At the depot6 was Frank C., an old chum of Washington "germans," in the new dress of first sergeant7 of a Georgia battery. He was rushing a carload of company property to Richmond, and was as eager as I and the Crescents to get to that goal. So, between us, the railroad superintendent8 was badgered into an extra engine; and, mounting Frank's triumphal car, we bumped away from fellow travelers, wandering dolefully through the mud in vain attempt at time-killing until the evening train. That freight-car—piled as it was with ammunition9, wheels and harness—was a Godsend, after the past three days. Cicero, Frank's ancient and black Man Friday, dispensed10 hot coffee and huge hunks of bread and ham; and a violin and two good voices among the Crescents made the time skim along far faster than since starting.
"How is it you haven't your commission?" one of the Creoles asked the Georgian. "When we parted at Montgomery it was promised you."
"Pledges are not commissions, though," was the careless reply. "I got tired of waiting the Secretary's caprices, when there was real work to be done; so one day I went to the War Department and demanded either my sheepskin, or a positive refusal. I got only more promises; so I told the Sec. I needed no charity from the government, but would present it with a company! Then, to be as good as my word, I sold some cotton and some stock, equipped this company and—voila tout11!"
"But you are not commanding your company?"
"Couldn't do it, you see. Wouldn't let the boys elect me an officer and have the Sec. think I had bought my commission! But, old fellow, I'll win it before the month is out; and, if God spares me, mother shall call her boy Colonel Frank, before Christmas!"
Poor Frank! Before the hoped-for day his bones were bleaching12 in front of Fort Magruder. One morning the retreat from Yorktown—a pitiful roadside skirmish—a bullet in his brain—and the tramp of McClellan's advancing hosts packed the fresh sods over his grave, herois monumentum! He was one of many, but no truer heart or readier hand were stilled in all the war.
Passing out of the cut through the high bluff13, just across the "Jeems" river bridge, Richmond burst beautifully into view; spreading panorama-like over her swelling14 hills, with the evening sun gilding15 simple houses and towering spires16 alike into a glory. The city follows the curve of the river, seated on amphitheatric hills, retreating from its banks; fringes of dense18 woods shading their slopes, or making blue background against the sky. No city of the South has grander or more picturesque19 approach; and now—as the slant20 rays of the sun kissed her a loving good-night—nothing in the view hinted of war to come, but all of holy peace.
Just here the James narrows its bed between high banks, and for some three miles—from Hollywood cemetery21 down to "Rockett's" landing—the shallow current dashes over its rocky bed with the force and chafe22 of a mountain torrent23; now swirling24, churned into foamy26 rapids, again gliding27 swiftly smooth around larger patches of islands that dot its surface. On the right hand hills, behind us, rises the suburb village of Manchester, already of considerable importance as a milling town; and the whole coup28 d'?il—from the shining heights of Chimborazo to the green slopes of the city of the silent, the grim, gray old capitol as a centerpiece—makes a Claud landscape that admits no thought of the bloody29 future!
The railroad bridge—then a frail30, giddy structure, wide enough for a track and footway—spans near a mile across the boiling current. From the car-platform, the treetops far below and the rugged31, foam25-crowned rocks look inhospitably distant. I have whirled round the high trestles on the Baltimore & Ohio when the work swayed and rattled32 under the heavy train, threatening each moment to hurl33 us down the precipitous mountain into the black, rocky bed of the Cheat, hundreds of feet below; have dashed at speed round steep grades hewn in the solid rock, where the sharp, jagged peaks rose a thousand feet beneath us; and I have raced in pitchy nights on the western rivers in tinder-box boats, that seemed shaking to pieces away from their red-hot furnaces; but I do not recall any piece of travel that gave the same sense of the instability of railroad affairs as that James river bridge.
The city was thoroughly34 jammed—its ordinary population of forty thousand swelled35 to three times that number by the sudden pressure. Of course, all the Government, with its thousand employés, had come on; and in addition, all the loose population along the railroad over which it had passed seemed to have clung to and been rolled into Richmond with it. Not only did this mania36 seize the wealthier and well-to-do classes, but the queerest costumes of the inland corners of Georgia and Tennessee disported37 themselves with perfect composure at hotels and on the streets. Besides, from ten to fifteen thousand troops were always collected, as a general rendezvous38, before assignment to one of the important points—Norfolk, the Peninsula, or the Potomac lines. Although these were in camp out of town, their officers and men thronged39 the streets from daylight to dark, on business or pleasure bent40; and the variety of uniforms—from the butternut of the Georgia private to the three stars of the flash colonel—broke the monotony of the streets pleasingly to the eye.
Hotel accommodations in Richmond were always small and plain, and now they were all overflowing41. The Spotswood, Exchange and American held beds at a high premium42 in the parlors43, halls and even on the billiard-tables. All the lesser44 houses were equally packed, and crowds of guests stood hungrily round the dining-room doors at meal-times, watching and scrambling45 for vacated seats. It was a clear case of "devil take the hindmost," for their cuisine46 decreased in quantity and quality in exact ratio to augmentation of their custom. The Richmond hotels, always mediocre47, were now wretched. Such a thing as a clean room, a hot steak, or an answered bell were not to be bought by flagrant bribery48. I would fain believe that all concerned did their best; but rapid influx49 absolutely overwhelmed them; and resources of the neighboring country—ample to support one-third the numbers now collected—were quickly exhausted50 under suddenly tripled demand. No transportation for private supplies was available in the overtaxed condition of the railroads; so the strangers, perforce, had to "grin and bear it," dry soever as the grin might be. Private boarding-houses sprang up like mushrooms on every block; bereaved51 relicts and ambitious spinsterhood equally clutching the chance to turn an honest penny. And naturally, ordinary trials of boarding-house life were aggravated52 by circumstance. Discomfort53 of the hotels was great enough; but, desiccated into the boarding-house can, it became simply unendurable. In this strait many private families were induced to open their doors to the better class of strangers; and gradually the whole dense population settled down, wedged into comparative quiet. Happily, my lines fell in these pleasanter places; and, whatever the unavoidable trials, it were base ingratitude54 in an experimental pilgrim among the mail-bags to indite55 a new Jeremiad56 thereon.
Suites57 of rooms had been reserved at the Spotswood hotel for the President and some of his Cabinet; so that house naturally became headquarters. Mr. Davis' office, the "Cabinet-room" with the State and Treasury58 Departments were located in the custom-house; and the other bureaux of the Government were relegated59 to the "Mechanics' Institute," an ungainly pile of bricks, formerly60 used as library and lecture-rooms.
The State of Virginia, though not at all on pleasure bent in inviting61 the Government to her capital, had yet been of frugal62 enough mind not to commence preparations in advance of acceptance; and the hejira followed so swiftly upon it that we plumped down into their very midst. Miss Bremer—who declared Alexandria entirely63 finished because she never heard the sound of a hammer—would have been more than amused at Richmond. The great halls of the Institute were cutting up into offices, with deafening64 clatter65, day and night; and one of the Cabinet secretaries—who did not exhibit, if indeed he possessed66, that aspiration67 ascribed to the devil when ill—swore himself almost to a shadow.
Both these public offices faced upon Capitol Square; a large, iron-fenced space, beautifully undulating and with walks winding68 under grand old trees. On the central hill stood the old State Capitol, picturesque from the river, but grimly dirty on close inspection69. It is a plain, quadrangular construction, with Grecian pediment and columns on its south front and broad flights of steps leading to its side porticoes70. Below were the halls of the legislature, now turned over to the Confederate States Congress; and in the small rotunda71 connecting them stood Houdon's celebrated72 statue of Washington—a simple but majestic73 figure in marble, ordered by Dr. Franklin from the French sculptor74 in 1785—of which Virginians are justly proud. In the cool, vaulted75 basement were the State officials; and above the halls the offices of the governor and the State library. That collection, while lacking many modern works, held some rare and valuable editions. It was presided over by the gentlest and most courteous76 littérateur of the South. Many a bedeviled and ambitious public man may still recall his quiet, modest aid, in strong contrast to the brusquerie and "insolence77 of office," too much the general rule; and his touching78, heart-born poems were familiar at every southern hearth79 and camp-fireside. Soon after, the familiar voice of friendship was dulled to him—exul patri?—by the boom of the broad Atlantic; and now his bones rest far away from those alcoves80 and their classic dust.
John R. Thompson, the editor of the famous "Southern Literary Messenger," went to London to edit "The Index," established in the never-relinquished hope of influencing European opinion. On reaching New York, when the cause he loved was lost, the staunch friendship of Richard Henry Stoddard and the appreciation81 of William Cullen Bryant found him congenial work on "The Post." But the sensitive spirit was broken; a few brief years saw the end, and only a green memory is left to those who loved, even without knowing, the purest southern poet.
From the roof of the Capitol is had the finest view of Richmond, the surrounding country lying like a map for a radius82 of twenty miles. Only from this bird's-eye view can a perfect idea be gained of the elevation83 of the city, perched above a rolling country—its stretches of meadowland below cut by the valley of the James; the river stealing in sluggish85, molten silver through it, or heaving up inland into bold, tree-bearded hills, high enough to take the light from the clouds on their tops, as a halo. Far northward86 alternate swells87 of light and depressions of shadow among the hills; the far-off horizon making a girdle of purple light, blended into the blue of undefined woods. On clear days, a splendid ozone88 fills the air at that high perch84, the picture having, as far as the eye can travel, stereoscopic clearness.
Immediately beneath lies the Square; its winding walks, rare old trees and rich sweep of sod filled with children, so full of enjoyment89 that one is half-minded to drop down and roll over the grass with them. On the central walk, midway between the Capitol and St. Paul's church, stands Crawford's equestrian90 Washington in bronze, resting upon a circular base and pedestal of plain granite91, in which are bases for statues of the mighty92 Virginians of the past. Only the three southern ones were now occupied; but those figures—Jefferson, Mason and Henry—were accepted as surpassing in merit the central work. The Washington is imposing93 in size and position, but its art is open to criticism. The horse is exaggeration of pose and muscle; being equally strained, though not rampant94, as that inopportune charger on which Clark Mills perched General Jackson, at the national Capital. Nor is this "first in peace" by any means "the first" on horseback; the figure being theatric rather than dignified95, and the extended arm more gymnastic than statuesque.
An irate96 senator once told the august body he addressed that it was a warning to them—"pointing straight to the penitentiary97!" So, as a whole, the group, if not thoroughly classic, may be admirably useful.
From Capitol Square, open, wide streets—neatly built up and meeting each other at right angles—stretch away on all sides; an occasional spire17 or dome98, and frequent houses larger than the rest, breaking the monotony. Below, toward the river, lie the basins, docks and rows of warehouses99; and further still is the landing, "Rockett's," the head of river navigation, above which no vessels100 of any size can come. Just under the Capitol—to the East—stands the governor's house, a plain, substantial mansion101 of the olden time, embosomed in trees and flower-beds. Further off, in the same line, rise the red and ragged102 slopes of Church Hill. It takes its name from the old church in which Patrick Henry made his celebrated speech—a structure still in pretty good preservation103. And still further away—opposite the vanishing point of the water view—are seen the green tops of Chimborazo Heights and Howard's Grove—hospital sites, whose names have been graven upon the hearts of all southern people by the mordant104 of sorrow!
Just across the river, to the South, the white and scattered105 village of Manchester is prettily106 relieved against the green slopes on which it sits. There the bridge cuts the shining chafe of the river like a black wire; and just under it, the wind sighs softly in the treetops of Belle107 Isle108, afterward109 to become so famous in the newspaper annals of the North, as a prison for the union soldiers captured in the long struggle for the city.
Far to the west, higher shafts110 of Hollywood Cemetery gleam among the trees; and the rapids, dancing down in the sunlight, break away into a broader sheet of foam around its point. Except, perhaps, "Bonnie Venture" (Buona Ventura), at Savannah, there is no site for a cemetery in the South, naturally so picturesque and at the same time solemn, as this. Rising from comparatively level ground in the rear, it swells and undulates in a series of gentle hills to the river, that embraces it on three sides. Rows of magnificent old trees in many places arch quite across the walk—giving, even at midday, a half-twilight—and the sigh of the river breeze in their tops, mingling111 with the constant roar of the rapids, seems to sing a Te Deum for the dead. The graves are simple and unpretending—only an occasional column of any prominence112 rearing itself above the humbler surroundings.
On a hill—just behind the point where the river curves round the extreme point—rest the ashes of Monroe, enclosed in a large and ornate mausoleum, where they were laid when escorted south by the New York Seventh Regiment113. That escort was treated with all the generous hospitality Virginia can so well use; and numerous and deep were the oaths of amity114 between the citizen-soldiers. Though the Seventh were not notoriously deadly, in the war that followed, only the shortest of memories—or, indeed, the most glowing of patriotism—could have erased116 the brother-love, then and there bumpered down!
Under the hills of the cemetery—the dirty, dull canal creeping between them—stand the buildings, dam and powerful pumps of the water service; ordinarily more than adequate for all uses. Usually, the water was pure and clear; but when heavy rains washed the river lands, the "noble Jeems" rushed by with an unsavory and dingy117 current, that might have shamed the yellow Tiber and rivaled the Nile itself. Sometimes the weary and worn patriot115 took his whisky and mud, thick enough to demand a fork; and for days
"The water is muddy and dank
As ever a company pumped."
The outskirts118 of Richmond are belted by bold crests119, near enough, together to form a chain of natural forts. These were now fortifying120; the son of wealth, the son of Erin and the son of Ham laboring122 in perspiration123 and in peace side by side. Later these forts did good turn, during cavalry124 raids, when the city was uncovered and the garrison125 but nominal126.
Gamble's hill, a pretty but steep slope, cuts the river west of the bridge. Rising above its curves, from the Capitol view-point, are the slate-roofed Tredegar Works; their tall chimneys puffing127 endless black smoke against the sunshine, which reflects it, a livid green, upon the white foam of the rapids. So potent128 a factor in the aggressive power of the Confederacy was this foundry that it overtopped the regular government agencies. When the war began, this was the only rolling-mill of great capacity, of which the South could boast; the only one, indeed, capable of casting heavy guns. Almost the first decisive act of Virginia was to prevent, by seizure129, the delivery to United States officers of some guns cast for them by the Tredegar Works; and, from that day, there were no more earnest and energetic workers for the cause of southern independence than the firm of Jos. R. Anderson & Co. It was said, at this time, that the firm was in financial straits. But it thrived so well on government patronage—spite of sundry130 boards to consider if army and navy work was not paid for at ruinously low rates—that it greatly increased in size; added to its utility by importations of costly131 machinery132, through the blockade; stood loss of one-third of its buildings, by fire; used a ship of its own for importation; and, at the close of the struggle, was in better condition than at the commencement. The senior partner was, for a time, in the field at head of his brigade; but affairs were so well managed, in the interval133, by the Messrs. Tanner—father and son, who were partners with General Anderson—that his absence was not appreciable134 in the work.
It was at the Tredegar Works that the famous "Brooke gun"—a rifled 7-inch—was cast, tested and perfected. Here the plates for the iron-clads, in almost all southern waters, were rolled or made ready for use. Here heavy ordnance135 for the forts was cast, together with shells and shot; and here the torpedoes—sometimes so effective, and usually so useless—were contrived136 and made. Indeed, the Tredegar Works so greatly aided the Confederacy, that the lengthening137 of the war may be, in large measure, attributed to their capacity, and to the able zeal138 with which they were managed.
So great and effective an agent could not fail to receive, from the Richmond government, every aid in obtainance of supplies, labor121 and transportation. "The Works" had mines, mills and pork-packeries in various sections of the South; thus obtaining coal and metals, as well as food—at reduced rates, within reach of their wages—for an army of employés. So great was the necessary number of these—whites, skilled, in labor—that even closest conscription left the junior of the firm a full battalion139 of infantry140. This, drilled and equipped from his own shops, Major Tanner led in person, when raids or other straits made their soldiering paramount141 to other occupation. And—even when greatest scarcity142 of provisions came—the agents of "the Works" proceeded with those of the commissary of the Confederacy, pari passu.
An odd incident, coming to mind just here, will point the general estimate of the importance of the Tredegar Works. A special train was crossing the bridge, en route for Petersburg, at a time when transportation was rare. A huge negro, blacker than the soot143 upon his face, sat placidly144 on the platform of the rear car.
"What are you doing here?" was asked by the officer in charge.
"Rid'n' t' Petesbug," was the placid145 reply.
"Have you paid your fare?"
"Don' got nun146 t' pay, boss. Rides onner pass, I does!"
"Work for the government?"—this rather impatiently.
Ebo rolled his eyes, with expression of deep disgust, as he responded, grandly:
"No—sah! Fur t'uther consarn!"
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1
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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depot
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| n.仓库，储藏处；公共汽车站；火车站 | |
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sergeant
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| n.警官，中士 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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dispensed
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| v.分配( dispense的过去式和过去分词 )；施与；配（药） | |
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tout
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| v.推销，招徕；兜售；吹捧，劝诱 | |
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12
bleaching
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| 漂白法，漂白 | |
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bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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14
swelling
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| n.肿胀 | |
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gilding
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| n.贴金箔，镀金 | |
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spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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dense
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| a.密集的，稠密的，浓密的；密度大的 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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slant
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| v.倾斜，倾向性地编写或报道；n.斜面，倾向 | |
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cemetery
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| n.坟墓，墓地，坟场 | |
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chafe
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| v.擦伤；冲洗；惹怒 | |
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torrent
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| n.激流，洪流；爆发，(话语等的)连发 | |
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swirling
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| v.旋转，打旋( swirl的现在分词 ) | |
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foam
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| v./n.泡沫，起泡沫 | |
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foamy
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| adj.全是泡沫的，泡沫的，起泡沫的 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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coup
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| n.政变；突然而成功的行动 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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rattled
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| 慌乱的，恼火的 | |
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hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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35
swelled
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| 增强( swell的过去式和过去分词 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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mania
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| n.疯狂；躁狂症，狂热，癖好 | |
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disported
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| v.嬉戏，玩乐，自娱( disport的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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overflowing
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| n. 溢出物,溢流 adj. 充沛的，充满的 动词overflow的现在分词形式 | |
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42
premium
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| n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的 | |
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parlors
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| 客厅( parlor的名词复数 )； 起居室； （旅馆中的）休息室； （通常用来构成合成词）店 | |
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lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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45
scrambling
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的现在分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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cuisine
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| n.烹调，烹饪法 | |
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mediocre
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| adj.平常的，普通的 | |
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bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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influx
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| n.流入，注入 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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51
bereaved
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| adj.刚刚丧失亲人的v.使失去（希望、生命等）( bereave的过去式和过去分词)；（尤指死亡）使丧失（亲人、朋友等）；使孤寂；抢走（财物） | |
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52
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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53
discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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ingratitude
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| n.忘恩负义 | |
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55
indite
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| v.写（文章，信等）创作 | |
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56
jeremiad
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| n.悲欢；悲诉 | |
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57
suites
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| n.套( suite的名词复数 )；一套房间；一套家具；一套公寓 | |
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58
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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59
relegated
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| v.使降级( relegate的过去式和过去分词 )；使降职；转移；把…归类 | |
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60
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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61
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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62
frugal
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| adj.节俭的，节约的，少量的，微量的 | |
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63
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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64
deafening
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| adj. 振耳欲聋的, 极喧闹的 动词deafen的现在分词形式 | |
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65
clatter
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| v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声 | |
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66
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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67
aspiration
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| n.志向，志趣抱负；渴望；(语)送气音；吸出 | |
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68
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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69
inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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70
porticoes
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| n.柱廊，（有圆柱的）门廊( portico的名词复数 ) | |
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71
rotunda
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| n.圆形建筑物；圆厅 | |
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72
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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73
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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sculptor
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| n.雕刻家，雕刻家 | |
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75
vaulted
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| adj.拱状的 | |
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76
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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77
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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78
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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79
hearth
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| n.壁炉炉床，壁炉地面 | |
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80
alcoves
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| n.凹室( alcove的名词复数 )；（花园）凉亭；僻静处；壁龛 | |
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81
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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82
radius
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| n.半径，半径范围；有效航程，范围，界限 | |
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83
elevation
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| n.高度；海拔；高地；上升；提高 | |
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84
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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85
sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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86
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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87
swells
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| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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88
ozone
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| n.臭氧，新鲜空气 | |
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89
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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90
equestrian
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| adj.骑马的；n.马术 | |
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91
granite
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| adj.花岗岩，花岗石 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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93
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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rampant
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| adj.(植物)蔓生的；狂暴的，无约束的 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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96
irate
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| adj.发怒的，生气 | |
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97
penitentiary
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| n.感化院；监狱 | |
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98
dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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99
warehouses
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| 仓库，货栈( warehouse的名词复数 ) | |
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100
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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101
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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102
ragged
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| adj.衣衫褴褛的，粗糙的，刺耳的 | |
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103
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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104
mordant
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| adj.讽刺的；尖酸的 | |
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105
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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106
prettily
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| adv.优美地；可爱地 | |
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107
belle
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| n.靓女 | |
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108
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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109
afterward
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| adv.后来；以后 | |
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110
shafts
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| n.轴( shaft的名词复数 )；（箭、高尔夫球棒等的）杆；通风井；一阵（疼痛、害怕等） | |
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111
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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112
prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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113
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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114
amity
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| n.友好关系 | |
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115
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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116
erased
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| v.擦掉( erase的过去式和过去分词 )；抹去；清除 | |
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117
dingy
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| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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118
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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119
crests
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| v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的第三人称单数 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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120
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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121
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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122
laboring
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| n.劳动，操劳v.努力争取(for)( labor的现在分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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123
perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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124
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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125
garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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126
nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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127
puffing
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| v.使喷出( puff的现在分词 )；喷着汽（或烟）移动；吹嘘；吹捧 | |
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128
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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129
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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130
sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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131
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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132
machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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133
interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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134
appreciable
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| adj.明显的，可见的，可估量的，可觉察的 | |
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135
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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136
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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137
lengthening
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| （时间或空间）延长，伸长( lengthen的现在分词 )； 加长 | |
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138
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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139
battalion
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| n.营；部队；大队(的人) | |
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140
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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141
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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142
scarcity
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| n.缺乏，不足，萧条 | |
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143
soot
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| n.煤烟，烟尘；vt.熏以煤烟 | |
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144
placidly
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| adv.平稳地，平静地 | |
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145
placid
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| adj.安静的，平和的 | |
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146
nun
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| n.修女，尼姑 | |
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