Eam consilio regere non potes."
Ter. Eun. Act i, Sc. i.
"Master, the thing which hath not in itself
Or measure or advice—advice can't rule."
Colman.
POSITION, PROGRESS, AND PROSPECTS2 OF THE PROFESSION—OF
HYDROPATHY—OF HOM?OPATHY—OF QUACKERY4—OF PUBLIC
IGNORANCE.
A writer84, of no ordinary judgment5 and discrimination, has observed, that "it often happens in human affairs that the evil and the remedy grow up at the same time: the remedy unnoticed, and at a distance scarcely visible perhaps above the earth; whilst the evil may shoot rapidly into strength, and alone catch the eye of the observer by the immensity of its shadow; and yet," he adds, "a future age may be able to mark how the one declined and the other advanced, and how returning spring seemed no longer to renew the honours of the one, while it summoned into maturity6 and progress the perfection of the other."
We know not how it may appear to the reader, but we cannot help thinking that, in the foregoing sentence, there is a far-seeing341 perception of a very leading character in human affairs. There is no evil but which is charged with a certain degree of good. At first, it is indeed "scarcely visible"—nay, it escapes alike the most penetrative perception and faithful confidence, in the surpassing working-to-good of all things around us; but so soon as the evil begins to tell—so soon as the full flood of mischief7 becomes obtrusive8 or remarkable,—the small ripple9 of some corrective principle rises into view.
It would be easy to illustrate10 the foregoing proposition from general history, from the progress of nations, or even from the contracted area of individual experience. But we will confine ourselves to an illustration more directly in relation to our immediate11 object—namely, the present condition and prospects of medical science.
There are, no doubt, many persons who view the present state of Medical Science as little better than the triumphant12 domination of a conjectural13 art, which has long obscured, and is still very imperfectly representing, a beautiful science; and that the perception of the true relations which it bears to such science has been veiled by the impression that it involved some mystery from which the general public, who were most interested in its development, were necessarily excluded.
There have been at all times individuals, perhaps, sufficiently15 astute16 to see the real truth of the matter; but still they were rare exceptions, and did not prevent Mystery from conferring, on a very considerable section of people, the social advantage of a gainful profession; that property being enhanced, of course, in that it ministered to an ignorant public. But, even in an early stage, correctives to an equivocally-earned advantage began to appear; for a thing which had no character but its indefiniteness, and its apparent facility of acquisition, obtained many followers17: the supply, such as it was, was thus so close in relation to the demand, that what in theory seemed necessarily very gainful, in practice, on the whole, proved anything but a lucrative18 profession. As contrasted with any other, or a variety of commercial pursuits, medical men were neither so affluent19, nor always so secure of their342 position. Retiring competency in well-conducted callings has, in a rich country, been rather the rule. We fear, in the medical profession it is the exception; which, we are apprehensive20 (in its bereaved21 dependents), contributes more applicants22 for eleemosynary relief than any other.
This surely is not a state of things which can be well made worse. Public ignorance, the real mischief, has, in the meantime, been left uninformed; and any attempt to enlighten it has too often been branded with some kind or other of corrupt23 motive24. Public positions have been conferred without competition—the surest test of fitness or excellence25; and the public have been further doubly barred out, in that the chance of eliciting26 men of spirit and enthusiasm has been diminished, by the first positions having been often rendered contingent27 on the payment of money in the right quarter.
But all this time corrections were slowly springing up. Hundreds were beginning, under the light of a more liberal diffusion28 of general knowledge, to feel that the so-called Science of medicine and surgery was very different from science usually so termed; and, whilst other sciences were affording that which was definite and positive, the juxtaposition29 only seemed to bring out in higher relief the prevailing30 character of conjecture31 and uncertainty32 in medicine.
People began to see that, in mere33 human occupation, mystery is but mystery, to whatever it is applied34; and that one man can see in the dark about as well as another; that, where all is obscure, any one may scramble35 with a chance of success. Accordingly, we observe that a state of things has gradually been rising up, which, if it do not justify36 the expression of quot medici tot empirici, at least leads us to deplore37 that, of all callings in life, no one had ever such a legion of parasites38 as are represented by the hydra-headed quackeries which infest39 the medical profession. Naturally enough, too, Quackery attacked chiefly those disorders41 in regard to which Mystery avowed42 its incapacity, or declared to be incurable44; and thus, while the regular profession made their own limited knowledge the measures of the powers of343 nature, the quacks45 unconsciously proceeded, de facto, more philosophically47, when they neither avowed nor acknowledged any other limits than those of observation and experience.
Amongst, no doubt, innumerable failures, and, as we know, a multiplicity of fictions, they would now and then, in acting49 violently on the various organs, blunder on the last link in the chain—the immediate cause of the disorder40; and perhaps effect the removal of a so-called incurable malady50. Thus, whilst the regular profession were making their own knowledge the measure of remedial possibility, and were reposing51 contentedly52 on the rule, they were every now and then undermined, or tripped up, by unexplained exceptions.
It is difficult to conceive any state of things, when once observed, more calculated to drive men to the obvious remedy that a definite science would alone afford; nor should it be forgotten that multiform quackeries, with mesmerism to boot, are coincident with a system which allows not one single appointment, which the public are requested to regard as implying authority, to be open to scientific competition. Of late, many persons have begun to examine for themselves questions which they had been wont53 to leave entirely54 to their medical adviser55.
The sanitary56 movement has shown that more people die every year from avoidable causes than would satisfy the yawning gulf57 of a severe epidemic58, or the most destructive battle. In a crowded community, many events are daily impressing on the heads of families, besides the expedience60 of avoiding unnecessary expenses, that long illnesses are long evils; that their dearest connections are sometimes prematurely61 broken; and that parts are not unfrequently found diseased which are not suspected to be so during life. The thought will sometimes occur whether this may have been always consequent on the difficulty of the subject, or whether it may not have been sometimes the result of too hasty or too restricted an inquiry62; that not only (as the Spanish tutor told his royal pupil of kings) do patients die "sometimes," but very frequently.
These and other circumstances have induced many of the public to inquire into the reason of their faith in us; and to ask344 how it happens that, whilst all other sciences are popularized and progressing, there should be any thing so recondite63 in the laws governing our own bodies as to be accessible only to comparatively few; especially as they have begun to perceive that their interests, in knowing such laws, is of the greatest possible importance.
Amongst various attempts to better this condition of things, the imagination of men has been very active. Too proud to obey the guidance, or too impatient to await the fruition, of those cautious rules which the intellect has imposed on the one hand, and which have been so signally rewarded (whenever observed) on the other, imagination has set forth64 on airy wing, and brought home curiosities which she called science, and observations which, because they contained some of that truth of which even fancies are seldom entirely deprived, blinded her to the perception of a much larger portion of error.
Two of these curiosities have made considerable noise, have been not a little damaging to the pecuniary65 interests of the medical profession, and have been proportionately species of El Dorados to the followers of them. We allude66 to the so-called Hom?opathy and Hydropathy.
Hom?opathy proceeds on an axiom that diseases are cured by remedies which excite an action similar to that of the disease itself; "Similia similibus curantur."
Our objection to this dogma is twofold, and, in the few hints we are giving, we wish them not to be confounded.
1st. It is not proven.
2nd. It is not true.
Take the so-called fever. The immediate and most frequent causes of fever are bad air, unwholesome food, mental inquietude, derangement68 of the digestive organs, severe injuries. Now it is notorious that very important agents in the cure of all fevers are good air, carefully exact diet or temporary abstinence, and correction of disordered functions, with utmost repose69 of mind and body, and so forth.
So of small-pox, one of the most instructive of all diseases. All the things favourable70 to small-pox are entirely opposite to345 those which conduct the patient safely through this alarming disease; and so clearly is this the case, that, if known beforehand, its virulence71 can be indefinitely moderated, so as to become a comparatively innoxious malady.
We might go on multiplying these illustrations to almost any extent. What, then, is the meaning of the similia similibus curantur? This we will endeavour, so far as there is any truth in it, to explain. The truth is, that Nature has but one mode, principle, or law, in dealing72 with injurious influences on the body. Before we offer the few hints we propose to do on these subjects (and we can here do no more), we entirely repudiate73 that sort of abusive tone which is too generally adopted. That never can do anybody any good. We believe both systems to be dangerous fallacies; but, like all other things, not allowed to be entirely uncharged with good. We shall state, as popularly as possible, in what respect we deem them to be dangerous fallacies, and in what we deem them to be capable of effecting some good; because it is our object to show, in respect to both, that the good they do is because they accidentally, as it were, chip off a small corner of the principles of Abernethy.
Hom?opathy is one of those hypotheses which show the power that a minute portion of truth has to give currency to a large quantity of error; and how much more powerful in the uninformed are appeals to the imagination than to the intellect. The times are favourable to hom?opathy. To some persons, who had accustomed themselves to associate medical attendance with short visits, long bills,—a gentleman in black, all smiles,—and a numerous array of red bottles, hom?opathy must have addressed itself very acceptably. It could not but be welcome to hear that all the above not very pleasing impressions could be at once dismissed by simply swallowing the decillionth part of a grain of some efficacious drug. Then there was the prepossession so common in favour of mystery. How wonderful! So small a quantity! What a powerful medicine it must be! It was as good as the fortune-telling of the gipsies. There! take that, and then you will see what will happen next! Then, to get released from red bottles tied over with blue or red paper, which,346 if they were not infinitesimal in dose, had appeared infinite in number, to say nothing of the wholesome67 repulsion of the palate.
Besides, after the bottles, came the bill, having no doubt the abominable74 character of all bills, which, by some law analogous75 to gravitation, appear to enlarge in a terrifically accelerating ratio, in proportion to their longevity76; so that they fall at last with an unexpected and a very unwelcome gravity. Then hom?opathy did not restrict itself to infinitesimal doses of medicine, but recommended people to live plainly, to relinquish77 strong drinks, and, in short, to adopt what at least seemed an approximation to a simple mode of living. To be serious—what, then, are the objections to hom?pathy?
Is there no truth, then, in the dogma, "Similia similibus curantur?" We will explain. The laws governing the human body have an established mode of dealing with all injurious influences, which is identical in principle, but infinitely78 varied79 and obscured in its manifestations80, in consequence of multifarious interferences; in that respect, just like the laws of light or of gravitation. As we have no opportunity of going into the subject at length, we will give a hint or two which will enable the observing, with a moderate degree of painstaking81, to see the fallacy. You can demonstrate no fallacy in a mathematical process even, without some work; neither can you do so in any science; so let that absence of complete demonstration82 be no bar to the investigation83 of the hints we give. All medicines are more or less poisons; that is, they have no nutritive properties, or these are so overbalanced by those which are injurious, that the economy immediately institutes endeavours for their expulsion, or for the relief of the disturbance84 they excite. All organs have a special function of their own, but all can on occasions execute those of some other organ. So, in carrying out injurious influences, organs have peculiar85 relations to different forms of matter; that is, ordinarily. Thus, the stomach is impatient of ipecacuanha, and substances which we call emetics86; the liver, of mercury, alcohol, fat, and saccharine87 matters; and so forth. In the same way we might excite examples of other organs which ordinarily deal with particular natural substances. But then, by347 the compensating88 power they have, they can deal with any substance on special occasions.
Now the natural mode in which all organs deal with injurious substances, or substances which tend to disturb them, is by pouring forth their respective secretions89; but if, when stimulated91, they have not the power to do that, then they evince, as the case may be, disorder or disease. Thus, for example: If we desire to influence the secretion90 from the liver, mercury is one of the many things which will do it. But if mercury cease to do this, it will produce disease; and, if carried to a certain extent, of no organ more certainly than the liver. Thus, again, alcohol, in certain forms, is a very useful medicine for the liver; yet nothing, in continuance, more notoriously produces disease of that organ. So that it happens that all things, which in one form disorder an organ, may, in another form, in greater or more continued doses, tend to correct that disorder, by inducing there a greater, and thus exciting stimulation92 of its secretions.
This is the old dogma, long before hom?opathy was heard of, of one poison driving out another. This is the way in which fat bacon, at one period, or in one case, may be a temporary or a good stimulant93 of a liver which it equally disorders in another; for as the liver is a decarbonizing agent, as well as the lungs, so articles rich in carbon are all stimulants94 of that organ; useful, exceptionally; invariably disordering, if habitual95 or excessive.
But if this be so, what becomes of the "curantur?" To that, we say it is far from proven. Medicine hardly ever—perhaps never, strictly96 speaking—cures; but it often materially assists in putting people in a curable condition, proper for the agencies of more natural influences. True. Well, then, may not hom?opathy be good here? We doubt it; and for this reason: Medicine, to do good, should act on the organ to which it is directed; it is itself essentially97 a poison, and does well to relieve organs by which it is expelled; but if you give medicine in very small doses, or so as to institute an artificial condition of those sentinels, the nerves, you may accumulate a fearful amount of injurious influence in the system before you are at all aware of it. And it is the more necessary to be aware of this in respect to hom?opathy;348 because many of the medicines which hom?opathists employ are active poisons; as belladonna, aconite, and so on. We have seen disturbed states of nerves, bordering on paralysis98, which were completely unintelligible99, until we found that the patient had been taking small doses of narcotic100 poisons. We have no desire whatever to forestall101 the cool decisions of experience; but we earnestly request the attention of the hom?opathist to the foregoing remarks; and, if he thinks there is anything in them, to peruse102 the arguments on which we found the law of which we have formerly103 spoken85.
We must in candour admit that, as far as the inquiry into all the facts of the case go, as laid down by Hahnemann, we think the profession may take a hint with advantage. We have long pleaded for more accuracy in this respect; but we fear, as yet, pleaded in vain. Hom?opathic influences may be perhaps more successful. Practically, the good that results from hom?opathy, as it appears to us, may be thus stated: that if people will leave off drinking alcohol, live plainly, and take very little medicine, they will find that many disorders will be relieved by this treatment alone.
For the rest, we fear that the so-called small doses are either inert104, or, if persisted in so as to produce effect, that they incur43 the risk of accumulating in the system influences injurious to the economy; which the histories of mercury, arsenic105, and other poisons, show to be nothing uncommon106: and, further, that this tends to keep out of sight the real uses and the measured influences of medicine, which, in the ordinary practice, their usual effects serve, as the case may be, to suggest or demonstrate.
Practically, therefore, the effects of hom?opathy resolve themselves, so far as they are good, into a more or less careful diet, and small doses of medicine; which, as we have said, is a chipping off of the views of Abernethy.
We regret we have no space to consider the relation of hom?opathy to serious and acute diseases. We can therefore only say349 that the facts which have come before us have left no doubts on our minds of its being alike dangerous and inapplicable.
One morning, a nobleman asked his surgeon (who was representing to him the uselessness of consulting a medical man without obeying his injunctions) what he thought would be the effect of his going into a hydropathic establishment? "That you would get perfectly14 well," was the reply; "for there your lordship would get plain diet and good air, and, as I am informed, good hours; in short, the very things I recommend to you, but which you will not adopt with any regularity107."
Hydropathy sets out, indeed, with water as its staple108, and the skin as the organ to which it chiefly addresses itself; but we imagine that the hydropathic physician, if he sees nothing in philosophical46 medicine, discovers sufficient in human nature, to prevent him from trading on so slender a capital. There was, no doubt, in the imperfection of medical science, a fine opening left for a scheme which proposed to rest its merits chiefly on an organ so much neglected.
There has never been anything bordering on a proper attention to the skin, until recently; and even now, any care commensurate with the importance of the organ, is the exception rather than the rule. Thirty years ago, Abernethy, when asked by a gentleman as to the probable success of a bathing establishment, said that the profession would not be persuaded to attend to the subject; and that, in respect to the capital which the gentleman proposed to invest in it, he had better keep the money in his pocket. This was said in relation to the general importance of attention to the skin, and also in connection with making it the portal for the introduction of medical agents generally. Abernethy was, in fact, the first who introduced into this country Lalonette's method of affecting the system by mercury applied to the skin in vapour.
Hydropathy deals with a very potent109 agent, and applies it to a very powerful and important organ, the skin; and it employs in combination the energetic influences, temperature and moisture;350 so that we may be assured there will be very little that is equivocal or infinitesimal in its results; that in almost every case it must do good or harm.
But it does not limit itself to these agencies. It has "establishments;" that is to say, pleasant rural retreats, tastefully laid-out gardens; plain diet; often, no doubt, agreeable society; rational amusements; and, as we understand, good hours, with abstinence from alcohol. These are, indeed, powerful agencies in a vast variety of diseases. So that, if hydropathy be not very scientific, it is certainly a clever scheme; and as there are very many people who require nothing but good air, plain living, rest from their anxious occupations, with agreeable society,—it is very possible that many hydropathic patients get well, by just doing that which they could not be induced to do before.
But here comes the objection: The skin is, in the first place, only one of the organs of the body, and it is in very different conditions in different people, and in the same people at different periods.
It has, like other organs, its mode of dealing with powerful or with injurious influences; and if it deal with them in the full force of the natural law, it affects (and, in disease, almost uniformly) favourably110 the internal organs; but, on the other hand, if there be interfering111 influences opposed to the healthy exhibition of the natural law, so that the skin do not deal with the cold, or other agencies, to which it is subjected, as it naturally should do, then the cold, moisture, or other agent, increases the determination of the blood to the internal organs, and does mischief. This it may do in one of two ways: we have seen both. 1st. The blood driven from the surface, increases, pro1 tanto, the quantity in the internal organs: it must go somewhere; it can go nowhere else. Or, if cold and moisture produce not this effect, nor be attended with a reactive determination to the surface, there may be an imperfect reaction; that is, short of the surface of the body. In the first case, you dangerously increase the disorder of any materially affected112 organ; in the latter, you incur the risk of diseased depositions113; as, for example, Tumours114. We here speak from our own experience, having seen tumours of the most351 malignant116 and cancerous character developed under circumstances in which it appeared impossible to ascribe the immediate cause to anything but the violently depressing influence of hydropathic treatment on the skin, with a co-existing disordered condition of internal organs.
In one very frightful117 case indeed, the patient was told, when he first stated his alarm, that the tumour115 was a "crisis" or reaction; as sure enough it was; but it was the reaction of a cancerous disease, which destroyed the patient. But, as we have said, hydropathy has many features which obviously minister very agreeably and advantageously to various conditions of indisposition, whilst they favour the bona fide observance of something like a rational diet—a point of immense consequence, and too much neglected in regular practice. Here again we speak from actual observation. One man allows his patient to eat what he pleases. An eminent118 physician replied to a patient who, as he was leaving the room, asked what he should do about his diet, "Oh, I leave that to yourself;" showing, as we think, a better knowledge of human nature than of his profession. Another restricts his patient to "anything light." Others see no harm in patients eating three or four things at dinner, "provided they are wholesome;" thus rendering119 the solution of many a question in serious cases three or four times, of course, as difficult. Now we do not require the elaborate apparatus120 of a hydropathic establishment to cure disorders, after such loose practice as this; and we do protest against the assertion that any such treatment can be called, as we have sometimes heard it, "Abernethy's plan, attention to diet," and so forth.
So far from anything less than the beautifully simple views held out by Abernethy being necessary, we trust that we have, some of us, arrived, as we ought to do, at several improvements. But people will confound a plain diet, or a select diet, with a starving diet, and, hating restrictions121 altogether, naturally prefer a physician who is good-natured and assenting122; still this assentation is being visited, we think, with a justly retributive reaction.
Hydropathy, in many points, no doubt, tends to excite attention to the real desiderata; but it is nevertheless imperfect and352 dangerous, because evidently charged with a capital error. It entirely fails in that comprehensive view of the relations which exists in all animals between the various organs; and on a sustained recollection and examination of which, rests the safe treatment of any one of them. It is, therefore, unsafe and unscientific. Again, it is illogical, because it proceeds, as regard the skin, on the suppressed premise123, that it will obtain a natural reaction; a thing, in a very large number of cases, and those of the most serious kind, seldom to be calculated on.
It is quite clear, therefore, that, so far as hydropathy does good, it effects it by the institution of diet, abstinence from alcohol, country air, exercise, agreeable society, and, we will suppose, in some cases, appropriate care of the surface; all of which are, in a general sense, beneficial to the nervous system and the digestive organs—the points insisted on by Abernethy.
So long as the Public are not better informed, and until medicine is more strictly cultivated as a science, they will necessarily be governed by the first impression on their feelings; and so long as this is the case, fallacies can never be exposed, except by the severe lessons of experience. To hope to reason successfully with those whose feelings induce them to adopt that which they decline to examine with their intellect, is madness, and is just what Terence says of some other feelings:
"Nihilo plus agas
Quam si des operam ut cum ratione insanias."
But, although, therefore, we are neither hydropathists nor hom?opathists, we begin to see, in the very success of these things, some good; and that the "great shadow of the evil" of a conjectural science will one day be replaced by another example of the triumph of an inductive philosophy; that the retiring confidence of the public will induce in us a more earnest and successful effort to give them a more definite science; and that, as Professor Smythe says, the "returning spring will no longer renew the honours of the one," whilst it will gradually evolve the development of the other.
The efforts, too, which the profession are already making,353 though, as we humbly124 consider, not in the right direction, will certainly arrive in time at a path that is more auspicious125. When we see the hydropathist looking so much to the skin, hom?opathy leading people to think of quantities of medicine; when, in the regular profession, we see one man restricting his views to one organ, another to another, a third thinking that everything can be learnt only by examination of the dead, thus confounding morbid126 anatomy127 with pathology—a fourth restricting his labours to the microscope, as if the discovery of laws depended rather on the enlargement of sensual objects than on the improvement of intellectual vision; still we cannot but perceive that these isolated128 labours, if once concentrated by unity59 of purpose and combined action, would be shadowing forth the outline of a really inductive inquiry.
Hydropathy and hom?opathy are making powerful uses, too, of the argumenta ad crumenam. Their professors are amassing129 very large sums of money, and that is an influence which will in time probably generate exertions130 in favour of a more definite science. Still, Medicine and Surgery cannot be formed into a science so long as men consider it impossible; nor can there be any material advance, if they will persist in measuring the remedial processes of nature by their present power of educing131 them—a presumption132 obviously infinitely greater than any in which the veriest quack3 ever dared to indulge. Well did Lord Bacon see the real difficulties of establishing the dominion133 of an inductive philosophy, when he laboured so much in the first place to destroy the influence of preconceived opinions—idols, as he justly called them.
You cannot, of course, write truth on a page already filled with conjecture. Nevertheless, mankind seem gradually exhausting the resources of Error: many of her paths have been trodden, and their misleading lures48 discovered; and by and by that of Truth will be well-nigh the only one left untried. In the meantime, we fear the science is nearly good enough for the age. The difficulty of advance is founded deeply in the principles of human nature. People know that there are physical laws as well as moral laws, and they may rely on it that disobedience and disease, sin354 and death, are as indissolubly bound up with infractions of the one as well as the other.
It is true there are many who have (however unconsciously) discovered that the pleasures procured134 by the abuses of our appetites, are a cheat; and that permanent good is only attained135 by obeying those laws which were clearly made for our happiness.
Error has, indeed, long darkened the horizon of medical science; and, albeit136, there have been lightning—like coruscations of genius—from time to time; still they have passed away, and left the atmosphere as dark as before. At length, however, there has arisen, we hope, a small, but steady, light, which is gradually diffusing137 itself through the mists of Error; and which, when it shall have gained a very little more power, it will succeed in dispelling138.
Then, we trust, Medicine will be seen in the graceful139 form in which she exists in nature; as a Science which will enable us to administer the physical laws in harmony with that moral code over which her elder sister presides; but, whenever this shall happen, Surgery will recognize, as the earliest gleams of light shed on her paths of inquiry, in aid of the progress of science and the welfare of mankind, the honoured contributions of John Hunter and John Abernethy.
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| n.赞成，赞成的意见，赞成者 | |
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prospects
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| n.希望，前途(恒为复数) | |
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quack
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| n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人；骗子 | |
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quackery
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| n.庸医的医术，骗子的行为 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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maturity
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mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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obtrusive
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| adj.显眼的；冒失的 | |
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ripple
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| n.涟波，涟漪，波纹，粗钢梳；vt.使...起涟漪，使起波纹； vi.呈波浪状，起伏前进 | |
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illustrate
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immediate
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triumphant
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conjectural
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perfectly
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sufficiently
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astute
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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lucrative
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affluent
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apprehensive
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bereaved
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| adj.刚刚丧失亲人的v.使失去（希望、生命等）( bereave的过去式和过去分词)；（尤指死亡）使丧失（亲人、朋友等）；使孤寂；抢走（财物） | |
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22
applicants
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| 申请人，求职人( applicant的名词复数 ) | |
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23
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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24
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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25
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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26
eliciting
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| n. 诱发, 引出 动词elicit的现在分词形式 | |
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27
contingent
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| adj.视条件而定的；n.一组，代表团，分遣队 | |
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28
diffusion
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| n.流布；普及；散漫 | |
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29
juxtaposition
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| n.毗邻，并置，并列 | |
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30
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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31
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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32
uncertainty
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| n.易变，靠不住，不确知，不确定的事物 | |
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33
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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34
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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35
scramble
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| v.爬行，攀爬，杂乱蔓延，碎片，片段，废料 | |
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36
justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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37
deplore
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| vt.哀叹，对...深感遗憾 | |
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38
parasites
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| 寄生物( parasite的名词复数 )； 靠他人为生的人； 诸虫 | |
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39
infest
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| v.大批出没于；侵扰；寄生于 | |
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40
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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41
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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42
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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43
incur
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| vt.招致，蒙受，遭遇 | |
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44
incurable
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| adj.不能医治的，不能矫正的，无救的；n.不治的病人，无救的人 | |
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45
quacks
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| abbr.quacksalvers 庸医，骗子(16世纪习惯用水银或汞治疗梅毒的人)n.江湖医生( quack的名词复数 )；江湖郎中；（鸭子的）呱呱声v.（鸭子）发出嘎嘎声( quack的第三人称单数 ) | |
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46
philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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47
philosophically
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| adv.哲学上；富有哲理性地；贤明地；冷静地 | |
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48
lures
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| 吸引力，魅力（lure的复数形式） | |
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49
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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50
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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51
reposing
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| v.将（手臂等）靠在某人（某物）上( repose的现在分词 ) | |
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52
contentedly
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| adv.心满意足地 | |
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53
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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54
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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55
adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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56
sanitary
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| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
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57
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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58
epidemic
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| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
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59
unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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60
expedience
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| n.方便，私利，权宜 | |
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61
prematurely
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| adv.过早地，贸然地 | |
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62
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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63
recondite
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| adj.深奥的，难解的 | |
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64
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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65
pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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66
allude
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| v.提及，暗指 | |
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67
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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68
derangement
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| n.精神错乱 | |
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69
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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70
favourable
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| adj.赞成的，称赞的，有利的，良好的，顺利的 | |
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71
virulence
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| n.毒力，毒性；病毒性；致病力 | |
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72
dealing
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| n.经商方法，待人态度 | |
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73
repudiate
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| v.拒绝，拒付，拒绝履行 | |
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74
abominable
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| adj.可厌的，令人憎恶的 | |
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75
analogous
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| adj.相似的；类似的 | |
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76
longevity
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| n.长命；长寿 | |
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77
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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78
infinitely
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| adv.无限地，无穷地 | |
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79
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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80
manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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81
painstaking
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| adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的 | |
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82
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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83
investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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84
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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85
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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86
emetics
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| n.催吐药( emetic的名词复数 ) | |
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87
saccharine
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| adj.奉承的，讨好的 | |
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88
compensating
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| 补偿，补助，修正 | |
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89
secretions
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| n.分泌（物）( secretion的名词复数 ) | |
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90
secretion
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| n.分泌 | |
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91
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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92
stimulation
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| n.刺激，激励，鼓舞 | |
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93
stimulant
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| n.刺激物，兴奋剂 | |
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94
stimulants
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| n.兴奋剂( stimulant的名词复数 )；含兴奋剂的饮料；刺激物；激励物 | |
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95
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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96
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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97
essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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98
paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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99
unintelligible
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| adj.无法了解的，难解的，莫明其妙的 | |
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100
narcotic
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| n.麻醉药，镇静剂；adj.麻醉的，催眠的 | |
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101
forestall
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| vt.抢在…之前采取行动；预先阻止 | |
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102
peruse
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| v.细读，精读 | |
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103
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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104
inert
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| adj.无活动能力的，惰性的；迟钝的 | |
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105
arsenic
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| n.砒霜，砷；adj.砷的 | |
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106
uncommon
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| adj.罕见的，非凡的，不平常的 | |
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107
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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108
staple
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| n.主要产物，常用品，主要要素，原料，订书钉，钩环；adj.主要的，重要的；vt.分类 | |
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109
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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110
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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111
interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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112
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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113
depositions
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| 沉积（物）( deposition的名词复数 )； （在法庭上的）宣誓作证； 处置； 罢免 | |
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114
tumours
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| 肿瘤( tumour的名词复数 ) | |
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115
tumour
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| n.(tumor)(肿)瘤，肿块 | |
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116
malignant
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| adj.恶性的，致命的；恶意的，恶毒的 | |
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117
frightful
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| adj.可怕的；讨厌的 | |
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118
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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119
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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120
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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121
restrictions
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| 约束( restriction的名词复数 )； 管制； 制约因素； 带限制性的条件（或规则） | |
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122
assenting
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| 同意，赞成( assent的现在分词 ) | |
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123
premise
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| n.前提；v.提论，预述 | |
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124
humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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125
auspicious
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| adj.吉利的；幸运的，吉兆的 | |
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126
morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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127
anatomy
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| n.解剖学，解剖；功能，结构，组织 | |
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128
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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129
amassing
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的现在分词 ) | |
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130
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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131
educing
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| v.引出( educe的现在分词 )；唤起或开发出（潜能）；推断（出）；从数据中演绎（出） | |
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132
presumption
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| n.推测，可能性，冒昧，放肆，[法律]推定 | |
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133
dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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134
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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135
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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136
albeit
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| conj.即使；纵使；虽然 | |
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137
diffusing
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| （使光）模糊，漫射，漫散( diffuse的现在分词 )； （使）扩散； （使）弥漫； （使）传播 | |
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138
dispelling
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的现在分词 ) | |
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139
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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