In the so-called official report of the Castner Hanway trial, which involved the final disposition2 of all the treason cases, it is fitly stated by the author and editor that “the ability which marked the trial throughout, the patient attention of the judges, the eloquence3 and learning of the Counsel, and the full examination of every matter of fact and law in any manner involved, gave to the trial a deep and abiding4 importance, such as will make its perusal5 interesting to the general reader, and of indispensable use to the Legal Profession.” It is not to be expected, however, that a detailed6 report of these proceedings7 or a presentation of their technical aspect falls within the scope or prescribed limits of this sketch9. Those desirous of perusing10 them can get access to Mr. Robbins’ report in many libraries; lawyers will find the case reported for their special benefit in Vol. II of Wallace’s Report of Circuit Court Cases for the Third District, pp. 134-208. The report of Attorney General Brent and the message of Governor Lowe, in the Maryland State Documents, 1852, constitute an interesting history of the facts and valuable discussion of the law; and Mr. Jackson’s reply undoubtedly11 corrects and modifies some of the impressions that the complaints of the Marylanders would tend to create.
Even outside of these quasi-official documents there remain signs that there was some division of counsel, if not conflict of opinion, among those engaged in the prosecution13 as to the most expedient14 course to take and the more effective remedy[Pg 62] to apply to the broken law. Whatever the private opinion of U. S. District Attorney Ashmead may have been, his presentation of the case and his entire part in the trial evinced no lack of preparation or ability and no want of sincerity15 in the Government’s cause. He shrank from no responsibility that his position imposed. He was, moreover, the direct representative of the Law Department of the Fillmore administration. His chief was Attorney General John J. Crittenden and Daniel Webster was the premier16 of that Cabinet. There was at that time no “Department of Justice” as now organized; there was simply the office of the Attorney General, and an investigation17 of the archives of the Department fails to disclose anything whatever with respect to the affray or the trials. There is, however, authority for the statement that the final determination to prosecute18 for treason was made by Webster and Crittenden, who concluded and advised “that even if a conviction were not obtained, the effect of the trial would be salutary in checking Northern opposition19 to the enforcement of the Fugitive20 Slave Act.”
Some question of professional etiquette21 arose between counsel who appeared for the State of Maryland and those who represented the United States by direct employment for the Government. Mr. Brent reports that this was “satisfactorily adjusted in a personal interview” with Mr. Ashmead. He further says:
“This gentleman, in the presence of the Hon. James Cooper, tendered to me the position of leading counsel in these trials, which I promptly22 declined, on the ground that I never had claimed such precedence for myself, as well as on grounds of policy and expediency23 for the prosecution.
“It was then agreed that the Hon. James Cooper, of Pennsylvania (the distinguished24 colleague associated with me for the State of Maryland), should occupy the position of leading counsel, which he did with fidelity25 and signal ability. I will here take occasion to remark that, however unfortunate[Pg 63] the preliminary difficulty between Mr. Ashmead and myself, and however prejudicial it may have been to the development of the evidence, by preventing that early interchange of views and information, which was necessary to a thorough preparation of these important cases, yet I received during the trial every social and professional courtesy at the hands of that gentleman, and he was at all times prompt to act upon any suggestion which might be made by either Mr. Cooper or myself.”
JOHN W. ASHMEAD.
U. S. ATTORNEY WHO CONDUCTED THE PROSECUTION.
Whatever may have been the nature of their difficulties or the character of their settlement, there was a good deal of “girding” during the trial from the defense27 at the relations of the various opposing counsel; and there was some recrimination after the Government’s defeat over the responsibility for what its representatives thought was a miscarriage28 of justice. When the lawyers were finally lined up the record showed these appearances: J. W. Ashmead, D. A. U. S., G. L. Ashmead and J. R. Ludlow represented the United States: R. J. Brent, Attorney General of Maryland, James Cooper, a Senator of the United States for Pennsylvania, and R. M. Lee, of Philadelphia, appeared as special counsel; Mr. Brent by order of the Governor of Maryland, of which State Mr. Gorsuch was a citizen; Mr. Cooper and Lee also private counsel of Mr. Gorsuch’s relatives: For the prisoner, J. J. Lewis, of West Chester, Th. Stevens, of Lancaster, John M. Read, T. A. Cuyler and W. A. Jackson, of Philadelphia.
David Paul Brown also sat at the prisoners’ counsel table; he appeared for Joseph Scarlet29, whose case, with that of others, depended on the result of Hanway’s trial.
Most of these names will be remembered by the general reader as already eminent30 or soon to so become. The Ashmeads were notably31 able lawyers; Mr. Brent had high professional position; James Cooper was then United States Senator, from Pennsylvania; Ludlow later became a member of the Philadelphia judiciary; Lewis of West Chester and Stevens[Pg 64] of Lancaster were leaders of their respective county bars. John M. Read was later to be a member of the Supreme32 Court of Pennsylvania. Theo. A. Cuyler was long one of the foremost of Philadelphia’s lawyers. Mr. Jackson, junior counsel and historian of the defense, died Jan. 10, 1857, aged12 29, and after less than six years his promising33 career ended.
The trial was held in the second story room of old Independence Hall and sentimentalists speculated as to whether the cause of Law or Liberty would prevail in a historic building consecrated34 to both these vital principles of organized society. It had been refitted for the occasion with new gas fixtures35 and special ventilating devices. The opening day did not attract the concourse that thronged36 the chamber38 and corridors as the trial progressed, but the seating capacity of the room was fully39 occupied.
Court opened at 11 A.M. Monday, November 24, 1851. Seventy-eight jurors answered; and Judge Grier ordered a call of the defaulters under promise of a $100 fine to those who were in default until next morning. Jurors called and some missing with one accord then began to make excuse. Before the session adjourned40 eighty-one answered and it appeared that nineteen had been previously41 excused. Arrangements were made for reporting the proceedings; there was some discussion over the impanelling of the jurors, but nobody was disposed to quash or continue; the prisoner, Castner Hanway, was arraigned and pleaded. The questions to jurors were framed upon the replies to which challenges were to be based, and the first juror, David George, was called on the second day of the trial.
Thence the selection of jurors proceeded until twelve men were secured satisfactory to both sides. This occupied the Court until Wednesday evening. Next day being Thanksgiving the trial was adjourned until Friday morning, the jury selected being accommodated and lodged42 at the American Hotel, opposite the old State House.
[Pg 65]An essential part of this narrative43, in its political and popular interest, is the personnel of the entire venire of jurors. It is here given with brief memoranda44 abstracted from the official report, indicating what disposition was made of each person called. Where there are no comments the juror was not called; and the twelve finally sworn are each marked with a *.
1. Adams, Peter, Farmer, Mohnsville P. O., Berks County.
2. Baldwin, Matthias W., Machinist, 335 Spruce St., Philadelphia. Founder45 of Baldwin’s Locomotive Works. Stood aside.
3. Barclay, Andrew C., Gentleman, 147 Arch St., Philadelphia. Challenged by defendant46; had an opinion.
4. Bazley, John T., Gentleman, Doylestown, Bucks47 County. Challenged by prisoner.
5. Beck, John, Professor, Lititz, Lancaster Co. Principal of famous Boys’ School; Excused at Mr. Stevens’ instance because “the school could not get on without him;” grandfather of Hon. Jas. M. Beck.
6. Bell, Samuel, Gentleman, Reading, Berks County. Associate (lay) judge and excused.
7. Brady, Patrick, Merchant, 397 Arch St., Philadelphia. Challenged by prisoner for opinion.
8. Breck, Samuel, Gentleman, Arch St., west of Broad, Philadelphia. Prominent citizen; aged 81 and deaf; Excused.
9. Brinton, Ferree, Merchant, Belmont P. O., Lancaster Co. Later associate judge; father-in-law of Judge Wiltbank, of Philadelphia. Stood aside.
10. Broadhead, Albert G., Farmer, Delaware P. O., Pike Co. Deficient48 hearing and frequent headaches; Excused.
11. Brown, John A., Merchant, S.E. Cor. 12th and Chestnut49 Sts., Phila. Challenged by prisoner.
12. Brown, Joseph D., Gentleman, 167 Arch St., Philadelphia.
[Pg 66]13. Brush, George G., Merchant, Washington, Lancaster Co. A prominent citizen and Democrat50. Challenged by prisoner.
14. Butler, Robert, Clerk, Mauch Chunk51, Carbon Co.
15. Cadwalader, George, Gentleman, 299 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Excused temporarily. Prominent Philadelphia Democrat. Subsequently called and challenged by prisoner.
16. Cameron, Simon, Gentleman, Middletown, Dauphin Co. Ex U. S. Senator. Unwell and temporarily excused.
17. Campbell, Hugh, Merchant, 33 Girard Street, Philadelphia.
18. Clendenin, John, Gentleman, Hoagstown, Cumberland Co. Challenged by defendant.
19. Cockley, David, Machinist, Lancaster City. Challenged by U. S. for opinion.
20. Cook, Jonathan, Gentleman, Allentown, Lehigh Co. Challenged for opinion by defendant.
21. Coolbaugh, Moses W., Farmer, Coolbaugh P. O., Monroe County. Challenged by prisoner.
22. *Connelly, Thomas, Carpenter, Beaver52 Meadow, Carbon Co. Accepted and sworn (3).
23. Cope, Caleb, Merchant, Walnut53 & Quince Sts., Philadelphia. Applied54 for excuse; refused as he was “not over 60.” Recalled and not answering, fined. Subsequently remitted55 on account of ill health.
24. *Cowden, James, Merchant, Columbia, Lancaster Co. Stood aside at first, finally accepted (12).
25. Culbertson, Joseph, Gentleman, Chambersburg, Franklin Co. “Excused for age, hardness of hearing and vertigo56.”
26. Darby, John, Gentleman, Fayetteville, Franklin Co. Enfeebled; deaf; excused.
27. Davies, Edward, Gentleman, Churchtown, Lancaster Co. Stood aside.
28. Deshong, John O., Gentleman, Chester, Delaware Co. Stood aside.
[Pg 67]29. Diller, Solomon, Farmer, New Holland, Lancaster Co. Stood aside.
30. Elder, Joshua, Farmer, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. Stood aside.
31. Dillinger, Jacob, Gentleman, Allentown, Lehigh Co. Excused because of “kidney trouble.” Conspicuous57 Democrat.
32. *Elliot, Robert, Farmer, Ickesburg, Perry Co. Accepted and sworn (2).
33. Ewing, Robert, Merchant, 446 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Challenged by defendant.
34. *Fenton, Ephraim, Farmer, Upper Dublin P. O., Montgomery Co. Stood aside. Subsequently recalled and accepted (11).
35. Fraley, Frederick, Gentleman, 365 Race St., Philadelphia. President of Schuylkill Navigation Company; Excused temporarily. Conspicuous citizen. Treasurer58 Centennial Company in 1876.
36. George, David, Gentleman, Blockley, West Phila. P. O., Philadelphia Co. Stood aside. Recalled and challenged by U. S.
37. Gowen, James, Gentleman, Germantown, Philadelphia Co. Father of P. & R. President F. B. Gowen. Challenged by prisoner. Democrat.
38. Grosh, Jacob, Gentleman, Marietta, Lancaster Co. Political friend of Stevens. Associate (lay) judge, 1842-47. Stood aside.
39. Hammer, Jacob, Merchant, Orwigsburg, Schuylkill Co. Associate (lay) judge; Excused on account of his wife’s illness.
40. Harper, James, Gentleman, Walnut & Schuylkill Fifth Sts., Phila. Challenged by prisoner.
41. Hazard, Erskine, Gentleman, Ninth & Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia. Father-in-law of Samuel Dickson, later one of the leaders of the Philadelphia bar. Challenged by the prisoner. Democrat; merchant; iron master.
[Pg 68]42. Hipple, Frederick, Farmer, Bainbridge, Lancaster Co. Stood aside.
43. Hitner, Daniel O., Farmer, Whitemarsh, Montgomery Co. Challenged by prisoner.
44. *Hopkins, James M., Farmer, Bucks P. O., Drumore Twp., Lancaster Co. Ironmaster, Conowingo furnace. Fusion60 Candidate for Congress against Stevens in 1858. Accepted (7).
45. Horn, John, Gentleman, 16 Broad St., Philadelphia. Biased61 in favor of defendant and challenged for cause by U. S.
46. Hummel, Valentine, Merchant, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co.
47. Jenks, Michael H., Gentleman, Newton, Bucks Co.
48. *Junkin, John, Farmer, Landisburg, Perry Co. Accepted (8).
49. Keim, William H., Merchant, Reading, Berks Co. Stood aside.
50. Keyser, Elhanan W., Merchant, 144 North Ninth St., Philadelphia.
51. Kichline, Jacob, Farmer, Lower Saucon P. O., Northampton Co. Challenged by prisoner.
52. Kinnard, John H., Farmer, West Whiteland P. O., Chester Co. Stood aside.
53. Krause, John, Clerk, Lebanon, Lebanon Co. Stood aside; had conscientious62 scruples63 against death penalty.
54. Kuhn, Hartman, Gentleman, 314 Chestnut St., Philadelphia. Conspicuous citizen; descendant of old Lancaster family; Challenged by U. S. for opinion.
55. Ladley, George, Farmer, Oxford64 P. O., Chester Co. Stood aside.
56. Leiper, George G., Farmer, Leiperville, Delaware Co. Associate (lay) judge; excused. Prominent Democrat and intimate friend of James Buchanan, to his latest day.
57. Lewis, Lawrence, Gentleman, 345 Chestnut St., Philadelphia.[Pg 69] President Mutual65 Insurance Company; very busy. Excused for a fortnight.
58. Luther, Diller, Gentleman, Reading, Berks Co. Challenged by prisoner.
59. Lyons, David, Farmer, Haverford P. O., Delaware Co. Challenged by prisoner.
60. McConkey, James, Merchant, Peachbottom P. O., York Co. Deaf and deputy postmaster; excused. Of old Democratic family.
61. McIlvaine, Abraham R., Farmer, Wallace P. O., Chester County.
62. McKean, Thomas, Gentleman, 356 Spruce St., Philadelphia. Excused on account of illness. Leading citizen and member of distinguished family.
63. Madeira, George A., Gentleman, Chambersburg, Franklin Co. Stood aside.
64. Mark, George, Gentleman, Lebanon, Lebanon Co. Stood aside.
65. *Martin, Peter, Surveyor, Ephrata P. O., Lancaster Co. Anti-Buchanan Democrat; later associate judge and prothonotary; “was under the impression offense66 might be treason.” Accepted (4).
66. Massey, Charles, Merchant, 170 Arch St. Philadelphia. Excused on account of ill health.
67. Mather, Isaac, Farmer, Jenkintown, Montgomery Co. Stood aside.
68. Merkle, Levi, Farmer, Shiremanstown, Cumberland Co. Stood aside.
69. Michler, Peter S., Merchant, Easton, Northampton Co.
70. Miller67, John, Gentleman, Reading, Berks Co. Challenged by the prisoner. Excused.
71. Moore, Marmaduke, Merchant, 153 North Thirteenth St., Philadelphia. A prominent Democrat. Challenged by prisoner.
[Pg 70]72. Morton, Sketchley, Farmer, Gibbon’s Tavern68 P. O., Delaware Co. Stood aside.
73. Myers, Isaac, Merchant, Port Carbon, Schuylkill Co.
74. Neff, John R., Merchant, 124 Spruce St., Philadelphia. Excused for absence from the State.
75. Newcomer, Martin, Innkeeper, Chambersburg, Franklin Co. Challenged by U. S. for opinion.
76. *Newman, Solomon, Smith, Milford, Pike Co. First juror drawn69. Stood aside. Subsequently accepted (9).
77. Palmer, Strange N., Editor, Pottsville, Schuylkill Co. Stood aside.
78. Patterson, Robert, Merchant, S. W. cor. Thirteenth and Locust70 Sts. Had decided71 opinions. Challenged by prisoner.
79. Penny, James, Farmer, Liberty Square P. O., Drumore Twp., Lancaster County. Stood aside. Neighbor to Quaker Abolitionists.
80. Platt, William, Merchant, 343 Chestnut St. Philadelphia. Excused because of ill health.
81. Preston, Paul S., Merchant, Stockport, Wayne Co. Stood aside.
82. Reynolds, John, Gentleman, Lancaster City. Father of Gen. John F. Reynolds and Admiral Wm. Reynolds and former proprietor74 of a Democratic newspaper in Lancaster. Examined at length; showed disfavor to defendants75 and was challenged peremptorily76 by Stevens.
83. Rich, Josiah, Farmer, Danboro P. O., Bucks Co. Stood aside.
84. Richards, Matthias, Gentleman, Reading, Berks Co. Challenged by prisoner.
85. Richardson, John, Gentleman, Spruce St., west of Broad, Philadelphia. President of Bank of North America. Excused temporarily for bronchial affection.
86. Rogers, Evan, Gentleman, Locust St. and Washington Square. Challenged for cause by defendant.
[Pg 71]87. Ross, Hugh, Farmer, Lower Chanceford Co., York Co. Challenged for cause by defendant. Scotch77 Irish, Presbyterian, Democrat.
88. Rupp, John, Farmer, Mechanicksburg P. O., Hempden Twp., Cumberland Co. Associate judge; excused temporarily. Recalled and challenged by U. S. because he was opposed to death penalty.
89. Rutherford, John B., Farmer, Harrisburg, Dauphin Co. Stood aside.
90. *Saddler, William R., York Sulphur Springs P. O., Adams Co. Accepted (6).
91. Saylor, Charles, Merchant, Saylorsburg, Monroe Co. Postmaster. Excused.
92. Schroeder, John S., Clerk, Reading, Berks Co. Challenged by prisoner.
93. Small, Samuel, Merchant, York, York Co. Prominent citizen and representative of notable family. Stood aside.
94. Smith, George, Farmer, Upper Darby P. O., Delaware Co. Stood aside.
95. Smith, John, Smith, Jenkintown, Montgomery Co. Challenged by defendant; extended discussion; challenge sustained.
96. *Smith, Robert, Gentleman, Gettysburg, Adams Co. Accepted (5).
97. Smyser, Philip, Gentleman, York, York Co. Challenged for cause.
98. Starbird, Franklin, Farmer, Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. Stood aside.
99. Stavely, William, Farmer, Lahasha P. O., Bucks Co. Challenged by prisoner.
100. Stevens, William, Merchant, Whitehallville, Bucks Co. Challenged by prisoner.
101. Stokes, Samuel E., Merchant, 39 Arch St., Philadelphia.
102. Taylor, Caleb N., Farmer, Newportville, Bucks Co.[Pg 72] Suffering from what Judge Grier called “Epidemic of deafness.” Excused.
103. Toland, George W., Gentleman, 178 Arch St., Philadelphia.
104. Trexler, Lesher, Gentleman, Allentown, Lehigh Co. Stood aside.
105. *Wainwright, Jonathan, Merchant, Beach, below Hanover St., Philadelphia. Stood aside. Subsequently recalled and accepted (10).
106. Walsh, Robert F., Merchant, 5 Girard St., Philadelphia. “Thought the offense treason.” Challenged by the Court.
107. Watmough, John G., Gentleman, Germantown, Philadelphia County. “Strongly against the whole business.” Challenged by U. S.
108. Watson, William, Farmer, Mechanicsville, Bucks Co. Stood aside.
109. West, David, Farmer, Kimberton, Chester Co. Stood aside.
110. White, Thomas H., Gentleman, N. W. Cor. Ninth & Spruce Sts., Philadelphia. Challenged for opinion by U. S.
111. Whitehall, James, Gentleman, Lancaster City. Challenged by prisoner.
112. Witman, Andrew K., Farmer, Center Valley P. O., Lehigh Co. From neighborhood of Fries rebellion. Challenged by U. S. for opinion, after long discussion.
113. Williamson, William, Gentleman, West Chester, Chester Co. Challenged by prisoner.
114. *Wilson, James, Gentleman, Fairfield P. O., Adams Co. Accepted and sworn (3). From neighborhood of Stevens’ iron works.
115. Vanzant, Franklin, Farmer, Attleboro P. O., Bucks Co. Two children sick. Excused temporarily.
116. Yohe, Samuel, Gentleman, Easton, Northampton Co. Stood aside.
[Pg 73]As finally selected the trial jury consisted of the following persons:
1. Robert Elliott, farmer, Ickesburg, Perry County, aged 69.
2. James Wilson, gentleman, Fairfield postoffice, Adams County, aged 73.
3. Thomas Connelly, carpenter, Beaver Meadow, Carbon County, aged 54.
4. Peter Martin, surveyor, Ephrata postoffice, Lancaster County, aged 46.
5. Robert Smith, gentleman, Gettysburg, Adams County, aged 57.
6. William R. Saddler, farmer, York Sulphur Springs postoffice, Adams County, aged 41.
7. James M. Hopkins, farmer, Bucks postoffice, Drumore Township, Lancaster County, aged 50.
8. John Junkin, farmer, Landisburg, Perry County, aged 56.
9. Solomon Newman, smith, Milford, Pike County, aged 48.
10. Jonathan Wainwright, Merchant, Philadelphia, aged 66.
11. Ephraim Fenton, farmer, Upper Dublin postoffice, Montgomery County, aged 52.
12. James Cowden, merchant, Columbia, Lancaster County, aged 36.
Average age of jurors: 53.
In opening for the prosecution District Attorney Ashmead defined the act of treason, as it had been laid down in previous judicial26 deliverances, and he relied on the proof that there had been an armed and organized resistance to the execution of the laws of Congress, in which the prisoner not only participated, but of which he was a leader. After he had concluded, Z. Collins Lee, of Baltimore, United States District Attorney, appeared also for the prosecution. Witnesses[Pg 74] were excluded while other witnesses were testifying. Mr. G. L. Ashmead, who was a cousin of the United States Attorney, conducted the examination of the witnesses. The scene was located; Deputy Kline told his story in detail, substantially as the incident has been related; he insisted that he asked Hanway and Lewis to aid him in enforcing his writs78 and they refused; Hanway sat on his horse during the affray and Joshua Gorsuch, pretty badly hurt, got behind the horse for protection. Kline was the special target of severe and sarcastic79 cross-examination by Mr. Stevens, as he was the Atlas80 of the Government’s case. To break him down on the identity of those who were present at the riot, Mr. Stevens insisted on the Court allowing the presence in Court of all the prisoners; and when he accomplished81 this dramatic purpose he turned Kline over to Mr. Lewis for further and protracted82 cross-examination on the skirmishing movements of the arresting party before the riot. Mr. Read also took a hand in his cross-examination, which was not concluded until the Saturday of the first week. His last answer at this session was to the effect that he did not see Joseph Scarlet at the “action.”
Dr. Pearce testified at some length corroborating83 Kline; and averring84 very distinctly that he saw a shot fired from the window of the house at Gorsuch, the elder. He was severely85 cross-examined by Mr. Stevens, who intimated repeatedly that the witness had charged Kline with cowardice86. Dickinson Gorsuch followed him and testified to the main facts. Neither he nor his cousin, Joshua, was subjected to any cross-examination; and both of them were less direct in their accusations88 against Hanway and Lewis than Kline, at the most declaring that Hanway’s arrival seemed to give the colored men inspiration and encouragement. The son established his father’s determination not to be driven or intimidated89 from the premises90, and described the killing91 of him and the wounding of himself. These circumstances,[Pg 75] creditable to the valor92 of the Gorsuches, did not materially prejudice the case of the defendant on the trial. Dickinson recognized Scarlet as one who at first refused to help him, but subsequently got him water. Nicholas Hutchins was also examined as to the affray and corroborated94 the other witnesses; likewise Nathan Nelson, the other of the Maryland party. These witnesses were positive in their recognition of Noah Buley and Joshua Hammond, the elder two of the runaways95.
The first week of the trial closed with Miller Knott on the stand. He was a citizen of the neighborhood, who was not charged with any complicity, but who had given aid to the wounded. He had seen a man on horseback, in his shirt sleeves—presumably Hanway—riding northward96, with a band of negroes following him; and a half score or more attacking Dickinson Gorsuch, while others followed Isaiah Clarkson into the corn field. He saw Gorsuch the father lying alone not yet dead; and Joseph Scarlet, on horseback, at “the mouth of the long lane”; he subsequently returned with the colored men toward Parker’s house. From this witness it appeared that it was a mile from Hanway’s mill to Parker’s house, that Joseph Scarlet would have to travel two miles and his horse was “sweaty,” that Elijah Lewis lived from a mile and a half to two miles away. Mr. Knott was not subjected to cross-examination. His son, John, had preceded him to Parker’s by ten minutes and saw the riot from a point about thirty yards from the junction97 of the long lane and the house lane. He saw from fifty to sixty negroes come out from the house, shouting and shooting, disperse98 up the little lane and run toward the creek99. He saw horses hitched100 on the fence in the long lane; he saw Dickinson Gorsuch bleeding and gave him water. Again the defense desisted from cross-examination of either of the Knotts. Alderman Reigart testified to an exciting conversation between Kline and Hanway and Lewis at Christiana, after their arrest, when Kline had[Pg 76] denounced them savagely101 and they disclaimed102 having incited103 the negroes. It was manifest the defendants would centre their attack upon Kline and Mr. Read brought out the fact that while he wore formidable whiskers and mustaches at the time of the affray, he had since shaved them off. It was shown that though he publicly denounced the prisoners as “white livered scoundrels” who had ordered the blacks to fire, his statements under oath were very much milder.
A long discussion ensued over the admission of Charles Smith’s evidence, but he was finally permitted to testify that Samuel Williams—the colored man from Philadelphia who had trailed Kline—had brought and circulated news of the intended raid for the arrest of the Gorsuch runaways. It was disclosed by Dr. Cain’s testimony104 that Washington and Clark, colored witnesses who had escaped from Moyamensing, had been circulating a paper on September 10th, which had the character of a warning to the Maryland refugees. Shortly after the affray Dr. Cain, at his own tenant105 house, treated two colored men, Henry C. Hopkins and John Long, who had been shot, one in the arm and one in the thigh106. Hopkins was the doctor’s tenant. John Roberts, a colored witness, who had been detained as such, for more than ten weeks, in Moyamensing, proved that Joseph Scarlet told him “about sun up” that kidnappers108 were at Parker’s, and witness got a loaded gun from Jacob Townsend and went to the scene. Other witnesses of the same kind, and detained the same way, elicited109 little material matter, as they arrived on the scene after the battle. In support of the Government’s theory of a treasonable conspiracy110, some evidence was introduced of meetings at West Chester in opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law, but the participation111 of the accused was not shown.
The scenes attending the trial are described by the newspapers of the day as highly interesting and sometimes sensational112. Popular interest grew as it progressed, and it[Pg 77] centered upon the prisoner who was a stranger in Philadelphia. One newspaper account describes Hanway as displaying the greatest self-possession during the selection of jurors. “He is apparently113 about 35 years of age, tall but spare in form, and inclined to stoop a little. There is a becoming seriousness in his countenance114, but nothing like alarm or trepidation115 is visible. When called upon to look at the juror summoned to try him, he does so with a firm and inquiring look, but never determines upon his admission or rejection116 until he has consulted his counsel, Thaddeus Stevens, who sits immediately by his side.”
Before the defense was formally opened its course and character had been anticipated by the cross-examination of Mr. Stevens; in this quality of a trial lawyer he was an acknowledged master. The opening speech of Mr. Cuyler referred to the division among the counsel for the prosecution; it praised the fairness of Mr. Ashmead, who, it declared, had been remanded to the background, because Maryland distrusted the justice of Pennsylvania. This was an effective appeal to the State pride of the jury. He vigorously assailed118 Kline, who had been the Government’s most zealous120 witness. He traced the course of Pennsylvania’s legislation on slavery and insisted that this Commonwealth121 was “ever true to her plighted122 constitutional good faith”; he extolled123 Hanway’s civic124 virtues125, and dwelt with emphasis upon the local agitation127 over the “lawless and diabolical128 outrages130” of the kidnappers; and finally ridiculed131 the idea of treason in the allegation that “three harmless, non-resisting Quakers, and eight-and-thirty wretched, miserable132, penniless negroes, armed with corn-cutters, clubs, and a few muskets133, and headed by a miller, in a felt hat, without a coat, without arms, and mounted on a sorrel nag134, levied135 war against the United States.”
When Mr. Stevens began the production of testimony for the defense with offers to prove the recent kidnapping outrages[Pg 78] in the neighborhood of Gap, the legal storm center of the trial was at hand. The prosecution saw and feared the influence of this line of evidence as keenly as the defense recognized its force and value. Judges Grier and Kane both discerned the vital issue at once and long before the argument concluded, pointed136 out that as the accusation87 was treason—a position founded upon some previous conspiracy—the defense must be allowed the same latitude137 to disprove intent as had been allowed to the prosecution to establish it. This opened the way for Thomas Pennington to tell the story of what had occurred at the home of his son-in-law, William Marsh59 Chamberlain, the preceding January—it was the same night, by the way, that “James Ray fell dead as he entered the door of his own house.” As has been heretofore related, in the absence at Ray’s of the head of the Chamberlain household, the black man in employ was beaten and dragged out and carried off by intruders without legal process and led by local abettors of the capture.
The fact that it was not shown the man taken was a free man, or that he may have been reclaimed138 by the authority of his owner, made little difference in the popular feeling about the affair or in the effectiveness of the incident for trial purposes. If such ruthlessness might be technically140 legal it made the slave law none the less odious141!
Henry Ray went further than Pennington and identified both Perry Marsh and William Bear as associates of the band who carried off Chamberlain’s man; and Mrs. Chamberlain—who saw the incident through a pipe hole from upstairs, where the affrighted family had retreated—and her brother, Miller Pennington, described it in a manner that heightened its effect. With this recital142 the defense made a distinct advance.
When the next witness, Elijah Lewis, was called, a question was raised as to his competency. Although not himself on trial, he was under indictment143 for the same offense as[Pg 79] the prisoner. Mr. Brent cited “5th Espinasse,” but the Government’s objection was not urged with much confidence and was not sustained by the Court. Interest centered in the witness as he was probably the most conspicuous of all the defendants and a recognized leader of local sentiment. He supported the case of the defendants as their counsel had outlined it; and his intelligence, direct manner and forceful expression gave added weight to his testimony. Isaiah Clarkson had summoned him to the scene by the report that Parker’s house was surrounded and had been broken into by kidnappers; he started on foot and called Hanway, who was not very well and got his horse; Kline showed them a paper which he assumed was a warrant; the negroes were excited and Hanway begged them not to shoot; witness had turned south toward the wood, Kline following and Hanway to the north when the shooting began. He contradicted Kline’s story of him or Hanway expressing defiance144 of the law and declared Kline was “in the woods” when the firing began; he and Hanway were not arrested; they gave themselves up. Cross-examination strengthened his statement.
Other witnesses testified to Kline’s declarations after the event to the effect that he had wanted to withdraw, but was overruled; that Dr. Pearce admitted the Gorsuches were rash and Kline timid, and that he himself owed his life to Hanway’s protection.
The defense then opened its batteries against Kline’s reputation. Hon. William D. Kelly—later a Common Pleas Judge and long time a leading member of Congress from Philadelphia—headed a long list of witnesses who testified that Kline’s reputation was bad and that he was unworthy of belief. There were nearly a score in all and many of them were most emphatic145; it was also shown that in some accounts of the affray Kline had denounced “the damned Quaker abolitionists.”
To open the way for the recanting witness, Harvey Scott,[Pg 80] to recall his former stories and repudiate146 their statements, witnesses were called to testify that he was not at the riot at all, but was “buttoned up” in John Carr’s garret until daylight and from that time on was at the place, blowing and striking in his employer’s blacksmith shop; that when he heard of the affair he congratulated himself with the remark, “I’m a nigger out of that scrape.”
Lewis Cooper, who was a son-in-law of Elijah Lewis, had, with Joseph Scarlet’s assistance, taken Dickinson Gorsuch to the Pownall house; he had heard Dr. Pearce tell of his uncle’s rashness and that one of his own slaves, “a bright yellow negro,” shot him; and also that he had been saved by holding on to Hanway’s saddle skirt.
Many witnesses were called to prove Hanway’s character “as a peaceable, good, loyal and orderly citizen.” It was brought out that Hanway, contrary to the general popular impression, was not a member of the Society of Friends. Having been born in Delaware and lived in Chester as well as Lancaster County, and having been at one time absent from the State, the witnesses in his behalf represented different sections of the country.
The rebuttal on the part of the prosecution consisted largely of an attempt to rehabilitate148 Kline’s reputation; a great number of respectable citizens of Philadelphia, who had known him from his youth up, were called to testify that his character was good and that he was entitled to belief. The opening in rebuttal also covered proposed proof of alleged149 outrages and reprisals150 by the sympathizers with fugitive slaves, in that armed and organized bands of negroes paraded the streets of Lancaster “on the hunt for slave hunters and avowing151 the determination, if they caught them, they would kill them”; that in April, 1851, Samuel Worthington, of Maryland, went into the neighborhood of Christiana to reclaim139 his fugitive slave and was resisted by armed force; that bells were rung and horns blown to arouse the[Pg 81] neighborhood and the master was obliged to flee for his life. It was also promised that Harvey Scott would corroborate93 his former statement and disprove the alibi152 that had been made out for him. In the number of witnesses who were called to prove the general character of Kline for truth and veracity153, the Government far exceeded his assailants. The proposed testimony as to previous occurrences in the neighborhood, showing popular feeling against the resistance to the reclaiming154 of fugitive slaves, was ruled out by the Court; the trial judges concurred155 that if it was any part of the Government’s case it should have been offered originally, and Judge Grier jocularly observed, “We may draw a figure from the game of whist—it would be renigging and keeping your trump156 back to the last trick.”
When the recanting witness, Harvey Scott, was called by the Government to prove that the alibi made for him was not correct, and Mr. Ashmead confidently offered him to prove that he was at the riot, Scott startled the prosecution and satisfied the defense by testifying as follows: “I gave my evidence that I was there once. I was frightened at the time I was taken up, and I said I was there, but I was not; I was proved to be there, but I was not there; they took me to Christiana, and I was frightened, and I didn’t know what to say, and I said what they told me.” He repeated this, whereupon Mr. Ashmead declared that he had been entrapped157 and asked that Scott might be committed to take his trial for perjury158, when the following colloquy159 occurred:
“Judge Grier. Poor devil, it is not worth while for the United States to do it. Let him go, and if you owe him any thing, pay him, that he may not be tempted160 to steal.
”Mr. Stevens. The truth is, that he is not right in his mind.
“Mr. J. W. Ashmead. With that explanation I am perfectly161 willing he should depart.”
[Pg 82]At the resumption of the trial on the next day there was a good deal of discussion as to what should be done about the variation in the testimony of the witness Scott. The Government had manifestly suffered from his wobbling, and intimated that he had been tampered162 with; all of which was resented by the defense, who declared that he was only a “poor miserable negro,” shallow-minded and uncertain, and that the United States having fed and clothed him for the purpose of the trial, no one representing the defense had had any access to him and the whole effect of his testimony was a matter for the jury. After again calling Dickinson Gorsuch to prove that two of his father’s slaves—Noah Buley and Joshua Hammond—were present at the shooting, the testimony closed, and it was agreed there should be not more than three speeches on either side.
The summing up began on Friday, December 5, Mr. Ludlow opening for the prosecution and discussing at length and elaborately the law of the case, and then proceeding8 to consider the strength of the Government’s testimony and the improbabilities of what had been proved on the part of the defense. Being himself a member of the Philadelphia bar, he undertook the defense of Kline, and declared that no man of bad character could have produced in his behalf the array of witnesses whom the Government had called to sustain its deputy marshal. On Saturday morning, December 6, Mr. Lewis, of West Chester, commenced to sum up for the defense. He made an exceptionally able argument both on the facts and the law of the case and reviewed the history of the two leading cases of treason which had occurred in Pennsylvania arising out of the so-called Whiskey Insurrection and the Fries rebellion. He was followed by Attorney General Brent, for the prosecution, and his speech was not concluded when Court adjourned on Saturday afternoon to meet the following Monday. It was at this session of the Court the colored prisoners were brought in clad in the uniform[Pg 83] dress which had been furnished them by sympathizing friends, and the scene that was presented is thus described by a contemporary newspaper reporter:
“On Saturday morning, December 6, when Mr. Lewis was to speak first for the prisoners and was to be followed by the Attorney General of Maryland there was a great throng37 present at the trial. The room was overcrowded with women, and Marshal Roberts was greatly embarrassed at his inability to find or to make a place for them. The special attention of the spectators was attracted to a row of colored men, seated on the north side of the room. They were cleanly in their appearance, and their heads and faces presented strong presumptive evidence that they had just escaped from the hands of the barber. These were the colored prisoners alleged to have been engaged in the treason at Christiana, and numbered twenty-four. They were all similarly attired163 wearing around their necks ‘red, white and blue scarfs.’ Lucretia Mott was at their head. This, we believe, is her first appearance in court since the trials have commenced. Her dignified164 and benevolent165 countenance ever attracts attention. Under that calm exterior166 there glows a fire, kindled167 by charity, which is as universal as it is ardent168 and enduring. She sat knitting during the entire session of the court, apparently unconscious of what was going on around her, except when some point in the testimony seemed to bear strongly against the prisoner. Then her eyes were lifted from her work, and sparkled for a moment with admiration169; but speedily relapsed into their intelligent, yet quiet and peaceful aspect. One of the colored persons, whose name is Collister Wilson, was too unwell to be brought from prison on Saturday morning. It is but just to say, that these colored men, taken together, will compare in personal appearance with an equal number of the same race taken indiscriminately from any part of the world. The two white men, Lewis and Scarlet, were also brought from prison, but occupied the rear or east end of the court[Pg 84] room. These two appeared to be between thirty and forty years of age, and judging from their garb170, do not belong to the Society of Friends, as has been generally supposed. On inquiring how it happened that the colored prisoners were all dressed alike, we were informed that they had been clothed by a committee of ladies belonging to the Abolition72 Society, who have been very attentive171 to them since they have been in prison.”
Subsequent reports of the trial indicate increased attendance, especially of “ladies dressed in Quaker garb.”
Continuing his speech on the following Monday the Attorney General waxed eloquent172 over the glories of the union and the perils173 to national peace that lay in resistance to law and in the refusal of any one section to accord to another its legal rights. He read from Webster’s speeches and Washington’s farewell address and from Judge Iredell’s charge on the trial of the Fries cases. He referred to the presence in Court by Hanway’s side of his devoted174 and affectionate wife, who it seems had sat with him during the trial. While the gallantry of the Maryland lawyer constrained175 him to express his admiration and respect for “the afflicted176 lady of this prisoner,” he warned the jury against being controlled by “the spell of that female influence which is more potent177 than the eloquence of counsel,” and contrasted the situation of Mrs. Hanway with that of Gorsuch’s wife “who, as a widow, is now mourning the loss and lover of her youth and the prop73 of her declining years.” He played upon the color of Scarlet’s name; he denounced the coroner’s inquest, lauded178 the chivalrous179 courage of Edward Gorsuch, pictured with skillful hands the combat at the Parker house and the “diabolical malice” of those who mangled180 the victim of that occasion after they had killed him. He insisted that both Lewis and Hanway had been guilty of treason and that they had incited the blacks to make armed resistance to the law of the land.
[Pg 85]To Mr. Read was assigned the responsible duty of replying immediately to Brent, which he did in a speech occupying nearly three days in the delivery and, as the reporter observes, “marked throughout by eloquence and profound learning, being a thorough and complete dissertation182 on the law of treason, and which riveted183 the attention not only of the Court and jury, but of a crowded auditory.”
It was expected that Thaddeus Stevens would follow him, and the public interest which attached to his speaking was probably greater than that attending any of the other counsel; but for some reason he declined speaking in the cause, and Mr. Read was followed by Senator Cooper, who represented not only the State of Maryland, but the Gorsuch family. He expounded184 with the ability of a profound lawyer the constitutional definition of treason and applied it to the facts of the case, which he insisted fully, amply and distinctly proved the overt185 act of treason. In the cases of contradiction between Lewis and Kline he declared that Kline was supported by the testimony of all the Maryland party, while Lewis stood alone, and Lewis was an interested and therefore discredited186 witness. His peroration187 was an earnest plea for the union and against anything that would affect its stability or endanger its peace. In Websterian strain he closed as follows: “The eyes of the world are upon the constellation188 in its banner. Its stars are the beacons189 of liberty. Let us then, for our sakes, and for the sake of liberty in other lands, guard it as the Ark of the Covenant190 was guarded of old. Let no hand deface it. Let the day never come when it shall be rent in twain; when one cluster of its stars, separated from the other and beaming in different banners, shall be borne over adverse191 and conflicting hosts; but let it remain as it now is, ‘the Flag of the union,’ still waving over the heads of united freemen, obedient to the same laws—laws supported by all, sustained by all, vindicated192 by all, in every section of the country.”
[Pg 86]The argument of the case closed with Senator Cooper’s speech and he was immediately followed by Justice Grier’s charge to the jury. After the judge had made a general exposition of the law, he paid a high tribute to the manner in which the case had been conducted on both sides by counsel. He framed the issues to be determined194 by the jury as two-fold, involving first the question as to whether Hanway participated in the offenses195 proved to have been committed, and, secondly196, if he did so, was his offence treason? In undertaking197 to vindicate193 the reputation of the people of Pennsylvania he left no doubt as to his own individual views upon the subject of the anti-slavery agitation then prevailing198, and the following extracts from his charge, which were savagely resented at the time of their utterance199 even by those who were satisfied with his legal conclusion, are reported to have been uttered in a shrill200 and piping voice, which added to the intensity201 of their expression:
“With the exception of a few individuals of perverted202 intellect, some small districts or neighborhoods whose moral atmosphere has been tainted203 and poisoned, by male and female vagrant204 lecturers and conventions, no party in politics, no sect147 of religion, nor any respectable numbers or character can be found within our borders who have viewed with approbation205 or looked with any other than feelings of abhorrence206 upon this disgraceful tragedy.
“It is not in this Hall of Independence, that meetings of infuriated fanatics207 and unprincipled demagogues have been held to counsel a bloody208 resistance to the laws of the land. It is not in this city that conventions are held denouncing the Constitution, the laws, and the Bible. It is not here that the pulpit has been desecrated209 by seditious exhortations210, teaching that theft is meritorious211, murder excusable and treason a virtue126.
“The guilt181 of this foul212 murder rests not alone on the deluded213 individuals who were its immediate117 perpetrators, but[Pg 87] the blood taints214 with even deeper dye the skirts of those who promulgated215 doctrines216 subversive217 of all morality and all government.”
He practically disposed, however, of the whole case and took its further consideration from the jury by his announced legal conclusion that the offense did not arise to that of treason. His summing up on this branch of the subject practically concluded all of the cases. It was as follows:
“Without desiring to invade the prerogatives218 of the jury in judging the facts of this case, the Court feel bound to say, that they do not think the transaction with which the prisoner is charged with being connected, rises to the dignity of treason or levying220 war. Not because the numbers or force was insufficient221. But 1st, For want of any proof of previous conspiracy to make a general and public resistance to any law of the United States. 2ndly, Because there is no evidence that any person concerned in the transaction knew there were such acts of Congress, as those with which they were charged with conspiring222 to resist by force and arms, or had any other intention than to protect one another from what they termed kidnappers (by which slang term they probably included not only actual kidnappers, but all masters and owners seeking to recapture their slaves, and the officers and agents assisting therein).
“The testimony of the prosecution shows that notice had been given that certain fugitives223 were pursued; the riot, insurrection, tumult224, or whatever you may call it, was but a sudden ‘conclamatio’ or running together, to prevent the capture of certain of their friends or companions, or to rescue them if arrested. Previous to this transaction, so far as we are informed, no attempt had been made to arrest fugitives in the neighborhood under the new act of Congress by a public officer. Heretofore arrests had been made by the owner in person, or his agent properly authorized225, or by an officer of the law. Individuals without any authority, but[Pg 88] incited by cupidity226, and the hope of obtaining the reward offered for the return of a fugitive, had heretofore undertaken to seize them by force and violence, to invade the sanctity of private dwellings227 at night, and insult the feelings and prejudices of the people. It is not to be wondered at that a people subject to such inroads, should consider odious the perpetrators of such deeds and denominate them kidnappers—and that the subjects of this treatment should have been encouraged in resisting such aggressions, where the rightful claimant could not be distinguished from the odious kidnapper107, or the fact be ascertained228 whether the person seized, deported229 or stolen in this manner, was a free man or a slave. But the existence of such feelings is no evidence of a determination or conspiracy by the people to publicly resist any legislation of Congress, or levy219 war against the United States. That in consequence of such excitement, such an outrage129 should have been committed, is deeply to be deplored230. That the persons engaged in it are guilty of aggravated231 riot and murder cannot be denied. But riot and murder are offences against the State Government. It would be a dangerous precedent232 for the Court and jury in this case to extend the crime of treason by construction to doubtful cases.”
Having thus practically disposed of the case Mr. Justice Grier praised the U. S. Attorney and the counsel for Maryland for their zeal119 and ability, and intimated that the duty of punishing “the perpetrators of this outrage” might be transferred to the courts of Lancaster County, where the activity and zeal of its law officers gave assurance that their duty would be performed with all fidelity.
After the Judge’s charge the jury retired233 to deliberate at the American House where they were lodged. They returned in fifteen minutes and rendered a verdict of “Not Guilty,” which announcement was received by the large audience present “in a becoming manner”; the propriety234 of[Pg 89] their conduct is ascribed to the fact that the Judge’s charge forecast the verdict.
John M. Read afterwards said some of the jurymen informed him they were ready to acquit235 before the defense opened.
On motion of District Attorney Ashmead, and in consideration of the ordeal236 through which Castner Hanway had just passed, four other bills against him for misdemeanor were non prossed and he was discharged from custody237 and from all further prosecution in the Federal Courts. The charge of treason against Elijah Lewis was withdrawn238, and he and Samuel Williams were admitted to bail239 in $2,000 on four other indictments240 pending241 against them. Hanway and Lewis were brought to Lancaster on Friday afternoon, December 12th, and held by Associate Judge Vondersmith in $1,000 bail each, “to answer any charge that might be brought against them.”
There was a later proceeding in which all the other bills for treason were non prossed; and the proposed transfer of the prisoners to Lancaster County was announced by the District Attorney. Mr. Read brought to the attention of the Court the subject of the United States paying the expenses of the Hanway witnesses; for which there was a precedent in Aaron Burr’s case. The subject was fully argued December 19th; and Judge Kane filed an opinion refusing to tax these costs against the Government and dismissing Hanway’s petition.
Subsequently a petition to Congress, of which the following is a copy, was circulated and signed by the defendants, but it availed nothing:
“TO THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES:
“The Petition of
Citizens of the State of Penna., respectfully represents; That Whereas in the month of September 1851 a Riot occurred in the vicinity of the residence of your petitioners242, generally known as the[Pg 90] ‘Christiana Riot,’ and your petitioners repairing to the scene of disturbance243 without any evil intentions, but to prevent violence, were arrested by persons acting244 for the United States, and charged with the highest crimes known to our Laws, and thrown into prison, where they were detained many months and subjected to great expense in making preparations to meet those charges, whereby their estates were wasted, their minds harassed245 to the verge246 of insanity247, and their health impaired248, till premature249 decrepitude250 is the consequence, after which they were discharged without a hearing, thereby251 tacitly admitting the charges were groundless, having incurred252 an expense of many thousand dollars.
“Your petitioners therefore pray you the honorable representatives of the most magnanimous nation of the earth, to grant us some relief from our embarrassments253, and we will ever pray, etc.”
Thus ended the Treason Trials of 1851.
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arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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abiding
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| adj.永久的，持久的，不变的 | |
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perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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perusing
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| v.读（某篇文字）( peruse的现在分词 )；（尤指）细阅；审阅；匆匆读或心不在焉地浏览（某篇文字） | |
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undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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sincerity
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| n.真诚，诚意；真实 | |
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premier
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| adj.首要的；n.总理，首相 | |
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investigation
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| n.调查，调查研究 | |
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prosecute
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| vt.告发；进行；vi.告发，起诉，作检察官 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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fugitive
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| adj.逃亡的，易逝的；n.逃犯，逃亡者 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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expediency
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| n.适宜；方便；合算；利己 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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miscarriage
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| n.失败，未达到预期的结果；流产 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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notably
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| adv.值得注意地，显著地，尤其地，特别地 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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consecrated
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| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
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fixtures
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| （房屋等的）固定装置( fixture的名词复数 )； 如（浴盆、抽水马桶）； 固定在某位置的人或物； （定期定点举行的）体育活动 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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adjourned
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| （使）休会， （使）休庭( adjourn的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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narrative
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| n.叙述，故事；adj.叙事的，故事体的 | |
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memoranda
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| n. 备忘录, 便条 名词memorandum的复数形式 | |
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Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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defendant
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| n.被告；adj.处于被告地位的 | |
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bucks
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| n.雄鹿( buck的名词复数 )；钱；（英国十九世纪初的）花花公子；（用于某些表达方式）责任v.（马等）猛然弓背跃起( buck的第三人称单数 )；抵制；猛然震荡；马等尥起后蹄跳跃 | |
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48
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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49
chestnut
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| n.栗树，栗子 | |
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50
democrat
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| n.民主主义者，民主人士；民主党党员 | |
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51
chunk
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| n.厚片，大块，相当大的部分（数量） | |
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52
beaver
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| n.海狸，河狸 | |
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53
walnut
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| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
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54
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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55
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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56
vertigo
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| n.眩晕 | |
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57
conspicuous
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| adj.明眼的，惹人注目的；炫耀的，摆阔气的 | |
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58
treasurer
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| n.司库，财务主管 | |
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59
marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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60
fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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61
biased
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| a.有偏见的 | |
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62
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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63
scruples
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| n.良心上的不安( scruple的名词复数 )；顾虑，顾忌v.感到于心不安，有顾忌( scruple的第三人称单数 ) | |
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64
Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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65
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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66
offense
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| n.犯规，违法行为；冒犯，得罪 | |
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67
miller
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| n.磨坊主 | |
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68
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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69
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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70
locust
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| n.蝗虫；洋槐，刺槐 | |
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71
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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72
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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73
prop
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| vt.支撑；n.支柱，支撑物；支持者，靠山 | |
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74
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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75
defendants
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| 被告( defendant的名词复数 ) | |
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76
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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77
scotch
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|
| n.伤口，刻痕；苏格兰威士忌酒；v.粉碎，消灭，阻止；adj.苏格兰(人)的 | |
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78
writs
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| n.书面命令，令状( writ的名词复数 ) | |
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79
sarcastic
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| adj.讥讽的，讽刺的，嘲弄的 | |
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80
atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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81
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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82
protracted
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| adj.拖延的；延长的v.拖延“protract”的过去式和过去分词 | |
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83
corroborating
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的现在分词 ) | |
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84
averring
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| v.断言( aver的现在分词 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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85
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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86
cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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87
accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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88
accusations
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| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
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89
intimidated
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| v.恐吓；威胁adj.害怕的；受到威胁的 | |
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90
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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91
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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92
valor
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| n.勇气，英勇 | |
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93
corroborate
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| v.支持，证实，确定 | |
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94
corroborated
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| v.证实，支持（某种说法、信仰、理论等）( corroborate的过去式 ) | |
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95
runaways
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| （轻而易举的）胜利( runaway的名词复数 ) | |
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96
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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97
junction
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| n.连接，接合；交叉点，接合处，枢纽站 | |
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98
disperse
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| vi.使分散；使消失；vt.分散；驱散 | |
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99
creek
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| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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100
hitched
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| （免费）搭乘他人之车( hitch的过去式和过去分词 )； 搭便车； 攀上； 跃上 | |
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101
savagely
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| adv. 野蛮地，残酷地 | |
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102
disclaimed
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| v.否认( disclaim的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
incited
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| 刺激，激励，煽动( incite的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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104
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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105
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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106
thigh
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| n.大腿；股骨 | |
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107
kidnapper
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| n.绑架者，拐骗者 | |
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108
kidnappers
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| n.拐子，绑匪( kidnapper的名词复数 ) | |
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109
elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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110
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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111
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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112
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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113
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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114
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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115
trepidation
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| n.惊恐，惶恐 | |
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116
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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117
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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118
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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119
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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120
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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121
commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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122
plighted
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| vt.保证，约定（plight的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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123
extolled
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| v.赞颂，赞扬，赞美( extol的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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124
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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125
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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126
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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127
agitation
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| n.搅动；搅拌；鼓动，煽动 | |
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128
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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129
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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130
outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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131
ridiculed
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| v.嘲笑，嘲弄，奚落( ridicule的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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132
miserable
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| adj.悲惨的，痛苦的；可怜的，糟糕的 | |
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133
muskets
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| n.火枪，（尤指）滑膛枪( musket的名词复数 ) | |
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134
nag
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| v.(对…)不停地唠叨；n.爱唠叨的人 | |
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135
levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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136
pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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137
latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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138
reclaimed
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| adj.再生的；翻造的；收复的；回收的v.开拓( reclaim的过去式和过去分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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139
reclaim
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| v.要求归还，收回；开垦 | |
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140
technically
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| adv.专门地，技术上地 | |
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141
odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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142
recital
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| n.朗诵，独奏会，独唱会 | |
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143
indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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144
defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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145
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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146
repudiate
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| v.拒绝，拒付，拒绝履行 | |
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147
sect
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| n.派别，宗教，学派，派系 | |
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148
rehabilitate
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| vt.改造(罪犯)，修复；vi.复兴，(罪犯)经受改造 | |
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149
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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150
reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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151
avowing
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| v.公开声明，承认( avow的现在分词 ) | |
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152
alibi
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| n.某人当时不在犯罪现场的申辩或证明；借口 | |
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153
veracity
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| n.诚实 | |
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154
reclaiming
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| v.开拓( reclaim的现在分词 )；要求收回；从废料中回收（有用的材料）；挽救 | |
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155
concurred
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| 同意（concur的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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156
trump
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| n.王牌，法宝；v.打出王牌，吹喇叭 | |
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157
entrapped
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| v.使陷入圈套，使入陷阱( entrap的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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158
perjury
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| n.伪证；伪证罪 | |
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159
colloquy
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| n.谈话，自由讨论 | |
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160
tempted
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| v.怂恿（某人）干不正当的事；冒…的险（tempt的过去分词） | |
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161
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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162
tampered
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| v.窜改( tamper的过去式 )；篡改；（用不正当手段）影响；瞎摆弄 | |
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163
attired
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| adj.穿着整齐的v.使穿上衣服，使穿上盛装( attire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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164
dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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165
benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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166
exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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167
kindled
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| （使某物）燃烧，着火( kindle的过去式和过去分词 )； 激起（感情等）； 发亮，放光 | |
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168
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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169
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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170
garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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171
attentive
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| adj.注意的，专心的；关心(别人)的，殷勤的 | |
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172
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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173
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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174
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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175
constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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176
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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178
lauded
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| v.称赞，赞美( laud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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179
chivalrous
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| adj.武士精神的；对女人彬彬有礼的 | |
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180
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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181
guilt
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| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
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182
dissertation
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| n.（博士学位）论文，学术演讲，专题论文 | |
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183
riveted
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| 铆接( rivet的过去式和过去分词 )； 把…固定住； 吸引； 引起某人的注意 | |
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184
expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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185
overt
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| adj.公开的，明显的，公然的 | |
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186
discredited
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| 不足信的，不名誉的 | |
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187
peroration
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| n.（演说等之）结论 | |
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188
constellation
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| n.星座n.灿烂的一群 | |
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189
beacons
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| 灯塔( beacon的名词复数 )； 烽火； 指路明灯； 无线电台或发射台 | |
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190
covenant
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| n.盟约，契约；v.订盟约 | |
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191
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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192
vindicated
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| v.澄清（某人/某事物）受到的责难或嫌疑( vindicate的过去式和过去分词 )；表明或证明（所争辩的事物）属实、正当、有效等；维护 | |
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193
vindicate
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| v.为…辩护或辩解，辩明；证明…正确 | |
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194
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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195
offenses
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| n.进攻( offense的名词复数 )；（球队的）前锋；进攻方法；攻势 | |
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196
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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197
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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198
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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199
utterance
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| n.用言语表达，话语，言语 | |
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200
shrill
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| adj.尖声的；刺耳的；v尖叫 | |
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201
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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202
perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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203
tainted
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| adj.腐坏的；污染的；沾污的；感染的v.使变质( taint的过去式和过去分词 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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204
vagrant
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| n.流浪者，游民；adj.流浪的，漂泊不定的 | |
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205
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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206
abhorrence
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| n.憎恶；可憎恶的事 | |
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207
fanatics
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| 狂热者，入迷者( fanatic的名词复数 ) | |
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208
bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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209
desecrated
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| 毁坏或亵渎( desecrate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exhortations
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| n.敦促( exhortation的名词复数 )；极力推荐；（正式的）演讲；（宗教仪式中的）劝诫 | |
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meritorious
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| adj.值得赞赏的 | |
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212
foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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deluded
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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214
taints
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| n.变质( taint的名词复数 )；污染；玷污；丑陋或腐败的迹象v.使变质( taint的第三人称单数 )；使污染；败坏；被污染，腐坏，败坏 | |
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promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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216
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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subversive
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| adj.颠覆性的，破坏性的；n.破坏份子，危险份子 | |
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218
prerogatives
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| n.权利( prerogative的名词复数 )；特权；大主教法庭；总督委任组成的法庭 | |
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219
levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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220
levying
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| 征（兵）( levy的现在分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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221
insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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222
conspiring
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| 密谋( conspire的现在分词 )； 搞阴谋； （事件等）巧合； 共同导致 | |
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223
fugitives
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| n.亡命者，逃命者( fugitive的名词复数 ) | |
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224
tumult
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| n.喧哗；激动，混乱；吵闹 | |
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225
authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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226
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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227
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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228
ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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229
deported
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| v.将…驱逐出境( deport的过去式和过去分词 )；举止 | |
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230
deplored
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| v.悲叹，痛惜，强烈反对( deplore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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231
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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232
precedent
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| n.先例，前例；惯例；adj.在前的，在先的 | |
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233
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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234
propriety
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| n.正当行为；正当；适当 | |
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235
acquit
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| vt.宣判无罪；(oneself)使(自己)表现出 | |
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236
ordeal
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| n.苦难经历，（尤指对品格、耐力的）严峻考验 | |
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237
custody
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| n.监护，照看，羁押，拘留 | |
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238
withdrawn
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| vt.收回；使退出；vi.撤退，退出 | |
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239
bail
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| v.舀（水），保释；n.保证金，保释，保释人 | |
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240
indictments
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| n.（制度、社会等的）衰败迹象( indictment的名词复数 )；刑事起诉书；公诉书；控告 | |
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241
pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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242
petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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243
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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244
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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245
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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246
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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247
insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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248
impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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249
premature
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| adj.比预期时间早的；不成熟的，仓促的 | |
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250
decrepitude
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| n.衰老；破旧 | |
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251
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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252
incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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253
embarrassments
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| n.尴尬( embarrassment的名词复数 )；难堪；局促不安；令人难堪或耻辱的事 | |
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