How the wild-eyed children of the North must have gazed with astonishment4 upon one another as they stood victors on that field! They had not dared to hope that a Roman army would go down under their undisciplined assault; and that an Emperor of Rome should lie dead upon the battlefield was far beyond their wildest dream. Doubtless they felt within them that first awakening6 of brutal7 youth-strength: race-childhood was gone; race-manhood not yet come. And enervated8 old Rome; cultured, wily, effetely civilized9 Romans lay at the feet of these youthful, battle-flushed barbarians10: and history yet hears the cries that arose as those feet advanced ruthlessly trampling12.
Rivers.
If rivers could write history—what would the Nile tell us, the Tigris-Euphrates, the Granicus-Issus, the Metaurus, the Aufidus, the Tiber, the Danube, the Moskva, the Maritza?
Mysterious Nile—with sources for ages unknown; with inundations death-dealing, life-giving; with crocodiles and alligators13 and implacable river God: with Theban Karnak-Luxor and the Necropolis; with Memphis and the Pyramids and the great[41] Sphinx; with dynastic silences perturbed14 by a few great names—Menes, Cheops, Rameses; with the barge15 of Cleopatra wafted16 by scent-sick breezes to a waiting Anthony; with cosmopolitan17 bad, sad, modern Memphis-Cairo.
Tigris-Euphrates valley—cradle of the human race! home of the Accadians, a pre-historic people that had passed away and whose language had become a dead classic tongue when Nineveh and Babylon were young. Who were the Accadians? Who were the Etruscans? The Euphrates and the Tiber will not tell.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon—world-wonder: Babylon as described by Herodotus—city of blood and beauty and winged power: city surfeited18 with the slaughter19 of Assyrian Nineveh: city of the great temple of Bel: city of palaces guarded by majestic20 colossi—Sphinxes, winged lions, man-head bulls; city of gold and precious stones and ivory edifices21 and streets of burnished22 brass23: city of the fatal Euphrates, of Baltshazzar’s banquet and the dread24 hand-writing upon the wall: city of a destruction so tremendous, so terrible that the lamentation25 thereof, caught vibrantly27 in Biblical amber28, rings on and ever on adown the ages, “Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen!”
“They say the Lion and the Lizard29 keep
The courts where Jamshyd gloried and drank deep:
And Bahram, that great Hunter—the Wild Ass5
Stamps o’er his Head, but cannot break his sleep.”
—Omar Khayyam.
And the site of Babylon, that mighty30 Paris of the past, is not now authoritatively31 known. Does the river know; does it remember the glory and the horror-night and the gloom? Is the sad sighing of rivers caused by the sorrows they see as they flow? And is the eternal moan of ocean the aggregate32 of the throbs34 of woe35 that the rivers have felt as they flow? Does nature know of mortal woe, does she, indeed, lament26 with Moschus the death of pastoral Bion, with Shelley, the untimely departure of Keats, our “Adonais”?
[42]
Fact or fancy, suggestive silence or assertive36 sound, poet-dream or cynic-certainty—which draws nearer to truth? which shall prevail?
Granicus-Issus—bloody37 outlets38 of the wounds of the world when Macedonian Alexander made Europe and Asia bleed!
Was Alexander the Great great? Moralize as we may; shudder39 at the grim bloody outlets of a wounded world; wonder at the mad folly40 of the masses who, at the caprice of a magnetic madman, wildly slay41 and submit to be slain42; see clearly, in the cut and statuary past, the dolt43 unreason of it all, the uselessness, the Pelion-Ossa horror: yet honestly recognize that deep down in the perverse44 human heart there lurks45 loving admiration46 for—Alexander the Great. Rameses, Cyrus, Alexander, Hannibal, C?sar, Napoleon—we cannot dissociate these men from their deeds; how then can we disapprove47 their deeds and approve these men? Why is it that a Shelley, Byron, De Musset, Swinburne, Omar—ad infinitum—enthrall us by the charm of their written words, even tho’ we disagree with them in their tenets, their philosophy of life, their conclusions: and we censure48 and condemn49 their private lives! Can men, as Catullus sings to Lesbia, both “adore and scorn” the same object at the same time? There are many replies to these questions, but no satisfactory answer. Psychologists, take note.
The military hero, the “chief who in triumph advances”, the Warrior50 Bold, the idols51 of history will continue to glimmer52 secure in cob-web fascination53 even when armaments shall have been banished54 from off the face of the earth and wars shall be remembered only as the myths of days that are no more. We forgive Granicus-Issus-Arbela for the sake of Alexander the Great.
And the conqueror55 of the world died, aged56 thirty-two, in Babylon. This cognizant old city and Accadian Euphrates were[43] too wearily wise to wonder two thousand years ago. They had seen the rise and fall of many monarchs57: and one more, this boy-wonder from the West, could arouse no throb33 of pitying surprise from scenes that dully remembered dead and gone dynasties. Why, death was old when Accadia was young ten thousand years ago; lament this stripling? No. And thus went out the conquered Conqueror of the world.
The little stream Metaurus witnessed perhaps the most momentous58 battle of history. Yet no magic name shines forth59 from that strife60 either as victor or vanquished61. Nero, the Roman consul62, victor; and Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, vanquished; are not the names of favorites of fame. As Byron says, of a thousand students hearing the name Nero nine hundred and ninety-nine recall the last Julian Emperor of Rome, and one laboriously63 remembers the hero of Metaurus. And yet were historians endowed with Platonic64 vision whereby the great is perceived in the small, doubtless the bloody conflict by the stream would be seen pivotal of history.
O hopes and fears and blasted dreams of so gigantic scale, played on a stage of Alpine65 eminence66, no wonder you stand spectacular thro’ the ages!
“Carthagini jam non ego67 nuntios
Mittam superbos. Occidit, occidit
Spes omnis et fortuna nostri
Nominis, Hasdrubale interemto.”
—Horace.
“Alas, I shall not now send to Carthage proud bearers of good news,” said Hannibal, as he mournfully gazed at the severed68 head of his brother, hurled69 insolently70 into his camp, even as with impatient hope he awaited news of that brother’s coming and dreamed the dream of their successfully united forces, attack on Rome, victory, and the dispatch of proud messengers to Carthage. With prophetic gaze did the hero of Cann? see[44] in that bloodily71 dead face the negation72 of his eight years’ victory in Italy, his recall to Carthage, his defeat at Zama, his exile and bitter death, and the onward73 stride of world-conquering Rome over the ashes of Carthage.
Cities that have been and that are no more: Niobe-woe: rivers that know of that long ago and wearily sigh as they flow!
Old Tiber disdains74 the paragraph; a volume for it or—nothing.
Lordly dark Danube—so long the barrier between the known and the unknown, civilization and barbarism, the magic sun-gardens of Italy and the Teutoberger Wald!
“Varus, Varus, give back my legions, Varus”—that cry of C?sar Augustus, Ruler of Rome, Mistress of the World, was the first wild note of a chorus of woe that arose in full diapason when Valens fell in the battle of Adrianople. From the victory of Arminius over the Roman troops under Quintilius Varus in the Black Forest of Germany (A. D. 9) to the decisive victory of the combined Gothic tribes over the veteran Roman army under Valens near the capital of the Empire, the sympathetic student of history may hear ever that losing cry of the Emperor-seer, “Give back my legions, Varus.”
Legend relates that on the Roman northern frontier there stood a colossal75 statue of Victory; it looked toward the North, and with outstretched hand pointing to the Teutoberger Wald, seemed to urge on to combat and victory: but the night following the massacre76 of the Roman troops in the Black Forest, and the consequent suicide of Varus, this statue did, of its own accord, turn round and face the South, and with outstretched hand pointing Romeward, seemed to urge on to combat and victory the wild-eyed children of the North. Thus did the Goddess of Victory forsake77 Rome.
The Moskva river is yet memory-lit with the fires of burning[45] Moscow; and its murmuring ever yet faintly echoes the toll78, toll, toll of the Kremlin bell. Three days and three nights of conflagration—and then the charred79 and crumbling80 stillness! Snow on the hills and on the plains; white, peaceful snow healing the wounds of Borodino, blanketing uncouth81 forms, hiding the horror; but within the fated city, no snow, nothing white, nothing peaceful; gaunt icicle-blackness o’er huge, prostrate82 Pan-Slavism.
Yet surely cognizant old Moscow, secure in ruins, sighed, too, o’er the gay and gallant83 Frenchmen caught fatefully in the trap of desolation. Perhaps, too, the compensating84 lamentation of distant Berezina mingled85 genially86 with the murmuring Moskva.
Little Nap Bonaparte met his Waterloo in Moscow: history to the contrary notwithstanding.
“The soldiers fight and the kings are called heroes,” says the Talmud. Of all that nameless host of ardent87, life-loving men who entered Moscow, stood aghast amid the ruins, started back on that awful across-Continent retreat—the world knows only Napoleon, history poses Napoleon, Meissonier paints Napoleon, Byron apostrophizes Napoleon, Emerson eulogizes Napoleon, Rachmaninoff plays Napoleon, and the hero-lover loves Napoleon. Why? Is there any answer to ten thousand Whys perched prominently and grinning insolently in this mad play-house of the Planets? None.
“What hope of answer or redress88
Beyond the veil, beyond the veil!
* * * * *
And yet we somehow trust that good
Will be the final goal of ill,
That not a worm is cloven in vain;
That not a moth89 with vain desire
Is shriveled in a fruitless fire
Or but subserves another’s gain.”
* * * * *
[46]
The Maritza river, at one time called the Orestes river, is formed by the confluence90 of two unimportant streams. Adrianople is favorably situated91, and ranks next to Constantinople in natural advantages.
Orestes, son of Agamemnon, built the city and gave his name both to the city and the principal river. Emperor Hadrian changed the name to Hadrianopolis (Hadrian’s city), thence our modernized92 Adrianople. One almost regrets that the name of the restless Orestes did not continue appropriately to designate the city of so varying fortunes and vivid vicissitudes93.
Adrianople was the Turkish capital for nearly a hundred years; it was abandoned in 1453 when Constantinople came into Turkish control. The ruins of the palaces of the Sultans yet grace the ancient capital.
Adrianople is the faithful Moslem94 city of forty mosques95. The mosque96 Selim II. is a close rival to Santa Sofia.
Greek and Macedonian, Roman and Byzantine, Christian97 and Moslem, Turk and Bulgarian, influences have in turn dominated the city of three rivers; each re-baptizing it with blood: and the end is not yet.
In 1713, Charles XII. of Sweden was a guest in the castle of Tumurtish. Little then did the valiant98 Madman of the North dream how ignominiously99 his own meteoric100 career would close: little did he see himself as fixed101 in fame, not by his combats and victories, not even by his gallant defeat at Pultowa, but by being the inspiration in the moralizing mind of Dr. Samuel Johnson of the following lines:
“He left a name—at which the world grew pale—
To point a moral or adorn102 a tale.”
The Vanity of Human Wishes is indeed exemplified not only in Charles XII. of Sweden, but also in many other favorites of fortune: not one of whom, perhaps, but would add to or alter his own peculiar103 setting in fame—if perchance he should be able to recognize himself at all in the historic figure masquerading[47] under his name. How seldom does it chance that the world honors a man for what that man feels to be his best title to honor?
Would Julius C?sar, red-hand conqueror of Gaul, know himself as the Shakespearean hero? And Nero, Louis XI., Wallenstein, Henry VIII., Roderick Borgia—would they claim even passing acquaintance with themselves as fame has fixed them? If these men took any of their fighting qualities with them into the Spirit Land, there must have been some flamy duelling when they met their respective biographers.
And so the blood of battle bathed Adrianople one thousand five hundred and thirty-five years ago and—last year (1913). And we talk learnedly about the defeat and death of the Roman Emperor Valens, and of the effect of that victory upon our respected barbarian11 ancestors with consequent doings of destiny, etc., etc.—because we don’t know: and we say little about the Servian-Bulgarian-Turkish capture of Adrianople last year, because it is too near and—we know. Then, too, who can poetize or moralize or even sentimentally104 scribble105 over the yet hideously106 bleeding wounds of war? When they are healed, when the moaning is still, the mangled107 forms moveless, the cripples on crutches108 gone, the lamentations silenced, the last-lingering heartache soothed109 in Death—why, then, perhaps; but not now. Battle in the real is a human butchering: and there is no other delusion110 under the sun more diabolically111 sardonic112 than that which makes animal savagery113 seem patriotism114 and the red-hand slaughter-man a hero. From the Homeric Hector-Achilles, deliver the world, O Lord.
Strange, indeed, is the contrariety between the real of War and the ideal, the far away hero and the near Huerta, the blood spilled and stilled and the bright life-blood spilling, the sorrow silenced and the agonized115 cries that arise, the battle of Adrianople, 378 A. D., and the siege and capture and re-capture of Adrianople (1912-1913).
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1
subverted
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| v.颠覆，破坏（政治制度、宗教信仰等）( subvert的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某人）道德败坏或不忠 | |
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ushered
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| v.引，领，陪同( usher的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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awakening
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| n.觉醒，醒悟 adj.觉醒中的；唤醒的 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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enervated
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| adj.衰弱的，无力的v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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barbarians
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| n.野蛮人( barbarian的名词复数 )；外国人；粗野的人；无教养的人 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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alligators
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| n.短吻鳄( alligator的名词复数 ) | |
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perturbed
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| adj.烦燥不安的v.使（某人）烦恼，不安( perturb的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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15
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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17
cosmopolitan
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| adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的 | |
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surfeited
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| v.吃得过多( surfeit的过去式和过去分词 )；由于过量而厌腻 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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edifices
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| n.大建筑物( edifice的名词复数 ) | |
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burnished
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| adj.抛光的，光亮的v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的过去式和过去分词 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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24
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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25
lamentation
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| n.悲叹，哀悼 | |
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lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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vibrantly
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amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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lizard
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| n.蜥蜴，壁虎 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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authoritatively
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| 命令式地，有权威地，可信地 | |
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32
aggregate
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| adj.总计的，集合的；n.总数；v.合计；集合 | |
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33
throb
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| v.震颤，颤动；(急速强烈地)跳动，搏动 | |
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34
throbs
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| 体内的跳动( throb的名词复数 ) | |
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35
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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36
assertive
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| adj.果断的，自信的，有冲劲的 | |
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37
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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outlets
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| n.出口( outlet的名词复数 )；经销店；插座；廉价经销店 | |
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shudder
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| v.战粟，震动，剧烈地摇晃；n.战粟，抖动 | |
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40
folly
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| n.愚笨，愚蠢，蠢事，蠢行，傻话 | |
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41
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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42
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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dolt
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| n.傻瓜 | |
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44
perverse
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| adj.刚愎的；坚持错误的，行为反常的 | |
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45
lurks
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| n.潜在，潜伏；（lurk的复数形式）vi.潜伏，埋伏（lurk的第三人称单数形式） | |
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46
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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47
disapprove
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| v.不赞成，不同意，不批准 | |
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48
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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49
condemn
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| vt.谴责，指责；宣判(罪犯)，判刑 | |
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50
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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51
idols
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| 偶像( idol的名词复数 )； 受崇拜的人或物； 受到热爱和崇拜的人或物； 神像 | |
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52
glimmer
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| v.发出闪烁的微光；n.微光，微弱的闪光 | |
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53
fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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54
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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56
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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58
momentous
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| adj.重要的，重大的 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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61
vanquished
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| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
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62
consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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laboriously
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| adv.艰苦地；费力地；辛勤地；（文体等）佶屈聱牙地 | |
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64
platonic
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| adj.精神的；柏拉图（哲学）的 | |
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alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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66
eminence
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| n.卓越，显赫；高地，高处；名家 | |
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ego
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| n.自我，自己，自尊 | |
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68
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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70
insolently
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| adv.自豪地，自傲地 | |
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bloodily
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| adv.出血地；血淋淋地；残忍地；野蛮地 | |
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negation
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| n.否定；否认 | |
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73
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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74
disdains
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| 鄙视，轻蔑( disdain的名词复数 ) | |
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75
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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76
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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forsake
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| vt.遗弃，抛弃；舍弃，放弃 | |
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78
toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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charred
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| v.把…烧成炭( char的过去式)；烧焦 | |
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80
crumbling
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| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
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81
uncouth
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| adj.无教养的，粗鲁的 | |
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82
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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83
gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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84
compensating
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| 补偿，补助，修正 | |
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85
mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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86
genially
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| adv.亲切地，和蔼地；快活地 | |
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87
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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88
redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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89
moth
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| n.蛾，蛀虫 | |
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90
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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modernized
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| 使现代化，使适应现代需要( modernize的过去式和过去分词 )； 现代化，使用现代方法 | |
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93
vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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94
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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mosques
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| 清真寺； 伊斯兰教寺院，清真寺； 清真寺，伊斯兰教寺院( mosque的名词复数 ) | |
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mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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97
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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98
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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ignominiously
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| adv.耻辱地，屈辱地，丢脸地 | |
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100
meteoric
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| adj.流星的，转瞬即逝的，突然的 | |
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101
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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102
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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103
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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104
sentimentally
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| adv.富情感地 | |
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105
scribble
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| v.潦草地书写，乱写，滥写；n.潦草的写法，潦草写成的东西，杂文 | |
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106
hideously
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| adv.可怕地，非常讨厌地 | |
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107
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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108
crutches
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| n.拐杖, 支柱 v.支撑 | |
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109
soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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110
delusion
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| n.谬见，欺骗，幻觉，迷惑 | |
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111
diabolically
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112
sardonic
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| adj.嘲笑的，冷笑的，讥讽的 | |
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113
savagery
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| n.野性 | |
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114
patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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115
agonized
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| v.使（极度）痛苦，折磨( agonize的过去式和过去分词 )；苦斗；苦苦思索；感到极度痛苦 | |
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