Amongst the bright dresses of the ladies, white and pink and blue, amongst their bare shoulders and gentle faces shone smart uniforms, dress coats, and golden epaulettes in plenty.
The lecturer, who was clad in the uniform of the Department of Education—a tall man whose yellow face seemed to be made up of a black beard only and glimmering4 black spectacles—stood at the front of the platform resting his hand on a table.
But the attentive eyes of the audience were directed, not so much on him as on a strange, high, massive-looking contrivance which stood beside him, a grey pyramid covered with canvas, broad at its base, pointed5 at the top.
Having quenched6 his thirst, the lecturer went on:
"Let me briefly7 sum up. What do we see, ladies and gentlemen? We see that the encouraging system of marks, prizes, distinctions, leads to jealousy8, pride and dissatisfaction. Pedagogic suggestion fails at last through repetition. Standing9 culprits in the corner, on the form, under the clock, making them kneel, is often quite ineffectual as an example, and the victim is sometimes the object of mirth. Shutting in a cell is positively10 harmful, quite apart from the fact that it uses up the pupil's time without profit. Forced work, on the other hand, robs the work of its true value. Punishment by hunger affects the brain injuriously. The stopping of holidays causes malice11 in the mind of pupils, and often evokes12 the dissatisfaction of parents. What remains13? Expulsion of the dull or mischievous14 child from the school—as advised in Holy Writ—the cutting off of the offending member lest, through him, the whole body of the school be infected. Yes, alas15! such a measure is, I admit, inevitable16 on certain occasions now, as inevitable as is capital punishment, I regret to say, even in the best of states. But before resorting to this last irreparable means, let us see what else there may be...."
"And flogging!" cried a deep bass17 voice from the front row of the stalls. It was the governor of the town fortress18, a deaf old man, under whose chair a pug-dog growled19 angrily and hoarsely20. The governor was a familiar figure about town with his stick, ear trumpet21, and old panting pug-dog.
The lecturer bowed, showing his teeth pleasantly.
"I did not intend to express myself as shortly and precisely22, but in essence his Excellency has guessed my thought. Yes, ladies and gentlemen, there is one good old Russian method of which we have not yet spoken—corporal punishment. Yes, corporal punishment is part and parcel of the very soul of the great Russian people, of its mighty24 national sense, its patriotism25 and deep faith in Providence26. Even the apostle said: 'Whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth.' The unforgotten monument of mediaeval culture—Domostroi—enjoins the same with paternal27 firmness. Let us call to mind our inspired Tsar-educator, Peter the Great, with his famous cudgel. Let us call to mind the speech of our immortal28 Pushkin:
"'Our fathers, the further back you go,
The more the cudgels they used up.'
"Finally, let us call to mind our wonderful Gogol, who put into the mouth of a simple, unlearned serving-man the words: 'The peasant must be beaten, for the peasant is being spoiled.' Yes, ladies and gentlemen, I boldly affirm that punishment with rods upon the body goes like a red thread throughout the whole immense course of Russian history, and takes its rise from the very depths of primitive29 Russian life.
"Thus delving30 in thought into the past, ladies and gentlemen, I appear a conservative, yet I go forward with outstretched hands to meet the most liberal of humanitarians31. I freely allow, loudly confess, that corporal punishment, in the way in which it has been practised until now, has much in it that is insulting for the person being chastised32 as well as humiliating for the person chastising33. The personal confrontment of the two men inevitably34 awakens35 hate, fear, irritation36, revengefulness, contempt, and what is more, a competitive stubbornness in the repetition of crime and punishment. So you no doubt imagine that I renounce37 corporal punishment. Yes, I do renounce it, though only to introduce it anew, replacing man by a machine. After the labours, thoughts and experiments of many years, I have at last worked out a scheme of mechanical justice, and have realised it in a machine. Whether I have been successful or not I shall in a minute leave this most respected audience to judge."
The lecturer nodded towards the wings of the stage. A fine-looking attendant came forward and took off the canvas cover from the strange object standing at the footlights. To the eyes of those present, the bright gleaming machine was rather like an automatic weighing-machine, though it was obviously more complex and was much larger. There was a murmur38 of astonishment39 among the audience in the hall.
The lecturer extended his hand, and pointed to the apparatus40.
"There is my offspring," said he in an agitated41 voice. "There is an apparatus which may fairly be called the instrument of mechanical justice. The construction is uncommonly42 simple, and in price it would be within the reach of even a modest village school. Pray consider its construction. In the first place you remark the horizontal platform on springs, and the wooden platform leading to it. On the platform is placed a narrow chair, the back of which has also a powerful spring and is covered with soft leather. Under the chair, as you see, is a system of crescent-shaped levers turning on a hinge. Proportionately with the pressure on the springs of the chair and platform these levers, departing from their equipoise, describe half circles, and close in pairs at a height of from five to eighteen vershoks[1] above the level of the chair—varying with the force of pressure.
[1] A vershok is 1/15 of an arshin, i.e., if inches.
"Behind the chair rises a vertical44 cast-iron pillar, with a cross bar. Within the pillar is contained a powerful mechanism45 resembling that of a watch, having a 160-lb. balance and a spiral spring. On the side of the column observe a little door, that is for cleaning or mending the mechanism. This door has only two keys, and I ask you to note, ladies and gentlemen, that these keys are kept, one by the chief district inspector46 of mechanical flogging machines, and the other by the head master of the school. So this apparatus, once brought into action, cannot be stopped until it has completed the punishment intended—except, of course, in the eventuality of its being forcibly broken, which is a hardly likely possibility seeing the simplicity47 and solidity of every part of the machine.
"The watch mechanism, once set going, communicates with a little horizontally-placed axle. The axle has eight sockets48 in which may be mounted eight long supple49 bamboo or metal rods. When worn out these can be replaced by new ones. It must be explained also that, by a regulation of the axle, the force of the strokes may be varied50.
"And so we see the axle in motion, and moving with it the eight rods. Each rod goes downward perfectly51 freely, but coming upward again it meets with an obstacle—the cross-beam—and meeting it, bends and is at tension from its point, bulges52 to a half-circle, and then, breaking free, deals the blow. Then, since the position of the cross-beam can be adjusted, raised or lowered, it will be evident that the tension of the bending rods can be increased or decreased, and the blow given with a greater or less degree of severity. In that way it has been possible to make a scale of severity of punishment from 0 degrees to 24 degrees. No, 0 is when the cross-beam is at its highest point, and is only employed when the punishment bears a merely nominal54, or shall I say, symbolical55, character. By the time we come to No. 6, a certain amount of pain has become noticeable. We indicate a maximum for use in elementary schools, that would be up to No. 10; in secondary schools up to 15. For soldiers, village prisons, and students, the limit is set at 20 degrees, and, finally, for houses of correction and workmen on strike, the maximum figure, namely, 24.
"There, ladies and gentlemen, is the substance of my invention. There remain the details. That handle at the side, like the handle of a barrel organ, serves to wind up the spiral spring of the mechanism. The arrow here in this slot regulates the celerity of the strokes. At the height of the pillar, in a little glass case, is a mechanical meter or indicator56. This enables one to check the accuracy of the working of the machine, and is also useful for statistical57 and revisionary purposes. In view of this latter purpose, the indicator is constructed to show a maximum total of 60,000 strokes. Finally, ladies and gentlemen, please to observe something in the nature of an urn43 at the foot of the pillar. Into this are thrown metal coupons59 with numbers on them, and this momentarily sets the whole machine in action. The coupons are of various weights and sizes. The smallest is about the size of a silver penny,[1] and effects the minimum punishment—five strokes. The largest is about the size of a hundred-copeck bit—a rouble—and effects a punishment of just one hundred strokes. By using various combinations of metal coupons you can effect a punishment of any number of strokes in a multiple of five, from five to three hundred and fifty. But"—and here the lecturer smiled modestly—"but we should not consider that we had completely solved our problem if it were necessary to stop at that limited figure.
[1] Five copecks silver—the smallest silver coin in Russia.
"I will ask you, ladies and gentlemen, to note the figure at which the indicator at present stands, and that which it reaches after the punishment has been effected. What is more, the respected public will observe that, up to the moment when the coupons are thrown into the urn, there is no danger whatever in standing on the platform.
"And so ... the indicator shows 2900. Consequently, having thrown in all the coupons, the pointer will show, at the end of the execution ... 3250.... I fancy I make no mistake!
"And it will be quite sufficient to throw into the urn anything round, of whatever size, and the machine will go on to infinity60, if you will, or, if not to infinity, to 780 or 800, at which point the spring would have run down and the machine need re-winding. What I had in view in using these small coupons was that they might commonly be replaced by coins, and each mechanical self-flogger has a comparative table of the stroke values of copper61, silver and gold money. Observe the table here at the side of the main pillar.
"It seems I have finished.... There remain just a few particulars concerning the construction of the revolving62 platform, the swinging chair, and the crescent-shaped levers. But as it is a trifle complicated, I will ask the respected public to watch the machine in action, and I shall now have the honour to give a demonstration63.
"The whole procedure of punishment consists in the following. First of all, having thoroughly64 sifted65 and got to the bottom of the motives66 of the crime, we fix the extent of the punishment, that is, the number of strokes, the celerity with which they shall be given, and the force and, in some cases, the material of the rods. Then we send a note to the man in charge of the machine, or communicate with him by telephone. He puts the machine in readiness and then goes away. Observe, the man goes, the machine remains alone, the impartial67, unwavering, calm and just machine.
"In a minute I shall come to the experiment. Instead of a human offender68 we have, on this occasion, a leather mannikin. In order to show the machine at its best we will imagine that we have before us a criminal of the most stubborn type. 'Officer!'" cried the lecturer to someone behind the scenes. "'Prepare the machine, force 24, minimum celerity.'"
In a tense silence the audience watched the attendant wind the handle, push down the cross-beam, turn round the celerity arrow, and then disappear behind the scenes again.
"Now all is in order," the lecturer went on, "and the room in which the flogging machine stands is quite empty. There only remains to call up the man who is to be punished, explain to him the extent of his guilt69 and the degree of his punishment, and he himself—remark, ladies and gentlemen, himself!—takes from the box the corresponding coupon58. Of course, it might be arranged that he, there and then, drops the coupon through a slot in the table and lets it fall into the urn; that is a mere53 detail.
"From that moment the offender is entirely70 in the hands of the machine. He goes to the dressing-room, he opens the door, stands on the platform, throws the coupon or coupons into the urn, and ... done! The door shuts mechanically after him, and cannot be re-opened. He may stand a moment, hesitating, on the brink71, but in the end he simply must throw the coupons in. For, ladies and gentlemen"—exclaimed the pedagogue72 with a triumphant73 laugh—"for the machine is so constructed that the longer he hesitates the greater becomes the punishment, the number of strokes increasing in a ratio of from five to thirty per minute according to the weight of the person hesitating.... However, once the offender is off, he is caught by the machine at three points, neck, waist and feet, and the chair holds him. All this is accomplished74 literally75 in one moment. The next moment sounds the first stroke, and nothing can stop the action of the machine, nor weaken the blows, nor increase or diminish the celerity, until that moment when justice has been accomplished. It would be physically76 impossible, not having the key.
"Officer! Bring in the mannikin!
"Will the esteemed77 audience kindly78 indicate the number of the strokes.... Just a number, please ... three figures if you wish, but not more than 350. Please...."
"Five hundred," shouted the governor of the fortress.
"Reff," barked the dog under his chair.
"Five hundred is too many," gently objected the lecturer, "but to go as far as we can towards meeting his Excellency's wish let us say 350. We throw into the urn all the coupons."
Whilst he was speaking, the attendant brought in under his arm a monstrous-looking leathern mannikin, and stood it on the floor, holding it up from behind. There was something suggestive and ridiculous in the crooked79 legs, outstretched arms, and forward-hanging head of this leathern dummy80.
Standing on the platform of the machine, the lecturer continued:
"Ladies and gentlemen, one last word. I do not doubt that my mechanical self-flogger will be most widely used. Slowly but surely it will find its way into all schools, colleges and seminaries. It will be introduced in the army and navy, in the village, in military and civil prisons, in police stations and for fire-brigades, and in all truly Russian families.
"The coupons are inevitably replaced by coins, and in that way not only is the cost of the machine redeemed81, but a fund is commenced which can be used for charitable and educative ends. Our eternal financial troubles will pass, for, by the aid of this machine, the peasant will be forced to pay his taxes. Sin will disappear, crime, laziness, slovenliness82, and in their stead will flourish industry, temperance, sobriety and thrift83.
"It is difficult to probe further the possible future of this machine. Did Gutenberg foresee the contribution which book-printing was going to make to the history of human progress when he made his first na?ve wooden printing-press? But I am, however, far from airing a foolish self-conceit in your eyes, ladies and gentlemen. The bare idea belongs to me. In the practical details of the invention I have received most material help from Mr. N——, the teacher of physics in the Fourth Secondary School of this town, and from Mr. X——, the well-known engineer. I take the opportunity of acknowledging my indebtedness."
The hall thundered with applause. Two men in the front of the stalls stood up timidly and awkwardly, and bowed to the public.
"For me personally," continued the lecturer, "there has been the greatest satisfaction to consider the good I was doing my beloved fatherland. Here, ladies and gentlemen, is a token which I have lately received from the governor and nobility of Kursk—with the motto: Similia similibus."
He detached from its chain and held aloft an immense antique chronometer84, about half a pound in weight. From the watch dangled85 also a massive gold medal.
"I have finished, ladies and gentlemen," added the lecturer in a low and solemn voice, bowing as he spoke23.
But the applause had not died down before there happened something incredible, appalling86. The chronometer suddenly slipped from the raised hand of the pedagogue, and fell with a metallic87 clash right into the urn.
At once the machine began to hum and click. The platform inverted88, and the lecturer was suddenly hoist89 with his own petard. His coat-tails waved in the air; there was a sudden thwack and a wild cry.
2901, indicated the mechanical reckoner.
It is difficult to describe rapidly and definitely what happened in the meeting. For a few seconds everyone was turned to stone. In the general silence sounded only the cries of the victim, the whistling of the rods, and the clicking of the counting machine. Then suddenly everyone rushed up on to the stage.
"For the love of the Lord!" cried the unfortunate man, "for the love of the Lord!"
But it was impossible to help him. The valorous physics teacher put out a hand to catch one of the rods as they came, but drew it back at once, and the blood on his fingers was visible to all. No efforts could raise the cross-beam.
"The key! Quick, the key!" cried the pedagogue. "In my trouser pocket."
The devoted90 attendant dashed in to search his pockets, with difficulty avoiding blows from the machine. But the key was not to be found.
2950, 2951, 2952, 2953, clicked the counting machine.
"Oh, your honour!" cried the attendant through his tears. "Let me take your trousers off. They are quite new, and they will be ruined.... Ladies can turn the other way."
"Go to blazes, idiot! Oey, o, O!... Gentlemen, for God's sake!... Oey, oey!... I forgot.... The keys are in my overcoat.... Oey! Quickly!"
They ran to the ante-room for his overcoat. But neither was there any key there. Evidently the inventor had left it at home. Someone was sent to fetch it. A gentleman present offered his carriage.
And the sharp blows registered themselves every second with mathematical precision; the pedagogue shouted; the counting machine went indifferently on.
3180, 3181, 3182....
One of the garrison91 lieutenants92 drew his sword and began to hack93 at the apparatus, but after the fifth blow there remained only the hilt, and a jumping splinter hit the president of the Zemstvo. Most dreadful of all was the fact that it was impossible to guess to what point the flogging would go on. The chronometer was proving itself weighty. The man sent for the key still did not return, and the counter, having long since passed the figure previously94 indicated by the inventor, went on placidly95.
3999, 4000, 4001.
The pedagogue jumped no longer. He just lay with gaping96 mouth and protruding97 eyes, and only twitched98 convulsively.
At last, the governor of the fortress, boiling with indignation, roared out to the accompaniment of the barking of his dog:
"Madness! Debauch99! Unheard of! Order up the fire-brigade!"
This idea was the wisest. The governor of the town was an enthusiast100 for the fire-brigade, and had smartened the firemen to a rare pitch. In less than five minutes, and at that moment when the indicator showed stroke No. 4550, the brave young fellows of the fire-brigade broke on the scene with choppers and hooks.
The magnificent mechanical self-flogger was destroyed for ever and ever. With the machine perished also the idea. As regards the inventor, it should be said that, after a considerable time of feeling sore in a corporal way and of nervous weakness, he returned to his occupation. But the fatal occasion completely changed his character. He became for the rest of his life a calm, sweet, melancholy101 man, and though he taught Latin and Greek he was a favourite with the schoolboys.
He has never returned to his invention.
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1
provincial
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| adj.省的，地方的；n．外省人，乡下人 | |
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attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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3
solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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4
glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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5
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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6
quenched
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| 解（渴）( quench的过去式和过去分词 )； 终止（某事物）； （用水）扑灭（火焰等）； 将（热物体）放入水中急速冷却 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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10
positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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malice
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| n.恶意，怨恨，蓄意；[律]预谋 | |
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12
evokes
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| 产生，引起，唤起( evoke的第三人称单数 ) | |
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13
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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mischievous
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| adj.调皮的，恶作剧的，有害的，伤人的 | |
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15
alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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17
bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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19
growled
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| v.（动物）发狺狺声， （雷）作隆隆声( growl的过去式和过去分词 )；低声咆哮着说 | |
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hoarsely
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trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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23
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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patriotism
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| n.爱国精神，爱国心，爱国主义 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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paternal
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| adj.父亲的，像父亲的，父系的，父方的 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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delving
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| v.深入探究，钻研( delve的现在分词 ) | |
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humanitarians
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| n.慈善家( humanitarian的名词复数 ) | |
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chastised
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| v.严惩（某人）（尤指责打）( chastise的过去式 ) | |
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chastising
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| v.严惩（某人）（尤指责打）( chastise的现在分词 ) | |
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inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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awakens
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的第三人称单数 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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irritation
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| n.激怒，恼怒，生气 | |
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renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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uncommonly
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| adv. 稀罕(极，非常) | |
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urn
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| n.（有座脚的）瓮；坟墓；骨灰瓮 | |
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vertical
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| adj.垂直的，顶点的，纵向的；n.垂直物，垂直的位置 | |
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45
mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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47
simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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48
sockets
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| n.套接字，使应用程序能够读写与收发通讯协定(protocol)与资料的程序( Socket的名词复数 )；孔( socket的名词复数 )；（电器上的）插口；托座；凹穴 | |
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49
supple
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| adj.柔软的，易弯的，逢迎的，顺从的，灵活的；vt.使柔软，使柔顺，使顺从；vi.变柔软，变柔顺 | |
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50
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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51
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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bulges
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| 膨胀( bulge的名词复数 )； 鼓起； （身体的）肥胖部位； 暂时的激增 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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indicator
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| n.指标；指示物，指示者；指示器 | |
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statistical
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| adj.统计的，统计学的 | |
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coupon
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| n.息票，配给票，附单 | |
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coupons
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| n.礼券( coupon的名词复数 )；优惠券；订货单；参赛表 | |
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infinity
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| n.无限，无穷，大量 | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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revolving
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| adj.旋转的，轮转式的；循环的v.（使）旋转( revolve的现在分词 )；细想 | |
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demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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sifted
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| v.筛( sift的过去式和过去分词 )；筛滤；细查；详审 | |
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motives
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| n.动机，目的( motive的名词复数 ) | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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offender
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| n.冒犯者，违反者，犯罪者 | |
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guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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brink
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| n.(悬崖、河流等的)边缘，边沿 | |
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pedagogue
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| n.教师 | |
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triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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crooked
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| adj.弯曲的；不诚实的，狡猾的，不正当的 | |
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dummy
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| n.假的东西；(哄婴儿的)橡皮奶头 | |
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redeemed
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| adj. 可赎回的，可救赎的 动词redeem的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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slovenliness
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thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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chronometer
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| n.精密的计时器 | |
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dangled
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| 悬吊着( dangle的过去式和过去分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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appalling
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| adj.骇人听闻的，令人震惊的，可怕的 | |
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metallic
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| adj.金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的 | |
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inverted
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| adj.反向的，倒转的v.使倒置，使反转( invert的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hoist
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| n.升高，起重机，推动；v.升起，升高，举起 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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lieutenants
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| n.陆军中尉( lieutenant的名词复数 )；副职官员；空军；仅低于…官阶的官员 | |
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hack
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| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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gaping
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| adj.口的；张口的；敞口的；多洞穴的v.目瞪口呆地凝视( gape的现在分词 )；张开，张大 | |
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protruding
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| v.（使某物）伸出，（使某物）突出( protrude的现在分词 )；凸 | |
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twitched
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| vt.& vi.（使）抽动，（使）颤动（twitch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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99
debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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enthusiast
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| n.热心人，热衷者 | |
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101
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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