To most of those who woo her, reputation is a coy and fickle4 mistress. But she occasionally evinces a very embarrassing attachment5 to men and women, whose innate6 modesty7 and reticence8 have prompted them throughout their careers to give her as wide a berth10 as possible. She has clung most unfairly and pertinaciously12 for more than two centuries to poor Kidd, who in common with most men of his calling, had no desire whatever to obtrude13 himself on the public notice. This worthy14, honest hearted, steadfast15, much enduring sailor, a typical sea captain of his day, seems really to have done his best to serve his country and his employers according to his lights, in very difficult circumstances. His fatal mistake which brought all his sufferings on him was that he yielded to the solicitations, if not to the intimidations, of personages of higher rank than his own, who for their own ends induced[5] him against his better judgment16 to embark17 on an impossible enterprise, which after the manner of his kind he doggedly18 tried to carry through to the utmost of his ability, and in which he came nearer attaining19 success than could reasonably have been anticipated. For his pains, after giving himself into custody20 in reliance on the word and honour of his chief employer, a Whig nobleman, he was ignominiously21 executed and hung in chains, after nearly two years’ close incarceration22, and has ever since been held up to execration23 as the arch pirate, who left behind him untold24 hoards25 of treasure taken from the murdered crews of peaceable merchantmen, and buried God knows where, on the innumerable coasts and keys of the West Indies, where they are popularly supposed to await discovery to this day. It would be difficult to conceive any wilder misrepresentation of the poor man’s doings.
Kidd seems to have been born in Scotland and to have spent the greater part of[6] his life in the American Colonies, neither of which circumstances was likely to stand him in good stead, either with the great men who employed him or with the London juries, by whom he was found guilty of murder and piracy26. It is not alleged27 by his detractors that he had not borne an excellent character, until he was sent on his wild-goose chase after pirates, nor is there any reason to believe that he had any taste himself for piracy. On the contrary, it was his exemplary past conduct in this respect, in which he was certainly in advance of his time, which was the primary cause of his ruin, inasmuch as it induced the Earl of Bellamont, the Governor of New England, at the instigation of a local magnate, Colonel Livingstone, to select him as the most fitting instrument for the furtherance of the King’s alleged designs for the suppression of piracy, when at the mature age of fifty-two, he was living a reputable sea-faring life in easy circumstances, possessed28 of a ship of[7] his own, and married to a wife with a considerable fortune, settled in New York.
Bellamont was appointed Governor of New York by His Majesty29 King William the Third, early in the year 1695. Two years before he had been treasurer30 and receiver general of the late Queen Mary; but she had found it impossible to allow him to retain that post. In her diary of 1693 she writes: “Lord Bellamont behaved himself impertinently. I turned him out and was censured31 for it by all, which was no small vexation to me. But I could not be convinced that I was in the wrong, yet was sorry it was so understood.” That he was given to taking unjustifiable action on ill-grounded suspicions would appear from the fact that in the same year (1693) he had made himself ridiculous by a vexatious and abortive32 impeachment33 of the Lord Chancellor34 of Ireland, Lord Coningsby, and one of the Irish Lord Justices, Sir Charles Porter, both of whom he had arraigned35 for high[8] treason and other imaginary crimes and misdemeanors. The House of Commons, to whom he had presented his articles of impeachment, could not stomach proceedings36 so obviously calculated to bring it into contempt; and unanimously decided37 that the great majority of his accusations38 were absolutely groundless, while they declined to take any action on the remainder, considering the state of Ireland at the time when the alleged breaches39 of the law had taken place. It is of course impossible to say with certainty how far his ineptitude40 on this occasion, and the remembrance of the Queen’s dislike to the man, induced the King to offer him a colonial governorship. But he would be a bold man who would venture to deny that even in more modern times similar appointments have been offered to and accepted by men, whom their own party have found it convenient to rid Parliament of at any cost, without regard to the interests of the Colonies to which they have been[9] relegated41. In those days colonial governorships were less sought after than they are now; and it was hopeless to expect any man of mark at home to accept one.
From an “Account of the proceedings in relation to Captain Kidd in two letters from a Person of Quality to a kinsman42 of the Earl of Bellamont,” published in 1701, the year of Kidd’s death, with the avowed43 object of vindicating44 the memory of Bellamont, who was then dead, it appears that New York had at that time, rightly or wrongly, earned a bad name in England. These letters, which so far as they appeared to whitewash45 Bellamont and Kidd’s other employers, were eagerly accepted and embellished46 by Macaulay, are historically interesting from the side lights which they throw on certain differences which had then arisen between England and her American Colonies, and were already paving the way for the separation of the Mother Country and her strongest child. Their writer begins[10] by informing his readers that “it was then well known that for several years two very pernicious things had been growing up in our American Colonies,—an unlawful trade in fraud of the Acts of Navigation and the Plantations47, infinitely49 prejudicial to England, and the cursed practice of piracy, utterly50 destructive of all commerce.” “Many,” he tells us, “were insensibly drawn51 into these ill courses by observing what excessive wealth the offenders52 gained in a short time, and with what impunity53 they offended. For some Governors, having found a way to share in the profit, were obliged not only to connive54 at, but protect, the offenders.” This anonymous55 gentleman had often, he says, been told by Bellamont that His Majesty had done him the honour to say “that he thought him a man of resolution and integrity, and with these qualifications, more likely than any other he could then think of” (apparently from Bellamont’s own account of the interview the[11] King had not much time to waste in troubling himself about so unimportant a matter), “to put a stop to that illegal trade and to the growth of piracy, for which reason he had made choice of him as Governor of New York, and for the same reason intended to put the government of New England into his hands.”
It would therefore appear to be admitted by this gentleman that the primary object of the King in the selection of Bellamont was to secure the more rigorous enforcement of the Navigation and Plantation48 Acts. These Acts had been passed in the reign56 of Charles the Second, for the purpose of securing for England the monopoly of American trade, by preventing under heavy penalties any direct trade between the Colonists57 and their neighbors, French, Spanish, or Dutch, in the West Indies. They prohibited the import and export of goods into or from the plantations except in ships built in England; and provided for[12] the seizure58 and forfeiture59 of any other vessels61 employed in that trade and all goods found on board. It will readily be understood that, although this monopoly was regarded with great favour in England, it had been growing more and more unpopular with the Colonists, as their commerce and population increased, because their traffic with their neighbors was incommoded and hampered62 by it; the inevitable63 result being that the smuggling64 of goods into and out of the plantations had become a popular and lucrative65 and not very difficult business. Our Dutch King’s desire to check this smuggling was not unnatural66, money being at that time urgently required by him for the prosecution67 of his French War.
Bellamont, appointed Governor of New England in July, 1695, seems to have been in no hurry to go out to America. The primary object of his appointment being the more rigid68 enforcement of the Navigation Acts, it may be that it was thought desirable[13] that he should be at hand during the passage through Parliament in the following year of the English Statute69 entitled “An Act for preventing frauds and regulating abuses in the Plantation Trade.” The Parliamentary draftsmen of those days had a pretty talent for invective70 exercisable on the instructions of those in power. In this case it was displayed not only in the preamble71 of the Act, but also in the recitals72 to several of the clauses. From these we learn that notwithstanding the Acts of King Charles the Second “made for the encouragement of the navigation of the kingdom and for the better securing and regulating the plantation trade, great abuses were daily committed to the detriment73 of the English navigation and the loss of a great part of the plantation trade, through the artifice74 and cunning of ill-disposed persons.” Amongst these artful, cunning, and ill-disposed persons, the pre-eminence is assigned to Scotchmen, who in that year were[14] in bad odour with the King, and projecting their unfortunate Darien expedition which, had it succeeded, might have hit the English trade far harder than any amount of smuggling could have done: “Great frauds and abuses,” we are told by the draftsman, “have been committed by Scotchmen and others in the plantation trade, by obtruding75 false and counterfeit76 certificates upon the government officers of having given security in this kingdom to bring the ladings of plantation goods to England, Wales, or the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed; as also certificates of having discharged their ladings of plantation goods in this kingdom pursuant to securities taken in the plantations, and also cocquets or certificates of having taken in their ladings of European goods in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed, by means whereof they may carry the goods of Scotland and other places of Europe, without shipping77 the same in England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed to His Majesty’s[15] plantations, and also carry the goods of the plantations directly to Scotland or any other market in Europe without bringing the same to England, Wales, or Berwick-upon-Tweed.” To remedy these malpractices, a penalty of five hundred pounds was imposed by the Act on any person making use of such false cocquets and certificates. Every Colonial Governor was required to take a solemn oath to do his utmost, that all the clauses, matters, and things contained in the Navigation Acts should be punctually and bona fide observed; and on proof that any Governor had neglected to take this oath, or been wittingly or willingly negligent78 in doing his duty, he was to be removed from his government and fined one thousand pounds sterling79. All naval80 officers in the plantations were required to give security to the Commissioners81 of Customs for the faithful performance of their duties, and until such securities had been given and approved by the Commissioners, the Governor was made[16] answerable for their defaults. The Act is very lengthy82 and verbose83. But the above are its most important provisions.
Legislation of this sort was thoroughly84 in harmony with the policy pursued at that time by the Home Government in its dealings with the Colonies. Generations had yet to pass before any doubt as to its wisdom began to dawn in the minds of Englishmen. Had Bellamont’s instructions from his royal patron been confined to its furtherance, it would have been well for poor Kidd, and the reputations of Bellamont and sundry85 great personages in England. But they had, as has been seen, extended to the suppression of the alleged growth of piracy in New England. As a matter of fact, it may well be doubted whether piracy had, as alleged, been for several years on the increase in that part of the world. In the West Indies it had greatly diminished. Less than thirty years before, the buccaneers had been so numerous that, on receiving the[17] directions of King Charles the Second to stop their depredations86 on the Spaniards, they had in defiance87 of his orders stormed the Castle of Chagres; and marching thence across the Isthmus88, more than a thousand strong, sacked and burnt Panama itself in the face of the organized forces of the Spaniards. Now the great Brotherhood89 of the Coast had practically ceased to exist. Such piracy as still lingered on amongst the English speaking race was for the most part limited to the eastern seas and consisted mainly in depredations on the shipping of Mussulmans, Armenians, and the natives of India, collectively termed by seamen90 Moors91. Without in any way extenuating92 the practice of plundering94 these people, it is only right that we should bear in mind, in considering the case of Kidd and his crew, the belief then widely prevalent amongst Europeans that there was little if any impropriety or disgrace attaching to the ill-treatment and robbery of black men by white. Witness,[18] for example, the slave trade, and the conditions under which negroes were worked in the plantations. Moorish95 piracy still prevailed in the Mediterranean96, attended by great cruelty to Europeans; and retaliation97 on the so-called Moors in the eastern seas must have seemed to the man in the street the most natural thing in the world. Darby Mullins, who was hung with Kidd, was no doubt voicing the opinion commonly held by seamen and others, not only in the plantations but in London and Bristol, when whilst expressing in his last moments to the Ordinary of Newgate his sincere contrition98 for his habits of swearing and cursing and profaning99 the Sabbath day, and his neglect to return thanks to his Creator for his preservation100 in an earthquake at Jamaica (sins of commission and omission101 which he regarded as really serious offences and for which he asked pardon), nevertheless protested in defence of his piracy under Culliford that “he had not known but that it[19] was very lawful” (as he said he had been told) “to plunder93 ships and goods belonging to the enemies of Christianity.” We may indeed be permitted to doubt, whether King William himself would have pressed Bellamont to check this piracy in the eastern seas, had it not been for two considerations: the one a possible apprehension102 that it might extend to the plundering of Dutch merchantmen sailing to and from his Dutch Colonies in the East, and the other the increasing complaints on the part of the wealthy East India Company who exercised great influence in Parliament, that it injured their trade and led to complications in their dealings with the Great Mogul.
Be this as it may, the suppression of piracy in the East was not only a desirable object, but one that was likely to commend itself to the mercantile community; and any plausible103 project for its furtherance that would not necessitate104 his immediate105 departure from England would naturally be welcomed[20] by Bellamont. Such a project was not long in presenting itself.
To return to his defence written by the anonymous Person of Quality: “As soon,” he says, “as it was known that the Earl of Bellamont was designed for Governor, all persons who had concerns in New York made their applications to him. Amongst others, Colonel Robert Livingstone, who had several employments in that province, had frequent access to him, as well upon the account of the public affairs there, as of several matters which he had depending before the council and the treasury106. The Earl, taking occasion to mention to this gentleman the scandal which lay upon New York in respect of the encouragement and retreat, which the pirates found there, Colonel Livingstone confessed” (as might be expected of a canny107 Scot, who wished to ingratiate himself with the great man) “that there was too much ground for the complaint, and that if some speedy and effectual course[21] were not taken to suppress those enormities, so many persons would be drawn into the guilt3 that it would be exceedingly difficult to master them.”
After thinking the matter over, he saw his way to make himself serviceable. “When he came again to wait on the Earl, he took notice of the zeal108 the Earl had expressed at their last conversation for putting a stop to that piratical trade, since which time, he said, he had spoke109 with one Captain William Kidd, lately come” to London “from New York in a sloop110 of his own, who told him that he knew most of the principal men who had been abroad roving and others who had lately gone out, and likewise had some knowledge of the places where they usually made their rendezvous111, and that he would undertake to seize most of them in case he might be employed in one of the King’s ships, a good sailer of about thirty guns, and might have one hundred and fifty men. He said that though the[22] pirates were many in number yet they had at that time no ship of considerable size. Livingstone affirmed that Kidd was a bold and honest man and he believed better than any other to be employed on that occasion.”
In the light of subsequent events it is much to be regretted that poor Kidd happened at that juncture112 to have come to London from New York and, whether in his cups or otherwise, made these disclosures to Livingstone. But that Livingstone was fully113 justified114 in his estimate of Kidd’s character is clear from the evidence of the four most reputable witnesses (it may almost be said the only reputable witnesses) at Kidd’s subsequent trials,—Colonel Hewson, Captain Bond, Captain Humphreys, and Mr. Thomas Cooper,—who happened to be in London, when the trial came on. Colonel Hewson then testified that Kidd was a mighty115 man in the French war in the West Indies; and had served under his (Hewson’s)[23] command, being sent to him by the order of Colonel Codrington. “He was with me,” he swore, “in two engagements against the French, and fought as well as any man I ever saw, according to the proportion of his men. We had six Frenchmen to deal with, and only mine and his ship.”
Kidd. “Do you think I was a pirate?”
Hewson. “I know his men would have gone a-pirateering and he refused it; and his men seized upon his ship. When he went this voyage, he consulted me and told me they had engaged him on such an expedition. And I told him he had enough already, and might be contented116 with what he had. And he said that was his own inclination117; but my Lord Bellamont had told him, if he did not go this voyage, that there were great men and they would stop his brigantine in the river, if he did not go.”
Mr. Justice Turton. “Who told you so? Did he?”
[24]
Hewson. “Yes, my lord.”
Mr. Justice Turton. “Did you apprehend118 that his intention in that undertaking119 was to be a pirate?”
Hewson. “No, my lord. He told me his business was to go cruising and surprise pirates.”
The Solicitor120 General. “Did he tell you he had no such design?”
Hewson. “Yes; he said he would be shot to death before he would do any such thing. He was very serviceable in the West Indies.”
On the same occasion Captain Bond swore that he knew that Kidd was very useful at the beginning of the war, and Captain Humphreys that he had known Kidd at the beginning of the late war, and that he had the applause of the General, as he could show by the General’s letter, a general applause of what he had done from time to time.
Mr. Thomas Cooper gave evidence to the[25] like effect. Being asked by Kidd to tell the Lord Chief Baron121 Ward122, what he knew of him in the West Indies, he replied: “I was on board the Lyon; and this Captain Kidd brought his ship from a place that belonged to the Dutch and brought her into the King’s service at the beginning of the war, about ten years ago; and we fought Monsieur Du Cass a whole day, and I thank God we got the better of it. And Captain Kidd behaved himself very well in the face of his enemies.”
Two points should be noted123 in Colonel Hewson’s evidence. First, that he knew that Kidd, years before there was any thought of sending him out to suppress piracy in the eastern seas, had not only done good service for England in the war against France, but had also refused to join his crew in “pirateering,” with the result that they had seized his ship. Secondly124, that Kidd had told him before he started on his last unlucky expedition, that he was drawn into[26] the business by an intimation on the part of Bellamont, that there were great men in it, and by the threat that if he did not go, his brigantine would be stopped in the river. That there were great men in the business, far greater men than Bellamont, is indisputable. That great men in those days were wont125 to use their great power more arbitrarily than they dare to do now-a-days is also indisputable. That Kidd was more or less coerced126 into embarking127 in their business by the fear that they might stop his brigantine in the river if he refused to go, cannot, in view of the statement which he made to Colonel Hewson before starting, be reasonably regarded as improbable.
To return to the narrative128 of the Person of Quality, who was not likely to lay stress on these points. “His Majesty,” he says, “was made acquainted with the proposal by the Earl of Bellamont, and was pleased to consult the Admiralty. But the war employing all the King’s ships which were in[27] a condition of service, and the great want of seamen (notwithstanding the press and all other means used), together with the remoteness of the voyage, and the uncertainty129 of meeting the pirates or taking them if they were found, occasioned after some deliberation the laying aside of the project as impracticable at that time.” In other words, the Admiralty officials, realizing the difficulty of the task, declined to take any part in it, and pleaded inability.
The pertinacious11 Livingstone, as might have been expected, was not to be staved off in this fashion; and before long he hit upon a new project. “He did propose to the Earl, that if persons of consideration might be induced to join in the expense of buying and fitting out a proper ship, he had such an opinion of Kidd’s capacity and good meaning, and so great a desire that some stop might be put to these practices that he would be one of the undertakers” (incurring little risk so long as he stood in with[28] persons of sufficient consideration); “and that he and Kidd would be at one-fifth part of the charge. The Earl thought himself obliged in duty to make this second overture130 known to His Majesty, who was pleased to approve highly of the design, because” (note the reason) “nothing of that nature was to be effected in any other way. He did also declare, as an encouragement to such an undertaking, that the persons with whom the Earl should engage to be at the expense of the voyage should have a grant of what Kidd should take from the pirates, so far as it might belong to him, except some part, which he would reserve for himself chiefly to show that he was a partner in the undertaking.”
So far, therefore, as appears from the narrative of this Person of Quality, who is the only witness of these confidential131 communications, whose evidence is now available. The original suggestion of Kidd, who unlike the majority of his fellow Colonists[29] was opposed to piracy in the East or elsewhere, was that if he was sent out on board of a King’s ship, with officers and men of the King’s navy, he would indicate to them the places to which the pirates were wont to resort, and thus enable the King’s sailors to seize them. The Admiralty doubted the feasibility of this plan, even if they had had the necessary means at the moment to carry it out. The disastrous132 suggestion that Kidd should be sent out in command of a ship, provided at the expense of persons of consideration, and manned by a scratch crew of undisciplined men, emanated133 from Livingstone, and was assented134 to by the King as a pis-aller. At the worst the King could not lose a farthing by it. If it succeeded, he would not only gain his object, but pocket a substantial share of the plunder. The adventurers might pocket more, but they would run some risk of parting with their money and getting no return for it. What would happen to Kidd, if he[30] failed, appears to have been no concern to any of them.
The King’s approval of the adventure having been obtained, the next thing to be done was to find the necessary persons of consideration, willing to put their money in it. Six thousand pounds only were required, of which Livingstone and Kidd each contributed six hundred. The remainder was at once advanced by four of the most powerful men in England at that time, leading men in the King’s Whig Ministry135, Somers the Lord Chancellor; the Earl of Orford, the First Lord of the Admiralty; and the two Secretaries of State, the Earl of Romney and the Duke of Shrewsbury. Great men indeed were now in the business, and it was too late for Kidd to back out of it. So far Livingstone had succeeded, probably beyond his wildest hopes.
But although these great men were quite willing to risk their moneys in this adventure, they were by no means keen that their[31] names should appear in connection with it. In the grant[1] made to the adventurers by the King of the pirates’ goods and wares136 to be taken by Kidd, it was expressly stated that his ship, the Adventure Galley137, had been, with the King’s knowledge and royal encouragement, fitted out to sea at the great and sole charge of the Earl of Bellamont and Sir Edmund Harrison, and four obscure personages, Samuel Newton, John Rowley, George Watson, and Thomas Reynolds, not one of whom had advanced a penny of their own upon it; and it was to these persons, and not to Livingstone, Kidd, or the four King’s ministers that the grant purported138 to be made on the ground that the King was “graciously inclined that so chargeable an undertaking tending to such good and laudable ends should have meet and proper encouragement.” As a quid pro9 quo for this highly improper139 grant, the legality of which was afterwards very seriously[32] called in question in Parliament, the grantees by an indenture140 of even date therewith agreed to well and truly account for and deliver to the use of His Majesty one full clear tenth part of any vessels, merchandise, moneys, goods, and wares that might be captured by Kidd.
Two Commissions were granted to Kidd himself, the one, letters of marque in ordinary form, empowering him to capture French ships, and the other, a special Commission authorizing141 him to apprehend, seize, and take four persons designated by name as pirates, Thomas Too, John Ireland, Thomas Wake, and William Maze142 alias143 Mace144 (none of whom were found by him in the course of his wanderings), and also any other pirates, freebooters, and sea rovers, whom he might be fortunate enough to catch, together with their ships, merchandise, goods, and wares. How he was to satisfy himself that any persons whom he might come across were pirates, unless he[33] caught them in the act of piracy, and what the consequences to himself would be, if he had the misfortune by mistake to kill persons whom he suspected to be pirates, but of whose piracy he had no legal proof, or if by any equally likely mischance he neglected to seize persons who were pirates, but whom he could not prove to be such, does not appear from any of the verbose legal documents drawn up on this occasion. What is clear from them[2] amongst other things is this, that they imposed on his men conditions which were likely to be and in the event proved to be very unpalatable to them. The most important of these was that if they took no prizes, the crew were to have no pay. Another condition was that if the prize moneys were insufficient145 to meet the full amount advanced by the four great men, the deficiency was to be made good by Kidd and Livingstone, both of whom were substantial men. In the event of the prize[34] moneys amounting to one hundred thousand pounds, the Adventure Galley, which turned out to be a leaky old vessel60, was to become the property of Kidd. The great men therefore ran very little pecuniary146 risk, and obviously hoped to make enormous gains from the enterprise. But for this expectation it is highly improbable that any of them would have embarked147 in the adventure.
It is, of course, very difficult at this distance of time to determine with any certainty what amount of blame attaches to the several personages concerned in this unfortunate business. Very grave suspicion attaches to some of them. One thing, however, is reasonably certain, that no candid148 person who will now take the trouble to look into the case carefully, can come to any other conclusion than that the balance of evidence is distinctly in favour of poor Kidd; and that he was fully justified in the reply which he made to Lord Chief Baron Ward,[35] when called upon to say why sentence of death should not be pronounced upon him. “My lord, it is a very hard sentence. For my part, I am the innocentest person of them all.”
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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posterity
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guilt
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fickle
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attachment
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innate
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modesty
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reticence
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obtrude
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worthy
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judgment
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embark
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doggedly
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attaining
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ignominiously
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incarceration
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execration
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untold
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26
piracy
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| n.海盗行为，剽窃，著作权侵害 | |
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27
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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28
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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29
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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30
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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31
censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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32
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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33
impeachment
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| n.弹劾；控告；怀疑 | |
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34
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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35
arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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36
proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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37
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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38
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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39
breaches
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| 破坏( breach的名词复数 )； 破裂； 缺口； 违背 | |
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40
ineptitude
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| n.不适当；愚笨，愚昧的言行 | |
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41
relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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42
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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43
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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44
vindicating
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的现在分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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45
whitewash
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| v.粉刷，掩饰；n.石灰水，粉刷，掩饰 | |
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46
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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47
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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48
plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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49
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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50
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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51
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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52
offenders
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| n.冒犯者( offender的名词复数 )；犯规者；罪犯；妨害…的人（或事物） | |
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53
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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54
connive
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| v.纵容；密谋 | |
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55
anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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56
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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57
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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58
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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59
forfeiture
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| n.（名誉等）丧失 | |
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60
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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61
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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62
hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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63
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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64
smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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65
lucrative
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| adj.赚钱的，可获利的 | |
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66
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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67
prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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68
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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69
statute
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| n.成文法，法令，法规；章程，规则，条例 | |
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70
invective
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| n.痛骂，恶意抨击 | |
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71
preamble
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| n.前言；序文 | |
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72
recitals
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| n.独唱会( recital的名词复数 )；独奏会；小型音乐会、舞蹈表演会等；一系列事件等的详述 | |
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73
detriment
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| n.损害；损害物，造成损害的根源 | |
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74
artifice
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| n.妙计，高明的手段；狡诈，诡计 | |
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75
obtruding
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的现在分词 ) | |
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76
counterfeit
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| vt.伪造，仿造；adj.伪造的，假冒的 | |
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77
shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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78
negligent
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| adj.疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的 | |
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79
sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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80
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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81
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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82
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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83
verbose
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| adj.用字多的；冗长的；累赘的 | |
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84
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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85
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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86
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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87
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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88
isthmus
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| n.地峡 | |
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89
brotherhood
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| n.兄弟般的关系，手中情谊 | |
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90
seamen
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| n.海员 | |
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91
moors
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| v.停泊，系泊（船只）( moor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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92
extenuating
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| adj.使减轻的，情有可原的v.（用偏袒的辩解或借口）减轻( extenuate的现在分词 )；低估，藐视 | |
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93
plunder
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| vt.劫掠财物，掠夺；n.劫掠物，赃物；劫掠 | |
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94
plundering
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| 掠夺，抢劫( plunder的现在分词 ) | |
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95
moorish
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| adj.沼地的，荒野的，生[住]在沼地的 | |
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96
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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97
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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98
contrition
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| n.悔罪，痛悔 | |
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99
profaning
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| v.不敬( profane的现在分词 )；亵渎，玷污 | |
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100
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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101
omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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102
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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103
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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104
necessitate
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| v.使成为必要，需要 | |
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105
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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106
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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107
canny
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| adj.谨慎的，节俭的 | |
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108
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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109
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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110
sloop
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| n.单桅帆船 | |
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111
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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112
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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113
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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114
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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115
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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116
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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117
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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118
apprehend
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| vt.理解，领悟，逮捕，拘捕，忧虑 | |
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119
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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120
solicitor
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| n.初级律师，事务律师 | |
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121
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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122
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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123
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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124
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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125
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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126
coerced
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| v.迫使做( coerce的过去式和过去分词 )；强迫；（以武力、惩罚、威胁等手段）控制；支配 | |
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127
embarking
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| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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128
narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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129
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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130
overture
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| n.前奏曲、序曲，提议，提案，初步交涉 | |
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131
confidential
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| adj.秘（机）密的，表示信任的，担任机密工作的 | |
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132
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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133
emanated
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| v.从…处传出，传出( emanate的过去式和过去分词 )；产生，表现，显示 | |
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134
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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135
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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136
wares
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| n. 货物, 商品 | |
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137
galley
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| n.（飞机或船上的）厨房单层甲板大帆船；军舰舰长用的大划艇； | |
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138
purported
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| adj.传说的，谣传的v.声称是…，（装得）像是…的样子( purport的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
improper
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| adj.不适当的，不合适的，不正确的，不合礼仪的 | |
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140
indenture
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| n.契约；合同 | |
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141
authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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142
maze
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| n.迷宫，八阵图，混乱，迷惑 | |
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143
alias
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| n.化名；别名；adv.又名 | |
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144
mace
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| n.狼牙棒，豆蔻干皮 | |
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145
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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146
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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147
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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148
candid
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| adj.公正的，正直的；坦率的 | |
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