John Maidston, the steward3 of Cromwell’s household, supplies us with what he terms “a character of his person:”
“His body was well compact and strong, his stature4 under six foot (I believe about two inches), his head so shaped as you might see it a storehouse and a shop both of a vast treasury5 of natural parts. His temper exceeding fiery6, as I have known, but the flame of it kept down for the most part, or soon allayed7 with those moral endowments he had. He was naturally compassionate8 454towards objects in distress9, even to an effeminate measure; though God had made him a heart, wherein was left little room for fear but what was due to himself, of which there was a large proportion, yet did he exceed in tenderness towards sufferers. A larger soul I think hath seldom dwelt in house of clay than his was. I believe if his story were impartially10 transmitted, and the unprejudiced world well possessed11 with it, she would add him to her nine worthies12.”
The numerous portraits of Cromwell help to complete Maidston’s description. Like most Puritan gentlemen he wore his hair long; the thick light brown locks which began to grow grey before he became Protector covered his collar and almost reached his shoulders. His eyes, according to Cooper’s and Walker’s portraits, were blue or grey, and his eyebrows13 strongly marked. His nose was long, thick, and slightly arched, with full nostrils—the beak14 of a vulture, said royalist pamphleteers, and even political friends jested about its size. “If you prove false,” said the downright Haslerig to Cromwell, “I will never trust a fellow with a big nose again.” The mouth was large, firm, and full-lipped. Strength, not grace, marked both face and figure. But the rough-hewn features have an air of kindness and sagacity mingled15 with the resolution and energy which are their most marked characteristics. In some portraits there is an air of melancholy16.
The dignity of the Protector’s outward bearing was admitted even by opponents:
(From a miniature by Cooper, in the Baptist College at Bristol.)
“When he appeared first in Parliament,” writes Clarendon, “he seemed to have a person in no degree gracious, 455no ornament17 of discourse18, none of those talents which use to reconcile the affections of the standers by; yet as he grew into place and authority his parts seemed to be renewed, as if he had concealed19 faculties20 till he had occasion to use them; and when he was to act the part of a great man, he did it without any indecency through the want of custom.”
To another Royalist, Sir Philip Warwick, he appeared “of a great and majestic21 deportment and comely22 presence,” and he made a similar impression on foreign observers.
When the Protector gave audience to ambassadors or received official deputations an elaborate ceremonial of a quasi-regal character was strictly25 observed. Sir Oliver Fleming, who had been one of the continental26 agents of Charles I., and was skilled in all the niceties of diplomatic etiquette27, acted as Cromwell’s master of the ceremonies. But the Protector transacted28 much important business in less formal interviews with the representatives of foreign states. He was easily accessible to his subjects in general, and petitioners29 found no great difficulty in putting their grievances30 before him. Opponents of his policy were allowed opportunity to set forth31 their objections, and he argued with them freely in reply. Even religious enthusiasts32 contrived33 to deliver their messages from the Lord or, like Fox, to explain what their religious views really were. About three times a month the Protector took part in the proceedings34 of the Council of State, but most of his political or administrative35 work was transacted with small 456committees or with Secretary Thurloe alone. With these trusted councillors he freely unbent.
“He would sometimes be very cheerful with us,” says Whitelocke, “and laying aside his greatness he would be exceeding familiar with us, and by way of diversion would make verses with us, and everyone must try his fancy. He commonly called for tobacco, pipes, and a candle, and would now and then take tobacco himself; then he would fall again to his serious and great business.”
Whitelocke also gives some account of the Protector’s recreations. Cromwell retained throughout his life the tastes of a country gentleman. At Hampton Court he often amused himself with bowls, but his favourite sports were hunting and hawking36. As he rode from Worcester to London after his victory in 1651, he diverted himself, on the way, with hawking, and he sometimes practised the same sport on Hounslow Heath after he was Protector. When he entertained the Swedish Ambassador at Hampton Court in 1654, after dinner was over the Protector, the ambassador, and the rest of the company “coursed and killed a fat buck” in the park. Cromwell was a bold jumper, and it was noticed that the ambassador “would not adventure to leap ditches after the Protector, but was more wary37.”
Good horses of every kind were always Cromwell’s delight. English diplomatic agents in the Levant were employed to procure38 Arabs and Barbs39 for his riding or for breeding purposes. “Six gallant40 Flanders mares, reddish grey,” had drawn41 the General’s 457coach when he set out for the reconquest of Ireland, and six white horses drew the Protector’s coach when it conveyed the Spanish Ambassador to his place of embarkation42. Of these white horses it was said that they were a finer team than any king of England had ever possessed. Another team of six horses—presented by the Count of Oldenburg in 1654—ran away in Hyde Park when the Protector himself was driving them. Cromwell, who was flung off the box upon the pole, got entangled43 in the harness, and was dragged for some distance by one foot, but he escaped in the end with nothing more than a few bruises44. Andrew Marvell and George Wither45 both published poems celebrating the Protector’s deliverance, and the incident furnished several royalist wits with a theme for satires46 and epigrams.
Another recreation which found great favour with Cromwell was music. When he gave a banquet to foreign ambassadors or members of the House of Commons, “rare music, both of instruments and voices,” was always an important part of the entertainment. The same thing took place in hours of relaxation47 or domestic festivities, for the Protector, according to a contemporary biographer, was “a great lover of music, and entertained the most skilful48 in that science in his pay and family.” In the great hall at Hampton Court he had two organs, and his organist, John Hingston, was a pupil of Orlando Gibbons. James Quin, a student of Christ Church, Oxford49, who had been deprived of his place by the Puritan visitors of that university, obtained his restoration to it through the Protector’s love of music. 458Quin was not a very skilful singer, but he had a bass24 voice “very strong and exceeding trolling.” Some of his friends brought him into the company of the Protector, “who loved a good voice, and instrumental music well.” Cromwell “heard him sing with very great delight, liquored him with sack, and in conclusion said, ‘Mr. Quin, you have done well; what shall I do for you?’ To which Quin made answer, with great compliments, that his Highness would be pleased to restore him to his student’s place, which he did accordingly.”
A few other notices of the Protector’s personal habits may be gleaned50 from contemporary sources. In his diet his tastes were very simple; according to a contemporary pamphleteer, it was “spare and not curious”; no “French quelquechoses” were to be found on his table, but plain, substantial dishes. His ordinary drink, according to the same authority, consisted of “a very small ale” known by the name of “Morning Dew.” He also drank freely a light wine which his physicians had recommended to him as good for his health.
In dress Cromwell’s tastes were marked by the same simplicity51. When he expelled the Long Parliament in 1653, he was wearing “plain black clothes with grey worsted stockings.” At his installation in the following December he had on “a plain black suit and cloak,” though a few weeks later when he was entertained by the Lord Mayor he wore “a musk52 colour suit and coat richly embroidered53 with gold.” When Protector, his dress was naturally more sumptuous54 than it had been before, and Sir 459Philip Warwick, who had so contemptuously criticised the cut of his clothes in 1640, attributed the improvement in his appearance to a better tailor as well as to converse55 with better company. But even then a young Royalist fresh from the French Court described the Protector as “plain in his apparell,” and “rather affecting a negligence56 than a genteel garb57.”
The Protector’s household was naturally organised on a more magnificent scale than that which had sufficed him as General. The sum allowed for its maintenance was sixty thousand pounds during the first Protectorate, and a hundred thousand pounds during the second. But many other expenses were defrayed from this fund, and Cromwell spent a large amount in charity; according to one biographer as much as forty thousand pounds a year. Speaking of the Protector’s second installation, and the increased state which was its consequence, Sir Philip Warwick says: “Now he models his household so that it might have some resemblance to a Court, and his liveries, lackies, and yeomen of the guard are known whom they belong to by their habit.” The forty or fifty gentlemen employed in the internal service of Whitehall and Hampton Court, or in attendance upon the Protector’s person, wore coats of grey cloth with black velvet59 collars, and black velvet or silver lace trimming. And besides these “yeomen of the guard” he had the life-guard of horse which has been mentioned before. All this show and state offended many rigid60 Puritans, to whom even the semblance58 of a Court was hateful. Others held that it was “necessary for the honour of 460the English nation” that its head should be surrounded by a certain amount of pomp, and this opinion was generally accepted.
Both newspapers and private letters make frequent mention of the Protector’s family. When Cromwell took up his residence at Whitehall in April, 1654, his aged61 mother removed with him. But she took no pleasure in her son’s grandeur62, and it was said that she “very much mistrusted the issue of affairs, and would be often afraid when she heard a musket63 that her son was shot, being exceedingly dissatisfied unless she might see him once a day at least.” She died in November, 1654, in her ninety-fourth year, and a little before her death, gave her blessing64 to her son, in words which show how fully65 she sympathised with the aims of his life. “The Lord cause His face to shine upon you, and comfort you in all your adversities, and enable you to do great things for the glory of the most High God, and to be a relief unto His people. My dear son, I leave my heart with thee: good night.”
Of the Protector’s wife, “her Highness the Protectress” as she was officially styled, little mention is ever made. There is no doubt some foundation for the account of her methodical and economical management of the Protector’s household, which is contained in a contemporary pamphlet, but the main object of the pamphleteer was to sneer66 at her “sordid frugality” and unfitness for the station in which fortune had placed her. Mrs. Hutchinson, while owning that Cromwell “had much natural greatness and well became the place he had usurped,” 461describes his wife and children “as setting up for principality,” which suited them no better than fine clothes do an ape. The Protector’s daughters according to her were “insolent fools,” with one exception. The exception was Bridget, the eldest67, who after the death of her first husband, Ireton, became the wife of Lieutenant-General Fleetwood. She alone “was humbled68 and not exalted69 with these things.”
Elizabeth Claypole, the Protector’s second and favourite daughter, was in her father’s opinion in danger “of being cozened with worldly vanities and worldly company,” while some of the sharp sayings attributed to her account for Mrs. Hutchinson’s severe judgment70. On the other hand we have the evidence of James Harrington, the author of Oceana, that “she acted the part of a princess very naturally, obliging all persons with her civility, and frequently interceding71 for the unhappy.” Harrington owed to her the restoration of the confiscated72 manuscript of Oceana, and she often interceded73 with her father on behalf of imprisoned74 Royalists. Perhaps it was owing to this that, when the bodies of the Protector and Admiral Blake and many other great Parliamentarians were exhumed75 from their graves in Westminster Abbey, hers was left undisturbed, and lies there still.
Mary, the third daughter, who was born in 1637, married Thomas Belasyse, Lord Fauconberg, in November, 1657, while Frances, the youngest, became in the same month the wife of Robert Rich, grandson of the Earl of Warwick.
462Both weddings were celebrated76 by festivities which scandalised some Puritans. The wedding feast of Frances was kept at Whitehall, “when,” says a news-letter, “they had forty-eight violins and much mirth with frolics, besides mixt dancing, (a thing heretofore accounted profane) till five of the clock yesterday morning.” That of Mary Cromwell was at Hampton Court, and songs for the occasion were composed by Andrew Marvell, in which the bride was introduced as Cynthia, Fauconberg as Endymion, and the Protector himself as Jove.
Both these two ladies lived to see the Revolution, Mary dying in 1712, and Frances in 1721. Lady Fauconberg was childless, and Mrs. Claypole’s children died unmarried. But after the death of Robert Rich, Frances Cromwell married Sir John Russell of Chippenham, and from her or her sister Bridget many existing families can trace their descent.
RICHARD CROMWELL.
(From a drawing by W. Bond.)
The Protector’s sons fare little better at Mrs. Hutchinson’s hands than his daughters. According to her, Henry Cromwell and his brother-in-law Claypole were “two debauched, ungodly cavaliers,” while Richard though “gentle and virtuous” was yet a “peasant in his nature” and “became not greatness.” Richard’s education had not fitted him for greatness. Cromwell, until his second Protectorate at least, never contemplated77 being succeeded in power by one of his sons. He objected on principle to hereditary78 governments, and declared, in 1655, that if Parliament had offered to make the Government hereditary in his family he would have rejected it. Rulers should be chosen for their love to God, 463to truth, and to justice, not for their birth. “For as it is in the Ecclesiastes, who knoweth whether he may beget79 a fool or a wise man?” Cromwell therefore made at first no attempt to advance either of his sons. For six or seven years after his marriage, Richard lived on his property in Hampshire, devoting himself to hunting and other amusements. His father’s complaints show that he was idle, ran into debt, neglected the management of his estate, and made “pleasure the business of his life.” In November, 1655, however, the Protector appointed him one of the Council of Trade, in order, no doubt, to give him some training in public business. In 1657, after the Protector’s second installation, a further change took place. Richard was suddenly brought to the front; he succeeded his father as Chancellor80 of the University of Oxford, was made a member of the Protector’s council, and was given the command of a regiment81 of horse. When he travelled about the country, he was received by the local authorities as if he were the destined82 heir of his father’s authority. It was a poor training for a future ruler, and, after he became Protector, Richard was heard to complain that “he had thought to have lived as a country gentleman, and that his father had not employed him in such a way as to prepare him for such employment; which he thought he did designedly.” Yet though Richard showed no political ability during his brief reign23, he was far from being the country clown which royalist satires represented him. In his public appearances he displayed a dignity of bearing which surprised even his friends, 464and an oratorical83 power which they had never suspected. After the Restoration, the debts which he had contracted as Protector, and the jealous suspicion with which the Government of Charles II. always regarded him, obliged him to live many years in exile. “I have been alone thirty years,” he wrote to his daughter in 1690, “banished and under silence, and my strength and safety is to be retired84, quiet, and silent.” After his return to England, which took place about 1680, he thought it safer to adopt a feigned85 name, and lived in complete retirement86. He died in 1712, leaving three daughters, and his eldest son, who died in 1705, left no issue.
Henry Cromwell, though a man of much greater natural capacity than his brother, was also for a time kept back by his father. From 1650 to about 1653, he was colonel of a regiment of horse in Ireland, and was reputed to be a good officer. In August, 1654, the Protector’s council nominated him to command the forces in Ireland, but the Protector was reluctant to allow his son to take the post, and kept him a year longer in England. “The Lord knows,” wrote Cromwell to Fleetwood, “my desire was for him and his brother to have lived private lives in the country; and Harry87 knows this well, and how difficultly I was persuaded to give him his commission.” As Commander-in-chief and a member of the Irish council Henry proved his ability, and in November, 1657, he succeeded his brother-in-law, Fleetwood, as Lord Deputy of Ireland.
His task, like his father’s task in England, was to establish civil government in place of military rule, 465and to unite all Protestant sects88 in support of the Protectorate. He had many difficulties to contend with, both political and financial; the Anabaptists and a faction89 amongst the officers gave continual trouble. The land settlement was but half completed, prosperity was slow to return, and order hard to re-establish. Yet he was more successful than could have been expected, and with the majority of the Protestant colony in Ireland he gained great popularity. Rigid Puritans held that his way of living and his ostentation90 in dress savoured too much of the world, but in other respects his conduct was blameless. His chief defect was an infirmity of temper. He was very sensitive to criticism and very impatient of opposition91; insomuch that his father warned him against making it a business to be too hard for his opponents.
It is sometimes said that if the Protector had made Henry his successor instead of Richard, the Protectorate might have lasted. But the choice of Cromwell was dictated92 by the circumstances in which he was placed. Among his councillors and generals there was no man whom the rest would willingly have accepted as their ruler, and of his sons Richard was far more acceptable to the chief supporters of the Protectorate than his abler and more masterful brother would have been. The military cabal93 which overthrew94 Richard would have proved too strong for Henry, to whom, moreover, some of its leaders were personally hostile.
A month after the fall of his brother, Henry Cromwell resigned the government of Ireland, and 466rejecting all the overtures95 of the Royalists, acquiesced96 in the re-establishment of the Republic. He declared that he had formerly97 had an honourable98 opinion of the Republic, but was satisfied also of the lawfulness99 of the “late government under a single person.”
“And whereas my father (whom I hope you yet look upon as no inconsiderable instrument of these nations’ freedom and happiness), and since him my brother, were constituted chief in those administrations, and the returning to another form hath been looked upon as an indignity100 to these my nearest relations, I cannot but acknowledge my own weakness to the sudden digesting thereof, and my own unfitness to serve you.... And as I cannot promote anything which infers the diminution101 of my late father’s honour and merit, so I thank the Lord, for that He hath kept me safe in the great temptation, wherewith I have been assaulted to withdraw my affection from that cause wherein he lived and died.”
At the Restoration, Henry, thanks to his friends amongst the Royalists, and to the moderation with which he had used his power, was not molested102, though he lost a portion of his estates by the change. He lived in retirement on his property in Cambridgeshire, dying there in 1674. Henry’s great-grandson, Oliver Cromwell of Cheshunt, who died in 1821, was the last descendant of the Protector in the male line.
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pimples
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| n.丘疹，粉刺，小脓疱( pimple的名词复数 ) | |
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warts
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| n.疣( wart的名词复数 )；肉赘；树瘤；缺点 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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stature
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| n.（高度）水平，（高度）境界，身高，身材 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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allayed
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| v.减轻，缓和( allay的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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compassionate
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| adj.有同情心的，表示同情的 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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impartially
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| adv.公平地，无私地 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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worthies
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| 应得某事物( worthy的名词复数 )； 值得做某事； 可尊敬的； 有（某人或事物）的典型特征 | |
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eyebrows
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| 眉毛( eyebrow的名词复数 ) | |
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beak
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| n.鸟嘴，茶壶嘴，钩形鼻 | |
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mingled
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| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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discourse
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| n.论文，演说；谈话；话语；vi.讲述，著述 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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comely
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| adj.漂亮的，合宜的 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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bass
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| n.男低音(歌手)；低音乐器；低音大提琴 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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transacted
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| v.办理（业务等）( transact的过去式和过去分词 )；交易，谈判 | |
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petitioners
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| n.请求人，请愿人( petitioner的名词复数 )；离婚案原告 | |
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grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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enthusiasts
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| n.热心人，热衷者( enthusiast的名词复数 ) | |
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contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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hawking
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| 利用鹰行猎 | |
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wary
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| adj.谨慎的，机警的，小心的 | |
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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barbs
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| n.（箭头、鱼钩等的）倒钩( barb的名词复数 )；带刺的话；毕露的锋芒；钩状毛 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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embarkation
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| n. 乘船, 搭机, 开船 | |
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entangled
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| adj.卷入的；陷入的；被缠住的；缠在一起的v.使某人（某物/自己）缠绕，纠缠于（某物中），使某人（自己）陷入（困难或复杂的环境中）( entangle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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bruises
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| n.瘀伤，伤痕，擦伤( bruise的名词复数 ) | |
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45
wither
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| vt.使凋谢，使衰退，(用眼神气势等)使畏缩；vi.枯萎，衰退，消亡 | |
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satires
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| 讽刺，讥讽( satire的名词复数 )； 讽刺作品 | |
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relaxation
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| n.松弛，放松；休息；消遣；娱乐 | |
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48
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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gleaned
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| v.一点点地收集（资料、事实）( glean的过去式和过去分词 )；（收割后）拾穗 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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musk
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| n.麝香, 能发出麝香的各种各样的植物，香猫 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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negligence
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| n.疏忽，玩忽，粗心大意 | |
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garb
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| n.服装，装束 | |
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semblance
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| n.外貌，外表 | |
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velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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grandeur
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| n.伟大，崇高，宏伟，庄严，豪华 | |
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musket
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| n.滑膛枪 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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sneer
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| v.轻蔑；嘲笑；n.嘲笑，讥讽的言语 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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humbled
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| adj. 卑下的，谦逊的，粗陋的 vt. 使 ... 卑下，贬低 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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interceding
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| v.斡旋，调解( intercede的现在分词 )；说情 | |
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confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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73
interceded
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| v.斡旋，调解( intercede的过去式和过去分词 )；说情 | |
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imprisoned
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| 下狱，监禁( imprison的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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exhumed
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| v.挖出，发掘出( exhume的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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beget
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| v.引起；产生 | |
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chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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oratorical
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| adj.演说的，雄辩的 | |
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retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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86
retirement
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| n.退休，退职 | |
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harry
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| vt.掠夺，蹂躏，使苦恼 | |
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sects
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| n.宗派，教派( sect的名词复数 ) | |
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faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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ostentation
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| n.夸耀，卖弄 | |
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opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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dictated
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| v.大声讲或读( dictate的过去式和过去分词 )；口授；支配；摆布 | |
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cabal
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| n.政治阴谋小集团 | |
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overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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overtures
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| n.主动的表示，提议；（向某人做出的）友好表示、姿态或提议( overture的名词复数 )；（歌剧、芭蕾舞、音乐剧等的）序曲，前奏曲 | |
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acquiesced
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| v.默认，默许( acquiesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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99
lawfulness
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| 法制，合法 | |
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100
indignity
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| n.侮辱，伤害尊严，轻蔑 | |
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101
diminution
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| n.减少；变小 | |
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102
molested
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| v.骚扰( molest的过去式和过去分词 )；干扰；调戏；猥亵 | |
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