Every joke has its appropriate season. The true humorist—one who finds comedy in everything—gathers his ideas from what goes on about him, and by a subtle alchemy of his own distils1 from them jokes suitable to the changing seasons. The only laws to which childhood willingly yields obedience2 are those unwritten statutes3 which compel the proper observance of “trap-time,” “kite-time,” and “marble-time.” So even must the humorist recognize the different periods allotted4 respectively to goats,[Pg 276] stovepipes, ice-cream, and other foundations of merriment.
The Jokal Calendar begins in the early summer, when girls are leading young men into ice-cream saloons, and keepers of summer resorts are preparing new swindles for their guests. Soon the farmer will gather in his crop of summer boarders; the city fisherman will entangle5 his patent flies in the branches of lofty trees, while the country lad catches all the trout6 with a worm. Then the irate7 father and the bulldog will drive the lover from the front gate, while married men who remain in the city during their wives’ absence play poker8 until early morn and take grass-widows to Coney Island. About this time the chronicler of humor goes into the country, whence he will return in the early fall with a fresh stock of ideas, gathered in the village store, at the farm-house table, and by the shores of the sounding sea.
[Pg 277]Beginning his autumn labors9 with the scent10 of the hay-fields in his nostrils11, and the swaying boughs12 of the pine forest still whispering in his ears, the humorist offers a few dainty paragraphs on the simple joys of rural life. The farmer who dines in his shirt-sleeves, the antiquity13 of the spring fowl14, the translucent15 milk, and the saline qualities of the pork which grace the table; the city man who essays to milk the cow, and the country deacon who has been “daown to York”—all these are sketched17 with vivid pen for the delectation of his readers. But it must be remembered that these subjects have been used during the whole summer; and the humorist, after his return to the city, can offer, at the best, but an aftermath of farm-house fun. If it be a late fall the public may slide along on banana and orange peel jokes until the first cold snap warns housekeepers18 of the necessity of putting up stovepipes.[Pg 278] (Note.—About this time print paragraph of gas-company charging a man for gas while his house was closed for the summer. Allusions19 to the extortions of gas-companies are always welcome.)
Stovepipe jokes must be touched upon lightly, for the annual spring house-cleaning will bring the pipes down again, six months later, to the accompaniment of cold dinners, itinerant20 pails of hot soap-suds, and other miseries21 incident to that domestic event.
And now that the family stovepipe has ceased to exude22 smoke at every joint23 and pore, the humorist finds himself fairly equipped for his year’s work. The boys are at school; lodge-meetings have begun, and sleepless24 wives are waiting for their truant25 lords; college graduates are seeking positions in newspaper offices (and sometimes getting and keeping them, though it won’t do to let the public know it); election is at hand, and[Pg 279] candidates are kissing babies and setting up the drinks for their constituents27; young men of slender means are laying pipes for thicker clothes—in short, a man must be dull of wit who cannot find food for comic paragraphs in what goes on about him at this fruitful season. The ripening28 of the chestnut-burr, and the harvesting of its fruit—beautifully symbolical29 of the humorist’s vocation—form another admirable topic at this time.
Winter comes with its snow and ice, and the small boy, who is always around, moulds the one into balls for destructive warfare30, while corpulent gentlemen and pedestrians31 bearing eggs and other fragile articles slip and fall on the other. Oyster-stews, and girls who pine for them; the female craving32 for matinee tickets, and the high hats which obstruct33 the view of those in the back seats; nocturnal revelry in saloon and ball-room; low-necked dresses; and the extortionate idleness[Pg 280] of the plumber34 now keep the pen of the comic writer constantly at work. Chapters on the pawning35, borrowing, lending, and renovation36 of the dress-coat are also timely.
Spring brings the perennial37 spring poet with his rejected manuscript; the actor with his winter’s ulster; the health-giving bock-beer; and, above all, the goat, in the delineation38 of whose pranks39 and follies40 the Jokal Calendar reaches its climax41.
What the reindeer42 is to the Laplander the goat is to the writer of modern humor. His whole life is devoted43 to the service of the paragraphist. He eats tomato-cans and crinoline; he rends44 the theatre-poster from the wall, and consumes the bucket of paste; he rends the clothes from the line, and devours45 the curtain that flutters in the basement window; he upsets elderly men, and charges, with lowered horns, at lone46 and fear-stricken women.
[Pg 281]But as the encroachments of civilization have driven the buffalo47 from his native plains, so is the goat, propelled by a stern city ordinance48, slowly but surely disappearing from the streets and vacant lots which once knew him so well. He is making his last stand now in the rocky fastnesses of Harlem. I have seen him perched on an inaccessible49 crag on the border-land of Morrisania, looking down with solemn eyes on the great city where he once roamed careless and free from can to ash-barrel. Etched against a background of lowering clouds, his was, indeed, an impressive figure, the apotheosis50 of American humor.
II.—THE IDEA AND ITS EMBELLISHMENT.
In the construction of a joke the chief requisite51 is the Idea.
Making jokes without ideas is like making bricks without straw; and the[Pg 282] people who tried that were sent out into the Wilderness52 to wander for forty years and live exclusively on manna and water—a diet which is not provocative53 of humor. Indeed it is a noteworthy fact that although the children of Israel were accompanied in their journeying by herds55 of goats, and were constantly hearing stories of the huge squashes and clusters of grapes which grew in the Promised Land—the California of that period—yet we have no record that they availed themselves of such obvious opportunities for jesting.
The humorist, having procured56 his Idea, should divest57 it of all superfluities, place it on the table before him, and then fall into a reverie as to its possibilities. Let us suppose, for example, that his Idea, in a perfectly58 nude59 condition, looks something like this:
“A girl is thin enough to make a good match for any one.”
[Pg 283]Now it will not do to offer this simple statement as a joke. It is merely an Idea, or the nucleus60 of a short story, and can be greatly improved by a little verbiage61.
There would be no point gained in calling the girl a New Yorker, or even a Philadelphian, though the latter city is usually fair game for the paragraphist. She should certainly hail from Boston. The girls of that city are identified in the popular mind with eye-glasses, long words, angularity and other outward and visible signs of severe mental discipline and parsimony62 in diet. The ideal Boston girl is not rotund. On the contrary, she is endowed with a sharply defined outline, and a profile which suggests self-abnegation in the matter of food. A little dialect will help the story along amazingly; therefore let the scene be laid in rural New England, and let the point be made with the usual rustic63 prefix64 of “Wa-al!” This will afford an opportunity to utilize[Pg 284] a few minor65 ideas relative to New England rural customs, the maintenance of city boarders, the food provided, the economy practised, and other salient features of country life.
So, by judicious66 expansion—not padding—the humorist will stretch his little paragraph into a very respectable story, something like this:
Sample of Short Story Erected67 on Paragraph.
A summer evening of exquisite68 calm and sweetness. The golden haze69 of sunset sheds its soft tints70 on hill and plain, and pours a flood of mellow71 light over the roofs and trees of the quaint72 old village street. The last rays of the sun, falling through the waving boughs of elm and maple73, form a checkered74, ever-moving pattern on the wall of the meeting-house; they kindle75 beacon-fires on the[Pg 285] distant heights of Baldhead Mountain, and linger in tender caress76 on the dainty auburn tresses of Priscilla Whitney, who is displaying her flounces, furbelows, and other “citified fixin’s” on the front piazza77 of Deacon Pogram’s residence.
(It will be seen that the beginning of this paragraph is written in a serious vein78; but the last two lines prepare the reader for a comic story. He now makes up his mouth for the laugh which awaits him a little farther along.)
From the kitchen comes a pleasant aroma79 of burnt bread-crusts, as dear old Samanthy Pogram, her kindly80 face covered with its snow-white glory, prepares the coffee for supper. Meanwhile the worthy54 deacon, in stocking-feet and shirt-sleeves, sits by the open door and enjoys the cool evening breeze that sweeps in refreshing81 gusts82 down the fertile valley of the Pockohomock.
“There ye be again, Sarah,” says Aunt[Pg 286] Samanthy to the hired help, a shade of annoyance83 crossing her fine old face. “Hain’t I told ye time ’n’ again not to put fresh eggs in the boarders’ omelet? I suppose ye think there hain’t such a thing as a stale egg in the haouse, but ye must be wastin’ good ones on the city folks! Sakes alive! but I’ll be glad when they’ve cleaned aout, bag ’n’ baggage. I’m nigh tuckered aout a-waitin’ on ’em ’n’ puttin’ up with their frills ’n’ fancy doin’s.”
“They tell me, Samanthy,” says the deacon, “that young Rube Perkins is kinder makin’ up to one of aour boarders. I s’pose ye hain’t noticed nothin’, mebbe?”
“I’ve seen him a-settin’ alongside o’ that dough-faced critter times enough so he’d like ter wear aout the rocker on the piazzy; but I guess Rube had better not set enny too much store by what she says to him. Them high-toned Whitney folks o’ hern daown Bosting way hain’t over[Pg 287] ’n’ above anxious to hev Rube Perkins fur a son-in-law, I kin26 tell ye.”
“Wa-al,” drawls the deacon, reflectively, “I kalkerlate they’ve got an idee she’d better make a good match while she’s abaout it.”
“She’s thin enough to make a lucifer match,” rejoins Aunt Samanthy; and with this parting bit of irony84 she goes in to put the saleratus biscuit on the tea-table.
Of course this is not a model of a humorous story, but it will pass muster85. It is, however, a very creditable specimen86 of a story built up, as I have shown, on a very slender foundation. Some humorists would give it an apologetic title, such as “Rural Sarcasm,” or “Aunt Samanthy’s Little Joke,” in order to let the reader down easy.
[Pg 288]
III.—REVAMPING OLD JOKES.
It often happens that the humorist finds himself unexpectedly called upon for jokes at a moment when he has no ideas about him. Perhaps he is away from his workshop where his tools are kept, or perhaps he has lost the combination of the safe in which his precious ideas are securely locked up. The problem of how to make bricks without straw, and the awful fate of the people who attempted it, stares him in the face. But his keen intelligence comes to his aid. Like the trusty guide in Mayne Reid’s story, he exclaims, “Ha, it is the celebrated87 joke-root bush, called by the Apaches the ha-ha plant!” and seizing an ancient jest, he tears it from the soil, carefully cleanses88 the esculent root from its clinging mould, and then proceeds to revamp it for modern use.
[Pg 289]The joke should be one that has slowly ripened89 under the suns of distant climes and other days. It should be perfectly mellow, and care must be taken to remove from it all particles of dust and lichen90. Let us suppose, for example, that the joke, divested91 of all superfluities, presents this appearance:
“A man once gave his friend a very small cup of very old wine, and the friend remarked that it was the smallest thing of its age he had ever seen.”
I have selected this joke because it is one of the oldest of which the world has any record.
The world has known many changes since civilization reached the point that made old wine an appreciated and acknowledged delight to the dwellers92 in the fertile valley of the Euphrates, and thus threw open the doors for the appearance of this joke. The dust of him who gave and of him who drank the wine are[Pg 290] blended together in the soil of that once populous93 region. Stately sarcophagi mark the last resting-places of many who have enjoyed this ancient bit of merriment. Empires have crumbled95 since then; mighty96 rulers have yielded the insignia of their power at the imperative97 summons of the conqueror98 of all; yet nothing has interrupted the stately, solemn march of this joke along the corridors of time. It flourished in Byzantium; it lingered in tender caress on each of the seven hills of Rome; when Hannibal led his cohorts across the snow-clad Alps it stepped out from behind a crag and said, “Here we are again!” And the astonished warrior99 recognized it at once, although it wore a peaked hat and a goitre.
It has awakened100 laughter among effeminate and refined Athenians as they lay stretched in languid and perfumed ease immediately after the luxurious101 bath, and about two hundred years before Christ.[Pg 291] It has been said that cleanliness is next to godliness, and yet we find that in this instance there was room to slip this joke in between the two, and have two hundred years of space left.
It is found in the sacred writings of Confucius, side by side with his memorable102 injunction to his followers103 not to shed a single cuff104 or sock unless the ticket should be forthcoming. Under the iron crown of Lombardy and the lilies of France this joke has lived and thrived. It has even been published in the Philadelphia Ledger105 which is a sure proof of its antiquity.
Surely no one but an American humorist could look upon this hoary106 relic107 without feelings of veneration108. Let us see what the humorist does with it:
That which has worn a toga in Rome and a coat of mail in the middle ages, he now clothes in the habiliments of the present day. Watch him as he arrays it[Pg 292] in the high hat, the patent-leather shoes, the cutaway coat, and the eye-glasses of modern times, and, behold109, we have:
“Young Arthur Cecil, of the Knickerbocker Club, prides himself on his knowledge of wines, and boasts of a cellar of his own which cannot be matched on this side of the water. Bilkins dined with him the other night, and as a great treat his host poured out into a liquor-glass a few drops of priceless old ——.
“‘There, my boy,’ he exclaimed, ‘you’ll not find a drop of that anywhere in New York except on my table!’
“Bilkins took it down at a single gulp110, smacked111 his lips, and said:
“‘I’ll tell you what it is, old man. There ain’t many things lying around loose that are as old as this and haven’t grown any bigger.’
“The joke was too good to keep, and Cecil had to square himself at the club by ordering up a basket of Mumm.”
[Pg 293]
IV.—THE OBVIOUS JOKE.
A large class of simple-minded people believe that the obvious joke is the most delightful112 form of humor. An obvious joke is one whose point or climax can be seen from the very start, and is, in fact, a natural sequence to the beginning.
For example, when we begin to read of a city dude who professed113 to understand the distinctively114 rural art of milking a cow, and volunteered to show his friends how to do it, we know perfectly well that he is going to get knocked out in the attempt, and that the story will end in a humorous description of the indignities115 inflicted116 upon him by the enraged117 animal. The only chance for variety in the sketch16 lies in the manner in which the cow will resent the dude’s impertinence. She may impale118 him on one or both of her horns; she may hurl119 him[Pg 294] on a dunghill and dance on his prostrate120 form; she may content herself with kicking him; but whatever she does she will be sure to upset the milk-pail and excite the laughter of the lover of obvious humor. Of course a professional humorist never reads an obvious joke. He knows exactly what is going to happen the moment his eye falls on the first paragraph.
If a tatterdemalion appears at the county fair with a broken-down plug which he offers to trot121 against any horse on the track, the professional humorist knows that the decrepit122 charger is going to win the race, and that his owner will go away with his pockets bulging123 out with the money he has won from the too confiding124.
If a man holding four aces94 is persistently125 raised by a gentleman of quiet demeanor126 and bland127, childlike face, we can call the latter’s hand without looking at it, because we know from long familiarity[Pg 295] with American humorous literature, as well as poker, that he holds a straight flush. Some writers have had the effrontery128 to deal him a royal flush, forgetting that he has already given his opponent all the aces.
If a gentleman of apparently129 delicate physique resents the impertinence of a bully130 who is forcing his attentions upon a lady, we know, without reading to the end of the chapter, that the man of effeminate build is in reality a prize-fighter or a college athlete, and will bundle the bully out on the sidewalk with great rapidity.
The professional humorist shuns131 these “comics” as he would the plague. They make him tired. He knows how easy they are to construct. Moreover he despises alike the mind that gives them birth and that which finds them funny.
The recipe for their concoction132 is very simple:
[Pg 296]Think of some acquaintance who habitually133 eats sugar on his lettuce134 and sweetens his claret. The man who says, “I don’t want none of this I-talian caterwaulin’. The good old-fashioned tunes135, like ‘Silver Threads among the Gold,’ suit me right down to the ground. I don’t want none of yer fancy gimcracks ’n’ kickshaws in mine.” Try to remember the sort of thing that has moved this man to laughter, and then fashion a joke on the same plan, taking pains to make it apparent to the most primitive136 intellect.
Persons of this description are found in large numbers in the rural districts, and, therefore, any story tending to cast ridicule137 on the city man who puts on airs, or, in other words, affects the amenities138 of civilized139 life, is sure to be appreciated.
For example: It is the delight of sportsmen to fish for trout with fly-rods and tackle of an elaborate description, to the intense amusement of the yokel140 who[Pg 297] catches fish, not for sport, but in order that he may sell them at an exorbitant141 price to some ignorant stranger. Now it is a very easy matter to compose a story on this basis suited to the comprehension of such a rustic.
The following is a fair specimen of a story of the class I have described:
“He was a real sportsman, just from the city, and he had come down into the country to show the benighted142 inhabitants how to catch fish. He had a new patent rod in his right hand and a brand-new basket over his left shoulder. In his coat-tail pocket he carried a silver flask143, and in his breast-pocket a big wallet filled with all the latest devices in newfangled flies. He walked down the road with the air of a man who had come to catch fish and knew just how to do it.
“It was growing dark when he returned to the hotel, wet, muddy, and weary, and sadly laid aside his implements144 of sport.
[Pg 298]“‘Fish don’t bite in this blawsted country, yer know,’ was his reply to the landlord’s cheery inquiry145, ‘What luck?’
“And just at this moment who should come along but old Bill Simons’s sandy-haired, freckle-faced boy Jim, with his birch-pole over his shoulder, and a fine string of the speckled beauties in his brown paw.
“‘Good Gawd!’ exclaimed the dude, ‘how did you catch those, me boy?’
“‘Hook ’n’ line, yer fool! How d’yer s’pose?’ was Jim’s answer, as he pulled a handful of angleworms, the last of his bait, from his pocket, and threw them out of the window.”
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1
distils
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| v.蒸馏( distil的第三人称单数 )；从…提取精华 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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statutes
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| 成文法( statute的名词复数 )； 法令； 法规； 章程 | |
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allotted
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| 分配，拨给，摊派( allot的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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entangle
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| vt.缠住，套住；卷入，连累 | |
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trout
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| n.鳟鱼；鲑鱼(属) | |
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irate
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| adj.发怒的，生气 | |
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poker
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| n.扑克；vt.烙制 | |
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labors
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| v.努力争取(for)( labor的第三人称单数 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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scent
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| n.气味，香味，香水，线索，嗅觉；v.嗅，发觉 | |
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nostrils
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| 鼻孔( nostril的名词复数 ) | |
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boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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fowl
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| n.家禽，鸡，禽肉 | |
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translucent
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| adj.半透明的；透明的 | |
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sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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housekeepers
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| n.（女）管家( housekeeper的名词复数 ) | |
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allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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exude
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| v.(使)流出，(使)渗出 | |
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joint
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| adj.联合的，共同的；n.关节，接合处；v.连接，贴合 | |
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sleepless
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| adj.不睡眠的，睡不著的，不休息的 | |
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truant
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| n.懒惰鬼，旷课者；adj.偷懒的，旷课的，游荡的；v.偷懒，旷课 | |
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kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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constituents
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| n.选民( constituent的名词复数 )；成分；构成部分；要素 | |
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ripening
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的现在分词 )；熟化；熟成 | |
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symbolical
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| a.象征性的 | |
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warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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pedestrians
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| n.步行者( pedestrian的名词复数 ) | |
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craving
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| n.渴望,热望 | |
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obstruct
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| v.阻隔，阻塞(道路、通道等)；n.阻碍物，障碍物 | |
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plumber
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| n.(装修水管的)管子工 | |
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pawning
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| v.典当，抵押( pawn的现在分词 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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renovation
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| n.革新，整修 | |
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perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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delineation
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| n.记述；描写 | |
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pranks
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| n.玩笑，恶作剧( prank的名词复数 ) | |
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follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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41
climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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42
reindeer
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| n.驯鹿 | |
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43
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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44
rends
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| v.撕碎( rend的第三人称单数 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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45
devours
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| 吞没( devour的第三人称单数 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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46
lone
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| adj.孤寂的，单独的；唯一的 | |
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47
buffalo
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| n.(北美)野牛；(亚洲)水牛 | |
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48
ordinance
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| n.法令；条令；条例 | |
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inaccessible
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| adj.达不到的，难接近的 | |
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50
apotheosis
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| n.神圣之理想；美化；颂扬 | |
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51
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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52
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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53
provocative
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| adj.挑衅的，煽动的，刺激的，挑逗的 | |
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54
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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55
herds
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| 兽群( herd的名词复数 )； 牧群； 人群； 群众 | |
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56
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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57
divest
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| v.脱去，剥除 | |
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58
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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59
nude
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| adj.裸体的；n.裸体者，裸体艺术品 | |
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60
nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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61
verbiage
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| n.冗词；冗长 | |
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62
parsimony
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| n.过度节俭，吝啬 | |
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63
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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64
prefix
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| n.前缀；vt.加…作为前缀；置于前面 | |
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65
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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66
judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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67
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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68
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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69
haze
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| n.霾，烟雾；懵懂，迷糊；vi.(over)变模糊 | |
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70
tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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71
mellow
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| adj.柔和的；熟透的；v.变柔和；(使)成熟 | |
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72
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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73
maple
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| n.槭树，枫树，槭木 | |
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74
checkered
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| adj.有方格图案的 | |
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75
kindle
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| v.点燃，着火 | |
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76
caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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77
piazza
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| n.广场；走廊 | |
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78
vein
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| n.血管，静脉；叶脉，纹理；情绪；vt.使成脉络 | |
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79
aroma
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| n.香气，芬芳，芳香 | |
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80
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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81
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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82
gusts
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| 一阵强风( gust的名词复数 )； （怒、笑等的）爆发； （感情的）迸发； 发作 | |
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83
annoyance
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| n.恼怒，生气，烦恼 | |
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84
irony
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| n.反语，冷嘲；具有讽刺意味的事，嘲弄 | |
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85
muster
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| v.集合，收集，鼓起，激起；n.集合，检阅，集合人员，点名册 | |
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86
specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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87
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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88
cleanses
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| 弄干净，清洗( cleanse的第三人称单数 ) | |
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89
ripened
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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90
lichen
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| n.地衣, 青苔 | |
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91
divested
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| v.剥夺( divest的过去式和过去分词 )；脱去（衣服）；2。从…取去…；1。（给某人）脱衣服 | |
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92
dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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populous
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| adj.人口稠密的，人口众多的 | |
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94
aces
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| abbr.adjustable convertible-rate equity security (units) 可调节的股本证券兑换率；aircraft ejection seat 飞机弹射座椅；automatic control evaluation simulator 自动控制评估模拟器n.擅长…的人( ace的名词复数 )；精于…的人；（ 网球 ）（对手接不到发球的）发球得分；爱司球 | |
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95
crumbled
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| （把…）弄碎， （使）碎成细屑( crumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 衰落； 坍塌； 损坏 | |
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96
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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97
imperative
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| n.命令，需要；规则；祈使语气；adj.强制的；紧急的 | |
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98
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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99
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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100
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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101
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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102
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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103
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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104
cuff
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| n.袖口；手铐；护腕；vt.用手铐铐；上袖口 | |
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105
ledger
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| n.总帐，分类帐；帐簿 | |
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106
hoary
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| adj.古老的；鬓发斑白的 | |
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107
relic
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| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
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108
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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109
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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110
gulp
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| vt.吞咽，大口地吸（气）；vi.哽住；n.吞咽 | |
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111
smacked
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| 拍，打，掴( smack的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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112
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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113
professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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114
distinctively
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| adv.特殊地，区别地 | |
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115
indignities
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| n.侮辱，轻蔑( indignity的名词复数 ) | |
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116
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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118
impale
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| v.用尖物刺某人、某物 | |
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119
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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120
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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121
trot
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| n.疾走，慢跑；n.老太婆；现成译本；(复数）trots:腹泻（与the 连用）；v.小跑，快步走，赶紧 | |
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122
decrepit
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| adj.衰老的，破旧的 | |
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123
bulging
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| 膨胀； 凸出（部）； 打气； 折皱 | |
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124
confiding
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| adj.相信人的，易于相信的v.吐露（秘密，心事等）( confide的现在分词 )；（向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） | |
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125
persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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126
demeanor
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| n.行为；风度 | |
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127
bland
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| adj.淡而无味的，温和的，无刺激性的 | |
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128
effrontery
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| n.厚颜无耻 | |
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129
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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130
bully
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| n.恃强欺弱者，小流氓；vt.威胁，欺侮 | |
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131
shuns
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| v.避开，回避，避免( shun的第三人称单数 ) | |
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132
concoction
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| n.调配(物)；谎言 | |
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133
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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134
lettuce
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| n.莴苣；生菜 | |
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135
tunes
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| n.曲调，曲子( tune的名词复数 )v.调音( tune的第三人称单数 )；调整；（给收音机、电视等）调谐；使协调 | |
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136
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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137
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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138
amenities
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| n.令人愉快的事物；礼仪；礼节；便利设施；礼仪( amenity的名词复数 )；便利设施；（环境等的）舒适；（性情等的）愉快 | |
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139
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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140
yokel
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| n.乡下人；农夫 | |
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141
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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142
benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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143
flask
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| n.瓶，火药筒，砂箱 | |
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144
implements
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| n.工具( implement的名词复数 )；家具；手段；[法律]履行（契约等）v.实现( implement的第三人称单数 )；执行；贯彻；使生效 | |
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145
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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