Headpiece
T
The progress of the race is largely affected3 in each generation by a few pioneers who, with toil4 and sacrifice, prepare the way for the advance. Of these pioneers some blaze the future course in the unexplored and Unrecognized
Pioneers trackless forest; others remove the obstructions5 which impede6 the builders; while a few expert engineers bridge the rivers, tunnel the mountains and lay broad and deep the foundations of the great highway along which humanity passes to a higher civilization. Unfortunately these pioneers are not always known to public fame, and far too often, though benefactors7 of their race, pass away without a proper recognition of their services.
This apparent neglect is not due to a lack of appreciation9 of their work by the people, but rather to the fact that their labors10 are performed in obscurity, and hence are unknown. Far in the wilderness11, or deep in the tunnel, or in the mire12 of the caisson, they toil all unseen164 by their generation, sacrificing health and often life while searching for the true pathway or laying its foundations. When the bridges are builded, the tunnels completed, and the broad highway is thrown open for travel and traffic, few or none of the passing throng13 give a moment’s thought to the labors and sacrifices of the builders, or the tribute of a sigh to the memory of those who perished at their work.
Impressed with a sense of public obligation and of a duty to the memory of a citizen with whose labors and sacrifices in the interests of this city I had great opportunities to become familiar, it has been a grateful task to place on record some of the incidents in the life of Hon. Dorman B. Eaton as they came under my personal observation. He was by nature, education, and association a reformer of the civil administration. Born and bred in the rural communities of Vermont, educated at Harvard, a partner of the famous Judge Kent, of this city, and an associate of men of the type of William Curtis Noyes, Charles O’Conor, and others of equal reputation, Mr. Eaton was admirably equipped for the great work to which he devoted14 so much of his life and energies.
Nor was he a reformer whose methods were simply destructive of what he regarded as wrong or evil in the municipal government; on the contrary, his mind was eminently15 constructive16,165 A Constructive
Reformer and consequently he sought to remedy defects by substituting the new and best for the old and worst with as little friction17 and disturbance18 as possible. Thus he quietly and without observation, as a master builder, laid foundations and reared the massive superstructures of four of the best-organized and most efficient departments of our city government—viz., the Department of Health, the Fire Department, the Department of Docks, the Police Judiciary.
My personal acquaintance with Mr. Eaton began in the year 1864, when we became associated in an effort to secure reforms in the sanitary government of the City of New York. Although prior to this date there had been periods of agitation19 in favor of a more Character of Previous
Agitation efficient health organization, especially when epidemics21, like cholera22, visited the city and the utter worthlessness of our health officials became apparent, yet there had been no such organized effort as that of 1864. Previous agitation had, however, been very useful in preparing the way for the final struggle, by creating a popular interest in these reforms and in rendering23 the public mind both sympathetic and receptive.
166
In 1855 the Academy of Medicine applied24 to the Legislature for relief from the evils of an insufficient25 health organization, and as a result a committee of that body investigated the sanitary condition of the city. It appeared that Incompetent26
Health Officers there were four separate departments devoted to the conservation of the public health. First, was the Board of Health, composed of the Aldermen and Mayor. When this body was organized as a Board of Health it had supreme27 power, both in the abatement28 of nuisances and the expenditure29 of money. So much and so justly was this board feared, that Fernando Wood, while Mayor, refused to call it into existence during an epidemic20 of cholera, declaring that the Board of Health was more to be feared than the pestilence31.
Second, was the Commissioners33 of Health, composed of the Mayor and the Recorder, the City Inspector34, the Health Commissioner32, the Resident Physician, and the Port Health Officer. This body had no adequate power and was perfectly35 useless both for good and evil.
Third, was the Resident Physician, whose duties were limited to visiting the sick poor.
Fourth, was the City Inspector, a most formidable official politically, for he had the right to expend30 annually36 $1,000,000 without “let or hindrance37.” His jurisdiction38 extended to the cleaning167 of the street, gathering39 vital statistics, and preserving the public health by the appointment of health wardens41 for each ward40.
The investigation43 showed that this department, the only one which actually exercised public health functions, was permeated44 with corruption45, ignorance, and venality46. The City Inspector was the lowest type of ward politician, the vital statistics were crude and unreliable, there was no pretense47 of cleaning the streets, and the health wardens were for the most part keepers of saloons. It was shown in the evidence that no health warden42 ever dared to visit a house where there was a case of contagious48 disease. One, who was asked the best method of preventing smallpox49, replied: “Burn sulphur in the room.” Another, asked to define the term “hygiene50,” said: “It is a mist rising from wet grounds.”
The report of this committee created a profound sensation and gave the first impetus51 to a reform movement. A number of prominent physicians and influential52 citizens became deeply interested in the subject and determined53 to secure proper Reform Movement
Born legislation. Health bills were annually prepared and sent to the Legislature only to be rejected under the direction of the City Inspector, whose $1,000,000 was expended168 freely in the lobby at Albany. But the agitation increased in force with successive defeats, a large and still larger number of people were added to the ranks of the reformers of the Citizens’ Association in 1864, with Peter Cooper as President and upwards54 of a hundred of the leading citizens as members.
The moving spirit in organizing and managing this powerful body was Mr. Nathaniel Sands, an ardent55 and enthusiastic sanitarian. Two departments were created in the Association, through which the principal work was to be done; viz., a Council of Law and a Council of Hygiene. Mr. Eaton was an active member of the former, and I was for a considerable time Secretary of the latter. Thus we were brought into frequent consultation56 over a public health law, which the Association had determined to have prepared for the next Legislature.
It was decided57 that the Council of Hygiene should make a first draft of the bill in which should be incorporated the necessary sanitary provisions. This draft was then to be submitted to the Legal Council for completion in legislative58 form. As secretary of the Council of Hygiene I had to prepare the first draft of the bill, which was done along the lines of former bills and seemed to the members to be a very perfect piece of work. When, however, the bill came from the Legal Council, scarcely a shred59 of the original draft was recognizable.
169
Though the Legal Council was composed of the leading lawyers of the city at that time, the revision and completion of the health law was committed to Mr. Eaton, a junior member. This selection proved to be of immense importance to the immediate1 sanitary The Right
Man interests of this city, and secondarily to the creation and administration of the health laws of the United States. The field of sanitary legislation was entirely60 uncultivated in this country at that time, and the principles on which health laws should be based were unrecognized, except by the more advanced students.
Mr. Eaton fortunately proved to be one of the few citizens who had kept pace with the progress of sanitary reforms in England, and entered fully61 into the spirit of the great movement that for a quarter of a century had agitated62 the people of that country. Alarmed by the high death-rate annually reported by the Registrar-General, and informed that the larger part was due to preventable diseases, the public demanded adequate remedial measures of the government. The contest was long and most exciting, the issues often being carried into the arena63 of politics. The Prime Minister once declared that there was such a craze about sanitation64 that the rallying cry of an election campaign might well be “Sanitas sanitatum, et omnia sanitas.”
170 The triumph of the reformers was finally complete, and England adopted a code of health laws that are models of excellence65, and which, in their enforcement, have made its cities and towns the healthiest in the world.
When our health bill came from the hands of Mr. Eaton it was evident in every line that he had made an exhaustive study of the English health code and had become thoroughly66 imbued67 with its spirit. The language was not altogether familiar, and in the involved sentences there were intimations of extraordinary powers quite unknown to our jurisprudence. When he brought the completed bill before the Legal and Medical councils for adoption68 it was subjected to a most searching criticism. While most of its sections were clear and readily understood, there were portions which were so obscure, owing to the methods of expression employed, that the legal members were in doubt as to the proper construction to be put upon them, while the medical members were altogether at a loss as to their meaning.
Mr. Eaton explained the theory of modern health legislation as illustrated69 by the English laws, and contended that a thoroughly organized and efficient board of health must have extraordinary powers, and must not be A Board With
Extraordinary Powers subordinated to any other branch of the civil service, not even to the courts. What it declared171 to be a nuisance—dangerous to life and detrimental70 to health—no one should call in question. When it ordered a nuisance to be abated71 within a given fixed72 time no mandate73 should avail to stay its action or the enforcement of its decree.
A board of health, in his opinion, should make its own laws, execute its own laws, and sit in judgment74 on its own acts. It must be an imperium in imperio. England, the foremost country in the world in the cultivation75 of sanitary science and in the application of its principles to practice, had by its legislation for a quarter of a century established a precedent76 which it was right and safe for us to follow.
He predicted that if this bill became a law its operations would be so beneficial that it would not only become very popular in this city, but that it would be the basis of future health legislation in this country. He believed, however, that no legislature would pass a bill containing such powers if these powers were made a prominent feature of the bill. For that reason he had adopted that involved expression peculiar77 to English law which required a judicial78 interpretation79 to determine the precise meaning. The bill was approved in the form presented by Mr. Eaton, and preparation was made to secure its passage.
172
As the City Inspector with his health wardens always appeared at Albany when a health bill was before the Legislature, denying vociferously80 the alleged81 unsanitary condition of the city, Mr. Eaton advised that the Association make a careful inspection82 of the The Fight for
the Bill city with its own inspectors83. This inspection was organized by the Council of Hygiene and prosecuted84 during the summer of 1864 by young physicians, and was the most exhaustive study of the sanitary condition ever made of a city, even by officials. The results were published in a large volume which has been pronounced by authorities at home and abroad as equal to the best official reports of European cities.
The bill was early introduced into the Legislature of 1865. In due time it came before a joint85 committee of both houses, with Senator Andrew D. White in the chair. The City Inspector, with his health wardens, was present, and a large attendance of members with several prominent citizens of New York. At Mr. Eaton’s request I described the deplorable sanitary condition of the city as revealed by our inspections86 and explained the medical features of the bill. He followed with a brilliant and exhaustive speech on the nature of sanitary legislation and the value to cities of adequate health laws administered by well-organized boards of health.
At the conclusion of the hearing the members173 of the committee assured us that if the two houses were in session they would pass the bill at once. But we were doomed87 to disappointment. The City Inspector secured delays, and meantime employed through his agents the means at his command to defeat the bill. The agitation, however, was continued during the year, chiefly through the New York Times, then under the management of Mr. Raymond, an ardent reformer.
Mr. Eaton advised the Medical Council to interest the physicians of the country, and especially urge them not to nominate men who had voted against the bill in the last Legislature. This plan was carried out, and seventeen former members failed A Law Enacted88
and Sustained of renomination to the Assembly. The result of this scheme succeeded admirably, for the new Legislature was to some extent pledged to support the bill when they came to the capitol. The bill promptly89 passed both houses early in the session of 1866, and in March the Metropolitan90 Board of Health was organized. Mr. Eaton accepted the position of counsellor to the board, which position he retained several years.
As he had anticipated, a suit against the Board was early commenced to test the constitutionality of the law. He was very apprehensive174 of the results, and made the most thorough preparation to argue the case. He was successful in the lower courts, and finally won in the Court of Appeals by a majority of one. He always regarded his success in the management of this case as one of the most important events of his life, for on the decision of the highest court depended the fate of health legislation in this country.
No one unfamiliar91 with the sanitary condition of this city prior to 1864 can form any adequate conception of the enormous benefits conferred, not only upon this metropolis92, but upon the entire country, by the labors of Mr. Eaton and his associates in The Regeneration
of New York securing to it the Metropolitan Health Law. During the former period New York was a prey93 to every form of pestilence known to man. Smallpox, the most preventable of contagious diseases, was epidemic in this city every five years, and created a large death-rate among the children. Scarlet94 fever and diphtheria spread through the city without the slightest effort on the part of the officials to control them. Cholera visited us once in ten years without any adequate measures of prevention. The mortality was greater than of any other city of a civilized95 country, it being estimated that 7,000 died yearly from preventable diseases.
175 The tenement96-house population lived under the most unhealthy and degrading conditions, a prey to greedy landlords, and without any possible relief or redress97. In one notorious building, which covered an ordinary city lot, were fifty families, with a total population of five hundred persons.
Here every form of domestic pestilence could be found at all seasons of the year. Still more deplorable was the condition of the tenants98 of cellars. Of these so-called “Troglodytes” there were 5,000 living in rooms the ceilings of which were below the level of the surface of the street.
To the present generation it may appear incredible that there was neither law, ordinance100, nor department of the city government capable of giving the slightest relief. This was illustrated in an attempt to break up a fever nest in 1860. The landlord refused to make the slightest repairs, or cleansing101, in a tenement house from which upwards of one hundred cases of fever have been removed to the hospital.
The attorney to the Police Department was unable to find any law or ordinance by which he could be compelled to cleanse102, repair, or vacate the house. It was only by confronting him in court, to which he had been brought on a fictitious103 charge, with a reporter, that he was induced to take any steps to improve the tenement.
176
Now everything relating to the public health is so changed that it is almost impossible to realize the condition of the city in 1866. The change began with the very organization of the Metropolitan Board. Within a few days of that Epidemics
Checked event, cholera, which had devastated104 portions of Europe, made its appearance in this city; but it met with a far different reception than that of former visitations. The first case was quarantined within an hour of its occurrence; the clothing of the patient was destroyed, the room disinfected, and a sanitary guard placed over the house. No other case appeared in that quarter of the city. There were several similar outbreaks in different parts of the town, but each was treated with the same vigilance and energy, and the contagion105 never secured a foothold in the city or the metropolitan district.
Though cholera has since appeared in Europe at its usual intervals106, and has several times been at our doors, it has not been able to invade the city for a period of thirty-four years. Smallpox, which once decimated the child population every five years, has not been epidemic in a whole generation. Diphtheria and the whole brood of domestic pestilences107 are diminishing in frequency and fatality108. Even consumption, so common and fatal among the poor, is rapidly disappearing in consequence of the improved condition of the tenement houses.
177 And what a vast change has been made in the homes of the poor! No human habitation is underground; the ancient rookery, with its five hundred inhabitants, is a past number; the dark, foul109 courts are disappearing, and in their places have arisen the modern tenements110, with their light, airy, and cheerful apartments, and all the conditions necessary to family health and domestic happiness. The laws and ordinances111 all conspire112 to compel the landlords to remedy every defect on complaint of the tenant99; the penalty being that the latter need not pay rent until the home is made habitable in a sanitary sense. The vital statistics show that human life is lengthening113 in this city, and that the entire metropolis is more healthy as a place of residence than the surrounding country towns.
But the beneficent results of the labors of Mr. Eaton and his associates in the field of sanitary legislation are not confined to New York. As he predicted, the Metropolitan Health Law became the basis of sanitary legislation throughout the country. At the Sanitation in
Other Cities time of its enactment114 the municipalities of the United States were as destitute115 of health laws and regulations as the City of New York. To-day there is not a city, or even village, that has not its laws and ordinances relating to the preservation116 and promotion117 of the public health178 based on the original law drawn118 by Mr. Eaton. And the same remark is true of the organized health administration of the States of the union, for on analysis it will be found that their sanitary legislation is in harmony with the provisions of that law. Mr. Eaton’s work was broad and fundamental.
At that period the old Volunteer Fire Department was quite as discreditable to the city as was its health organization. Intrenched in the political organizations of the city, it wielded119 a power second only to that of the great political Reorganization of the
Fire Department parties themselves. It required the strength and courage of a Hercules to purify this department by removing the existing elements, reconstructing the entire organization, substituting a paid for a volunteer membership, and requiring a high grade of qualification of its officers.
But, aided by the Citizens’ Association, Mr. Eaton undertook this reform, and after a fierce and prolonged struggle carried it to a successful conclusion. The law creating the fire department, like that creating the health department, is a model of intelligent discrimination of all the conditions essential to the efficiency of the service and its permanent freedom from the vices8 inherent in the old system.
179
Scarcely had these reforms been perfected when Mr. Eaton’s attention was turned by the Citizens’ Association to the necessity of having a department in the city government devoted exclusively to the care and management of the public docks, Creation of a Dock
Department wharves120, and other water-front interests of the city. This movement resulted in the passage of the law drawn by Mr. Eaton creating the Department of Docks. Though this Department was to occupy an entirely new field in the Municipal Administration, the law shows in every section the same mastery of all the details peculiar to Mr. Eaton’s legislative work.
Finally, Mr. Eaton undertook, single-handed, to reform the police judiciary. He prepared a bill creating the civil magistrates121 to take the place of the police justices and reforming in many particulars the methods of procedure. This law is regarded Reform of the
Police Judiciary as a great improvement upon the previous police judiciary, but the bill became a law only after a protracted122 struggle with the old police justices, a struggle which Mr. Eaton maintained alone, relying upon the merits of the measure which he advocated. The consensus123 of opinion of legal authorities is that the new law effected180 radical124 reforms of great importance in these inferior courts of criminal jurisprudence in New York City.
If we may estimate Mr. Eaton’s mental traits by the laws which he drafted in the interests of municipal reform, we can readily conclude that he had a remarkable125 genius for constructive legislation. Though he was compelled to weave into the very woof of those Mental Traits of
Dorman B. Eaton laws, extraordinary powers, which he acknowledged were of vital importance to their efficiency, and yet would be a menace to the public, if the laws were administered by unscrupulous persons, he succeeded in so guarding those powers that these laws have been in operation upwards of a quarter of a century; and, while those who have from time to time been called to administer them have not always had the best reputation for intelligence and civic126 virtue127, yet there has at no time been any complaint of injustice128 in their execution, nor has there been any serious lapse129 in their vigorous enforcement. To-day, as a generation ago, they are accomplishing the full measure of usefulness for which they were designed by their author.
Standing130 now at the close of a life so largely devoted to the service of his fellow-men and consecrated131 to the amelioration of human suffering,181 and where we may, in some slight degree, estimate the vast and ever-increasing fruition of its labors, how sublime132 it appears! Monuments and memorials can but faintly symbolize133 its greatness and perpetuate134 its enduring force. Mr. Eaton’s own thought of true fame once was expressed to me thus: “I ask only to be remembered as one who in his sphere of life’s duties endeavored to improve the conditions of human life around him.”
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
immediate
|
|
| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
sanitary
|
|
| adj.卫生方面的，卫生的，清洁的，卫生的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
affected
|
|
| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
toil
|
|
| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
obstructions
|
|
| n.障碍物( obstruction的名词复数 )；阻碍物；阻碍；阻挠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
impede
|
|
| v.妨碍，阻碍，阻止 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
benefactors
|
|
| n.捐助者，施主( benefactor的名词复数 )；恩人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
vices
|
|
| 缺陷( vice的名词复数 )； 恶习； 不道德行为； 台钳 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
appreciation
|
|
| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
labors
|
|
| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
wilderness
|
|
| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
12
mire
|
|
| n.泥沼，泥泞；v.使...陷于泥泞，使...陷入困境 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
throng
|
|
| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
devoted
|
|
| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
eminently
|
|
| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
constructive
|
|
| adj.建设的，建设性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
friction
|
|
| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
disturbance
|
|
| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
agitation
|
|
| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
epidemic
|
|
| n.流行病；盛行；adj.流行性的，流传极广的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
epidemics
|
|
| n．流行病 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
cholera
|
|
| n.霍乱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
rendering
|
|
| n.表现，描写 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
applied
|
|
| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
insufficient
|
|
| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
incompetent
|
|
| adj.无能力的，不能胜任的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
supreme
|
|
| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
abatement
|
|
| n.减(免)税，打折扣，冲销 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
expenditure
|
|
| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
expend
|
|
| vt.花费，消费，消耗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
pestilence
|
|
| n.瘟疫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
commissioner
|
|
| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
commissioners
|
|
| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
inspector
|
|
| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
perfectly
|
|
| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
annually
|
|
| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
hindrance
|
|
| n.妨碍，障碍 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
jurisdiction
|
|
| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
gathering
|
|
| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
ward
|
|
| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
wardens
|
|
| n.看守人( warden的名词复数 )；管理员；监察员；监察官 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
warden
|
|
| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
investigation
|
|
| n.调查，调查研究 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
permeated
|
|
| 弥漫( permeate的过去式和过去分词 )； 遍布； 渗入； 渗透 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
corruption
|
|
| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
venality
|
|
| n.贪赃枉法，腐败 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
47
pretense
|
|
| n.矫饰，做作，借口 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
contagious
|
|
| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
smallpox
|
|
| n.天花 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
hygiene
|
|
| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
impetus
|
|
| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
influential
|
|
| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
upwards
|
|
| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
ardent
|
|
| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
consultation
|
|
| n.咨询；商量；商议；会议 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
decided
|
|
| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
legislative
|
|
| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
shred
|
|
| v.撕成碎片，变成碎片；n.碎布条，细片，些少 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
entirely
|
|
| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
fully
|
|
| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
agitated
|
|
| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
arena
|
|
| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
sanitation
|
|
| n.公共卫生，环境卫生，卫生设备 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
excellence
|
|
| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
thoroughly
|
|
| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
imbued
|
|
| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
adoption
|
|
| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
illustrated
|
|
| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
detrimental
|
|
| adj.损害的，造成伤害的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
abated
|
|
| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
mandate
|
|
| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
judgment
|
|
| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
cultivation
|
|
| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
precedent
|
|
| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
peculiar
|
|
| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
judicial
|
|
| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
interpretation
|
|
| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
vociferously
|
|
| adv.喊叫地，吵闹地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
alleged
|
|
| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
inspection
|
|
| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
inspectors
|
|
| n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
prosecuted
|
|
| a.被起诉的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
joint
|
|
| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
inspections
|
|
| n.检查( inspection的名词复数 )；检验；视察；检阅 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
doomed
|
|
| 命定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
enacted
|
|
| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
promptly
|
|
| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
metropolitan
|
|
| adj.大城市的，大都会的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
unfamiliar
|
|
| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
metropolis
|
|
| n.首府；大城市 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
prey
|
|
| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
scarlet
|
|
| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
civilized
|
|
| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
tenement
|
|
| n.公寓；房屋 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
redress
|
|
| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
tenants
|
|
| n.房客( tenant的名词复数 )；佃户；占用者；占有者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
tenant
|
|
| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
ordinance
|
|
| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
cleansing
|
|
| n. 净化(垃圾) adj. 清洁用的 动词cleanse的现在分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
cleanse
|
|
| vt.使清洁，使纯洁，清洗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
fictitious
|
|
| adj.虚构的，假设的；空头的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
devastated
|
|
| v.彻底破坏( devastate的过去式和过去分词)；摧毁；毁灭；在感情上（精神上、财务上等）压垮adj.毁坏的；极为震惊的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
contagion
|
|
| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
intervals
|
|
| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
pestilences
|
|
| n.瘟疫， （尤指）腺鼠疫( pestilence的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
fatality
|
|
| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
foul
|
|
| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
tenements
|
|
| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
ordinances
|
|
| n.条例，法令( ordinance的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
conspire
|
|
| v.密谋，（事件等）巧合，共同导致 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
lengthening
|
|
| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的现在分词 )； 加长 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
enactment
|
|
| n.演出，担任…角色；制订，通过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
destitute
|
|
| adj.缺乏的；穷困的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
preservation
|
|
| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
promotion
|
|
| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
drawn
|
|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
wielded
|
|
| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
wharves
|
|
| n.码头，停泊处( wharf的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
magistrates
|
|
| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
protracted
|
|
| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
consensus
|
|
| n.(意见等的)一致，一致同意，共识 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
radical
|
|
| n.激进份子，原子团，根号；adj.根本的，激进的，彻底的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
civic
|
|
| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
virtue
|
|
| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
injustice
|
|
| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
lapse
|
|
| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
standing
|
|
| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
consecrated
|
|
| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
sublime
|
|
| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
symbolize
|
|
| vt.作为...的象征，用符号代表 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
perpetuate
|
|
| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |