That there is a certain virtue10 in fear requires no scientific demonstration11. Fear, as everybody ought to be aware, is intrinsically one of the most useful of emotions. It is an instinct implanted in us as a prime aid in the struggle for existence. Doubtless for this reason it is, as compared with the other emotions, the earliest to make its appearance in the newborn child. Preyer13, whose book, “The Mind of the Child,” is not nearly so well known in this country as it should be, puts the first manifestation4 of fear in an infant at the twenty-third day after birth. Other observers, including Charles Darwin, have found no indications of it until somewhat later than this. But all agree that it is the first emotion, properly so called, to show itself, and that its normal function is to instil14 caution and prudence15 in relation to objects and actions that might have destructive effects.
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The trouble is that fear has a great tendency to function to excess, especially in the years of childhood, that formative period which means so much to future development. There is scarcely one of us who, looking back, cannot recall some youthful fear, abnormal in its intensity16. Nor are such abnormal fears confined to the young. With many people they persist in one form or another throughout life; it may be as fear of thunder, fear of mice, fear of snakes. Moreover, they sometimes do not appear with full force until the period of youth is long past. At the age of thirty or forty—at any age—there may develop, with irresistible17 power, and seemingly for no reason, a paralysing, appalling18 fear of doing some trivial, everyday act, or of coming into contact with some familiar and entirely19 harmless object. When fear becomes as extreme as this it amounts to a disease, and is recognised as such by the medical profession, being technically20 known as a “phobia.” It is through scientific study of these phobias, as recently carried out by medical specialists with a252 psychological training, that full realisation has been gained of the tremendous r?le played by fear in the life of man, and the need for its proper control and direction.
The two commonest phobias are direct opposites of one another—namely, fear of open places (agoraphobia) and fear of being in a closed place (claustrophobia). The victim of agoraphobia can with difficulty be persuaded to trust himself outdoors. He fears that if he goes out some catastrophe21 will overwhelm him. His state of mind is one of absolute panic, and when obliged to cross any open space, such as a public park, he displays all the symptoms of extreme fear. The person troubled with abnormal fear of closed places experiences no difficulty of this sort. He is, on the contrary, never so happy as when in the open. His troubles begin when he is asked to take, say, a drive in a cab or a journey in a railway car. He dare not attend the theatre, or any indoor public entertainment. Whence comes his aversion from closed places he cannot say. He only knows253 that the mere22 thought of being in any place from which he cannot escape at a moment’s notice fills him with a torturing dread23.
In accounting24 for phobias like these psychologists have, as a usual thing, fallen back on pure theory, and—especially when strongly influenced by the evolutionary25 doctrine—have been wont26 to attribute them to the emergence27 of ancestral traits and instincts once of real biological value. But recent investigation28 has made it certain that this ancestral revival29 theory is both superfluous30 and erroneous, and tends to hinder rather than help an understanding of the mechanism31 and consequences of fear. For one thing, there is the fact that agoraphobia and claustrophobia are not the only irrational32 fears. There may be a phobia for any conceivable act or object, and to explain all these in terms of the revival of ancestral instincts is surely beyond the power of the most vivid scientific imagination. Further than this, so far as abnormal fear of open or closed spaces is concerned, the researches of the medical254 specialists have rendered possible a satisfactory explanation—and an explanation that has much practical value—without harking back to the feelings and doings of primitive33 man.
It has been found in every case scientifically studied that there is indeed a memory revival of past experiences, but that it is invariably a revival of experiences in the life of the victim himself, not of his remote ancestors. This is true of every kind of phobia. The sufferer may honestly declare his inability to recall any antecedent happening of a fear-inducing character. But it is found that, subconsciously34 at any rate, he always carries with him a vivid memory-image of some occurrence that at the time shocked him greatly; and that his phobia is due to the ceaseless presentation in his subconsciousness36 of this vivid memory-image. In proof of which may be cited the experiences of any medical man accustomed, in treating patients for nervous and mental troubles, to make use of modern methods—hyp255notism, hynoidisation, and so forth—for exploring the obscurer workings of the human mind.
Take, by way of illustration, a case of abnormal fear of open places successfully treated by Doctor Isador H. Coriat, a Boston neurologist of my acquaintance. The patient was a young man who for nearly two years had been tormented37 by an irrational fear of fields, parks, and public squares. His relatives and friends had argued with him, he had tried to conquer the phobia by force of will, but all to no purpose. Nor could he give any reason for his abnormal dread.
Put into the hypnotic state, however, and questioned again, he recalled an incident that at once revealed its source. Two years previously38, it appeared, he had been taking a horseback ride, when he unexpectedly galloped39 into an open field.
“I became terribly frightened,” said he, “as the ground was rough, and I thought I should certainly fall off the horse. I felt faint, my heart beat rap256idly, I broke into a cold perspiration40 and trembled all over. It seemed as if the end of the world was coming. Since then, whenever I see a field or a park I am reminded of this, and feel the same agonising fear.”
In the case of another patient suffering from fear of closed spaces the abnormal fear was traced to an occasion when, visiting a friend in a small, close room, the patient had a fainting attack. In a third patient, a young woman, there developed a fear of crowds because, some time previously, at a crowded school celebration, she had been slightly overcome by heat, and had “felt like screaming.” Another young woman was afflicted41 with pyrophobia, or fear of fire, in such an extreme form that she could not remain in a room where an open fire was burning, and every night made the rounds of her house to satisfy herself there was nothing that could start a conflagration42. Inquiry43 showed that all this morbid44 anxiety was an outgrowth of a previous experience with fire.
Sometimes memory of the antecedent causal experi257ence is not entirely blotted45 out of the upper consciousness. The sufferer may even entertain a clear recollection of it and still be unable to conquer his phobia; which, however, under these circumstances is not nearly so severe as when the process is entirely one of subconscious35 mentation. In either case, of course, the problem of the development of the phobia still requires explanation. Only partial enlightenment is gained, after all, when we recognise the causal action of some specific occurrence, such as a fall, a fainting-fit, or the sight of a fire. Thousands of persons experience these things without thereby46 becoming victims of a phobia. When a phobia does result, some exceptional circumstances must be operative, and it is manifestly desirable to learn, if possible, what these are.
It is the more desirable since, as investigation is daily revealing more and more clearly, abnormal dread is not the only malady47 resulting from a fear-occasioning event. Where one man, as the result of a sudden fright, may in course of time become a258 phobiac, another may develop symptoms, not of mental trouble, but of bodily disease. A most instructive instance is afforded by the experiences of a young Russian immigrant in this country who had the good fortune to come under the observation of those two eminent49 specialists in the treatment of mentally-caused disorders50, Doctors Morton Prince and Boris Sidis.
The trouble for which this young man sought relief was, to all appearance, purely52 physical. It consisted of periodic convulsive attacks that racked the right half of his body, and had led to a diagnosis53 of epilepsy. Since sundry54 delicate symptoms characteristic of epilepsy were absent, however, the specialists, after a careful study of the case, came to the conclusion that the spasms55 from which their patient suffered might involve no true organic disease, and might be nothing more than the outward manifestation of some deep-seated psychical56 disturbance57. With this possibility in mind they questioned him259 both in the normal waking state and in hypnosis, and brought to light some interesting facts.
The first attack, he told them, had set in five years before, when he was sixteen years old and living in Russia. After returning from a dance one evening, he went back to look for a ring lost by the young lady whom he had escorted home. It was past midnight, and his way lay over a country road by a cemetery58. Nearing the cemetery, he thought he heard somebody or something running after him. He turned to flee, fell, and lost consciousness. He still was unconscious when found on the road. After he had been brought to, it was seen that he was afflicted with a spasmodic, uncontrollable shaking of the right side, involving his head, arm, and leg. This lasted almost a week, when he seemed as well as ever. But every year thereafter, at about the same time, he had had an attack similar in all respects to the first one, excepting only that he did not become unconscious.
He further declared, while in the hypnotic state,260 that throughout the period of the attacks he had unpleasant dreams, all relating to the fright and fall of five years before. In these dreams he lived over and over again the experience from which his trouble dated.
“I find myself,” said he, “on the lonely road in my little native town. I am hurrying along the road near the cemetery. It is very dark. I imagine somebody—a robber, or a ghost—is running after me. I become frightened, call for help, and fall. Then I wake up with a start, and remember nothing about the dream. I no longer am afraid, but I have these terrible spasms.”
It was even found possible to produce the convulsive attacks experimentally by simply reminding him, while hypnotised, of the incident on the road. To Doctors Prince and Sidis it now seemed certain that his malady was due to nothing else than the persistence59 of an intensely vivid subconscious memory-image of the fright he had experienced; and that he would no longer be troubled by it if the memory-261image were destroyed by psychotherapeutic treatment. Suggestions to this effect were accordingly given him, when awake as well as when hypnotised. The outcome was all that could be desired, for a speedy and permanent cure was brought about.
Paralysis60, muscular contractures, symptoms mimicking61 tuberculosis62, kidney disease, and other dread organic maladies, are also recognised to-day as possible after-effects, through the power of subconscious mental action, of happenings that give rise to a profound feeling of fear. Sometimes more than one symptom is thus occasioned in the same patient. Again, for the purpose of concrete illustration, I cite a typical case from real life—the case of a Pole, a man of twenty-five, treated for a weird63 combination of mental and physical disturbances64.
Physically65, he suffered from severe and frequent attacks of headache, setting in gradually, and preceded by a feeling of depression and dizziness. During the attacks his body became cold, his head throbbed66 violently, he shivered incessantly67. To keep262 warm, he was obliged to wrap himself in many blankets. Mentally, he was tormented by many phobias. He was afraid of closed places, and still more afraid of being obliged to remain alone, especially at night. He had a morbid fear of the dead, and would on no account enter a room with a corpse68 in it or attend a funeral. Nothing could induce him to visit a cemetery, even in company with other people. Fear of dogs was also a conspicuous69 feature of his case, as was fear of fire.
Through psychological exploration of his subconsciousness, every one of these symptoms was traced to actual experiences that had given him great emotional shocks, and in almost every instance to experiences that had occurred in his childhood. The fear of dogs had its origin in an exciting episode he had had with some dogs when he was only three. The pyrophobia was connected with the fact that at four years of age he had been hastily carried from a burning building, shivering with fright and cold, into the open air of a frosty night. His dread of cemeteries263 and of the dead was rooted in a subconscious recollection of terrors inspired in him, while a child, by hearing “all kinds of ghost stories and tales of wandering lost souls, and of spirits of dead people hovering70 about churchyards.”
In addition to this, his mother, a very superstitious71 woman, when he was nine, placed the cold hand of a corpse on his naked chest as a “cure” for some trifling72 ailment73. Hence his special fear of corpses74. As to the headaches and the sensations of cold, they were the result partly of this “dead hand” memory, and partly of the memory of a still more severe experience, occurring at about the same time, when he was forced to spend an entire night in a barn in mid-winter, to escape a party of drunken soldiers who had beaten his father unmercifully and had killed one of his little brothers. His fear of closed spaces and his fear of being alone were associated with the same experience.
As he grew older much of all this faded from his conscious recollection. But, by analysing his dreams264 and questioning him in hypnosis, it was found that subconsciously he had forgotten none of it. Evidence also was forthcoming indicating that from time to time, owing to the occurrence of later experiences of a less sinister75 nature but disquieting76 enough, there had been exceptionally vivid revivals77 of the earlier memories; and that it was in this way that they had been able to acquire such tremendous disease-producing power.
Here, I am confident, we have the answer to the question raised in connection with the development of phobias in adult life from seemingly trivial occurrences. Heredity, no doubt, plays some part. But assuredly a far greater influence is exercised by the presence of baneful78 memory-images that need only an appropriate stimulus79 to excite them into pernicious activity. The mechanism of fear-caused diseases, to put it briefly80, is probably much the same as that operating in the production of the familiar phenomenon of dreaming.
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When we dream of anything, we do so because an incident of the waking life has, through association of ideas, roused some dormant81 emotional “complex,” some group of subconscious ideas relating to matters which are, or once were, of great significance to us, and our dream is a symbolic82 expression of this dormant complex.4 So is it with the man who suffers from a fear-induced malady, whether it take the form of a mental or of a physical disorder51.
Perhaps of a neurotic83 tendency by inheritance, perhaps of a good heredity, but temporarily weakened by grief, worry, etc., something occurs that gives this person a sudden fright, and, by association of ideas, reminds him, if only subconsciously, of earlier fear-inspiring episodes in his life. Ordinarily there would be no unpleasant after-effect, except possibly a few nights of bad dreams. But in his condition dreaming is not sufficient to give vent48 to the subconscious 266emotions. Some other channel of discharge must be found, and it is found in the production of disease-symptoms—whether mental or physical, or both mental and physical—symbolising the emotional complex or complexes stimulated84 by the happening that frightened him.
Indeed, there is reason for suspecting that all functional85 nervous and mental troubles, no matter what their immediate86 cause, are traceable to fear-memories of remote occurrence, dating usually from the days of childhood. Certainly it is possible to detail from recent medical practice innumerable cases in support of this view. Not to be tedious, I will give only one or two, selecting first a case of Doctor Coriat’s, in which the patient, a middle-aged87 woman, had for years been tormented by an increasing fear that she would go insane, and that, if insane, she would inevitably89 injure some member of her family. The poor woman had worn herself out brooding over this, and was gradually qualifying for commitment to some institution. But Doctor Coriat could not find,267 either in her physical condition or in the facts of her family history, anything to warrant her belief that she was doomed90 to become insane.
Suspecting, therefore, that this belief was merely a hysterical91 outgrowth of some forgotten shock in her previous life, and knowing that in sleep such latent memories have a tendency to emerge momentarily into the field of consciousness, he questioned her regarding the frequency and content of her dreams.
“I dream a great deal,” she told him, “but I never have a clear remembrance of what I have dreamed about.”
Yet, when hypnotised and again questioned regarding the dreams, she was able to detail many of them. One in particular interested Doctor Coriat. It was of a recurrent character, and was identified by the patient as having first been dreamed at the time she began to worry over her condition. It was, in fact, a dream in which she saw herself insane.
“Had anything unpleasant happened to you the268 day before you first had that dream?” Doctor Coriat now inquired of his hypnotised patient.
“Nothing that I can remember, except that I went to a friend’s funeral.”
“The funeral of a very dear friend?”
“Not exactly—just a friend.”
“But that should not have had such a disturbing effect on your mind. Did anything happen at the funeral?”
“I saw a woman there whose eyes frightened me.”
“And why did they frighten you?”
“Because they reminded me of a preacher I used to know when I was a little girl. He was a revivalist, and I always thought he was crazy. I went to his meetings, and got terribly worked up, and it frightened me very much. I thought I would go crazy too, just like the preacher.”
To Doctor Coriat it seemed unnecessary to ask any more questions. As he saw it, the haunting dread of insanity92 was nothing but the continuation269 in consciousness of the forgotten memory of the childhood fright, revived by subconscious association of the woman at the funeral with the preacher whose rabid exhortations93 had inspired the patient with such terror. On this theory he utilised the resources of medical psychology to deprive the baneful memory-image of its power to harm, and soon had the satisfaction of being able to record a perfect cure.
In another case, successfully treated by Doctor Sidis, the subconscious persistence of childhood fears actually threatened a young woman with perhaps lifelong confinement94 in an asylum95 for the insane. She had, in fact, been placed in a New York hospital for observation, and it was there that Doctor Sidis treated her. According to her relatives, who did not doubt that she had lost her reason, she suffered from strange hallucinations, particularly of constantly hearing voices call to her, and of being killed. She even imagined at times that she was dead, and would lie in a cataleptic condition, rigidly96 motionless. At other times she complained of a painful270 stiffness in her arms, and of difficulty in walking.
Testing her psychologically, Doctor Sidis found cause for thinking that her trouble was hysterical rather than a true insanity involving brain lesions, and he promptly97 questioned her relatives regarding her previous history. She had had, he learned, some exceedingly unpleasant experiences with a brother-in-law, a rough, brutal98 fellow, but they did not seem adequate to account for her various symptoms. These, he suspected, had their roots farther back in her life, and, although she professed99 a total inability to recall any severe fright or worry other than those associated with her brother-in-law, he remained unshaken in his suspicion.
“What do you dream about?” he asked her.
“I don’t exactly know,” she replied. “I am sure I dream a good deal, though, for when I wake I always seem to have been dreaming, and to have had horrid100 dreams. All I can say is that I dimly remember seeing in them many ugly faces.”
“Is your brother-in-law’s face among them?”
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“Yes, and other people’s faces. But I’m sure I don’t know who they are.”
Subjected to a special process of “mind tunneling” of Doctor Sidis’s own invention, the patient recalled a number of dreams in vivid detail. Most of them showed a strong resemblance to one another, in that they had as their setting a forest, and as their chief actors men of repulsive101 aspect, usually dressed in the roughest of clothing, and usually intent on capturing the dreamer. Only the night before, she declared, she had dreamed that a man was trying to choke her, and she had awakened102 panic-stricken, and so drenched103 with perspiration that her nurse—who corroborated104 her statement—had had to change her night-gown.
“Can you identify the men of your dreams—the men dressed in rough clothing who pursue you so fiercely?” Doctor Sidis asked, while she still was in the artificial state into which he had put her.
“Yes, yes,” she answered, much agitated105. “I know them only too well.”
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Now, for the first time, she related to him two most significant episodes of her girlhood. Once, it appeared, when she was hardly nine years old, she was walking along a country road, past a forest, when a wood-cutter—“a big man, with big arms and hands projecting from short sleeves”—tried to catch her and carry her into the forest. “He ran after me with outstretched arms. I screamed, and ran from him as fast as I could, calling for help all the time.” And, on another occasion, when she was even younger—only six—on her way to school through the woods, a man met her, gave her candy, talked to her nicely, and all at once seized her so roughly that she began to scream with fright and pain. At that moment somebody came along, and the man released her and fled.
These were the men whom she chiefly saw in her dreams; these were the shocks which, aggravated106 by the more recent experiences of a not dissimilar sort with her brother-in-law, were the true determinants of her hysteria—as was proved by the fact that273 upon psychological disintegration107 of her subconscious memories of them, a speedy and lasting108 return to health resulted.
In like manner the seemingly epileptic attacks of a nineteen-year-old New York “street arab” were found to be nothing more than the external manifestation of subconscious memory-images, dating back to early childhood, of nights passed in a dark, damp, terror-inspiring cellar. The sight of the discoloured corpse of a man who had died from cholera109 left in the mind of a sensitive girl of ten such a painful impression that years afterward110, quite unaccountably as it seemed, she developed an abnormal fear of contracting some deadly disease; and had she not fortunately been taken to a skilled medical psychologist (Doctor Pierre Janet) she would almost certainly have ended her days in an asylum. In the case of an over-worked Boston young man, thought to be suffering from “dementia praecox,” it was found that his morbid notion that he had committed an “unpardonable sin” was only a hysterical product274 of subconsciously remembered fears of childhood. The victim himself eventually recognised this, declaring, in an autobiographical statement made at his physician’s request:
“My abnormal fear certainly originated from doctrines111 of hell which I heard in early childhood, particularly from a rather ignorant elderly woman who taught Sunday-school. My early religious thought was chiefly concerned with the direful eternity112 of torture that might be awaiting me if I was not good enough to be saved.”
Whether or no all cases of functional nervous and mental disease are thus rooted in emotional stresses of youth, certainly this is often enough the fact to constitute a serious warning to all who have anything to do with the upbringing of the young. If fears of childhood can persist throughout life and can affect adult development so profoundly as to be causal agents in the production of disease, it is obvious that parents and educators should adopt every means in their power to prevent the growth of unreasonable275 fears in the little ones in their care. Yet, as matters are to-day, and not least in the home, most children are subject to influences that tend to foster, not inhibit113, such fears.
In their presence, as was noted114 on a previous page, parents often discuss accidents, crimes, sensational115 doings of all sorts; they betray a fretfulness, an anxiety, an unrest, that cannot but react on the sensitive mind of the child, filling it with fears of it knows not what; they even utilise the fear impulse as a means of coercing116 the child into good behaviour; and, what is perhaps worst of all, many parents intrust their children to ignorant and superstitious nurses, who take a strange pleasure in “scaring them half to death” with tales of demons12, ghosts and goblins.
Fortunately the majority of people, as a result of later training and experience, or by the exercise of will-power, are able to suppress the fears of childhood; but often only at the cost of great mental torture. Not so long ago I received a letter from a276 Detroit business man, Mr. John J. Mitchell, that may well be quoted in this connection. He wrote:
“As a child, as far back as memory goes, I was ‘afraid of the dark,’ intensely afraid.... At about eleven years of age I got a place in a country store, and perhaps two years later changed to the largest store in town. This concern did a large, old-fashioned country business, buying produce and selling all manner of merchandise in exchange or on credit. This involved the use of two old-time buildings (frame) with three stories each and a cellar under all. Owing to the character of the business and location, there were doors opening to the street and area on each side and rear from every floor, including the cellar, seven or eight in all, and widely apart, besides windows. It was my duty at dusk to see that all these doors were properly closed and barred for the night.... With my childish fear of the dark this daily task was an ordeal117—at times a terrible ordeal.
“I never made complaint or confided118 my fears to277 a soul. But for some reason, the source of which was, and is, as obscure as my intangible fears, I resolved to cure myself of this terror.... My plan, adopted and unflinchingly carried out, was to compel myself—a slender, timid little kid—to go that round daily, in the shadowy dusk, without a light (which I was privileged to have, a lantern). I can only remember now the pain of dread and unreasoning apprehension119, and the resolution to ‘have it over and done with.’
“I cannot now fix the time when it was accomplished120, but in the end I was completely cured, so that, at least since my majority, I have not only been relieved of this dread, but I often welcome the folds of darkness (of night), as if wrapped about with a comforting garment. It will be a certain qualification to state that, at very long intervals121, and always after some physical or mental strain, I feel momentarily a fear of return of old impressions in ‘uncanny’ surroundings.”
And, beyond any question, no matter how effectu278ally one may suppress such youthful fears, so far as relates to their survival in the upper consciousness, there will always be a subconscious remnant, a buried complex, ready to emerge and work mischief122 in one way or another. There is a world of truth in Professor Angelo Mosso’s emphatic123 declaration:
“Every ugly thing told to the child, every shock, every fright given him, will remain like minute splinters in the flesh, to torture him all his life long.”
If not in such an extreme form as a phobia, or other functional disease, the early fears will nevertheless make their presence felt in later life. In some men they may engender124 lack of self-confidence, and even a despicable cowardice125; in others they may breed superstitious terrors and usages. Always, in some way, one may depend on it, they will affect the character, the intellect, the whole moral and mental make-up.
Nor will their influence be confined to the individual. Fear, as every psychologist knows, is one of the most contagious126 of the emotions. Socially, as279 well as individually, it has a useful function to perform. The presence in all civilised communities of police and fire departments, boards of health, and the like, testifies impressively to the influence of social fear working normally as a conserving127 agent. But there may be, and frequently is, social as well as individual abnormality of fear; as in panics, massacres128, lynchings. In order to deal with this effectually, in order to keep social fear within the bounds of reason, it will always be necessary to recognise that, after all, society is made up of a mass of individuals, and can only think and feel and act as individuals think and feel and act. Train the individual properly, and society will be sane88 and healthy and efficient enough.
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phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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avert
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| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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preyer
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| 猛兽，猛禽 | |
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instil
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| v.逐渐灌输 | |
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prudence
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| n.谨慎，精明，节俭 | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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accounting
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| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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evolutionary
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| adj.进化的；演化的，演变的；[生]进化论的 | |
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wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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emergence
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| n.浮现，显现，出现，（植物）突出体 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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superfluous
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| adj.过多的，过剩的，多余的 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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irrational
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| adj.无理性的，失去理性的 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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subconsciously
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| ad.下意识地，潜意识地 | |
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subconscious
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| n./adj.潜意识(的)，下意识(的) | |
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subconsciousness
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| 潜意识；下意识 | |
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37
tormented
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| 饱受折磨的 | |
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38
previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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galloped
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| （使马）飞奔，奔驰( gallop的过去式和过去分词 )； 快速做[说]某事 | |
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40
perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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41
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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43
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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47
malady
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| n.病，疾病(通常做比喻) | |
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48
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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49
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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50
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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51
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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purely
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| adv.纯粹地，完全地 | |
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53
diagnosis
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| n.诊断，诊断结果，调查分析，判断 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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spasms
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| n.痉挛( spasm的名词复数 )；抽搐；（能量、行为等的）突发；发作 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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paralysis
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| n.麻痹(症)；瘫痪(症) | |
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mimicking
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| v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的现在分词 )；酷似 | |
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tuberculosis
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| n.结核病，肺结核 | |
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weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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throbbed
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| 抽痛( throb的过去式和过去分词 )； （心脏、脉搏等）跳动 | |
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incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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hovering
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| 鸟( hover的现在分词 )； 靠近（某事物）； （人）徘徊； 犹豫 | |
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superstitious
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| adj.迷信的 | |
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trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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73
ailment
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| n.疾病，小病 | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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disquieting
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| adj.令人不安的，令人不平静的v.使不安，使忧虑，使烦恼( disquiet的现在分词 ) | |
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revivals
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| n.复活( revival的名词复数 )；再生；复兴；（老戏多年后）重新上演 | |
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baneful
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| adj.有害的 | |
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79
stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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81
dormant
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| adj.暂停活动的；休眠的；潜伏的 | |
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82
symbolic
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| adj.象征性的，符号的，象征主义的 | |
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83
neurotic
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| adj.神经病的，神经过敏的；n.神经过敏者，神经病患者 | |
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84
stimulated
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| a.刺激的 | |
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85
functional
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| adj.为实用而设计的，具备功能的，起作用的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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middle-aged
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| adj.中年的 | |
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88
sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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hysterical
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| adj.情绪异常激动的，歇斯底里般的 | |
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insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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asylum
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| n.避难所，庇护所，避难 | |
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rigidly
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| adv.刻板地，僵化地 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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horrid
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| adj.可怕的；令人惊恐的；恐怖的；极讨厌的 | |
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101
repulsive
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| adj.排斥的，使人反感的 | |
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102
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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103
drenched
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| adj.湿透的；充满的v.使湿透( drench的过去式和过去分词 )；在某人（某物）上大量使用（某液体） | |
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104
corroborated
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 ) | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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106
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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107
disintegration
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| n.分散，解体 | |
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108
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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109
cholera
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| n.霍乱 | |
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110
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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111
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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112
eternity
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| n.不朽，来世；永恒，无穷 | |
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113
inhibit
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| vt.阻止，妨碍，抑制 | |
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114
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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115
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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116
coercing
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| v.迫使做( coerce的现在分词 )；强迫；（以武力、惩罚、威胁等手段）控制；支配 | |
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117
ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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118
confided
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| v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的过去式和过去分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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119
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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120
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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121
intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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122
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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123
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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124
engender
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| v.产生，引起 | |
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125
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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126
contagious
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| adj.传染性的，有感染力的 | |
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127
conserving
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| v.保护，保藏，保存( conserve的现在分词 ) | |
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128
massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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