Are losing theirs and blaming it on you:
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you
Yet make allowance for their doubting too.
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about don’t deal in lies;
Or being hated not give way to hating,
And yet don’t seem too good or talk too wise.”
—Kipling.
If.
If—laconic fate-word! hinge of destiny! If the Persians had won at Marathon; and if the brilliant imagination of a Persian Herodotus had fixed2 in fame the glories of conquering Persia: if the Peloponnesian War had not mutually destroyed the Grecian empire: if Alexander the Great had lost the battles Granicus, Issus, Arbela; if world-conquering Alexander the Great had been successful in the conquest of his own down-dragging human heart, and if he had not died at Babylon, aged3 thirty-two, world-victor and self-victim: if the village by the Tiber had not advanced by bloody4 strides o’er fixed-star battlefields from Rome a wilderness5, to Rome Mistress of the World: if the barbarous hordes6 of the North had not ever longingly7 before their eyes the fairyland of southern Europe, the troll-gardens of Italy: if Rome had not become enervated8; if Gaul and Goth and Hun and Norseman had not won: if the Crescent had waved victorious9 o’er a fallen Cross at Tours, Belgrade, Lepanto: if William of Normandy son of Robert the Devil, had been pierced by an arrow and buried indistinguishably among the dead on the slaughter10-field of Senlac-Hastings—If!
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But we are a perennially11 hopeful race and happily unimaginative and dully content with the Real: and so we unquestioningly acquiesce12 when grave historians tell us that in each and every historic struggle the juggernaut determinant of the If acted favorably to the best interests of civilization and progress: so, too, would we obligingly believe had the determinant favored the opposing cause. Perhaps to all-conquering Progress as to world-conquering Rome, all battles are victories; either as a victory proper with roll of triumph-drum and flash of conquering colors, or as that grim Cann?-defeat potential of a future Zama-victory.
It is well that there should be two possible interpretations13 of the answers of the oracle14: thus is Truth ever serenely15 secure unperturbed by the errors of mortals.
Pegasus.
It is hard to control the winged steed. His next flight and whereabouts of alighting are as happily unknown to the rider as to the beholder—to the writer as to the reader. However Pegasus, the real, can never fail to be interesting whether he leap over the historic ages, or play antics on an If, or neigh irreverently in the temple of Delphian Apollo, or speed to the finding of Harold Godwin amid the indistinguishably dead on the slaughter-field of Senlac-Hastings.
Rollo the Dane.
Vikings of the northern seas, wolf-men of the Sagas18, dark devotees of Thor, heirs of Valkirie—little wonder that the semi-civilized world shuddered19 at their distant approach; little wonder that Charlemagne, hero of a hundred wars, grew sick at heart, foreseeing the rivers of blood that should deluge20 fair France, when, one day, by chance, his eagle gaze caught sight of the Dragon-Head long-boats of the Northmen as yet far off, red-glittering on shaggy northern seas.
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Time passed; the Charlemagne vision had dread21 realization22; France, England, Southern Europe were overrun by conquering Saxon, Dane, Norsemen.
And Rollo of Norway, called Rollo the Dane, settled in northern France. He named that part of the country Normandy in honor of his native land. After many years of bloodshed and as advancing age subdued23 the battle fever, he entered into a compromise compact with Charles the Simple of France. Rollo was to do homage24 to the king, be baptized, and marry Giselle, the king’s daughter: in return he should be acknowledged as the lawful25 Duke of Normandy with right of succession to his heirs forever. But rough old Rollo protested against the humiliating conditions of the homage ceremony. It was obligingly agreed that it should be done by proxy26. History relates that the warrior27 appointed as proxy in the homage ceremony felt deeply the humiliation28 of having to kiss the slippered29 foot of King Charles and that in this act he rudely raised the foot so high that the monarch30 was unseated and fell from his chair. Amid the wild hilarity31 caused by this scene and the seeming revival32 of barbarism, King Charles was too fearful of Rollo to make open complaint: concealing33 his chagrin34 he proceeded with the ceremony and no doubt felt happily relieved when all was over, and Rollo at the head of his wild followers35 stood forth36 as Robert, the first Duke of Normandy. The baptism and the marriage followed in due succession and thus was won over and fixed in civilization, Christianity, and historic fame Rollo the Dane, forefather37 of six dukes of Normandy, and of a long line of English kings extending directly or indirectly38 from William the Conqueror39 to Queen Anne, last of the Stuarts.
William of Normandy.
William was the son of Robert, sixth duke of Normandy: William’s mother was Arlotte, a peasant girl, daughter of a[66] humble40 tanner of Falaise. William was reared at the court of his father, and being a beautiful and precocious41 boy as well as heir apparent of the realm, he became a great favorite among the warrior courtiers of Duke Robert.
The magic of danger, the lure42 of the unknown, the glamour43 of romance and chivalry44 lay, at that time, in a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Thither45 turned the eyes of the half-civilized descendants of the savage46 old Vikings; and, as the war fever of youth abated47, many men, combining incongruously remorse48 for crimes and penitential expiation49 with love of daring adventure, turned away from strong feudal50 castles and lordly possessions in Europe to brave the hardships and uncertainties51 of a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Among those thus lured52 into fatal uncertainties was Robert le Diable, sixth Duke of Normandy. He left the realm to his son William—if by chance he himself should not return—appointed Alan of Brittany regent during William’s minority, and having left the boy safe at the court of Henry of France, Robert set out on that pilgrimage to the Holy Land from which he never returned.
Ever insatiably hungry is the heart of man. Pleasure is a mirage53. Yet perhaps, happier is it to fall and perish in full pursuit of an ever receding54 pleasure than to walk inane55 in the beaten sand-way and—live. To do is easier than to endure: to act is easier than to wait; to roam abroad and strive is easier than to stay at home and pray; to wander amid strange scenes and stranger men, to draw the approving sword in a cause approved, to fight and die and leave his bones to bleach56 on Asiatic plains were easier far for Rollo’s blood than to wait and waste away secure in a feudal fortress57 of Normandy.
At Robert’s death there were various claimants to his possessions; but, finally, owing, in great measure, to the fidelity58 of the regent Allan of Brittany, the dukedom was secured for William. He left the court of Paris, and soon after, taking full[67] possession of the realm, he began to exhibit those indomitable character qualifications which together with his military education and robust59 physical powers led him on from conquest to conquest even unto the tragic60 culmination61 at Senlac-Hastings from which he came forth blood-baptized as William the Conqueror.
The Lady Emma, Pearl of Normandy.
When Ethelred, the Saxon King of England, fled from his realm and left it to the victorious Danes, he sought refuge at the court of Richard, the fourth duke of Normandy. There he met and married the Lady Emma, sister of Duke Richard. This lady was famed for her beauty and known throughout the realm as the Pearl of Normandy.
Edward of England, known in England as Edward the Confessor, was the son of Ethelred and Lady Emma; and it was upon this relationship that William, at the time of Edward’s death, laid claim to the crown. Whatever may be said of this claim, it was at least more tangible62 than that of Harold, son of Earl Godwin.
The days have gone by when the rights of blood relationship were claims for which contending realms might squander63 fortunes and armies: but he who estimates the ages past by the standards of today, would better roll up and read no more the enigmatic scrolls64 of history. Rivers of blood have freely flowed in order that some royal rascal65, slightly richer in royal rascality66 than a rival claimant, might win a throne. Yet we who cannot understand the code of the Samurai, as worked out logically today; we to whom the principles of Bushido, when carried to the last full measure of devotion, are fascinatingly unreal; we to whom jun-shi, hari-kiri, seppuku are words ominous67, indeed, but unintelligible68 even when translated into deed in the white[68] light of today[A]—how shall we be able to understand or estimate aright the mysteries of the mighty69 past!
So upon this faint claim of relationship, William, the seventh duke of Normandy, nephew of Lady Emma, Queen of England, founded his right to the English throne: and for better or worse, right or wrong, faint claim or no claim—he won.
Matilda of Flanders.
William sought to strengthen his position by an influential70 matrimonial alliance. Matilda, daughter of the Duke of Flanders, became the object of his choice. This lady was very beautiful and an adept71 in the accomplishments72 of her time—music and tapestry73 weaving. In fact a wonderful piece of tapestry known as the Bayeaux Tapestry and even now in a state of comparative preservation74, is said to have been the work of Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror. This famous piece of embroidery75 on linen76 is four hundred feet long and nearly two feet wide; it is a series of designs illustrating77 the various events and incidents of the Battle of Hastings and other exploits of the Conqueror.
William and Matilda were married in 1052, the Battle of Hastings was fought in 1066, so that the Bayeaux Tapestry has resisted the gnawing79 tooth of time for more than eight hundred years.
Who shall unerringly perceive in the glare of the passing day, what is great, what small: what is enduring, what evanescent! Linen fibres, silken threads, a woman’s needlework—endure: shields, helmets, swords, battle axes, all the iron horrors of Hastings have passed away.
And the moral values of the passing hour are, to human perception, equally elusive80, intangible, untraceable. But are we called upon to understand the full meaning of the passing show?
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Surely the Power above us smiles at our endeavors to fit together here in Time things whose fitness shall not have developed in a thousand years.
The old Norse story runs that when Thor went to Jotun-heim, the home of the Giants, he failed ignominiously81 in the accomplishments of the tasks imposed upon him. He struck with might and main at the head of the prostrate82 giant Skrymir, but the huge creature only moved restlessly and murmured in his sleep that a leaf or twig83 had fallen upon his face. Thor failed in the race with Hugi. Thor failed in the drinking bout1 proposed by Utgard-Loki. Thor failed in the wresting84 match with Elli, the old nurse of Utgard-Loki. Thor failed to lift the Giant’s sleeping cat, and though he tugged85 with all his strength, he succeeded in lifting only one paw from the ground. Thor failed apparently86 in every task that was set before him.
But, behold16! when revelation was made, it was found that Thor had, indeed, been Thor and that his failure-achievements had terrified even the Norns. For the giant Skrymir later confessed to Thor that by magic he had shielded his head with a mountain when Thor struck with his hammer, and that the mountain had been well nigh severed87 by the blow. And as to the race with Hugi, why Hugi is Thought; and no man may hope to surpass the speed of thought. And as to Thor’s failure in the drinking bout, why the drinking horn had been secretly in connection with the ocean, and Thor’s deep draughts88 had seriously lowered old ocean’s vast domain89. And as to Elli, the nurse, why she was Old Age and her no mortal may overcome. And as to Thor’s failure to lift the sleeping cat—why the seeming cat had been in dread reality, the Midgard serpent coiled around the world, and his nearly successful efforts to rouse the serpent and tear it from the charmed circle, had terrified even the Norns. And so Thor was still Thor in his failure-achievements in Jotun-heim: so likewise may we, in the great Revelation,[70] be found to have been splendid conquerors90 in the grim failure-strife91 of Time. And then, too, shall a fateful Skrymir make known to us the true nature of the forces against which we strove; the fatal necessity of failure in such a strife, were we Thor or even Odin: then too shall we learn with astonishment92 and delight the Herculean results of our labors93; and throughout all the upward cycles of our immortality94 we shall be stronger and better because of our failure-achievements down in earth’s Jotun-heim.
Monasteries95.
As there was some tie of consanguinity96 between William and Matilda, their marriage could take place only by special dispensation from the Pope. After some vexatious delays, however, this dispensation was obtained, but William and Matilda were advised by the Pope to erect97 a Hospital for incurable98 patients and two monasteries, one for men, the other for women.
William and Matilda joyfully99 agreed to fulfill100 these conditions. The hospital was built first, and later two imposing101 monastic piles, one under the special patronage102 of Matilda, the other under William, were erected103 at C?n. Strange to relate that after forty or fifty years had passed away, Matilda was brought to her wedding monument monastery104 and quietly interred105, and a few years later William was laid to rest in his wedding monument monastery. And thus near yet apart they have slept thro’ the long ages.
Harold Godwin.
Harold Godwin and William of Normandy were not strangers to each other when they drew up their battle forces on the field of Senlac-Hastings. Harold had spent some months in Normandy at the court of William some years prior to the death of Edward. And William had made known to Harold his claim[71] to the English throne and his intention of maintaining that claim when the time should come. History relates that Harold, concealing his own ambitious designs, vowed106 solemnly to support William’s cause.
At the death of Edward, however, Harold found himself at the head of a powerful Saxon faction107 and felt strong enough to oppose William, should he persist in his intent to claim the throne.
But what about that oath made solemnly in the presence of the Sacrament! Is a man ever courageously108 self-respecting and invincibly109 valiant110 in whose soul festers the ulcer—perjury! When Richard the Third went forth to battle upon Bosworth field, he was already defeated and slain111 by his own avenging112 conscience.
When Harold heard of the landing of William’s Norman troops at Pevensey, he was then in the north of England engaged in a struggle with the Danes under the leadership of his own brother Tostig. Harold was slightly wounded in this battle but, in the end, Tostig lay dead upon the field and the Danes were put to flight. Thus from a battlefield red with a brother’s blood, Harold, a wounded man and a perjured113 man hastened southward to his fate in the dread slaughter of Hastings.
“And were things only called by their right name,
C?sar himself would be ashamed of fame.”—Byron.
The word battlefield is a euphemism114 for human shambles115. And “the chief who in triumph advances” is, in grim reality, but the lustiest and the bloodiest116 of the dogs of war. And the Alexanders, C?sars, Napoleons are the madmen who have made men mad by their contagion117, and have so accumulated horrors Pelion-Ossa piled on horrors as to make the angels weep o’er this mad planet of the universe.
A forceful peculiarity118 of mental unsoundness is the vehemence[72] with which its victim conceives himself to be right and everybody else wrong, himself sane119 and all not in agreement with him insane. This fatuity120 is characteristic of ages as well as of individuals. It is manifest in the complaisant121 superiority which every age, every generation assumes toward the immediately preceding. “Back in the past, during the Dark Ages, in primitive124 times, etc.” are the words of balm with which the passing hour begins its own eulogy125.
But blood is blood and hate is hate and war is war, whether waged by Macedonian Alexander B. C. 331, or by the Balkan forces A. D. 1912. Shades of the fallen upon that age-long battle ground! wouldn’t you feel strangely at home in the fray126 if by any chance you should come to life today?
International courts of justice, arbitration127, disarmament, World-Peace—will they ever prevail? Knowing the past, knowing the heart of man, we answer No: dreaming of the future, dreaming of the godlike in the heart of man, we answer Yes.
So all day long the tide of battle rolled—from early day till dark. And William and his Norman followers were in possession of the field, and round them lay a host of dead and wounded, yet by reason of the sudden darkness and the exhaustion128 of the troops, no search could be made even for the Norman wounded: and tho’ groans129 and cries of thirst and deep sighings arose incessantly131 from the writhing132 masses just darker than the darkness, yet no search could be made or any aid given by reason of the utter exhaustion of the troops.
And on that field of death and awfully133 dying life Harold Godwin lay happily dead under a heap of the slain. Two monks134, lanterns in hand, went out to search for him and with them went also the mother of Harold and Edith the woman that loved him. After hours of fruitless search amid scenes of gruesome horror, and as the dawn burst in red wonder over a bleeding world, Edith discovered Harold. So changed was he, so[73] mutilated, hacked135 and hewed136, blood-clotted, dismembered, that even his mother knew him not but the woman that loved him knew. With great difficulty was the body of Harold extricated137 from under the heap of the slain, but the monks and the women persevered138 at their task and finally bore him away.
William the Conqueror.
We know only what life has brought within our own cognition; beyond that all is conjecture139. The love turned to hate and delighting in the avenging pangs140 of a lover is utterly141 uncognizable by the man or woman unto whom love is love forevermore. Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s weird142 poem “Sister Helen” is, thank God, quite meaningless to the greater number of women: and yet such women as Sister Helen exist; they know each other; they understand the poem.
Strange, indeed, was that practice among primitive people, of injuring an image of an enemy and claiming that thereby143, in like manner, they injured the enemy. In the poem referred to, the woman is engaged in the magic rite17 of holding a waxen image in the flame and letting it slowly consume under incantation. She is interrupted from time to time by her wondering little brother, and in her answers to him Helen makes known her wrongs, her slighted love, her love turned to hate, her revenge, her vindictive144 madness, her black-art vengeance145 reaching even beyond the grave, her triumph-despair. At the end of the incantation as for the seventh time she turns the waxen figure and it breaks up and melts dripping away—her perjured lover dies.
A formula of this magic rite runs as follows:
“Take parings, nails, hair, saliva146, etc., of your victim and make them up into his likeness147 with wax from a deserted148 bees’[74] comb. Hold the waxen image in slow flame for seven consecutive149 nights repeating intently over the image—
‘It is not wax that I am scorching150,
It is the liver, heart, spleen of So and So.’
After the seventh time, turn your figure and your victim’s life will go out with the last drippings of the wax into the flame.”
Gladly would we relegate151 this grotesque152 rite back to the twilight153 of animistic superstitions154: but if we are vitally in touch both with the past and with the passing hour, we dare not do so. There is subtle relationship between this concretely hideous155 formula of other days and such abstract expressions—not unfamiliar156 today—as mental assassination157, use of malicious158 animal magnetism159, hypnotic control of the aura, aggressive telepathic forces, etc. The garb160 of the occult changes, adapts itself with Protean161 pliability162 to the passing hour—but the inscrutable Occult forever hid behind the Isis-veil, does not change.
It is said of Molière that behind the mask of comedy, he bore a heart heavy with tragic woe163: that his farces164 are satires165 on human nature: that he, more piercingly than any other mortal, had gazed down into the heart of man. Perhaps for Molière then, or such as he, the all around understanding of every act or emotion is sympathetically possible, but to the ordinary mortal there is full knowledge only of that which has come within his own cognition.
Therefore, to depict166 the feelings of William the Conqueror, as he stood among the dead and dying on the field of Hastings is beyond the power of ordinary mortal. Whether he felt elated or depressed—for we know that ofttimes in the hour of seeming triumph there is deadly depression of soul; whether he turned heartsick from the reproachful glare in dead and dying eyes and shuddered that such things should be, or gazed delightedly[75] and eagerly upon the sullen167 silent faces of the Saxon foe168: whether with infinite pity regretful and remorseful169 he could have wept for the brave men who lay dead because of him, or saw them not at all, or, at best, only as stepping stones to a throne: who shall say? who shall know?
When a man as stoically severe as the late General Nogi, has by chance been revealed to the world as a tender father and a man weighed down by fatal woe even whilst he was urging on the furiously victorious death-charges up the hill of Port Arthur—we would willingly suspend judgment170 as to what may have been the feelings in the hour of triumph deep down in the heart of William the Conqueror.
Robert’s Rebellion.
William had left his wife Matilda as regent of Normandy when he set out for the invasion of England. Robert, the eldest171 boy, a bright lad of fourteen and his mother’s idol172 was also participant in the regency. As the years rolled by and the boy grew more able and willing to rule, Matilda willingly sank to second place in active government and Robert was in deed if not in title the Duke of Normandy.
Eight years passed by before William found his English realm calm enough for him to leave it and make a visit to his old home Normandy. At his coming he found all going on admirably without him. Matilda was happy in the affection of her favorite son Robert; and Robert a valiant young prince, was happy in the love of an over-indulgent mother and the possession of ducal power. All this was changed when William came. Perhaps jealousy173 of the place Robert held in the affections of Matilda, perhaps insatiable avarice174 and lust78 of power, perhaps unnatural175 hatred176 of the son who dared to oppose the unconquerable will of the Conqueror—perhaps any or[76] all of these feelings intermingling impelled177 William to act as he did, but certainly, in the light of calmer times, William’s conduct towards his son Robert cannot be justified178.
Robert was deposed179 from the place which he held during the regency and which he had slowly grown to regard as his own. The proud spirit of the princely youth could not endure this humiliation. He fled to Flanders, and there among his mother’s friends and his own followers and retainers, he gathered together an army and appeared in open rebellion against his father.
Matilda was, indeed, a devoted180 wife to William, but she was an even more devoted mother to her son; and her heart was torn with grief when hostilities181 broke out and father and son were arrayed against each other on the field of battle. It is related that Robert saved William’s life in the engagement that followed. Both were in armor and their faces were concealed182 by the helmet and visor, so that they did not recognize one another. In the heat of the strife, Robert saw one of his knights183 hurl184 a javelin185 at a burly figure on horseback in the opposing ranks. With a cry and a groan130 the injured man fell from his horse, and Robert horrified186 at the voice which he recognized as his father’s, rushed headlong to the side of the fallen man and rescued him from the feet of trampling187 horses. He was touched with remorse and wept as William uplifted his helmet and visor revealing a face white and weary and covered with blood.
The generous heart of the youth even then might have been won to better things had William himself been morally high enough to draw his son higher; but he was not.
That hasty action and as hasty reaction in the hearts of the young-world children—hate surging suddenly into remorseful love, strength into weakness, audacious rebellion into repentant[77] submission188: and then as hastily surging back again! Robert saving the life of his father against whom he had come in battle array: Richard C?ur de Lion bitterly weeping at the bier of his father whose death he had desired and hastened: Henry I. who never smiled again after the loss of his son and heir when the White Ship went down: the Black Prince, chivalrously189 subservient190 to his prisoner King John of France conquered at Poitiers—strangely fascinating is this hasty action and reaction in the hearts of the young-world children!
Matilda succeeded in bringing about a reconciliation191 between her husband and her son after that strange battle; but it was only for a time. William was compelled to return to England and Robert took advantage of this occasion to enforce his claim on Normandy. Matilda was secretly in favor of her son (the women are always right!) tho’ she tried to conciliate both. Rebellion again raged in Normandy openly carried on by Robert and secretly abetted192 by Matilda. William was, at the same time, threatened with an uprising in England and was obliged to remain on the island. But certainly there could have been little peace or happiness in the heart of the man whose subjects were in insurrection against him and in whose household there was hate and discord193 and rebellion.
As William became more and more alienated194 from Robert, he looked more favorably upon his second son William Rufus and his third son Henry. These in turn succeeded him upon the throne of England to the exclusion195 of Robert, the rightful heir.
Robert languished196 in prison the last twenty-seven years of his life—thus adding another chapter to the book in which is recorded the story of men and women who have nearly succeeded in their ambitious designs—but not quite: the Almosts of literature and of life; who have struggled fearfully and failed; whose fierce activities have died down in[78] dungeon197 gloom; who have been, in the main, more sinned against than sinning; who have lived and happily died leaving behind a tragic name flame-cut into fame.
Exeunt Omnes.
Matilda died in 1082, and about five years later William followed her to the tomb. Matilda died in the palace part of the monastery at C?n erected by William at the time of their marriage. Her last days were deeply shadowed by the renewal198 of hostilities between William and Robert, and by the death of a daughter, a young and beautiful girl full of hope and promise, who had suddenly been stricken with an incurable illness.
It was well that in those days in the twilight of the grave, Matilda could not foresee the sad fate of her son Robert. Little did that tender mother-heart dream of the destiny overhanging the boy, when at that last clandestine199 interview she hastily blessed him and kissed him good bye. Thank God for the heavy curtain rolled down impenetrably between the present and the future.
William, notwithstanding his grievance200 against Matilda, came to see her in her last illness. He was with her when she died. He followed her in the funeral cortege to that monastery built by her in far off happier days, and he stood sadly by as that devoted wife and mother of his many children was laid to rest.
Philip of France abetted the cause of Robert, and William, now an old man and grown excessively corpulent, was forced again to take up arms. William was under medical treatment for his corpulency, and Philip, hearing of this, jestingly remarked that “the old woman of England was in the straw.” A tale-bearer repeated this to William and in a rage the King swore that “the old woman of England would soon make things too hot [79]for him.” William kept his word; burning villages and war horrors arose on every side as the irate201 monarch began his march of revenge.
The town of Mantes, on the road to Paris, was in flames, and William, riding thro’ and giving out orders in all directions, failed to notice that his horse was treading upon smoking ashes. Suddenly the horse reared violently, his feet evidently having been burnt by smouldering flame, and William was internally injured. He was borne by litter to a monastery just outside the gates of Rouen. William soon realized that he was face to face with the King of Terrors. He shrank with horror from the remembrance of his deeds: he ordered that a large sum of money should be given to the poor and that their prayers should be enlisted202 in his behalf; he gave orders that all the churches of Mantes, destroyed by him, should be at once rebuilt, and he richly endowed the monastery.
His sons William and Henry were soon at his side, but Robert came not. When asked as to whom he bequeathed the kingdom of England he replied that it had not been bequeathed to him, that, therefore, he bequeathed it to no one, but that he wished that his son William Rufus might succeed him.
William, at last, when he could hold it no longer, left Normandy to his eldest son Robert.
William tried to make his peace with Heaven as the dread summons came nearer and nearer. He was one morning suddenly aroused from a comatose203 state by the ringing of the church bells. Hastily arising and thinking himself in the clash of battle he demanded to know what that clangor meant. On being told that it was the church bells of St. Mary’s ringing for morning services, he lifted up his hands, turned his eyes heavenward, and exclaimed, “I commend myself to my Lady Mary, the holy Mother of God.” He then sank back and died.
William Rufus succeeded to the throne of England and after a troubled reign204 of thirteen years, he died.
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Henry, the youngest son of William the Conqueror, claimed the crown and after overcoming his brother Robert in a terrible battle, he quietly took possession of the throne. Robert was held a prisoner by Henry I. until death released him twenty-seven years later.
So long ago were these scenes enacted205, and so very long have the actors slumbered206! Would they recognize themselves in the descriptions given of them today? and would they be pleased or displeased207 with the parts attributed to them in the play?
However all the actors, immediate122 and mediate123, connected with the battle of Senlac-Hastings have long ago gone off the stage. The colossal208 If upon which once hung the history of England has become fate-fixed actuality. The Houses of Plantagenet, Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart—England’s story from 1066 to the passing hour are inseparably woven one with the battle of Senlac-Hastings and the If determinant in favor of William the Conqueror.
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bout
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| n.侵袭，发作；一次(阵，回)；拳击等比赛 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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aged
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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longingly
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| adv. 渴望地 热望地 | |
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enervated
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| adj.衰弱的，无力的v.使衰弱，使失去活力( enervate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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perennially
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| adv.经常出现地；长期地；持久地；永久地 | |
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12
acquiesce
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| vi.默许，顺从，同意 | |
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13
interpretations
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| n.解释( interpretation的名词复数 )；表演；演绎；理解 | |
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14
oracle
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| n.神谕，神谕处，预言 | |
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15
serenely
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| adv.安详地，宁静地，平静地 | |
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16
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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17
rite
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| n.典礼，惯例，习俗 | |
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18
sagas
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| n.萨迦（尤指古代挪威或冰岛讲述冒险经历和英雄业绩的长篇故事）( saga的名词复数 )；（讲述许多年间发生的事情的）长篇故事；一连串的事件（或经历）；一连串经历的讲述（或记述） | |
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19
shuddered
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| v.战栗( shudder的过去式和过去分词 )；发抖；（机器、车辆等）突然震动；颤动 | |
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20
deluge
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| n./vt.洪水，暴雨，使泛滥 | |
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21
dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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22
realization
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| n.实现；认识到，深刻了解 | |
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23
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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24
homage
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| n.尊敬，敬意，崇敬 | |
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25
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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26
proxy
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| n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人 | |
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27
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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28
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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29
slippered
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| 穿拖鞋的 | |
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30
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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31
hilarity
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| n.欢乐；热闹 | |
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32
revival
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| n.复兴，复苏，（精力、活力等的）重振 | |
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33
concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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34
chagrin
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| n.懊恼；气愤；委屈 | |
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35
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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36
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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37
forefather
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| n.祖先；前辈 | |
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38
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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39
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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40
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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41
precocious
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| adj.早熟的；较早显出的 | |
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42
lure
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| n.吸引人的东西，诱惑物；vt.引诱，吸引 | |
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43
glamour
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| n.魔力，魅力；vt.迷住 | |
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44
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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45
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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46
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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47
abated
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| 减少( abate的过去式和过去分词 )； 减去； 降价； 撤消（诉讼） | |
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48
remorse
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| n.痛恨，悔恨，自责 | |
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49
expiation
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| n.赎罪，补偿 | |
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50
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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51
uncertainties
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| 无把握( uncertainty的名词复数 )； 不确定； 变化不定； 无把握、不确定的事物 | |
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52
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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53
mirage
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| n.海市蜃楼，幻景 | |
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54
receding
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| v.逐渐远离( recede的现在分词 )；向后倾斜；自原处后退或避开别人的注视；尤指问题 | |
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55
inane
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| adj.空虚的，愚蠢的，空洞的 | |
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56
bleach
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| vt.使漂白；vi.变白；n.漂白剂 | |
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57
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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58
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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59
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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60
tragic
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| adj.悲剧的，悲剧性的，悲惨的 | |
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61
culmination
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| n.顶点；最高潮 | |
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62
tangible
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| adj.有形的，可触摸的，确凿的，实际的 | |
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63
squander
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| v.浪费，挥霍 | |
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64
scrolls
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| n.（常用于录写正式文件的）纸卷( scroll的名词复数 )；卷轴；涡卷形（装饰）；卷形花纹v.（电脑屏幕上）从上到下移动（资料等），卷页( scroll的第三人称单数 )；（似卷轴般）卷起；（像展开卷轴般地）将文字显示于屏幕 | |
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65
rascal
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| n.流氓；不诚实的人 | |
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66
rascality
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| 流氓性，流氓集团 | |
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67
ominous
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| adj.不祥的，不吉的，预兆的，预示的 | |
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68
unintelligible
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| adj.无法了解的，难解的，莫明其妙的 | |
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69
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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70
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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71
adept
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| adj.老练的，精通的 | |
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72
accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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73
tapestry
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| n.挂毯，丰富多采的画面 | |
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74
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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75
embroidery
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| n.绣花，刺绣；绣制品 | |
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76
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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77
illustrating
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的现在分词 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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78
lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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79
gnawing
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| a.痛苦的，折磨人的 | |
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80
elusive
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| adj.难以表达(捉摸)的；令人困惑的；逃避的 | |
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81
ignominiously
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|
| adv.耻辱地，屈辱地，丢脸地 | |
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82
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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83
twig
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| n.小树枝，嫩枝；v.理解 | |
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84
wresting
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| 动词wrest的现在进行式 | |
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85
tugged
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| v.用力拉，使劲拉，猛扯( tug的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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87
severed
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的过去式和过去分词 )；断，裂 | |
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88
draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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89
domain
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| n.(活动等)领域，范围；领地，势力范围 | |
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90
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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91
strife
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| n.争吵，冲突，倾轧，竞争 | |
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92
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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93
labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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94
immortality
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| n.不死，不朽 | |
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95
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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96
consanguinity
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| n.血缘；亲族 | |
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97
erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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98
incurable
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|
| adj.不能医治的，不能矫正的，无救的；n.不治的病人，无救的人 | |
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99
joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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100
fulfill
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| vt.履行，实现，完成；满足，使满意 | |
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101
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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102
patronage
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| n.赞助，支援，援助；光顾，捧场 | |
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103
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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104
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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105
interred
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| v.埋，葬( inter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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106
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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107
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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108
courageously
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| ad.勇敢地，无畏地 | |
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109
invincibly
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| adv.难战胜地，无敌地 | |
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110
valiant
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| adj.勇敢的，英勇的；n.勇士，勇敢的人 | |
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111
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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112
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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113
perjured
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| adj.伪证的，犯伪证罪的v.发假誓，作伪证( perjure的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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114
euphemism
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| n.婉言，委婉的说法 | |
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115
shambles
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| n.混乱之处；废墟 | |
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116
bloodiest
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| adj.血污的( bloody的最高级 )；流血的；屠杀的；残忍的 | |
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117
contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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118
peculiarity
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| n.独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖 | |
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119
sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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120
fatuity
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| n.愚蠢，愚昧 | |
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121
complaisant
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| adj.顺从的，讨好的 | |
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122
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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123
mediate
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| vi.调解，斡旋；vt.经调解解决；经斡旋促成 | |
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124
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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125
eulogy
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| n.颂词；颂扬 | |
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126
fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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127
arbitration
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| n.调停，仲裁 | |
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128
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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129
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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130
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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131
incessantly
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| ad.不停地 | |
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132
writhing
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| （因极度痛苦而）扭动或翻滚( writhe的现在分词 ) | |
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133
awfully
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| adv.可怕地，非常地，极端地 | |
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134
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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135
hacked
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| 生气 | |
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136
hewed
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| v.（用斧、刀等）砍、劈( hew的过去式和过去分词 )；砍成；劈出；开辟 | |
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137
extricated
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| v.使摆脱困难，脱身( extricate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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138
persevered
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| v.坚忍，坚持( persevere的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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139
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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140
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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141
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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142
weird
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| adj.古怪的，离奇的；怪诞的，神秘而可怕的 | |
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143
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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144
vindictive
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| adj.有报仇心的，怀恨的，惩罚的 | |
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145
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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146
saliva
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| n.唾液，口水 | |
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147
likeness
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| n.相像，相似（之处） | |
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148
deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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150
scorching
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| adj. 灼热的 | |
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151
relegate
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| v.使降级，流放，移交，委任 | |
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152
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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153
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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154
superstitions
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| 迷信，迷信行为( superstition的名词复数 ) | |
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155
hideous
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| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
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156
unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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157
assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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158
malicious
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| adj.有恶意的，心怀恶意的 | |
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159
magnetism
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| n.磁性，吸引力，磁学 | |
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160
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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161
protean
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| adj.反复无常的；变化自如的 | |
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pliability
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| n.柔韧性；可弯性 | |
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163
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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farces
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| n.笑剧( farce的名词复数 )；闹剧；笑剧剧目；作假的可笑场面 | |
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satires
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| 讽刺，讥讽( satire的名词复数 )； 讽刺作品 | |
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depict
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| vt.描画，描绘；描写，描述 | |
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167
sullen
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| adj.愠怒的，闷闷不乐的，(天气等)阴沉的 | |
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foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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remorseful
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| adj.悔恨的 | |
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170
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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172
idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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173
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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174
avarice
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| n.贪婪；贪心 | |
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175
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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176
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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impelled
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| v.推动、推进或敦促某人做某事( impel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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179
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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180
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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hostilities
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| n.战争；敌意(hostility的复数)；敌对状态；战事 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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183
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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184
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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185
javelin
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| n.标枪，投枪 | |
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186
horrified
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| a.(表现出)恐惧的 | |
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187
trampling
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| 踩( trample的现在分词 )； 践踏； 无视； 侵犯 | |
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188
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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189
chivalrously
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| adv.象骑士一样地 | |
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190
subservient
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| adj.卑屈的，阿谀的 | |
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191
reconciliation
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| n.和解，和谐，一致 | |
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192
abetted
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| v.教唆（犯罪）( abet的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；怂恿；支持 | |
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193
discord
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| n.不和，意见不合，争论，（音乐）不和谐 | |
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194
alienated
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| adj.感到孤独的，不合群的v.使疏远( alienate的过去式和过去分词 )；使不友好；转让；让渡（财产等） | |
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195
exclusion
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| n.拒绝，排除，排斥，远足，远途旅行 | |
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196
languished
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| 长期受苦( languish的过去式和过去分词 )； 受折磨； 变得（越来越）衰弱； 因渴望而变得憔悴或闷闷不乐 | |
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197
dungeon
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| n.地牢，土牢 | |
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198
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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199
clandestine
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| adj.秘密的，暗中从事的 | |
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200
grievance
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| n.怨愤，气恼，委屈 | |
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201
irate
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| adj.发怒的，生气 | |
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202
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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203
comatose
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| adj.昏睡的，昏迷不醒的 | |
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204
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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205
enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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206
slumbered
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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207
displeased
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| a.不快的 | |
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208
colossal
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| adj.异常的，庞大的 | |
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