Shelley
It was with something like the pain of a personal parting that we bade farewell to Mshatta. Our friends, too, were breaking up camp this 7th of October, and as the German flags were saluted1 before being taken down, we realised to the full, as sometimes happens, that here was one of those moments in life which could never recur2; that our joy in the marvellous beauty of the spot, in the indefinable fusion3 of Art and Nature, was such as we could never repeat. The swallows, who had made their home in the ruined palace, would soon dart4 and skim in consciousness of sole possession; the lizards5, when the sun became hot, would bask6 upon the wall as they had basked7 a thousand years; the gazelles would wander fearlessly around at sunset, all would be as before, except where man had left his imprimatur, the scar of death and destruction that follows his tracks across the face of {94} Nature. The very dogs had gone already: the foolish puppy, with its woolly coat, the beautiful tawny8 deerhound, more light limbed, more fleet than ours, in proportion as the gazelle, his prey9, exceeds our moorland deer in swiftness and in grace. The dream was past, "so sleeping, so aroused from sleep," we were on one of those tablelands of life from which no change was possible but descent to the commonplace of every day. We had seen the pale moonlight on the palace walls, the purple hills we might never hope to cross; we had had visions of an enchanted11 world we might never see; we had had glimpses of a page we might never hope to turn.
"Under the arch of Life where love and death,
Terror and mystery, guard her shrine12, I saw
Beauty enthroned; and though her gaze struck awe13
I drew it in as simply as my breath."
We were bound for Amman, not more than between five and six hours' ride away, and our horses, refreshed by their rest, went gaily14 along the gently undulating plain. Somewhat north we came in sight of Castal, a Roman fortress15, on a hill westward16, which some of the party—the Sportsmen, and the Doctor—had visited yesterday, and which Tristram, its discoverer, {95} considered different in character, as well as superior in size, to the usual castle of lookout17 and defence to be found all over districts where Roman colonies and roads may have needed protection and supervision18. Although the place is not mentioned in Eusebius, either in the Itineraries19 or the Notitia, its name is obviously Roman, and its size, for it is capable of accommodating some twelve hundred cavalry20, speaks for its importance. It contains many fragments of fine white marble, not indigenous21. There appear to have been two castles: the main building, on the crest22 of the hill, 84 yards square, of which only the lower storey remains23, and a smaller building, northward24, of superior workmanship, with a balustrade of fluted25 Corinthian squared pilasters. The ancient city, which includes remains which may be Greek, stands N.W. of the castle. During the last five years it has been occupied by Bedu, very greatly to its injury.
We had exchanged our escort, as the officer granted by the Pasha for our safe conduct was not responsible for us after we had reached Madaba. We had, accordingly, bidden him farewell before leaving, and had been touched by the fact that he had positively26 declined to receive a present, alleging27 that to do so would detract {96} from the honour which he had enjoyed in being permitted to accompany so distinguished28 a person as the Professor. The member of our party who best knew the country, cynically29 observed that he must have seen more profit in refusal than in acceptance! He had a good voice, and, though Arab music is certainly an acquired taste, had given us pleasure, and contributed variety to the al-fresco concerts we occasionally enjoyed. Among other songs had been one composed by a certain poet Nimr, whose grave we were to visit later. Silence is impossible to an Arab, and when they are not talking they sing. Our mukaris also sang, the words often being improvised30 out of some passing circumstance, and with nonsense rhymes.
Whether the following was the actual air or only another exactly like it, it would be impossible to say. For this we are indebted to Dr Schumacher, who found it among the 'Anazeh tribe of Bedu, said to be especially fond of both music and poetry, and who relates that, "walking in the caravan32 of camels, his mantle33 or sheepskin thrown over one shoulder and an old musket34 or a huge stick carried on the other, the Bedawin is heard continually chanting the following monotonous35 song":—
{97}
score
Ya yab a ah yeh | ya hala aleh
Ya yab a ah yeh | ah ya ha la leh | oooh!
[Listen]
When the Arab sings he shuts his mouth, and, very literally36, "sings through his nose," four notes, or rather tones, amply sufficing for a melody. When we sang they seemed vastly amused, and our younger mukari was caught more than once mimicking37 our gestures, beating time, and opening his mouth; while the other was in fits of laughter.
The successor of our officer was a Circassian, and, though equally picturesque38, of quite a different type. In place of the flowing robe and floating keffeeye of the Bedu he wore an astrachan cap, close-fitting coat, leggings tucked inside low shoes with heels, and the military cloak of the Turkish cavalry. His horse was very powerful, and always well groomed39, and, what is more unusual in the Turkish army as represented in Syria, his accoutrements and harness—silver-mounted, with enamel40 decoration—were bright and well kept. He had all the apparent moroseness41 characteristic of his race, {98} and never spoke42 except under pressure; but the Lady reported that he was kindly43 in rendering44 small services unasked, would always ride up to her if she became accidentally separated from the party, especially if she were any distance in advance, and was expert in mounting and dismounting her, although never obtruding45 his assistance.
About half-an-hour from Mshatta the Sportsmen sighted a herd46 of gazelle, and, still sore from previous disappointments, dismounted to stalk them—as usual, in vain. They vanished like smoke round the base of a low hill, which one of the party climbed, in search rather of information as to their habits, than in hope of a kill. He came back with the report that even a gunshot had failed to break up their ranks, and that they went on their way in perfect order.
The road, still over a wide plain, with occasional undulations, might have been considered barren of interest by those who could not find delight in the wonderful gradations of colouring, dun against the cloudless sky; the sensation of infinite space; the crocuses and minute arums, dainty jewels set in golden sands; the darting47 lizards, distinguishable only in motion from their surroundings; the tiny white shells of the land-snails; {99} the scent10 of the wormwood artemisium when crushed beneath our horses' feet; the myriads48 of larks49, including the exquisite50 crested51 lark—the Mary-lark of the Highlands of Scotland; while now and then a deep purple shadow crossing our path told of a griffon-vulture or lanner-falcon swooping52 over the plain, to the terror of bird and beast.
From time to time the Professor would break out into song, not the irritating snatches which are an insult alike to silence and to conversation, but a consistent and complete rendering, as careful as if in any drawing-room, of some quaint53 old folk-song picked up in his many wanderings—and which, sung with an artistic54 verve in a mellow55 tenor56, others uniting in bass57 or alto in a harmonised refrain, filled the air with a melody not unworthy of the surrounding silence.
Suddenly we were startled by a sound so unwonted, yet so strangely familiar, that we could hardly believe in its reality—the shriek58 of the railway whistle! We were again nearing the Haj railway, at a point where it is actually in use, for 300 kilometres, out of the 2000 projected, are already complete. A little farther and we came across quite a village of the tents {100} of the workmen, the engineers and foremen being mainly German. The Turkish flag was floating, and Turkish soldiers were in charge, for the protection of the undertaking59, which seems to be regarded by the Bedu rather with a sad apprehension60 than with active opposition61. Dr Schumacher relates that, when surveying for the English upon the line afterwards abandoned, he discussed the matter with the friendly shech of the 'Anazeh—a superior tribe, said to number 300,000—who is the official protector of the Haj road. Shech Muhammed realised that the presence of the iron monster must rob him of much grazing ground; but he resigned himself, in Moslem62 fashion, to the inevitable63.
"I see well that with the great iron road we cannot remain long in Hauran; but we know that this country is not for ever to be ours, for we have heard how the descendants of those whose bones lie under the ruins of this land are to come back, and rebuild once more its cities, even as they were in the times of their forefathers"; adding, after a pause: "But we will retire to the 'Ajl?n [the district farther north], where there is place yet enough for our tribe. Allah yebarik!" ("May Allah's blessing64 be upon it!"). The Bedu hold the tradition that {101} the frenjy (Franks) originally possessed65 the country, and will one day return; that all over the land are indications, marked upon stones, of treasure to be recovered; and that the visits of arch?ologists are for the purpose of so changing these marks as to confuse the Arabs, who are beginning to understand them too; for have they not their museums in Constantinople and Jerusalem, and are they not making investigations66 and excavations67 of their own?
We crossed the railway, a point where it had reached 200 kilometres south of Damascus, and very soon afterwards began to feel that we were once more in the world of man, however remote may have been the date of his occupation. Caves and grottoes in the hillside showed traces of adaptation to his needs; hewn stones lay about in piles; what looked like the remains of a cenotaph attracted our attention; and we dismounted to examine a group of sarcophagi—some but lately exposed to view, others which had long lain upon the surface. Most had a resting-place for the head and a groove68 for the lid.
A sudden turning at the ford69 of a rapid stream revealed the town of Amman, lying in a narrow valley between low but precipitous hills. Most {102} of us were utterly70 unprepared, after six hours of riding across a lonely tableland, to find an orderly town of 10,000 inhabitants, of an aspect so superior to anything we had seen since leaving Jerusalem, or even, so far as the actual town is concerned, to Jerusalem itself, that an explanation seemed necessary, and the statement that the population was Circassian was, geographically71, an added perplexity. The houses, built partly of mud brick and partly of ancient material like those of Madaba, were well placed, most had porticos and balconies, and some were enclosed with well-swept yards. It was not immediately that we realised to the full the causes of a certain sense of unfamiliarity72, of having passed into another country, with other conditions. The ear was, perhaps, the first sense conscious of change. The town was silent. There was none of the shrieking73, none of the high-pitched voices, none of the singing of an Arab entourage—not only because we were among Circassians, but also because we were in a place where not a woman, not even a young girl, was to be seen! There were men in plenty, silently stalking about, like shabby ghosts of the Prince Regent, in tight-waisted coats, high vests, a display of silver buttons and braid, full skirts, {103} and high boots. Instead of the dangling74 sword proper to the rest of their historic effect, all carried a revolver at the side, as well as a long dagger75 upright in the girdle. All were armed, and a row of cartridges76 across the breast was as much de rigueur as the low astrachan cap which completed the costume. There were no cafés; no dice-boards at street corners; no lounging, screaming, idling; no "making kafe"—the Arabic phrase for doing nothing, in company with others similarly employed, and a row of water-pipes.
These Circassians have an interesting history. In spite of all that is said of "the unspeakable Turk," perhaps few rulers have so many varieties of voluntary immigrants within their domains77. The Circassians of East Jordanland seem to have first left their home in the Caucasus, Kamnimotsk, or Kakupschi, about the year 1860, and to have wandered in search of a home where they might be privileged to live under Moslem rule. Their leader, the Emir Nūh Bey, a major in the Russian army, conducted them first into Asia Minor78, and finally, after many difficulties and disappointments, about 1878, to this district, which they call "the edge of the desert"—possibly with some personal intention on the part {104} of their leader, who, as his son, 'Abd el hamīd Bey, informed Dr Schumacher, was descended79 from a family named H?sh or H?shi, who came originally from Ramleh (by some identified with Arimathea) in the plain of Sharon, and fought against the Crusaders. Their crest, which they bear upon their weapons, and which, in the Caucasus, they branded upon their cattle, was a mace80. The same, with the addition of the letters alef within the head of the mace, was also branded upon their slaves. These H?shi travelled from Jerusalem into Anatolia, and thence into the Caucasus, and now, as it would seem, were, after the lapse81 of centuries, on the way back to the cradle of their race. They arrived in the Jaulan, the district which, with the Belka, they have since colonised, about 1880, and in less than a quarter of a century have changed the face of the district which they inhabit. They are frugal82 and industrious83, and have some knowledge of agriculture. Unfortunately, their industry has, in one respect, been misdirected, and they are the acknowledged purveyors of tree trunks for roofing and other architectural purposes, which they convey all over the district in two-wheeled carts drawn84 by a team of oxen. As the wheels are guiltless of {105} grease, as roads, as we understand them, are practically unknown, and the loads heavy, the approach of these vehicles is known half-a-mile in advance. The melancholy85 result of their timber trade is that the surrounding hillsides have, within the last twenty years, been almost denuded86 of their oaks and pines. It is some slight mitigation, however, that the Circassians plant as well as destroy, and promising87 fruit gardens follow the banks of the stream, especially at Jerash, but also at Amman and elsewhere.
In many respects they are very different from the Arabs: in their industry, their settled homes, their power of initiation88, their habits. They have superior agricultural instruments; they do not look upon the camel and the ass31 as the sole possible means of transportation; but, alone in Syria, until the recent establishment of Jewish and German colonies, employ carts, those for lighter89 purposes being made of wattles. They preserve their national dress, and neither the tarbush of the Arab of the towns, nor the aba or mantle, common to all, have ever been adopted. Many speak Turkish fluently, the elder ones some Russian, most a little Arabic with a bad accent, but their ordinary tongue continues to be Circassian. The Turkish {106} Government has permitted them to repopulate various ruinous towns—Nawa, Amman, Jerash, and various villages—for a given period, without paying any taxes, and, in spite of certain incidents of attack and reprisal90 between themselves and the Bedu, fierce enough for the time, they have succeeded in inspiring their neighbours with respect or, perhaps, awe. They themselves, it is said, are perfectly91 fearless in attack or defence, and extremely severe in exaction92 of vengeance93. Whereas the fellahin fear to attract attention by successful crops of fruit or grain, lest they should be called upon to feed the Bedu and the tax-gatherer, the Circassians fear no one, and at present pay no taxes. Hence, as well as from superior capacity and industry, they effect, as no fellah may venture to do, improvements of a kind which are permanent; they make walls and roads, they devise systems of irrigation, they plant hedges and trees.
In Amman, as we came to know later, their industry had very unfortunate effects upon the glorious ruins which adorn94 the hills on either side: the basilica has wholly disappeared, and one apse of the therm?; but the Muchtar, who may, perhaps, be likened to the mayor of the town, has forbidden further depredations95, {107} and, happily, the new population has not chosen to establish itself among the ruins.
We had made no arrangements for our accommodation in Amman—a visit which had not been included in the original programme. However, we had been assured there was a "locanda"—it is curious how many Italian words have been accepted into Arabic—and as we had not yet lunched we made our way thither96 without loss of time. It was in the hands of Christians97, and, from the point of view of domestic arrangements, Christianity is not a success among Arabs; and, without entering into details, it suffices to say that life can now hold no mysteries for us in the matter of inns, nor, it may be added, of domestic entomology.
Its full horrors were not revealed until we went inside, and, in our circumstances, to go indoors while we could remain without would have shown a singular lack of imagination and of the spirit of psychological inquiry99. There were two courts, an inner and an outer, and those who had investigated certain obvious details decided100 at once upon the outer, and, accordingly, chairs were arranged round a deal table under a vast apricot-tree—our eight horses, with several other horses and donkeys, being {108} under a neighbouring apricot-tree. We then collected our saddle-bags, and spread our luncheon101, after which we drank coffee for the good of the house.
By-and-by a very smart young officer, speaking French and German—educated at a military academy in Austria—came to call upon the Professor, and again we all had coffee. He came as the representative of the officials of the railway line. We were interested in the fact that, unlike most other Arabs of our acquaintance, he did not smoke, and said that he came of a family of non-smokers.
His visit finished, we went off to see the ruins, which lie on the hills on either side of a stream, which we crossed on stepping-stones, though it is said to be not fordable, even on horseback, in the winter. Burckhardt, who was here in 1810, speaks of the elaborate arrangements made for the benefit of this water-supply, a rare natural gift in the Belka. Not only the banks, but the bed of the river was paved, in the manner we had seen ourselves at Ba'albek and elsewhere; and the water was full of fish, probably the chub, which still exist here, and in the Jabbok and Arnon, though ignored by the Arabs, who do not care for fish, and who when {109} they do kill them, with a view of selling them to Europeans, pursue the wasteful102 and unsportsmanlike method of a discharge of gunpowder103!
The most impressive of the ruins, perhaps because the least interfered104 with by modern buildings, is the theatre. The stage has been destroyed, but some forty tiers of seats still remain visible, as well as about twenty-four boxes, each capable of holding a dozen persons—traces in all of places for some 3000 spectators. Voices on the stage are still distinctly heard on the farthest tier, although the acoustic105 properties have probably suffered from the removal of parts of the building. A fine colonnade106, of which several Corinthian columns, 15 feet high, still remain, stood in front of the building, leading to the river on the one hand and to a small odeum on the other. Burckhardt was at a loss to conjecture107 the nature of the latter building, of which much more existed then than now: the roof had fallen in, and made entrance difficult, but the wall of the semicircular area was, he says, richly decorated, The theatre is built into the side of the hill in such a way that the third tier of boxes is excavated108 in the solid rock.
On the opposite side the ruins are more {110} numerous, but less impressive. A mosque109, said to be of the time of the Abbasides (eighth century), stands almost side by side with a Byzantine church; and a little to the north-east are the remains of therm?, which received water by means of a conduit from the river. A street of columns on the left bank of the stream, and parallel with it, indicates the direction of the high street of the town, nearly a thousand yards long; while north of this stood a forum110 (by some thought to be a temple) of a late Roman date. The town was evidently walled, and the street of columns was closed by gates towards the east. We heard of many tombs, sarcophagi, and remains of dwellings111 worth seeing behind the town, but we had little enough time to look at even what was of primary interest. We were, however, thanks to Circassian civilisation112, more fortunate than Burckhardt, whose guides forsook113 him, alarmed by the sight of fresh horse-dung near the ruins, and fearful of falling into the hands of the Bedu. When reproached, they replied that they did not see why they should expose themselves to the danger of being stripped and robbed of their horses, because of his foolish caprice of writing down the stones!
{111} Burckhardt was not the first visitor. He had been preceded by Seetzen in 1805-6, who, however, left very little record of his travels in Hauran and the Belka.
It was necessary to cut short our investigations while enough daylight remained to allow the Professor to pay a visit to the muchtar—a visit worth recording114 on account of the extreme contrast between our experience here and everywhere else upon our journey. While we were seeking for his house he seems to have had intimation of our approach, for he received us in the road, and, although he once uttered a half-hearted tfaddalu, an invitation to enter which we did not accept, contrary to all Oriental custom and tradition, he showed no desire whatever to entertain us. Elsewhere, to turn away without coffee, repose115, and cigarettes would have been a mutual116 insult. He was civil enough, but of the typical Circassian moroseness, and his small meaningless features, which, despite its reputation for beauty, were characteristic of the race, never once lighted up with even a passing gleam of sunshine.
It was dark under our apricot trees, when we regained117 the courtyard of the inn, and while we waited for supper we watched with interest {112} the scene around us, again struck by the contrast with our accustomed Arab surroundings. Where there are Arabs there are all the elements of a comic opera: the bright colour, the laughter, the ever-changing groups, the perpetual singing—not individual egotistic singing, but chorus, harmony, antiphon, with hand-clappings and merry shouts. There are sudden, and, apparently118, inconsequent dances, and equally sudden and inconsequent changes of mood, drawing of knives, quarrels, embraces, and hand-shakings, such as exist nowhere but among Arabs, and on the lyric119 stage. Here, however, it was no comic opera, but a transpontine drama of the good old-fashioned sort—a novel by "Monk120" Lewis, or Thomas Love Peacock. Men in long, dark drapery glided121 in and out by the imperfect light of the single lantern hung beneath the trees; they pulled their caps low on their foreheads, and veiled their faces with a cloak thrown over the left shoulder; all carried arms, and seldom spoke, and then only in low voices; the few Arabs present were of the upper class, officers mainly, and they seemed affected122 by the general depression, and drank coffee and smoked their water-pipes in silence. A single interruption served but to {113} accentuate123 the prevailing124 mood. A drunken man, a very rare spectacle in a Moslem country—a Christian98, of course—had reached the voluble and affectionate stage, and assured us all, in a variety of languages, of his perfect readiness to oblige us in any direction. The audience silently ignored his existence, and it was in vain that our host led him again and again to the gate: our polyglot125 friend invariably took affectionate leave, and promptly126 returned. We felt persuaded that the audience considered his conduct merely another form of the Christian eccentricity127, of which our presence had already supplied a curious example. We were all crazy Franks—some drank wine, and others "wrote down stones." Relief came at last, in the person of the only woman we caught sight of in Amman, a stout128 Italian of determined129 aspect, who withdrew her lord and master, not without a certain amount of discussion, which must have further enlightened our companions as to the manners and customs of the superior races. In spite of his irregularities the wretched creature was not friendless. He was a wandering contractor130 and builder, and possessed, we were told, of some fifteen helpmates dispersed131 over various parts of the country! Even our own {114} mukaris were silent for once: Khalil slept over his water-pipe, and the boy was at his usual evening task of patching the cloths which hung beneath the horses to protect them from the flies, and which they generally kicked into rags in the course of the day. The beasts themselves seemed asleep after their meal—the only one, according to Arab custom, in the twenty-four hours. Dogs and chickens stirred now and then in dark corners, and cats crept about with a fitting air of silence and mystery.
Presently our supper arrived: good bread, good soup, good rice—one may always count on good cooking among Arabs in this country—and a fowl132 good to eat, although, to the eye, too much au naturel, too suggestive of a boiled corpse133 with wagging head, and legs so much in their normal position as to be somewhat surprising upon the dinner-table. Our host offered us beer, and arrived with bottles and glasses in hand, well knowing that at the end of a long, hot day, and in our present surroundings with, the dust and smell of a stable, a couple of bottles cooled in running water, even at the price of a franc and a half each, might be hard to resist; but even the Sportsmen nobly looked the other way, in the probably futile134 hope of a {115} classification apart from our fellow-Europeans, who could be still heard carrying on a polyglot exchange of compliments at the farther end of the village. We solaced135 ourselves with tea, and retired136 early, in the expectation, entirely137 unfulfilled, of a long night's rest.
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saluted
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的过去式和过去分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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recur
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| vi.复发，重现，再发生 | |
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fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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lizards
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| n.蜥蜴( lizard的名词复数 ) | |
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bask
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| vt.取暖，晒太阳，沐浴于 | |
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basked
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| v.晒太阳，取暖( bask的过去式和过去分词 )；对…感到乐趣；因他人的功绩而出名；仰仗…的余泽 | |
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tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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awe
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| n.敬畏，惊惧；vt.使敬畏，使惊惧 | |
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gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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lookout
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| n.注意，前途，瞭望台 | |
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supervision
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| n.监督，管理 | |
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itineraries
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| n.旅程，行程( itinerary的名词复数 ) | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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indigenous
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| adj.土产的，土生土长的，本地的 | |
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crest
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| n.顶点；饰章；羽冠；vt.达到顶点；vi.形成浪尖 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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northward
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fluted
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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cynically
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improvised
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| a.即席而作的,即兴的 | |
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ass
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| n.驴；傻瓜，蠢笨的人 | |
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32
caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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33
mantle
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| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
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34
musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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35
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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36
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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37
mimicking
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| v.（尤指为了逗乐而）模仿( mimic的现在分词 )；酷似 | |
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38
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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39
groomed
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| v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的过去式和过去分词 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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40
enamel
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| n.珐琅，搪瓷，瓷釉；(牙齿的)珐琅质 | |
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41
moroseness
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42
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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43
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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44
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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45
obtruding
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| v.强行向前，强行，强迫( obtrude的现在分词 ) | |
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46
herd
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| n.兽群，牧群；vt.使集中，把…赶在一起 | |
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47
darting
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| v.投掷，投射( dart的现在分词 )；向前冲，飞奔 | |
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48
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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49
larks
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| n.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的名词复数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了v.百灵科鸟（尤指云雀）( lark的第三人称单数 )；一大早就起床；鸡鸣即起；（因太费力而不想干时说）算了 | |
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50
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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51
crested
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| adj.有顶饰的，有纹章的，有冠毛的v.到达山顶（或浪峰）( crest的过去式和过去分词 )；到达洪峰，达到顶点 | |
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52
swooping
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的现在分词 ) | |
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53
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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54
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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55
mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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56
tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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57
bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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58
shriek
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| v./n.尖叫，叫喊 | |
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59
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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60
apprehension
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| n.理解，领悟；逮捕，拘捕；忧虑 | |
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61
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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62
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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63
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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64
blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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65
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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66
investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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67
excavations
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| n.挖掘( excavation的名词复数 )；开凿；开凿的洞穴（或山路等）；（发掘出来的）古迹 | |
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68
groove
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| n.沟，槽；凹线，（刻出的）线条，习惯 | |
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69
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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70
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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71
geographically
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| adv.地理学上，在地理上，地理方面 | |
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72
unfamiliarity
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73
shrieking
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| v.尖叫( shriek的现在分词 ) | |
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74
dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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75
dagger
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| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
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76
cartridges
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| 子弹( cartridge的名词复数 )； （打印机的）墨盒； 录音带盒； （唱机的）唱头 | |
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77
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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79
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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80
mace
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| n.狼牙棒，豆蔻干皮 | |
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81
lapse
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| n.过失，流逝，失效，抛弃信仰，间隔；vi.堕落，停止，失效，流逝；vt.使失效 | |
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82
frugal
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| adj.节俭的，节约的，少量的，微量的 | |
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83
industrious
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| adj.勤劳的，刻苦的，奋发的 | |
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84
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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85
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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86
denuded
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| adj.[医]变光的，裸露的v.使赤裸( denude的过去式和过去分词 )；剥光覆盖物 | |
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87
promising
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| adj.有希望的，有前途的 | |
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88
initiation
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| n.开始 | |
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89
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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90
reprisal
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| n.报复，报仇，报复性劫掠 | |
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91
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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92
exaction
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| n.强求，强征；杂税 | |
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93
vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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94
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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95
depredations
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| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
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96
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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97
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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98
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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99
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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100
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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101
luncheon
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| n.午宴，午餐，便宴 | |
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102
wasteful
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| adj.（造成）浪费的，挥霍的 | |
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103
gunpowder
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| n.火药 | |
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104
interfered
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| v.干预( interfere的过去式和过去分词 )；调停；妨碍；干涉 | |
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105
acoustic
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| adj.听觉的，声音的；(乐器)原声的 | |
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106
colonnade
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| n.柱廊 | |
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107
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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108
excavated
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| v.挖掘( excavate的过去式和过去分词 )；开凿；挖出；发掘 | |
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109
mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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110
forum
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| n.论坛，讨论会 | |
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111
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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112
civilisation
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| n.文明，文化，开化，教化 | |
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113
forsook
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| forsake的过去式 | |
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114
recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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115
repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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116
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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117
regained
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| 复得( regain的过去式和过去分词 )； 赢回； 重回； 复至某地 | |
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118
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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119
lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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120
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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121
glided
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| v.滑动( glide的过去式和过去分词 )；掠过；（鸟或飞机 ） 滑翔 | |
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122
affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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123
accentuate
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| v.着重，强调 | |
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124
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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125
polyglot
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| adj.通晓数种语言的；n.通晓多种语言的人 | |
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126
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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127
eccentricity
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| n.古怪，反常，怪癖 | |
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129
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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130
contractor
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| n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌 | |
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131
dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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132
fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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133
corpse
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| n.尸体，死尸 | |
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134
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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135
solaced
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| v.安慰，慰藉( solace的过去分词 ) | |
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136
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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137
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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