holding him in his arms, singing in a low tone, and in various ways, showing his extreme affection.”
One of the subjects discussed by Garrard and John Smith before they reached the Cheyenne village was prairie foods. Smith spoke158 of the excellence159 of dog meat, while Garrard declared that it must be horrible, saying that buffalo meat was unquestionably the most delicate food in this or any other country. Smith agreed that buffalo was the best, but that dog meat was the next, and offered to bet that he would make253 Garrard eat dog meat in the village and make him declare that it was good. How John Smith carried out his threat is told in the following paragraphs:
“One evening we were in our places—I was lying on a pile of outspread robes, watching the blaze, as it illumined the lodge, which gave the yellow hue160 of the skins of which it was made, a still brighter tinge161; and, following with my eye, the thin blue smoke, coursing, in fantastic shapes, through the opening at the top of the cone; my thoughts carrying me momentarily everywhere; now home; now enjoying some choice edible162, or, seated by a pleasant friend, conversing163; in short, my mind, like the harp104 in Alexander’s feast, the chords of which, touched by the magic hand of memory, or flight of fancy, alternately depressed164, or elevated me in feeling. Greenwood and Smith, sitting up, held in ‘durance vile’ the ever present pipe. Their unusual laughter attracted my attention, but, not divining the cause I joined in the conversation. It was now quite late, and feeling hungry, I asked what was on the fire.
“‘Terrapins!’ promptly166 replied Smith.
“‘Terrapins?’ echoed I, in surprise, at the name. ‘Terrapins! How do you cook them?’
“‘You know them hard-shell land terrapin165?’
“‘Yes.’
“‘Well! the squaws go out to the sand buttes and bring the critters in and cook ’em in the shell alive—those stewin’ thar ar cleaned first. Howsomever, they’re darned good!’
254 “‘Yes, hos, an’ that’s a fact, wagh!’ chimed in Greenwood.
“I listened, of course, with much interest to their account of the savage dish, and waited, with impatience167 for a taste of that, the recital168 of whose merits sharpened my already keen appetite. When the squaw transferred the contents of the kettle to a wooden bowl, and passed it on to us, our butcher knives were in immediate169 requisition. Taking a piece, with hungry avidity, which Smith handed me, without thought, as to what part of the terrapin it was, I ate it with much gusto, calling ‘for more.’ It was extremely good, and I spoke of the delicacy170 of the meat, and answered all their questions as to its excellency in the affirmative, even to the extent of a panegyric171 on the whole turtle species. After fully29 committing myself, Smith looked at me a while in silence, the corners of his mouth gradually making preparations for a laugh, and asked:
“‘Well, hos! how do you like dogmeat?’ and then such hearty172 guffaws173 were never heard. The stupefaction into which I was thrown by the revolting announcement, only increased their merriment, which soon was resolved into yells of delight at my discomfiture174.
“A revulsion of opinion, and dogmeat too, ensued, for I could feel the ‘pup’ crawling up my throat; but saying to myself—‘that it was good under the name of terrapin,’ ‘that a rose under any other name would smell as sweet,’ and that it would be prejudice to stop, I broke the shackles175 of deep-rooted antipathy176 to the255 canine breed, and, putting a choice morceau on top of that already swallowed, ever after remained a stanch177 defender178 and admirer of dogmeat. The conversation held with Smith, the second day of our acquaintance, was brought to mind, and I acknowledged that ‘dog’ was next in order to buffalo.”
Life in the Cheyenne camp went on interestingly. Garrard began to make a vocabulary of the Cheyenne language, and soon to speak it in a broken fashion which caused his auditors179 to shriek180 with laughter. He watched them at the sign language, amused them with games and the few books which he possessed181, went to feasts, noted the odd implements182 and ways of his camp mates, and set down all that happened, together with his boyish reflections on the incidents.
The discipline practised by John Smith on his son Jack will bear repeating. It seems that the child had taken to crying one night, much to the annoyance183 of four or five chiefs who had come to the lodge to talk and smoke. “In vain did the mother shake and scold him with the severest Cheyenne words, until Smith, provoked beyond endurance, took the squalling youngster in hands; he ‘shu-ed’ and shouted, and swore, but Jack had gone too far to be easily pacified184. He then sent for a bucket of water from the river, and poured cupfull after cupfull on Jack, who stamped and screamed, and bit, in his puny185 rage. Notwithstanding, the icy stream slowly descended186 until the bucket was emptied, another was sent for, and again and again the256 cup was replenished187 and emptied on the blubbering youth. At last, exhausted188 with exertion189, and completely cooled down, he received the remaining water in silence, and, with a few words of admonition, was delivered over to his mother, in whose arms he stifled190 his sobs191, until his heart-breaking grief and cares were drowned in sleep. What a devilish mixture Indian and American blood is!”
Garrard was a healthy, natural boy, and with all a boy’s love of fun. He mingled192 readily and naturally in the sports and amusements of the young people of the Cheyenne camp and heartily193 enjoyed it. In those days the white trader in the Indian camp was regarded as a great man, and was treated with respect, to retain which he carried himself with much dignity. But Garrard cared nothing for this respect, and made no effort to preserve this dignity. He danced and sang with the boys and girls, and the women were astonished to find a white person so careless of appearances, though they liked him all the better for it.
On one occasion in the winter there was much excitement in the Cheyenne camp. A war-party was returning, and all the men, women, and children blackened their faces and went out to meet them. The returning warriors advanced in triumph, for they had three scalps, borne on slender willow194 wands, and hanging from each scalp was a single tuft of hair which told that they were Pawnees. Now there was great rejoicing in the camp, and many dances to celebrate257 the victory and to rejoice over the triumph that the tribe had made over its enemies. “The drum, at night, sent forth its monotony of hollow sound, and our Mexican, Pedro, and I, directed by the booming, entered a lodge, vacated for the purpose, full of young men and squaws, following one another in a continuous circle, keeping the left knee stiff, and bending the right with a half-forward, half-negative step, as if they wanted to go on and could not, accompanying it, every time the right foot was raised, with an energetic, broken song, which, dying away, was again and again sounded—hay-a-hay, hay-a-hay, they went—laying the emphasis on the first syllable195. A drum, similar to, though larger than, a tamborine, covered with parfleche, was beat upon with a stick, producing with the voices a sound not altogether disagreeable....
“During the day, the young men, except the dancers, piled up dry logs in a level, open space near, for a grand demonstration196. At night, when it was fired, I folded my blanket over my shoulders, comme les sauvages, and went out. The faces of many girls were brilliant with vermillion; others were blacked, their robes, leggins and skin dresses, glittering with beads and porcupine quill134 work. Rings and bracelets of shining brass encircled their taper197 arms and fingers, and shells dangled198 from their ears. Indeed, all the finery collectable was piled on in barbarous profusion, though a few, in good taste or through poverty, wore a single band, and but few rings; and with jetty hair, parted in the middle,258 from the forehead to the neck, terminating in two handsome braids....
“The girls, numbering two hundred, fell into line together, and the men, of whom there were two hundred and fifty, joining, a circle was formed, which ‘traveled’ around with the same shuffling199 step already described. The drummers, and other musicians (twenty or twenty-five of them) marched in a contrary direction, to, and from, and around the fire, inside the large ring; for, at the distance kept by the outsiders, the area was one hundred and fifty feet in diameter. There Appolonian emulators chanted the great deeds performed by the Cheyenne warriors; as they ended, the dying strain was caught up by the hundreds of the outside circle, who, in fast-swelling, loud tones, poured out the burden of their song. At this juncture200, the march was quickened, the scalps of the slain201 were borne aloft and shaken in wild delight, and shrill202 warnotes, rising above the furious din14, accelerated the pulsation203, and strung high the nerves. Timeworn shields, careering in mad holders’ hands, clashed, and keen lances, once reeking204 in Pawnee blood, clanged. Braves seized one another with an iron grip, in the heat of excitement, or chimed more tenderly in the chant, enveloped205 in the same robe with some gentle maiden206 as they approvingly stepped through one of their own original polkas.
“Thirty of the chiefs, and principal men were ranged by the pile of blazing logs. By their invitation, I sat259 down near ‘Old Bark,’ and smoked death and its concomitant train of evils to those audacious tribes, who doubt the courage or supremacy207 of the brave, the great, and powerful Cheyenne nation.
“The pipe was lavishly208 decorated with beaver209 strips, beads, and porcupine; the mixture of tobacco and bark, was prepared with unusual care for this, their grand gala night.”
A CHEYENNE INDIAN CAMP
It would be interesting to follow Garrard through his life in the Cheyenne camp, but space forbids this. He was called away from this interesting life by the news which came from the West of the death at the hands of the Pueblos210 of Governor Charles Bent, in New Mexico. Fugitives211 who had escaped the attack had come to Fort William and told what had happened, and soon after, William Bent, with twenty-three men, started for the Mexican settlements. They passed far to the southward of Pike’s Peak, met a few United States soldiers and volunteers, and toward the middle of February were joined by Sublette, with two companions, who reported forty thousand men enlisted212 for Mexico. Toiling213 through the mountains in true winter weather, the party marched on until they came to one of Bent’s ranches214 and at last reached Taos. From this on, the author’s route was much among the Mexicans of the various towns until, at last, turning his face eastward215, he came back across the mountains, and once more found himself in the Cheyenne village, whence soon afterward he set out for the East.
260
II
AN ATTACK BY COMANCHES
Although Garrard had seen plenty of Indians, and had been present at more than one skirmish, he had not yet taken part in a real Indian fight, though he had long wished to do so. On the way back this desire was gratified, and the boy, with his eighteenth birthday only just behind him, paints in one of the last chapters of his book a spirited picture of the alarms, surprises, narrow escapes, and swift changes of an Indian raid on the moving wagon-trains near the Pawnee Fork of the Arkansas. His trip on the plains ended in an exciting fighting climax216, and we can fancy that it gave the boy material for talk and for delightful recollections during the rest of his life.
“We were started early. The wagons traveled in double file, so that in case of an attack from the leagued Camanches and Arapahoes, whose propinquity was as well-known as dreaded217, they would not be strung along too great a space. The caballada was driven and kept between these two lines of the train.
“Late in the afternoon, when the sun was fast sinking to its golden-hued, silver-flecked bed, and the drooping218 ears of the flagging mules betokened219 weariness, objects were seen directly before us in the trace. Keen-eyed Barton, in calling our attention to them, uttered his opinion in the single significant word, ‘Injuns!’
261 “‘Indians, say you, Barton?’ inquired the colonel, looking in the direction pointed220, ‘Indians? Upon my word I believe so. Come on, we’ll reconnoiter, and say nothing to the train until the fact is ascertained221—indeed, I hope not’—and, striking spurs into his large brown California mule21, he loped forward, followed by some eight or ten of us. We soon ascertained, beyond a doubt, enough danger to lessen95 our party to five—the colonel, Barton, Brown, McCarty, and myself, who kept on until within less than a quarter of a mile of the large party of mounted warriors. That portion of our men who had put back with all possible speed, set the train in a ferment222 by their prodigious223 narrations224.
“In front, on the opposite rise of ground, was a sight to make the stoutest225 heart among us quail226; for the Indian force, displayed within long rifleshot, numbered, according to our unanimous estimate, four hundred strong, glittering with gay pennons, bright lanceheads, and savage ornaments227. Young braves rode their plunging barbs228 restlessly to and fro. The shrill and startling notes of preparation reached us but too plainly; and we hurried back to await for the expected charge. The train was in almost inextricable confusion, but the colonel soon restored order. The wagons, mules, and men advanced to the brow of the hill and made a coral: that is, the two front wagons came together, and the inside forewheels of those following, were made to touch the outside hindwheel of the one262 immediately in front. In this manner, a secure but irregular oval pen was formed, into which were driven the oxen, the caballada, and the riding animals, thus leaving the men free to devote their whole attention to the enemy. There was little noise, but much alacrity229, and considerable trepidation among the poor teamsters, thirty of whom were without firearms. We had scarcely finished our preparations for defense230, when the Indians, with poised231 lances, furiously charged upon us. For some time they circled around our coral with guns unslung, and white shields continually shifted to protect their bodies. At last they drew rein; and, on each side of our party, commenced a lively demonstration, sending their balls singing through the air; some overhead, some perforating the wagons and wagon-sheets, and some knocking the fur from our hide-bound oxen.
“We were drawn up in line outside, fronting the main body, two hundred and fifty yards distant. We gave them several rounds, one-half of us reserving fire until the discharged arms were reloaded. The Indians scattered232 after our rather ineffectual volleys, and their position became more menacing, their war-whoops more dissonant233 and savage than before. We posted ourselves about the wagons, each man to his liking234. Lieutenant235 Brown, with five men, took a position on a knoll236 fifty yards from us, and kept up an incessant237 firing, which was warmly reciprocated238 by the foe239. It became exciting; the warriors galloping240 furiously,263 bent down, now on this side, now on that, until nothing of their person could be seen but the heel and part of the leg thrown across the cantle of the saddle. From under the horse’s neck would issue a smoke-cloud, as we heard the sighing of the ball as it cut its way overhead, or knocked the dust from the dry plain. Sharply-sighted rifles gave ready answer; cheers rang out from our exhilarated party, and unfortunate oxen, stung by furrowing241 bullets from lumbering242 escopetas, plunged243 and horned each other from side to side of the crowded coral.
“A California Indian, belonging to Colonel Russell, ran, with gun in hand, far out toward the foiled enemy, making the Indian sign of insult and derision; and, in Spanish, abusing them most scandalously. He came back before long, in no small hurry, with three of the outraged244 foe at his heels, who were in return repelled246 at fullest speed by us. A ball overhead, causes even the coolest man to dodge247 involuntarily, however surely he may know that the whistling bullet has already missed him. This is especially the case in a desultory248 scattered fire. Many a hearty laugh was had at the ludicrous positions into which we found ourselves thrown by these badly-aimed missiles.
“The Indians detained us an hour, and then, relinquishing249 their coup250 attempts, moved off toward the west, to our extreme gratification. Had the charge been made before the coral was formed, they would have scalped the whole party, for our force was small,264 and composed for the most part of green teamsters. Yoking251 up, we reached camp, by the river’s side, hot, thirsty, and irritated at our meager252 ‘satisfaction.’
“June 19th. The train proceeded with much caution. Indian spies watched us in the distance, hanging like wolves on our rear; the gleam of their lances was often seen among the sandbuttes beyond the river. They were evidently intending to make another descent, on the first fair opportunity. Our flankguards were on the alert, and the day ended without a conflict. The country was sparsely253 wooded with cottonwood and boxelder, and bois de vaches supersedes254 substantial fuel for several days travel through the region of the ‘Coon Creeks255.’
“Our animals were saddled, hitched, and the train in motion, after an early cup of coffee. The air brisk and cool, and the sky clear, gave promise of a fair day’s travel; and even uneasy fears of Camanche attack were not sufficient to check our joyous256 feelings. It was the duty of the horsemen to push forward at mealtime, select a camp, and wait for the arrival of the train. Near noon, we entered a large ‘bottom,’ horseshoe-shaped, around which the river made a circuit of three miles or more. The wagons kept the trace across the neck, and a party, composed of Colonel Russell, Mr. Coolidge, and myself, on mules, and three others, on horses, followed the course of the stream to gather fuel. This I laid across the pommel of the colonel’s saddle, as I collected it, and he was already loaded with sufficient265 to boil our cup of coffee and fry the slice of pork for which we were well prepared by several hours’ fasting, when, all at once, the three horsemen strung out in a straight shoot for the wagons, without a word to us. ‘Hallo!’ shouted we, ‘what’s your hurry?’ The fast receding257 men said nothing, but pointed to the southwest, in which direction there approached, at full speed, a war-party of about forty, endeavoring to cut us off from the wagons which were then coralling in great confusion. Dusky figures, and light puffs258 of smoke, showed faintly in the distance, the attack on the straggling train. No time was to be lost in rejoining our company, and back we spurred, to the tune129 of Camanche take the hindmost. The lines of the Indian attack and our return were convergent259, and it was a mere260 question of speed whether we lost our top-knots or gained the coral. The pursuers already had the advantage. The colonel threw down his wood, and I replaced the old cap on my rifle with a fresh one, determined261 that one should ‘go under’ before my ‘hair was lifted.’ I led the retreat, mounted on a small iron-gray mule—a native of the California savannas—who bounded most gallantly—for a mule—over the prairie. Colonel Russell followed in my wake, but Coolidge was still behind. Our pace seemed snail-like, and we jammed our rifle butts263 into the flanks of the poor beasts most unmercifully.
“‘Come on, Coolidge,’ shouted the Colonel to the frightened trader, ‘come on, we’ll soon be safe.’
266 “‘Yes, yes! but this fool animal isn’t worth a cuss for running,’ and with that, he gave the poor mule another ‘chug’ with his sharp riflestock. No exertion was spared, no incentive264 was neglected, to urge our dull beasts along; and though there was but small chance for escaping a lance thrust, we answered loudly their yells. When within three hundred yards of the wagon, I looked back, and saw Coolidge far behind, with several Indians close upon him, the foremost brandishing265 his lance. I shouted to the colonel that Coolidge was gone, and immediately we jerked our animals around. The colonel aimed hastily, fired, and galloped266 back to the coral. I spurred on to cover Coolidge’s retreat, who came lumbering with the owgh-owgh-he-a of his pursuers close to his ear. When I drew rein, and placed it between my teeth, my mule, contrary to all precedent267 and custom, stood stock still, while I took steady aim, at the nearest savage, who, flying along with eager look and harsh yell, was striving to make a sure blow. His band followed on his track, at distances various as their horses’ speed. Coolidge, with eyes staring with fright, bent close down to his mule’s neck. When I first drew bead131 on the Camanche’s painted hide, he was approaching in a quartering direction to my right; as the gentleman was rather fleshy about the umbilical region, and tender withal, to make a sure shot, I kept the silver bead at my rifle point, at that particular spot, until he had passed to the left. With the report the yellow devil’s267 legs twitched268 in pain (I was so close to him that I could see even his features with disagreeable distinctness), and throwing up his horse’s head, he galloped off to the river. Those who watched, say that he did not come back.
“Reloading at full speed, Coolidge and I hurried into the coral, which was just being closed. We dismounted, merely giving each other a look of congratulation; for the rattling269 of the guns, and the warwhoops and yells of the men, drowned our voices, and left us nothing to do but fight. For that work, with a good will, and quite systematically270, we prepared ourselves. The Colonel’s party were firing with much earnestness. A short distance of the place where we were gathering271 wood, a large force was descending272 the sand buttes, glittering with bright gun-barrels, swords, and lances—a well-armed band. They crossed the river in a trot, which was quickened into a charge as they reached the bank, and, at one hundred and fifty yards distance, they opened their fire. For a few minutes, rifles, warwhoops, escopetas, hurrahs, contended in discordant273 strife—a tumult274 of wild sounds. But they could not stand our well-directed fire, and fell back. They left no dead on the field. This is never done, and the only token of the effect of our balls was, by the wounded precipitately275 leaving the immediate scene of action. To give straightout evidence of injury, by show of pain, or otherwise, is a breach276 of their code of honor—an infringement277 severely278 rebuked279 by the taunts280 of the tribe—a268 weakness not soon forgotten or forgiven by the old chiefs, whose duty and care it is, to sustain, by precept281 and example, the national bravery and hardihood. They consider not the death, merely, of an enemy, a victory—a coup must be counted. On a horse-stealing expedition, this is a horse; in battle, a scalp; and the trophies282 must be shown at home, before the warrior is allowed to decorate his robe with the black hand. When an Indian falls too far gone to rescue himself, his friends rush up and bear him off between their fleet steeds.
“They rallied and again circled around us, with their white shields protecting their bodies, tossing their spears, and showing off their beautiful horses, and their own graceful283 persons, to the best advantage. Their intention was to make a charge on the first vulnerable point, but we, being too well guarded, they, after many feints, fell back. I sat flat on the ground, my rifle resting on the spoke of a wagon-wheel—firing as often as an Indian came within range—and, when the painted, warwhooping target vamosed for safer quarters, at the crack of the gun, certainly no other than a smile of satisfaction lit up my face. If none fell outright284, it was not that any qualms285 of conscience prevented my taking cool and sure aim, at those who, after chasing a mile, and nearly scaring the life out of us, were then keeping us penned in the hot sun without water.
“One Indian, who, from his distinguished286, though scanty287, dress, was a ‘brave’ of the first order, came269 close into our lines, throwing himself behind the body of his horse, so as to show nothing but a hand and foot; but, as he raised himself, one of the colonel’s men cut, with his rifleball, a neatly-dressed skin, that hung at his neck, which we picked up after the fight, as our only trophy288. They now tossed their balls into us from a long distance, by elevating their pieces, being convinced that our coral could not be broken without great loss of life. Two teamsters, about this time getting scared at the whistling missiles, crept, for security, into an empty wagon. They had scarcely made themselves comfortable, when a ball, crashing through both sides of their defense, buried itself in the side of a poor steer289. The terrified Neds tumbled out, greeted by the roars of the men around.
“‘That’s what you get for your cussed cowardice290,’ drawled out one of the fellows.
“‘Well, I’ll be darned, if that wasn’t a grazer,’ ejaculated Charley McCarty. ‘Feel if you haven’t got a hole in your dogskin—I’d hate to be as bad scared as you, by thunder!’
“We were detained upward of two hours. Our fatigued291 and heated oxen were nearly dropping with thirst. The savages292 filed slowly up the sand buttes on the other side of the river, and we proceeded to camp, each man talking of his own shots.
“June 22. We expected to reach the Pawnee Fork during the morning’s march, and as there were bluffs294 near the camp, and several streams intervening, thick-set270 with timber, favorable for ambuscade, the advance guard preceded the train a quarter of a mile. We were on the alert, our eyes searching every object, our guns ready to fire, as with bridle-rein firmly grasped, we galloped along in the bright summer morning. Our exposed position, and the continual expectation of the Camanche yell, kept us excited wildly enough, although no foe delayed our march. By noontide, the saddles were off—the wagons coralled, and the tent pitched once more. Among the remains295 of the old camps, I found the skull296 and skeleton of an Indian. The sinews, well gnawed297 by the wolves, were not yet dry, and the skin and hair still graced the head, which, passed from hand to hand by the curious, was, at last, tossed into the turbulent waters of the flooded Pawnee Fork. The Camanche, whose head this was, had been killed a few days previous, in an encounter with traders. One or two others ‘went under’ at the same time, but their bodies had been rescued.
“On the opposite side of the creek, a train from the States was stopped like ourselves by the risen waters. I accompanied some of our men over to it. We swam across, holding our shirts and buckskins in one hand. At the camp we found a government train, some traders’ wagons, any quantity of gaping298 men, and a whitewoman—a real whitewoman! and we gazed upon her with great satisfaction and curiosity. After gleaning299 the ‘news,’ we returned in a full run to the creek, and, crossing as before, retailed300 our scanty information.
271 “The next day was beautiful, and we waited impatiently for the slow-receding stream to become fordable. The men scattered on both banks, the grazing cattle and caballadas, with the white wagon-tops of the three camps, made a serene301 and lovely scene. About ten o’clock, an immense drove of buffalo was seen running in the prairie to the southwest. Some of our party set off in pursuit on their horses, while twenty or thirty of us ran down to intercept302 them as they crossed the creek. A faint cry of Indians! Indians! Indians! from the camp reached those nearest the muleguard, and by them it was repeated and wafted303 on to us, who, hardly knowing whether to cache in the undergrowth, or to run for camp, stood for a moment undecided, and then ‘streaked it’ for the wagons. Turning our eyes to the furthest train on the hill, we perceived it in great commotion304. Fifty Indians were charging among them with their lances, recoiling305 from the light volumes of smoke at times, and again swallowing up the little force with their numbers and shutting them in from our sight. Others were stampeding the oxen. After a conflict of several minutes, they retreated, bearing with them a dead warrior, behind the bluff293 hill which jutted306 boldly from the opposite shore.
“Our teamsters, during the fight, looked on with mouth and eyes open, in wonderment, regardless of their own cattle, still feeding in a deeply-fringed savanna262. Tall cottonwood timber, overgrown with the luxuriant vine and thick-set underbrush, impervious307 to272 the eye, confined our stock to this secluded308 spot. The creek, half encircling it with a grand sweep, added its protection. A lightguard of three men watched the grazing herd. We were still congratulating ourselves on our escape, when from the guard, we heard the cry that the Indians were swimming the creek and driving off the oxen. More than half the camp started in full run to protect them. As we rounded the angle of the stream, yells were heard, then the dusky forms of a few Indians were seen; and, by the time we were within long gunshot, some sixty were among the luckless herd, goading309 them into a lumbering gallop. The colonel’s party led the van, and would have saved the cattle, had the teamsters supported them. But, they hanging back, we told them that their oxen might go to ——. Hurrying back to camp, Colonel Russell mounted his force and went in pursuit; but, in vain, we tried to repair the loss that negligence310 and cowardice had effected. Our ride rescued only thirty oxen, and gave us a view of the retreating savages, thrusting their lances into the remainder. In that unfortunate half hour, the train lost one hundred and sixty steers311; which, at the purchase price—one half less than they were worth on the prairie—was a damage of four thousand dollars, together with a total loss of from five to seven thousand more, in the necessary abandonment of the wagons—the natural result of sending on the plains a set of green men, commanded by as raw a director, poorly and scantily312 armed with government blunderbusses, and273 meagerly furnished with from eight to fifteen rounds of cartridges313 each, which were often wasted on game or targets long before reaching the Indian country. And this was not the only instance of miserable314 economy, as the official reports show.
“Our train was in a sad condition; half a yoke33 to each wagon. Mr. Coolidge was really to be pitied—nearly four hundred miles from the States, with but two oxen to haul four large wagons, heavily loaded with robes and peltries. The colonel carried a few packs (as many as he was able); he bargained with one of the outward-bound trains to take some back to Mann’s Fort, and the rest he cached. The government people crowded their ‘kits’ and provision in three wagons; and, toward evening of the next day, we crossed the creek which had now subsided315, leaving twenty-six wagons and any amount of extras, to the Indians and the wolves. Toward sundown, as we were hitching316 up to travel in the night, a party of dragoons, filing down the hill, made camp near. Lieutenant J. Love, commanding, was informed of the outrage245, and promised satisfaction. We stopped a moment at the train, with which the first fight had occurred. One poor fellow, named Smith, from Van Buren County, Missouri, had been lanced seven times through the neck and breast. He killed the Indian that fell, while on his back and already wounded.”
Garrard’s trip on the plains ended in true storybook fashion, and, we can fancy, gave the boy material274 for reminiscence and story-telling for many a long year.
This book, and many another of the period, mention constantly, and in most familiar fashion, names that to old-timers in the West are familiar as household words—men whom, in their old age, we ourselves perhaps knew; men with whose sons and daughters we have lived as contemporaries. But the generation that knew these old-timers, Carson, Bridger, Jack Robinson, Jim and John Baker317, Bent, St. Vrain, Sublette, Hugh Monroe, Ike Edwards, Bill Gary, Symonds, Beaubien, La Jeunesse, Rowland, and a hundred others whose names could be given, has for the most part passed away.
These names belong to the history of the early West. Soon they will be historic only, for those who have known them will also have crossed the Great Divide, and there will be none who can recall their personality.
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1
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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fore
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| adv.在前面；adj.先前的；在前部的；n.前部 | |
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glazed
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| adj.光滑的，像玻璃的；上过釉的；呆滞无神的v.装玻璃( glaze的过去式)；上釉于，上光；（目光）变得呆滞无神 | |
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10
percussion
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| n.打击乐器；冲突，撞击；震动，音响 | |
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piquant
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| adj.辛辣的，开胃的，令人兴奋的 | |
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harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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din
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| n.喧闹声，嘈杂声 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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wagon
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| n.四轮马车，手推车，面包车；无盖运货列车 | |
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euphonious
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| adj.好听的，悦耳的，和谐的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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mule
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| n.骡子，杂种，执拗的人 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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bias
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| n.偏见，偏心，偏袒；vt.使有偏见 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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noose
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| n.绳套，绞索（刑）；v.用套索捉；使落入圈套；处以绞刑 | |
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subdue
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| vt.制服，使顺从，征服；抑制，克制 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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tractable
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| adj.易驾驭的；温顺的 | |
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yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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wagons
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| n.四轮的运货马车( wagon的名词复数 )；铁路货车；小手推车 | |
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dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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42
wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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grove
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| n.林子，小树林，园林 | |
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44
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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streak
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| n.条理，斑纹，倾向，少许，痕迹；v.加条纹，变成条纹，奔驰，快速移动 | |
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46
hitched
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| （免费）搭乘他人之车( hitch的过去式和过去分词 )； 搭便车； 攀上； 跃上 | |
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47
noosed
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| v.绞索，套索( noose的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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49
malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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50
dodging
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| n.避开，闪过，音调改变v.闪躲( dodge的现在分词 )；回避 | |
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51
profuse
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| adj.很多的，大量的，极其丰富的 | |
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52
perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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53
loquacious
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| adj.多嘴的，饶舌的 | |
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54
garrulous
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| adj.唠叨的，多话的 | |
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55
lauding
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| v.称赞，赞美( laud的现在分词 ) | |
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56
ancestry
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| n.祖先，家世 | |
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57
belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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58
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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59
gall
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| v.使烦恼，使焦躁，难堪；n.磨难 | |
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60
zest
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| n.乐趣；滋味，风味；兴趣 | |
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61
tempting
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| a.诱人的, 吸引人的 | |
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62
cloyed
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| v.发腻，倒胃口( cloy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
marrow
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| n.骨髓；精华；活力 | |
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64
palatable
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| adj.可口的，美味的；惬意的 | |
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65
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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66
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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67
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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68
delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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69
exultation
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| n.狂喜，得意 | |
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70
ardor
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| n.热情，狂热 | |
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71
trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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72
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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73
laconic
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| adj.简洁的；精练的 | |
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74
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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75
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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76
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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77
scented
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| adj.有香味的；洒香水的；有气味的v.嗅到(scent的过去分词) | |
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78
tack
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| n.大头钉；假缝，粗缝 | |
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79
owls
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| n.猫头鹰( owl的名词复数 ) | |
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80
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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81
strapped
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| adj.用皮带捆住的，用皮带装饰的；身无分文的；缺钱；手头紧v.用皮带捆扎(strap的过去式和过去分词)；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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82
divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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83
adept
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| adj.老练的，精通的 | |
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84
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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85
growling
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| n.吠声, 咆哮声 v.怒吠, 咆哮, 吼 | |
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86
tangled
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| adj. 纠缠的，紊乱的 动词tangle的过去式和过去分词 | |
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87
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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88
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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89
portray
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| v.描写，描述；画(人物、景象等) | |
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90
obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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91
obsolete
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| adj.已废弃的，过时的 | |
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92
trepidation
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| n.惊恐，惶恐 | |
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93
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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94
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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95
lessen
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| vt.减少，减轻；缩小 | |
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96
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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97
bridle
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| n.笼头，束缚；vt.抑制，约束；动怒 | |
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98
rein
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| n.疆绳，统治，支配；vt.以僵绳控制，统治 | |
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99
tightened
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| 收紧( tighten的过去式和过去分词 )； （使）变紧； （使）绷紧； 加紧 | |
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100
sockets
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| n.套接字，使应用程序能够读写与收发通讯协定(protocol)与资料的程序( Socket的名词复数 )；孔( socket的名词复数 )；（电器上的）插口；托座；凹穴 | |
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101
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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102
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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103
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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104
harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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105
puffed
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| adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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106
punctures
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| n.（尖物刺成的）小孔( puncture的名词复数 )；（尤指）轮胎穿孔；（尤指皮肤上被刺破的）扎孔；刺伤v.在（某物）上穿孔( puncture的第三人称单数 )；刺穿（某物）；削弱（某人的傲气、信心等）；泄某人的气 | |
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107
savory
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| adj.风味极佳的，可口的，味香的 | |
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108
exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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109
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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110
heeded
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| v.听某人的劝告，听从( heed的过去式和过去分词 )；变平，使（某物）变平( flatten的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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111
relentless
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| adj.残酷的，不留情的，无怜悯心的 | |
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112
demolition
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| n.破坏,毁坏,毁坏之遗迹 | |
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113
ineffable
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| adj.无法表达的，不可言喻的 | |
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114
bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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115
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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116
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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117
picturesqueness
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118
friendliness
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| n.友谊，亲切，亲密 | |
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119
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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120
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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121
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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122
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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123
inquiries
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| n.调查( inquiry的名词复数 )；疑问；探究；打听 | |
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124
cone
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| n.圆锥体，圆锥形东西，球果 | |
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125
lodges
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| v.存放( lodge的第三人称单数 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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126
unpacking
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| n.取出货物，拆包[箱]v.从（包裹等）中取出（所装的东西），打开行李取出( unpack的现在分词 )；拆包；解除…的负担；吐露（心事等） | |
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127
unpack
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| vt.打开包裹（或行李），卸货 | |
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128
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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129
tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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130
beads
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| n.（空心）小珠子( bead的名词复数 )；水珠；珠子项链 | |
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131
bead
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| n.念珠；(pl.)珠子项链；水珠 | |
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132
porcupine
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| n.豪猪， 箭猪 | |
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133
quills
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| n.（刺猬或豪猪的）刺( quill的名词复数 )；羽毛管；翮；纡管 | |
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134
quill
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| n.羽毛管；v.给（织物或衣服）作皱褶 | |
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135
withers
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| 马肩隆 | |
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136
obliquely
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| adv.斜； 倾斜； 间接； 不光明正大 | |
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137
bracelets
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| n.手镯，臂镯( bracelet的名词复数 ) | |
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138
brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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139
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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140
complexions
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| 肤色( complexion的名词复数 )； 面色； 局面； 性质 | |
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141
trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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142
industriously
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143
canine
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| adj.犬的，犬科的 | |
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144
physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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145
imploringly
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| adv. 恳求地, 哀求地 | |
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146
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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147
regaining
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| 复得( regain的现在分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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148
grassy
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| adj.盖满草的；长满草的 | |
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149
belles
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| n.美女( belle的名词复数 )；最美的美女 | |
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150
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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151
spouses
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| n.配偶，夫或妻( spouse的名词复数 ) | |
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152
nay
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| adv.不；n.反对票，投反对票者 | |
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153
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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154
overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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155
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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156
nude
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| adj.裸体的；n.裸体者，裸体艺术品 | |
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157
acme
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| n.顶点，极点 | |
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158
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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159
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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160
hue
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| n.色度；色调；样子 | |
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161
tinge
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| vt.(较淡)着色于，染色；使带有…气息；n.淡淡色彩，些微的气息 | |
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162
edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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163
conversing
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| v.交谈，谈话( converse的现在分词 ) | |
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164
depressed
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| adj.沮丧的，抑郁的，不景气的，萧条的 | |
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165
terrapin
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| n.泥龟；鳖 | |
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166
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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167
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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168
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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169
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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170
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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171
panegyric
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| n.颂词，颂扬 | |
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172
hearty
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| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
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173
guffaws
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| n.大笑，狂笑( guffaw的名词复数 )v.大笑，狂笑( guffaw的第三人称单数 ) | |
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174
discomfiture
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| n.崩溃；大败；挫败；困惑 | |
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175
shackles
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| 手铐( shackle的名词复数 )； 脚镣； 束缚； 羁绊 | |
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176
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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177
stanch
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| v.止住（血等）；adj.坚固的；坚定的 | |
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178
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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179
auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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180
shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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181
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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182
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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183
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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184
pacified
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| 使（某人）安静( pacify的过去式和过去分词 )； 息怒； 抚慰； 在（有战争的地区、国家等）实现和平 | |
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185
puny
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| adj.微不足道的，弱小的 | |
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186
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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187
replenished
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| 补充( replenish的过去式和过去分词 )； 重新装满 | |
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188
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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189
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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190
stifled
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| （使）窒息， （使）窒闷( stifle的过去式和过去分词 )； 镇压，遏制； 堵 | |
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191
sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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192
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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193
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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194
willow
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| n.柳树 | |
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195
syllable
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| n.音节；vt.分音节 | |
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196
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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197
taper
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| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
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198
dangled
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| 悬吊着( dangle的过去式和过去分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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199
shuffling
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| adj. 慢慢移动的, 滑移的 动词shuffle的现在分词形式 | |
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200
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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201
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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202
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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203
pulsation
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| n.脉搏，悸动，脉动；搏动性 | |
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204
reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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205
enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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206
maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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207
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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208
lavishly
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| adv.慷慨地，大方地 | |
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209
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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210
pueblos
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| n.印第安人村庄( pueblo的名词复数 ) | |
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211
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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212
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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213
toiling
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的现在分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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214
ranches
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| 大农场， （兼种果树，养鸡等的）大牧场( ranch的名词复数 ) | |
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215
eastward
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| adv.向东；adj.向东的；n.东方，东部 | |
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216
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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217
dreaded
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| adj.令人畏惧的；害怕的v.害怕，恐惧，担心( dread的过去式和过去分词) | |
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218
drooping
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| adj. 下垂的，无力的 动词droop的现在分词 | |
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219
betokened
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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220
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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221
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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222
ferment
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| vt.使发酵；n./vt.（使）激动，（使）动乱 | |
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223
prodigious
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| adj.惊人的，奇妙的；异常的；巨大的；庞大的 | |
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224
narrations
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| 叙述事情的经过，故事( narration的名词复数 ) | |
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225
stoutest
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| 粗壮的( stout的最高级 )； 结实的； 坚固的； 坚定的 | |
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226
quail
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| n.鹌鹑；vi.畏惧，颤抖 | |
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227
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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228
barbs
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| n.（箭头、鱼钩等的）倒钩( barb的名词复数 )；带刺的话；毕露的锋芒；钩状毛 | |
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229
alacrity
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| n.敏捷，轻快，乐意 | |
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230
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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231
poised
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| a.摆好姿势不动的 | |
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232
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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233
dissonant
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| adj.不和谐的；不悦耳的 | |
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234
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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235
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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236
knoll
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| n.小山，小丘 | |
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237
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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238
reciprocated
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| v.报答，酬答( reciprocate的过去式和过去分词 )；（机器的部件）直线往复运动 | |
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239
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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240
galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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241
furrowing
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| v.犁田，开沟( furrow的现在分词 ) | |
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242
lumbering
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| n.采伐林木 | |
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243
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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244
outraged
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| a.震惊的，义愤填膺的 | |
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245
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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246
repelled
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| v.击退( repel的过去式和过去分词 )；使厌恶；排斥；推开 | |
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247
dodge
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| v.闪开，躲开，避开；n.妙计，诡计 | |
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248
desultory
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| adj.散漫的，无方法的 | |
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249
relinquishing
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| 交出，让给( relinquish的现在分词 )； 放弃 | |
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250
coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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251
yoking
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| 配轭，矿区的分界 | |
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252
meager
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| adj.缺乏的，不足的，瘦的 | |
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253
sparsely
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| adv.稀疏地；稀少地；不足地；贫乏地 | |
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254
supersedes
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| 取代，接替( supersede的第三人称单数 ) | |
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255
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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256
joyous
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| adj.充满快乐的；令人高兴的 | |
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257
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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258
puffs
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| n.吸( puff的名词复数 )；（烟斗或香烟的）一吸；一缕（烟、蒸汽等）；（呼吸或风的）呼v.使喷出( puff的第三人称单数 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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259
convergent
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| adj.会聚的 | |
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260
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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261
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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262
savanna
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| n.大草原 | |
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263
butts
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| 笑柄( butt的名词复数 )； （武器或工具的）粗大的一端； 屁股； 烟蒂 | |
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264
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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265
brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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266
galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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267
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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268
twitched
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| vt.& vi.（使）抽动，（使）颤动（twitch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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269
rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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270
systematically
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| adv.有系统地 | |
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271
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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272
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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273
discordant
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| adj.不调和的 | |
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274
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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275
precipitately
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| adv.猛进地 | |
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276
breach
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| n.违反，不履行；破裂；vt.冲破，攻破 | |
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277
infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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278
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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279
rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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280
taunts
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| 嘲弄的言语，嘲笑，奚落( taunt的名词复数 ) | |
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281
precept
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| n.戒律；格言 | |
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282
trophies
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| n.（为竞赛获胜者颁发的）奖品( trophy的名词复数 )；奖杯；（尤指狩猎或战争中获得的）纪念品；（用于比赛或赛跑名称）奖 | |
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283
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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284
outright
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| adv.坦率地；彻底地；立即；adj.无疑的；彻底的 | |
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285
qualms
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| n.不安；内疚 | |
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286
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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287
scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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288
trophy
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| n.优胜旗，奖品，奖杯，战胜品，纪念品 | |
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289
steer
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| vt.驾驶，为…操舵；引导；vi.驾驶 | |
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290
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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291
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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292
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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293
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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294
bluffs
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| 恐吓( bluff的名词复数 )； 悬崖； 峭壁 | |
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295
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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296
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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297
gnawed
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| 咬( gnaw的过去式和过去分词 )； （长时间） 折磨某人； （使）苦恼； （长时间）危害某事物 | |
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298
gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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299
gleaning
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| n.拾落穗，拾遗，落穗v.一点点地收集（资料、事实）( glean的现在分词 )；（收割后）拾穗 | |
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300
retailed
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| vt.零售（retail的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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301
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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302
intercept
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| vt.拦截，截住，截击 | |
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303
wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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304
commotion
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| n.骚动，动乱 | |
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305
recoiling
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| v.畏缩( recoil的现在分词 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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306
jutted
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| v.（使）突出( jut的过去式和过去分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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307
impervious
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| adj.不能渗透的，不能穿过的，不易伤害的 | |
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308
secluded
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| adj.与世隔绝的；隐退的；偏僻的v.使隔开，使隐退( seclude的过去式和过去分词) | |
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309
goading
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| v.刺激( goad的现在分词 )；激励；（用尖棒）驱赶；驱使（或怂恿、刺激）某人 | |
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310
negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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311
steers
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| n.阉公牛，肉用公牛( steer的名词复数 )v.驾驶( steer的第三人称单数 )；操纵；控制；引导 | |
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312
scantily
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| adv.缺乏地；不充足地；吝啬地；狭窄地 | |
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313
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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314
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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315
subsided
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| v.（土地）下陷（因在地下采矿）( subside的过去式和过去分词 )；减弱；下降至较低或正常水平；一下子坐在椅子等上 | |
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316
hitching
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| 搭乘； （免费）搭乘他人之车( hitch的现在分词 )； 搭便车； 攀上； 跃上 | |
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317
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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