On the seventeenth day of January, 1894, the Government was confronted by a disquieting7 emergency. The gold reserve had fallen to less than $70,000,000, notwithstanding the most diligent9 efforts to maintain it in sounder condition. Against this slender fund gold demands amounting to not less than $450,000,000 in United States notes and Treasury10 notes were in actual circulation, and others amounting to about $50,000,000, in addition, were temporarily held in the Treasury subject to reissue—the entire volume, by peremptory11 requirement of law, remaining uncanceled even after repeated redemption; nor was there any promise of a cessation of the abnormal and exhausting drain of gold then fully12 under way. Another factor 138 in the situation, most perplexing and dangerous, was the distrust, which was growing enormously, regarding the wisdom and stability of our scheme of finance. As a result of these conditions there loomed13 in sight the menace of the destruction of our gold reserve, the repudiation14 of our gold obligations, the humiliating fall of our nation’s finances to a silver basis, and the degradation15 of our Government’s high standing8 in the respect of the civilized16 world.
There was absolutely but one way to avert17 national calamity18 and our country’s disgrace; and this way was adopted when, on the seventeenth day of January, 1894, the Secretary of the Treasury issued a notice that bids in gold would be received until the first day of February following for $50,000,000 in bonds of the United States, redeemable19 in coin at the pleasure of the Government after ten years from the date of their issue, and bearing interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum. It was further stated in the notice that no bid would be considered that did not offer a premium20 on said bonds of a fraction more than seventeen per cent., which would secure to the purchaser an investment yielding three per cent. per annum.
It should here be mentioned that the only Government bonds which could be sold in the 139 manner and for the purpose contemplated21 were such as were authorized22 and described in a law passed in 1870, and which were designated in the law of 1875 providing for the redemption of United States notes as the kind of bonds which the Secretary of the Treasury was permitted to sell to enable him “to prepare and provide for” such redemption. The issues of bonds thus authorized were of three descriptions: one payable23 at the pleasure of the Government after ten years from their date, and bearing interest at the rate of five per cent.; one so made payable after fifteen years from their date, bearing four and a half per cent. interest; and one in like manner made payable after thirty years from their date, bearing interest at the rate of four per cent. The five per cent. bonds were specified24 in the Secretary’s offer of sale because on account of their high rate of interest they would command a greater premium, and therefore a larger return of gold, and for the further reason that the option of the Government regarding their payment could be earlier exercised.
The withdrawals25 of gold did not cease with the offer to sell bonds for the replenishment27 of the reserve, and on the day before the date limited for the opening of bids the fund had decreased 140 to less than $66,000,000. In the meantime, the perplexity of the situation, already intense, was made more so by the fact that the bids for bonds under the offer of the Secretary came in so slowly that a few days before the 1st of February, when the bids were to be opened, there were plain indications that the contemplated sale would fail unless prompt and energetic measures were taken to avoid such a perilous28 result.
Thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury invited to a conference, in the city of New York, a number of bankers and presidents of moneyed institutions, which resulted in so arousing their patriotism29, as well as their solicitude30 for the protection of the interests they represented, that they effectively exerted themselves, barely in time to prevent a disastrous31 failure of the sale. The proceeds of this sale, received from numerous bidders32 large and small, aggregated33 $58,660,917.63 in gold, which so increased the reserve that on the sixth day of March, 1894, it amounted to $107,440,802.
It was hoped that this measure of restoration and this exhibition of the nation’s ability to protect its financial integrity would allay34 apprehension35 and restore confidence to such an extent as to render further bond sales unnecessary. 141 It was soon discovered, however, that the complications of our ill condition were so deep-seated and stubborn that the treatment resorted to was only a palliative instead of a cure.
On the last day of May, 1894, less than three months after its reinforcement, as mentioned, the gold reserve had been again so depleted36 by withdrawals that it amounted to only $78,693,267. An almost uninterrupted downward tendency followed, notwithstanding constant efforts on the part of the Government to check the fall, until, on the fourteenth day of November, 1894, the fund had fallen to $61,878,374. In the meantime, the inclination37 of our timid citizens to take gold from the reserve for hoarding39 “had grown by what it fed on,” while large shipments abroad to meet foreign indebtedness or for profit still continued and increased in amount.
In these circumstances the inexorable alternative presented itself of again selling Government bonds for the replenishment of its redemption gold, or assuming the tremendous risk of neglecting the safety and permanence of every interest dependent upon the soundness of our national finances. An obedient regard for official duty made the right path exceedingly plain. 142
On the day last mentioned a public proposal was issued inviting40 bids in gold for the purchase of additional five per cent. bonds to the amount of $50,000,000. Numerous bids were received under this proposal, one of which, for “all or none” of the bonds, tendered on behalf of thirty-three banking41 institutions and financiers in the city of New York, being considerably42 more advantageous43 to the Government than all other bids, was accepted, and the entire amount was awarded to these parties. This resulted in adding to the reserve the sum of $58,538,500.
The president at that time of the United States Trust Company, one of the strongest and largest financial institutions in the country, rendered most useful and patriotic44 service in making both this and the previous offer of bonds successful; and his company was a prominent purchaser on both occasions. He afterward45 testified under oath that the accepted bid for “all or none,” in which his company was a large participant, proved unprofitable to the bidders.
The payment of gold into the Treasury on account of this sale of bonds was not entirely46 completed until after the 1st of December, 1894. Then followed a time of bitter disappointment 143 and miserable47 depression, greater than any that had before darkened the struggles of the Executive branch of the Government to save our nation’s financial integrity.
The addition made to the gold reserve by this completed transaction seemed to be of no substantial benefit, if, on the contrary, it did not actually stimulate48 the disquieting factors of the situation. In December, 1894, during which month $58,538,500 in gold, realized from this second sale of bonds, was fully paid in and added to the reserve, the withdrawals from the fund amounted to nearly $32,000,000; and this was followed in the next month, or during January, 1895, by a further depletion in the sum of more than $45,000,000.
In view of the crisis which these suddenly increased withdrawals seemed to portend49, the aid of Congress was earnestly invoked50 in a special presidential message to that body, dated on the 28th of January, 1895, in which the gravity and embarrassment51 of the situation were set forth52 in the following terms:
The real trouble which confronts us consists in a lack of confidence, widespread and constantly increasing, in the continuing ability or disposition53 of the Government to pay its obligations in gold. This lack of confidence grows to some extent out of the 144 palpable and apparent embarrassment attending the efforts of the Government under existing laws to procure54 gold, and to a greater extent out of the impossibility of either keeping it in the Treasury or canceling obligations by its expenditure55 after it is obtained....
The most dangerous and irritating feature of the situation, however, remains56 to be mentioned. It is found in the means by which the Treasury is despoiled57 of the gold thus obtained (by the sale of bonds) without canceling a single Government obligation, and solely58 for the benefit of those who find profit in shipping59 it abroad, or whose fears induce them to hoard38 it at home. We have outstanding about $500,000,000 of currency notes of the Government for which gold may be demanded, and, curiously60 enough, the law requires that when presented, and, in fact, redeemed61 and paid in gold, they shall be reissued. Thus the same notes may do duty many times in drawing gold from the Treasury; nor can the process be averted62 so long as private parties, for profit or otherwise, see an advantage in repeating the operation. More than $300,000,000 of these notes have been redeemed in gold, and, notwithstanding such redemption, they are still outstanding.
After giving a history of the bond issues already made to replenish26 the reserve, and of their results, it was further stated:
The financial events of the past year suggest facts and conditions which should certainly arrest attention. More than $172,000,000 in gold have been 145 drawn63 out of the Treasury during the year for the purpose of shipment abroad or hoarding at home.
While nearly $103,000,000 was drawn out during the first ten months of the year, a sum aggregating64 more than two-thirds of that amount, being about $69,000,000, was drawn out during the following two months, thus indicating a marked acceleration65 of the depleting66 process with the lapse67 of time.
Following a reference to existing differences of opinion in regard to the extent to which silver should be coined or used in our currency, and the irrelevancy68 of such differences to the matter in hand, the message continued:
While I am not unfriendly to silver, and while I desire to see it recognized to such an extent as is consistent with financial safety and the preservation69 of national honor and credit, I am not willing to see gold entirely banished70 from our currency and finances. To avert such a consequence I believe thorough and radical71 remedial legislation should be promptly72 passed. I therefore beg the Congress to give the subject immediate attention.
After recommending the passage of a law authorizing73 the issue of long-term bonds, bearing a low rate of interest, to be used for the maintenance of an adequate gold reserve and in exchange for outstanding United States notes and Treasury notes for the purpose of their cancelation, and after giving details of the proposed 146 scheme, the message concluded as follows:
In conclusion, I desire to frankly74 confess my reluctance75 to issue more bonds in present circumstances and with no better results than have lately followed that course. I cannot, however, refrain from adding to an assurance of my anxiety to co-operate with the present Congress in any reasonable measure of relief, an expression of my determination to leave nothing undone76 which furnishes a hope for improving the situation, or checking a suspicion of our disinclination or disability to meet, with the strictest honor, every national obligation.
This appeal to Congress for legislative77 aid was absolutely fruitless.
On the eighth day of February, 1895, those who, under the mandate78 of Executive duty, were striving, thus unaided, to avert the perils79 of the situation, could count in the gold reserve only the frightfully low sum of $41,340,181; and it must be remembered that this was only two months after the proceeds of the second sale of bonds had been added to the fund. In point of fact, the withdrawals of gold during the short period mentioned had exceeded by more than $18,000,000 the amount of such proceeds; and several million dollars more had been demanded, some of which, though actually taken 147 out, was unexpectedly, and on account of the transaction now to be detailed80, returned to the Treasury.
This sudden fall in the reserve, and the apparent certainty of the continuance of its rapid depletion, seemed to justify81 the fear that before another bond sale by means of public notice and popular subscription82 could be perfected the gold reserve might be entirely exhausted83; nor could we keep out of mind the apprehension that in consequence of repeated dispositions84 of bonds, with worse instead of better financial conditions impending, further sales by popular subscription might fail of success, except upon terms that would give the appearance of impaired85 national credit.
Notwithstanding all this, no other way seemed to be open to us than another public offer of bonds; and it was determined86 to move in that direction immediately.
In anticipation87 of this action it was important to obtain certain information and suggestions touching88 the feeling and disposition of those actively89 prominent in financial and business circles.
I think it may here be frankly confessed that it never occurred to any of us to consult, in this emergency, farmers, doctors, lawyers, shoe-makers, 148 or even statesmen. We could not escape the belief that the prospect90 of obtaining what we needed might be somewhat improved by making application to those whose business and surroundings qualified91 them to intelligently respond.
Therefore, on the evening of the seventh day of February, 1895, an interview was held at the White House with Mr. J. P. Morgan of New York; and I propose to give the details of that interview as gathered from a recollection which I do not believe can be at fault. Secretary Carlisle was present nearly or quite all the time, Attorney-General Olney was there a portion of the time, and Mr. Morgan and a young man from his office and myself all the time. At the outset Mr. Morgan was inclined to complain of the treatment he had received from Treasury officials in the repudiation of an arrangement which he thought he had been encouraged to perfect in connection with the disposal of another issue of bonds. I said to Mr. Morgan, whatever there might be in all this, another offer of bonds for popular subscription open to all bidders had been determined upon, and that there were two questions I wanted to ask him which he ought to be able to answer: one was whether the bonds to be so offered would 149 probably be taken at a good price on short notice; and the other was whether, in case there should be imminent92 danger of the disappearance93 of what remained of the gold reserve, during the time that must elapse between published notice and the opening of bids, a sufficient amount of gold could be temporarily obtained from financial institutions in the city of New York to bridge over the difficulty and save the reserve until the Government could realize upon the sale of its bonds. Mr. Morgan replied that he had no doubt bonds could be again sold on popular subscription at some price, but he could not say what the price would be; and to the second inquiry94 his answer was that, in his opinion, such an advance of gold as might be required could be accomplished95 if the gold could be kept in this country, but that there might be reluctance to making such an advance if it was to be immediately withdrawn96 for shipment abroad, leaving our financial condition substantially unimproved. After a little further discussion of the situation he suddenly asked me why we did not buy $100,000,000 in gold at a fixed97 price and pay for it in bonds, under Section 3700 of the Revised Statutes98. This was a proposition entirely new to me. I turned to the Statutes and read the section he had mentioned. 150 Secretary Carlisle confirmed me in the opinion that this law abundantly authorized such a transaction, and agreed that it might be expedient99 if favorable terms could be made. The section of the Statutes referred to reads as follows:
Section 3700. The Secretary of the Treasury may purchase coin with any of the bonds or notes of the United States authorized by law, at such rates and upon such terms as he may deem most advantageous to the public interest.
Mr. Morgan strongly urged that, if we proceeded under this law, the amount of gold purchased should not be less than $100,000,000; but he was at once informed that in no event would more bonds be then issued than would be sufficient to provide for adding to the reserve, about $60,000,000, the amount necessary to raise the fund to $100,000,000.
Not many months afterward I became convinced that on this point Mr. Morgan made a wise suggestion; and I have always since regretted that it was not adopted.
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1
repeal
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| n.废止，撤消；v.废止，撤消 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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impending
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| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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augment
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| vt.(使)增大，增加，增长，扩张 | |
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depletion
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| n.耗尽，枯竭 | |
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disquieting
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| adj.令人不安的，令人不平静的v.使不安，使忧虑，使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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diligent
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| adj.勤勉的，勤奋的 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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peremptory
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| adj.紧急的，专横的，断然的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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loomed
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| v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的过去式和过去分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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repudiation
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| n.拒绝；否认；断绝关系；抛弃 | |
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degradation
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| n.降级；低落；退化；陵削；降解；衰变 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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redeemable
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| 可赎回的，可补救的 | |
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premium
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| n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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withdrawals
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| n.收回，取回，撤回( withdrawal的名词复数 )；撤退，撤走；收回[取回，撤回，撤退，撤走]的实例；推出（组织），提走（存款），戒除毒瘾，对说过的话收回，孤僻 | |
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replenish
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| vt.补充；(把…)装满；(再)填满 | |
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replenishment
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| n.补充(货物) | |
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perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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solicitude
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| n.焦虑 | |
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disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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bidders
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| n.出价者，投标人( bidder的名词复数 ) | |
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aggregated
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| a.聚合的，合计的 | |
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allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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depleted
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| adj. 枯竭的, 废弃的 动词deplete的过去式和过去分词 | |
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inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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hoard
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| n./v.窖藏，贮存，囤积 | |
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hoarding
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| n.贮藏；积蓄；临时围墙；囤积v.积蓄并储藏（某物）( hoard的现在分词 ) | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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banking
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| n.银行业，银行学，金融业 | |
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considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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patriotic
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| adj.爱国的，有爱国心的 | |
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afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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portend
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| v.预兆，预示；给…以警告 | |
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invoked
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| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
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embarrassment
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| n.尴尬；使人为难的人(事物)；障碍；窘迫 | |
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52
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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54
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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shipping
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| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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averted
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| 防止，避免( avert的过去式和过去分词 )； 转移 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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aggregating
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| 总计达…( aggregate的现在分词 )； 聚集，集合； （使）聚集 | |
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acceleration
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| n.加速，加速度 | |
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66
depleting
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| 使大大的减少，使空虚( deplete的现在分词 )； 耗尽，使枯竭 | |
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lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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68
irrelevancy
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| n.不恰当，离题，不相干的事物 | |
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preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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70
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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71
radical
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| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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reluctance
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| n.厌恶，讨厌，勉强，不情愿 | |
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undone
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| a.未做完的，未完成的 | |
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legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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subscription
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| n.预订，预订费，亲笔签名，调配法，下标（处方） | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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dispositions
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| 安排( disposition的名词复数 )； 倾向； （财产、金钱的）处置； 气质 | |
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85
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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87
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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disappearance
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| n.消失，消散，失踪 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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