If you will look at the map you will see that Lower Siam extends half-way down the Malay Peninsula, running across it from coast to coast and thus forming a barrier between British Burmah and British Malaya, precisely29 as German East Africa formerly30 separated the British holdings in the northern and southern portions of the Dark Continent. And, were I to indulge in prophecy, I should say that the day would come when the fate of German East Africa will overtake Lower Siam. History has shown, again and again, that the nation, particularly if it is as small and feeble as Siam, which forms a barrier between two portions of a powerful and aggressive empire is in anything but an enviable position.
Politically that portion of the Malay Peninsula[210] which is within the British sphere is divided into three sections: the colony of the Straits Settlements, the four Federated Malay States, and the five non-federated states under British protection. The crown colony of the Straits Settlements consists of the twenty-seven-mile-long island of Singapore and the much larger island of Penang; the territory of Province Wellesley, on the mainland opposite Penang; Malacca, a narrow coastal31 strip between Singapore and Penang; and, to the north of it, the tiny island and insignificant32 territory known as the Dingdings. By the acquisition of these small and scattered33 but strategically important territories, England obtained control of the Straits of Malacca, which form the gateway35 to the China Seas. In 1896, as the result of a treaty between the British Government and the rajahs of the native states of Perak, Selangor, Pahang, and Negri Sembilan, these four states were brought into a confederation under British protection. Though they are still under the nominal36 rule of their own rajahs—now known as sultans—each has a British adviser37 attached to his court, the Governor of the Straits Settlements being ex officio the High Commissioner38 and administrative39 head of the confederation. The non-federated states consist of Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, and Trengganu, the rights of suzerainty, protection, administration, and control of which were transferred by treaty from Siam to Great Britain in 1909, and the Sultanate of Johore, which occupies the extreme southern end of the peninsula, opposite Singapore. In the non-federated, as in[211] the Federated Malay States, British advisers40 reside at the courts of the native sultans.
Starting at Johore, which, some Biblical authorities assert, is identical with the Land of Ophir, and running through the heart of British Malaya from south to north, is the Federated Malay States Railway, which has recently been linked up with the Siamese State Railways, thus making it possible to travel by rail from Singapore to Bangkok in about four days. Aside from the heat (in the railway carriages the mercury occasionally climbs to 120), the insects, the dust, and the swarms41 of sweating natives who pile into every compartment42 regardless of the class designated on their tickets, the journey is a comfortable one.
That section of the F. M. S. Railways which traverses the Sultanate of Johore runs through the greatest tiger country in all Asia. The tiger is to Johore what the elephant is to Siam and the kangaroo to Australia—a sort of national trademark43. Even the postage stamps bear an engraving44 of the striped monarch45 of the jungle. There is no place in the world, so far as I am aware, save only a zoo, of course, where one can get a shot at a tiger so quickly and with such minimum of effort. In this connection I heard a story at the Singapore Club, the truth of which is vouched46 for by those with whom I was having tiffin. Shortly before the war, it seems, an American business man who had amassed47 a fortune in the export business, and who was noted48 even in down-town New York as a hustler, was returning from a business trip to China. [212]In the smoking-room of the home ward49 bound liner, over the highballs and cigars, he listened to the stories of an Englishman who had been hunting big game in Asia. The conversation eventually turned to tigers.
"Johore's the place for tigers," the Englishman remarked, pouring himself another peg50 of whiskey. "The beggars are as thick as foxes in Leicestershire. You're jolly well certain of bagging one the first day out."
"I've always wanted a tiger skin for my smoking room," commented the American. "Could buy one at a fur shop on the Avenue, of course, but I want one that I shot myself. Think I'll run over to Johore while we're at Singapore and get one."
"But I say, my dear fellow," expostulated the Briton, "you really can't do that, you know. We only stop at Singapore for half a day—get in at daybreak and leave again at noon. You can't get a tiger in that time."
"There's no such word as 'can't' in my business. Business methods will bring results in tiger shooting as quickly as in anything else," retorted the American, rising and heading for the wireless51 room.
A few hours later the American's representative in Singapore, a youngster who had himself been educated in the school of American business, received a wireless message from the head of his house. It read: "Arriving Singapore daybreak Thursday. Leaving noon same day. Wish to shoot tiger in Johore. Make arrangements."
[213]Now the representative in Singapore knew perfectly52 well that his promotion53, if not his job, depended upon his employer getting a tiger. And, as the steamer was due in four days, there was no time to spare. From the director of the Singapore zoo he purchased for considerably54 above the market price, a decrepit55 and somewhat moth-eaten tiger of advanced years, which he had transported across the straits to Johore, whence it was conveyed by bullock cart to a spot in the edge of the jungle, a dozen miles outside the town, where it was turned loose in an enclosure of wire and bamboo hastily constructed for the purpose.
When the steamer bearing the American magnate dropped anchor in the harbor, the local representative went aboard with the quarantine officer. Ten minutes later, thanks to arrangements made in advance, a launch was bearing him and his chief to the shore, where a motor car was waiting. It is barely a dozen miles from the wharf56 at Singapore to Woodlands, the ferry station opposite Johore, and the driver had orders to shatter the speed laws. A waiting launch streaked57 across the two miles of channel which separates the island from the mainland and drew up alongside the quay58 at Johore, where another car was waiting. The roads are excellent in the sultanate, and thirty minutes of fast driving brought the two Americans to the zareba, within which the tiger, guarded by natives, was peacefully breakfasting on a goat.
"He's a real man-eater," whispered the agent, handing his employer a loaded express rifle. "We only[214] located him yesterday. Lured60 him with a goat, you know ... the smell of blood attracts 'em. You'd better put a bullet in him before he sees us. One just behind the shoulder will do the business."
The magnate, trembling with excitement for the first time in his busy life, drew bead62 on the tawny63 stripe behind the tiger's shoulder. There was a shattering roar, the great beast pawed convulsively at the air, then rolled on its side and lay motionless.
"Good work," the local man commented approvingly. "It's only an hour and forty minutes since we left the boat a record for tiger shooting, I fancy. We'll be back at Raffles64' for breakfast by nine o'clock and after that I'll show you round the city. Don't worry about the skin, sir. The natives'll tend to the skinning and I'll have it on board before you sail."
Now—so the story goes—after dinner in the magnate's New York home he takes his guests into the smoking room for cigars and coffee. Spread before the fireplace is a great orange and black pelt65, a trifle faded it is true, but indubitably the skin of a tiger.
"Yes," the host complacently66 in reply to his guests' admiring comments, "a real man-eater. Shot him myself in the Johore jungle. Easy enough to get a tiger if you use American business methods."
When, upon reaching Singapore, the great seaport67 at the tip of the Malay Peninsula which is the gateway to the Malay States and to Siam, I learned that[215] small but not uncomfortable steamers sail weekly for Bangkok—a four-day voyage if the monsoon68 is blowing in the right direction—or that, by crossing the narrow straits on the ferry to Johore, we could reach the capital of Siam in about the same time by the Federated Malay States and Siamese railways, there seemed no valid69 excuse for keeping the Negros any longer. So, bidding good-by to Captain Galvez and his officers, I gave orders that the little vessel70, on which we had cruised upward of six thousand miles, amid some of the least-known islands in the world, should return to Manila. To leave her was like breaking home ties, and I confess that when she steamed slowly out of the harbor, homeward bound, with her Filipino crew lining71 the rail and Captain Galvez waving to us from the bridge and the flag at her taffrail dipping in farewell, I suddenly felt lonely and deserted72.
When the people whom I met in Singapore learned that I was contemplating73 visiting Siam they attempted to dissuade74 me. I was warned that the train service up the peninsula was uncertain, that the steamers up the gulf75 were uncomfortable, that the hotel in Bangkok was impossible, the dirt incredible, the heat unendurable, the climate unhealthy. And when, desiring to learn whether these indictments76 were true, I attempted to obtain reliable information about the country to which I was going, I found that none was to be had. The latest volume on Siam which I could find in Singapore bookshops bore an 1886 imprint77. The managers of the two leading hotels in Singapore knew, or professed78 to[216] know, nothing about hotel accommodations in Bangkok. Though the administration of the Federal Malay States Railways generously offered me the use of a private car over their system, I could obtain no reliable information as to what connections I could make at the Siamese frontier or when I would reach Bangkok. And the only guide book on Siam which I could discover—quite an excellent little volume, by the way—was published by the Imperial Japanese Railways!
The Siamese are by no means opposed to foreigners visiting their country, and they would welcome the development of its resources by foreign capital, but, owing to the insularity79, indifference80, timidity and pride which are inherent in the Siamese character, they have taken no steps to bring their country to the attention of the outside world. When one notes the energetic advertising81 campaigns which are being conducted by the governments of Japan, China, Java, and even Indo-China, where the visitor is confronted at every turn by advertisements urging him to "Spend the Week-End at Kamakura," "Go to the Great Wall," "Don't Miss Boroboedor and Djokjakarta," "Take Advantage of the Special Fares to the Ruins of Angkor," you wonder why Siam, which has so much that is novel and picturesque82 to offer, makes no effort to swell83 its revenues by encouraging the tourist industry. That the royal prince who is the Minister of Communications recently made a tour of the United States for the purpose of studying American railway methods suggests, however, that the Land of the White [217]Elephant is planning to get its share of tourist travel in the future.
I might as well admit frankly84 that my first impressions of the Siamese capital were extremely disappointing. I didn't expect to be conveyed to my hotel atop a white elephant, through streets lined with salaaming85 natives, but neither did I expect to make a wild dash through thoroughfares as crowded with traffic as Fifth Avenue, in a vehicle which unmistakably owed its paternity to Mr. Henry Ford86, or to be bruskly halted at busy street crossings by the upraised hand of a helmeted and white-gloved traffic policeman. Nor, upon my arrival at the hotel—there is only one in Bangkok deserving of the name—did I expect to find on the breakfast table a breakfast food manufactured in Battle Creek87, or beside my bed an electric fan made in New Britain, Connecticut, or behind the desk a very wide awake American youth—the son, I learned later, of one of the American advisers to the Siamese Government—who eagerly inquired whether I had brought any American newspapers with me and whether I thought the pennant88 would be won by the Giants or the White Sox.
Bangkok, which, with its suburbs, has a population about equal to that of Boston, is built on the banks of the country's greatest river, the Menam, some forty miles from its mouth. Though the city has a number of fine thoroughfares, straight as though laid out with a pencil and ruler, between them lie labyrinths89 of dim and evil-smelling bazaars90, their narrow, winding,[218] cobble-paved streets lined on either side by stalls in which are displayed for sale all the products of the country. Because of the intense heat these stalls are open in front, so that the occupants work and eat and sleep in full view of everyone who passes. The barber shaves the heads of his customers while they squat92 in the edge of the roadway. In the licensed93 gambling94 houses groups of excited men and women crowd about gaming tables presided over by greasy95, half-naked Chinese croupiers, and, when they have squandered96 their trifling97 earnings98, hasten to the nearest pawnshop with any garment or article of furniture that is not absolutely indispensable to their existence in order to obtain a few more coins to hazard and eventually to lose. As a result of this passion for gambling, the city is full of pawnshops, some streets containing scarcely anything else. At the far end of one of the bazaar91 streets is the largest idol99 manufactory in Siam, for the temples whose graceful100, tapering101 towers dot the landscape are filled with images of Buddha102, in all sizes and of all materials from wood to gold set with jewels, most of them donated by the devout103 in order to "make merit" for themselves. As all Buddhists104 wish to accumulate as much merit for themselves as possible, in order to be assured at death of a through ticket to Nirvana, the idol-making industry is in a flourishing condition.
Pushing their way through the crowded thoroughfares, their raucous105 cries rising above the clamor, go the ice cream and curry106 vendors107, carrying the [219]paraphernalia of their trade slung108 from bamboo poles borne upon the shoulders—perambulating cafeterias and soda109 fountains, as it were. For a satang—a coin equivalent to about a quarter of a cent—you can purchase a bowl of rice, while the expenditure110 of another satang will provide you with an assortment111 of savories or relishes112, made from elderly meat, decayed fish, decomposed113 prawns114 and other toothsome ingredients, which you heap upon the rice, together with a greenish-yellow curry sauce which makes the concoction115 look as though it were suffering from a severe attack of jaundice. These relishes are cooked, or rather re-warmed, by the simple process of suspending them in a sort of sieve117 in a pot of boiling water, the same pot and the same water serving for all customers alike. By this arrangement, the man who takes his snack at the close of the day has the advantage of receiving not merely what he orders, but also flavors and even floating remnants from the dishes ordered by all those who have preceded him. The ice cream vendors drive a roaring trade in a concoction the basis of which is finely shaven ice, looking like half-frozen and very dirty slush, sweetened with sugar and flavored, according to the purchaser's taste from an array of metal-topped bottles such as barbers use for bay rum and hair oil. But, being cold and sweet, "Isa-kee," as the Chinese vendors call it, is as popular among the lower classes in Siam as ice cream cones120 are in the United States.
Though the streets of Bangkok are crowded with[220] vehicles of every description—ramshackle and disreputable rickshaws, the worst to be found in all the East, drawn121 by sweating coolies; the boxes of wood and glass on wheels, called gharries, drawn by decrepit ponies122 whose harness is pieced out with rope; creaking bullock carts driven by Tamils from Southern India; bicycles, ridden by natives whose European hats and coats are in striking contrast to their bare legs and brilliant panungs; clanging street cars, as crowded with humanity as those on Broadway; motors of every size and make, from jitneys to Rolls-Royces—the bulk of the city's traffic is borne on the great river and the countless123 canals which empty into it. Bangkok has been called, and not ineptly124, the Venice of the East, for it is covered with a net-work of canals, or klongs, which spread out in every direction. In sampans, houseboats and other craft, moored125 to the banks of these canals, dwells the major portion of the city's inhabitants. The city's water population is complete in itself and perfectly independent of its neighbors on land, for it has its own shops and dwellings, its own markets and restaurants, its own theaters, and gambling establishments, its own priests and police. When you go to Bangkok, I strongly advise you to hire a sampan and visit the floating portion of the city after nightfall. The houseboats are open at both ends and you will see many things that the guidebooks fail to mention.
The Oriental Hotel, the banks, the shipping126 offices, the business houses, and all the legations save only the[221] American, are clustered on or near the river in a low-lying and unattractive quarter of the town. But follow the long, dingy127, squalid highway known as the New Road, a thoroughfare lined with third-rate Chinese shops and thronged128 with rickshaws, carriages, bicycles, motors, street-cars, and Asiatics of every religion and complexion130, and you will come at length into a portion of the city as different from the mercantile district as Riverside Drive is from the Bowery. Here you will find broad boulevards, shaded by rows of splendid tamarinds, lined by charming villas131 which peep coyly from the blazing gardens which surround them, and broken at frequent intervals132 by little parks in which are fountains and statuary. There is a great common, green with grass during the rainy season, known as the Premane Ground, where military reviews are held and where the royal cremations take place; a favorite spot in the spring for the kite-flying contests in which Siamese of all classes and all ages participate. Fronting on the Premane Ground are the not unimposing stuccoed buildings which house the Ministries135 of Justice, Agriculture and War. Not far away is the new Throne Hall, a huge, ornate structure of white marble, in the modern Italian style, its great dome faintly reminiscent of the Capitol at Washington. From the center of the spacious136 plaza137 rises a rather fine equestrian138 statue of the late king, Chulalungkorn, and, close by, the really charming Dusit Gardens, beautifully laid out with walks and lagoons139 and kiosks and a great variety of tropical flowers and shrubs and[222] trees. But, most characteristic and colorful of all, a touch of that Oriental splendor140 which one looks for in Siam, is the congeries of palaces, offices, stables, courtyards, gardens, shrines141 and temples, the whole encircled by a crenelated, white-washed wall, which is the official residence of King Rama VI.
There are said to be nearly four hundred Buddhist temples within a two-mile radius143 of the royal palace, of which by far the most interesting and magnificent is the famous Wat Phra Keo, or Temple of the Emerald Buddha, which is really a royal chapel144, being within the outer circumference145 of the palace walls. I doubt if any space of similar size in all the world contains such a bewildering display of barbaric magnificence, such a riot of form and color, as the walled enclosure in which this remarkable146 edifice147 and its attendant structures stand. From the center of the marble-paved courtyard rises an enormous, cone-shaped prachadee, round at the bottom but tapering to a long and slender spire148 said to be covered with plates of gold. It certainly looks like a solid mass of that precious metal, and at daybreak and nightfall, when it catches the level rays of the sun, it can be seen from afar, shining and glittering above the gorgeously colored roofs of the temples and the many-tinted lesser149 spires150 which surround it. Close by the gilded prachadee is the bote or chapel used by the king, surmounted151 by a similar spire which is overlaid with sapphire-colored plates of glass and porcelain152, while a little distance away stands the temple itself, its gilded [223]walls set with mosaics153 of emerald green. Flanking the gateways154 of the temple courtyard are gigantic, grotesque155 figures, fully59 thirty feet in height, carved and colored like the creatures of a nightmare. They represent demons156 and are supposed to guard the approaches to the temple, being so placed that they glare down ferociously157 on all who enter the sacred enclosure. Other figures in marble, bronze, wood and stone, representing dolphins, storks158, cows, camels, monkeys and the various fabulous160 monsters of the Hindu mythology161, are scattered in apparent confusion about the temple courtyard, producing an effect as bizarre as it is bewildering. It is so unreal, so incredibly fantastic, that I felt that I was looking at the papier-maché setting for a motion picture spectacle, such as Griffith used to produce, and that the director and the cameraman would appear shortly and end the illusion.
The interior of the main temple is extremely lofty. The walls and rafters are of teak and the floor is covered with a matting made of silver wire. At the far end of this imposing134 room an enormous, pyramidal shrine142 of gold rises almost to the roof, its dazzling brilliancy somewhat subdued162 by the semi-obscurity of the interior. Wat Phra Keo is unique amongst Siamese temples in containing objects of real value. Everything is genuine and costly163, as becomes the gifts of a king, though it must be admitted that certain of the royal offerings which are ranged at the foot of the shrine, such as jeweled French clocks, figurines of Sèvres and Dresden porcelain, and a large[224] marble statue of a Roman goddess, are of doubtful appropriateness. Ranged on a table at the back of the altar are seven images of Buddha in pure gold, the right hand of each pointed164 upward. On the thumb and fingers of each hand glitters a king's ransom165 in rings of sapphires166, emeralds and rubies167, while from the center of each palm flashes a rosette of diamonds. High up toward the rafters, at the apex168 of the golden pyramid, in a sort of recess7 toward which the fingers of the seven images are pointing, sits an image of Buddha, perhaps twelve inches high, said to be cut from one enormous emerald—whence the temple's name. As a matter of fact, it is made of jade169 and is of incalculable value. Set in its forehead are three eyes, each an enormous diamond. The history of this extraordinary idol is lost in the mists of antiquity170. Tradition has it that it fell from heaven into one of the Laos states, being captured by the Siamese in battle. Since then it has been repeatedly lost, captured or stolen. Its story, like that of so many famous jewels, might fittingly be written in blood.
It is the custom in Siam for every man to spend a portion of his life in a monastery171. This rule applies to everyone from the poorest peasant upward, the king and all the male members of the royal family having at some period worn the yellow robe of a monk159. This curious custom is, no doubt, an imitation of the so-called Act of Renunciation of Gautama, the future Buddha, who, at the age of twenty-nine, moved by the sufferings of humanity, renounced172 his rights to his[225] father's throne and, abandoning his wife and child, devoted173 the remainder of his life to religion. Just as every American boy is expected to go to school, so every Siamese youth is expected to enter a monastery, the stern discipline enforced during this period accounting174, I have no doubt, for the docility175 which is so noticeable a part of the Siamese character. While I was in Siam I was the guest one day of the officers' mess of the crack regiment176 of the household cavalry177. Though my hosts, with few exceptions, spoke178 fluent English, though several of them had been educated at English schools and universities, and though the conversation over the mess table was of polo and racing179 and big game shooting and bridge, I learned to my astonishment180 that every one of these debonair181 young officers, with their worldly manners and their beautifully cut uniforms, had at one time shaved his head, donned the yellow robe of a monk, and begged his food from door to door. In view of the universality of the custom, it is small wonder that Siam has ten thousand monasteries182 and that 300,000 of its inhabitants wear the ocher-colored robe.
The periods of time which men devote to monastic life are not uniform. Some spend between a month and a year, others their entire lives. Some enter the monastery in their youth, others in middle age or when old men. But they all shave their heads and don the coarse yellow robe and lead practically the same existence. Each morning, carrying their "begging bowls," they beg their food at the doors of [226]laymen. They come quietly and stand at the door, and, accepting the offerings, as quietly depart without expressing thanks for what is given them, the idea being that they are not begging for their own benefit but in order to evoke183 a spirit of charity in the giver. During the dry season it is the custom of the monks184 to make long pilgrimages for the purpose of visiting other monasteries. Each of these itinerant185 monks is accompanied by a youth known as a yom, who carries the simple requisites186 of the journey, the chief of which is a large umbrella. Traveling in the interior one frequently meets long files of these yellow-clad pilgrims, with their attendant yoms, moving in silence along a forest trail. When night comes the yom opens the large umbrella which he carries, thrusts its long handle into the ground, and over it drapes a square of cloth, thus extemporizing187 a sort of tent under which his master sleeps.
To visit Siam without seeing the royal white elephants would be like visiting Niagara without seeing the falls. The elephant stables stand in the heart of the palace enclosure, sandwiched in between the palace gardens and the Ministry188 of Foreign Affairs. Each animal—there were only three in the royal stables at the time of my visit—has a separate building to itself, within which it stands on a sort of dais, one hind61 leg lashed189 with a rope to a tall, stout190 post painted scarlet and surmounted by a gilded crown. Much as I dislike to shatter cherished illusions, were I to assert that[227] the elephants I saw in the royal stables were white, I should be convicting myself of color-blindness. The best that can be said of two of them, is that they were a dirty gray, about the color of a much-used wash-rag. The third, had it been a horse, might have been described as a roan, the whole body being a pale reddish-brown, with a sprinkling of real white hairs on the back. All three animals were, in reality, albinos, having the light-colored iris191 of the eye, the white toe-nails, and the pink skin at the end of the trunk which distinguish the albino everywhere. As a matter of fact, "white elephant" is not a correct translation of the Siamese chang penak, which really means "albino elephant." But most foreigners will continue, I have no doubt, to use the term made famous by Barnum.
Though the albino elephants are never used nowadays save on occasions of great ceremony, being regarded by the educated Siamese with the same amused tolerance192 with which an Englishman regards the great gilt193 coach, drawn by eight cream-colored horses, in which the king goes to open Parliament, the ordinary elephant is of enormous economic value to the country, being a combination, as it were, of a motor truck, a portable derrick, and a freight car. Almost anywhere in the back country, where the only roads are trails through the jungle, one can see "elephants a-pilin' teak in the sludgy, squdgy creeks194" or being loaded with merchandise for transport into the far interior. Indeed, the traveler who wishes to take a[228] short cut from Siam to Burmah can hire an elephant for the journey almost as easily as he could hire a motor car in America. It is a novel means of travel, but a little of it goes a long way. A good working elephant is a valuable piece of property, being worth in the neighborhood of $2,500., but the prospective195 purchaser should remember that the possession of one of these giant pachyderms entails196 considerable overhead, or rather, internal expense. De Wolf Hopper was telling only the literal truth when he sang in Wang of the tribulations197 of the peasant who had an elephant on his hands:
"The elephant ate all night, The elephant ate all day; Do what he would to furnish food, The cry was 'Still more hay!'"
Although, as I have already remarked, sophisticated Siamese regard the white elephant with amusement tinged198 with contempt, there is no doubt that among the bulk of the people the animals are considered as sacred and are treated with great veneration199. Indeed, when Siam was forced to cede118 certain of her eastern provinces to France, the treaty contained a clause providing that any so-called white elephants which might be captured in the ceded119 territory should be considered the property of the King of Siam and delivered to him forthwith. A number of years ago, a traveling show known as Wilson's English Circus, gave a number of exhibitions in Bangkok, which were attended by the King, the nobility, and members of the European [229]colony. When the proprietor200 saw that the popular interest in his exhibition was beginning to wear off, he distributed broadcast handbills announcing that at the next performance "a genuine white elephant" would take part in the exhibition. Public curiosity was reawakened and that evening the circus was crowded. After the usual bareback riding, in which the Siamese were treated to the sight of European women in pink tights and tulle skirts pirouetting on the backs of cantering Percherons, two clowns burst into the ring.
"Hey, you!" bawled201 one of them, "Have you seen the white elephant?"
"Sure, I have," was the response. "The King has a stable full of them."
"Oh, no, he ain't," shouted the first fun-maker. "The King ain't got any white elephants. His are all gray ones. I'll show you the only genuine white elephant in the world," whereupon a small elephant, as snowy as repeated coats of whitewash18 could make it, ambled202 into the ring. Though a suppressed titter ran through the more sophisticated portion of the audience when it was observed that the ridiculous looking animal left white marks on everything it touched, it was quite apparent that the bulk of the spectators resented fun being made of an animal which they had been taught to consider sacred, certain of the more devout asserting that the sacrilegious performance would call down the wrath203 of Buddha. Their prophecies proved to be well founded, for the "white" elephant died at sea a few days later—as the[230] result, it was hinted, of poison put in its food by the Siamese priests and Wilson himself, who had been suffering from dysentery, died the day after he landed at Singapore.
Being a young nation, so far as the adoption204 of Western methods are concerned, the Siamese are extremely sensitive, being almost pathetically eager to win the good opinion of the Occidental world. Thus, upon Siam's entry into the Great War (perhaps you were not aware that the little kingdom equipped and sent to France an expeditionary force composed of aviation, ambulance and motor units, thus being the only independent Asiatic nation whose troops served on European soil) the king abolished the white elephant upon a red ground which from time immemorial had been the national standard, substituting for it a nondescript affair of colored stripes which at first glance appears to be a compromise between the flags of China and Montenegro. In doing this, I think that the king made a mistake, for he deprived his country of a distinctive205 emblem206 which was associated with Siam the whole world over.
Fortune was kind to us in the Siamese capital, for we reached that city on the eve of a series of royal cremations, the attendant ceremonies providing enough action and color to satisfy even Hawkinson. It should be explained that instead of cremating207 a body immediately, as might be expected in so torrid a climate, the remains208 are placed in a large jar and kept[231] in a temple or in the house of the deceased for a period determined209 by the rank of the dead man—the King for twelve months and so downward. If the relatives are too poor to afford the expenses incident to cremation133, they bury the body, but exhume210 it for burning when their financial condition permits. On the day of the cremation, which is usually fixed211 by an astrologer, the remains are transferred from the jar to a wooden coffin212 and carried with much pomp to the meru, or place of cremation. When the deceased is of royal or noble blood the meru is frequently a magnificent structure, sometimes costing many thousands of dollars, built for the purpose and torn down when that purpose has been served. The coffin is placed on the pyre, which is lighted by relatives, the occasion being considered one for rejoicing rather than mourning. The royal meru, which had been erected213 in a small park in the outskirts214 of the capital at a cost of one hundred thousand ticals, was a really beautiful structure of true Siamese architecture, elaborately decorated in scarlet and gold and draped with hangings of the same colors. Within the meru were three pyres, concealed215 by gilt screens, on which were set the coffins216 containing the bodies. As there were a number of bodies to be burned, the ceremonies lasted upward of a week, King Rama going in state each afternoon to the meru, where he took his place on a throne in an elaborately decorated pavilion. After brief ceremonies by a large body of yellow-robed Buddhist priests, the King set fire to the end of[232] a long fuse, which in turn ignited the three pyres simultaneously217, the ascending218 clouds of smoke being greeted by the roll of drums and the crash of saluting219 cannon220.
When I first suggested to friends in Bangkok that I wished to obtain permission for Hawkinson to take pictures of the cremation, they told me that it was out of the question.
"But why?" I demanded. "Motion-pictures were taken of the funerals of the Pope, and of King Edward, and of President Roosevelt, without anyone dreaming of protesting, so why should there be any objection here? Nothing in the least disrespectful is intended."
"But this is Siam," my friends replied pessimistically, "and such things simply aren't done here. No one has ever taken a motion-picture of a royal cremation."
"It's never too late to begin," I told them.
So I took a rickshaw out to the American Legation and enlisted221 the cooperation of our charge d'affaires, Mr. Donald Rodgers, the very efficient young diplomatist who was representing American interests in Siam pending116 the arrival of the new minister.
"I'll do my best to arrange it," Rodgers assured me, "but I'm not sanguine222 about meeting with success. The Siamese are fine people, kindly223, hospitable224 and all that, but they're as conservative as Bostonians."
Two days later, however, he sent me a letter, signed by the minister of the royal household, authorizing[233] Hawkinson to take motion-pictures in the grounds of the meru on the following day prior to the cremation. I didn't quite like the sound of the last four words, "prior to the cremation," but I felt that it was not an occasion for quibbling. So the next day, at the appointed hour—which was two hours ahead of the time set for the cremation—Hawkinson set out for the meru, accompanied by his interpreter. He did not return until dinner-time.
"What happened?" I inquired, by way of greeting.
"What didn't happen?" he retorted. "They turned me out just as the cremation was commencing. When we reached the meru I was met by an official wearing bright-blue pants, who told me that he had been sent to assist me in taking the pictures. Well, I got a few shots of the meru itself, and of the royal pavilion, and of some of the priests and soldiers, but there wasn't much doing because there wasn't any action. So I sat down to wait for things to happen. Pretty soon the troops began to arrive—lancers and a battery of artillery225 and a company of the royal body-guard in red coats—and after them came the guests: officials and dignitaries in all sorts of gorgeous uniforms covered with decorations. A few minutes later I heard someone say, 'The King is coming,' so I got the camera ready to begin cranking. Just then up comes my Siamese chaperone. 'You will have to leave now,' says he. 'Leave? What for?' said I. 'Because the cremation is about to begin,' he tells me. 'But that's what I've come to take pictures of,' I told him. 'What[234] did you think that I attended this party for?' 'Oh, no,' says he, very polite; 'your permission says that you can take pictures prior to the cremation.' So they showed me the gate."
"Then you didn't get any pictures?" I queried226, deep disappointment in my tone.
"Sure, I got the pictures," was the answer. "Some of them, at any rate. That's what I went there for, wasn't it?"
"But how did you work it?" I demanded.
"Easy," he replied, lighting227 a cigarette. "I told the driver to back his car up against the iron fence which encircles the meru; then I set up the camera in the tonneau, so that it was above the heads of the crowd, screwed on the six-inch lens which I use for long-distance shots, and took the pictures."
The present ruler of Siam, King Rama VI, is in most respects the antithesis228 of the popular conception of an Oriental monarch. Though polygamy has been practised among the upper classes in Siam from time beyond reckoning, he has neither wife nor concubines. Instead of riding atop a white elephant, in a gilded howdah, or being borne in a palanquin, as is always the custom of Oriental rulers in fiction, he shatters the speed laws in a big red Mercedes. For the flaming silks and flashing jewels which the movies have educated the American public to believe are habitually229 worn by Eastern potentates231, King Rama substitutes the uniform of a Siamese general, or, for evening functions[235] at the palace, the dress coat and knee-breeches of European courts. He was educated at Oxford232 and Cambridge and later graduated from the Royal Military College at Sandhurst, being commissioned an honorary colonel in the British Army. He is the founder233 and chief of an organization patterned after the Boy Scouts234 and known as the Wild Tigers, which has hundreds of branches and carries on its rolls the name of nearly every youth in the kingdom. Each year the organization holds in Bangkok a grand rally, when thousands of youngsters, together with many adults from all walks of life, for membership in the corps235 is not confined to boys, are reviewed by the sovereign, who appears in the gorgeous and original uniform, designed by himself, of commander-in-chief of the Wild Tigers.
In one respect, however, King Rama lives up to the popular conception of an Oriental ruler: like his father before him, he is generous to the point of prodigality236. This trait was illustrated237 not long ago, when he sent eight thousand pounds to the widow of Mr. Westengaard, the American who was for many years general adviser to the Government of Siam, accompanied by a message that it was to be used for the education of her son. This recalls a characteristic little anecdote238 of the present ruler's father, the late King Chulalongkorn. The early youth of the late king and his brothers was spent under the tutelage of an English governess, who was affectionately addressed by the younger members of the royal family as "Mem." Upon her return to[236] England she wrote a book entitled An Englishwoman at the Siamese Court, in which she depicted239 her employer, King Mongkut, the father of Chulalongkorn, in a none too favorable light. Some years later, upon the occasion of King Chulalongkorn's visit to England, his former governess, now become an old woman, called upon him.
"Mem," he said, in a course of conversation, "how could you write such unkind things about my father? He was always very good to you."
"That is true, Majesty240," the former governess admitted in some confusion, "but the publishers wouldn't take the book unless I made it sensational241. And I had to do it because I was in financial difficulties."
When she had departed the King turned to one of his equerries. "Send the poor old lady a hundred pounds," he directed. "She meant no harm and she needs the money."
The chief hobby of the present ruler is, curiously242 enough, amateur dramatics, of which his orthodox and conservative ministers do not wholly approve. In addition to having translated into Siamese a number of Shakesperian plays, he is the author of several original dramas, which have been produced at the palace under his personal direction and in several of which he has himself played the leading parts. As a result of this predilection243 for dramatics, he has accumulated an extensive theatrical244 wardrobe, to which he is constantly adding. When I was in Bangkok I had some[237] clothes made by the English tailor who supplies the court—an excellent tailor, but expensive.
"You'll excuse my taking the liberty, I hope, sir," he said during the course of a fitting, "but, being as you are an American, perhaps you could assist me with some information. I've received a very pressing order for a costume such as is worn by the cowboys in your country, sir, but, though I've found some pictures in the English illustrated weeklies, I don't rightly know how to make it."
"A cowboy's costume?" I exclaimed. "In Siam? Who in the name of Heaven wants it?"
"It's for his Majesty," was the surprising answer. "He's written a play in which he takes the part of an American cowboy and he's very particular, sir, that the costume should be quite correct. Seeing as you come from that country, I thought I'd make so bold, sir, as to ask if you could give me some suggestions."
It was quite apparent that he believed that when I was at home I customarily went about in chaps, a flannel245 shirt and a sombrero, and, knowing the English mind, I realized that nothing was to be gained by attempting to disillusionize him.
"Let's see what you've made," I suggested, whereupon he produced an outfit246 which appeared to be a compromise between the costume of an Italian bandit, the uniform of an Australian soldier, and the regalia of a Spanish bull-fighter. Suppressing my inclination247 to give way to laughter, I sketched248 for the grateful tailor the sort of garments to which cowpunchers[238]—cowpunchers of the screen, at least—are addicted249. If he followed my directions the King of Siam wore a costume which would make William S. Hart green with envy.
King Rama's literary efforts have not been confined to playwriting, however, for his book on the wars of the Polish Succession is one of the standard authorities on the subject. If you go to Siam expecting to see an Oriental potentate230 such as you have read about in novels, His Majesty, Rama VI, is bound to prove very disappointing.
But, though the monarch and his court are as up-to-the-minute as the Twentieth Century Limited, many of the spectacular and colorful ceremonies of old Siam are still celebrated250 with all their ancient pomp and magnificence. For example, each year, at the close of the rainy season, the King devotes about a fortnight to visiting the various temples in and near Bangkok. On these occasions he goes in the royal barge251, a gorgeously decorated affair, 150 feet in length, looking not unlike an enormous Venetian gondola252, rowed by three-score oarsmen in scarlet-and-gold liveries. The King, surrounded by a glittering group of court officials, sits on a throne at the stern, while attendants hold over his head golden umbrellas. From the landing place to the temple he is borne in a sedan chair between rows of prostrate253 natives who bow their foreheads to the earth in adoration254 of this short, stout, olive-skinned, good-humored looking young man whom [239]nearly ten millions of people implicitly255 believe to be the earthly representative of Buddha.
Another picturesque observance, the Rice-Planting Ceremony, takes place early in May, when the Minister of Agriculture, as the deputy of the King, leads a long procession of officials and priests to a field in the outskirts of the capital, where a pair of white bullocks, yoked256 to a gilded plough, are waiting. Surrounded by a throng129 of functionaries257 glittering like Christmas trees, the Minister ploughs a few furrows258 in the field, being followed by four young women of the court who scatter34 rice grains on the freshly turned soil. Until quite recent years, the officials taking part in this procession claimed the privilege of appropriating any articles which caught their fancy in the shops along the route. But this quaint259 practise is no longer followed. It was not popular with the merchants. The Siamese, like all Orientals, place much reliance on omens260, the position of the lower hem10 of the panung worn by the Minister of Agriculture on this occasion indicating, it is confidently believed, the sort of weather to be expected during the ensuing year. If the edge of the panung comes down to the ankles a dry season is anticipated, even a drought, perhaps. If, on the contrary, the garment is pulled up to the knees—a raining-in-London effect, as it were,—it is freely predicted that the country will suffer from floods. But if the folds of the silk reach to a point midway between knee and ankle, then the farmers look forward to a [240]moderate rainfall and a prosperous season. It is as though the United States Weather Bureau were to base its forecasts on the height at which the Secretary of Agriculture wore his trousers.
The panung—a strip of silk or cotton about three yards long is the national garment of Siam and among the poorer classes constitutes the only article of clothing. It is admirably adapted to the climate, being easy to wash and easy to put on: all that is necessary is to wind it about the waist, pass the ends between the legs, and tuck them into the girdle, thus producing the effect of a pair of knickerbockers. As both sexes wear the panung, and likewise wear their hair cut short, it is somewhat difficult to distinguish between men and women. Siamese women keep their hair about four or five inches long and brush it straight back, like American college students, without using any comb or other ornament261, thus giving them a peculiarly boyish appearance. In explanation of this fashion of wearing the hair there is an interesting tradition. Once upon a time, it seems, a Siamese walled city was besieged262 by Cambodians while the men of the city were fighting elsewhere and only women and children remained behind. A successful defense263 was out of the question. In this emergency, a woman of militant264 character—the Sylvia Pankhurst of her time—proposed to her terrified sisters that they should cut their hair short and appear upon the walls in men's clothing on the chance of frightening away the Cambodians. The ruse265 succeeded, for, while the invaders266 [241]were hesitating whether to carry the city by storm, the Siamese warriors267 returned and put the enemy to flight. The Siamese prince who told me the story, an officer who had spent much of his life in Europe, remarked that he understood that American women were also cutting off their hair.
"True enough," I admitted. "In the younger set bobbed hair is all the vogue268. But they don't cut off their hair, as your women did, to frighten away the men."
If you will take down the family atlas269 and turn to the map of Southern Asia you will see that Siam, with an area about equivalent to that of Spain, occupies the uncomfortable and precarious270 position of a fat walnut271 clinched272 firmly between the jaws273 of a nut-cracker, the jaws being formed by British Burmah and French Indo-China. And for the past thirty years those jaws have been slowly but remorselessly closing. Until 1893 the eastern frontier of Siam was separated from the China Sea by the narrow strip of Annam, at one point barely thirty miles in width, which was under French protection. Its western boundary was the Lu Kiang River, which likewise formed the eastern boundary of the British possessions in Burmah. On the south the kingdom reached down to the Grand Lac of Cambodia, while on the north its frontiers were coterminous274 with those of the great, rich Chinese province of Yunnan. Now here was a condition of affairs which was as annoying as it was intolerable to the [242]land-hungry statesmen of Downing Street and the Quai d'Orsay. That a small and defenseless Oriental nation should be permitted to block the colonial expansion of two powerful and acquisitive European nations was unthinkable.
The first step in the spoilation of the helpless little kingdom was taken by France in 1893, when, claiming that the Mekong—which the French were eager to acquire under the impression that it would provide them with a trade-route into Southern China—formed the true boundary between Siam and Annam, she demanded that the Siamese evacuate275 the great strip of territory to the east of that river. Greatly to the delight of the French imperialists, the Siamese refused to yield, whereupon, in accordance with the time-honored rules of the game of territory grabbing, French gunboats were dispatched to make a naval276 demonstration277 off Bangkok. The forts at the mouth of the Menam fired upon the gunboats, whereupon the French instituted a blockade of the Siamese capital and at the same time enormously increased their demands. England, which had long professed to be a disinterested278 friend of the Siamese, shrugged279 her shoulders whereupon they yielded to the threat of a French invasion and ceded to France the eastern marches of the kingdom. Meanwhile the frontier between Siam and the new British possessions in Burmah had been settled amicably280, though, as might have been expected, in Britain's favor, Siam being shorn of a small strip of territory on the northwest. In 1904 [243]the French again brought pressure to bear, their territorial281 booty on this occasion amounting to some eight thousand square miles, comprising the Luang Prabang district lying east of the Mekong and the provinces of Malupré and Barsak. Seeing that the process of filching282 territory from the Siamese was as safe and easy as taking candy from children, the French tried it again in 1907, this time obtaining the provinces of Battambang, Sisophon and Siem-Reap, constituting a total of some seven thousand square miles, thus bringing within French territory the whole of the Grand Lac and the wonderful ruins of Angkor. In 1909 it was England's turn again, but, disdaining283 the crude methods of the French, she informed the Siamese Government that she was prepared to relinquish284 her rights to maintain her own courts in Siam, the Siamese being expected to show their gratitude285 for this concession286 to their national pride by ceding287 to England the states of Kelantan, Trengganu and Kedah, in the Malay Peninsula, with a total area of about fifteen thousand square miles. It was a costly transaction for the Siamese, but they assented288. What else was there for them to do? When a burly and determined person holds you up in a dark alley289 with a revolver and intimates that if you will hand over your pocketbook he will refrain from hitting you over the head with a billy, there is nothing to do but accede290 with the best grace possible to his demands. In a period of only sixteen years, therefore, France and England, by methods which, if used in business, would lead to an [244]investigation by the Grand Jury, succeeded in stripping Siam of about a third of her territory. The history of Siam during that period provides a striking illustration of the methods by which European powers have obtained their colonial empires.
It was the Great War which, by diverting the attention of France and England, probably saved Siam from complete dismemberment. Now, in robbing her, they would be robbing an ally and a friend, for in July, 1917, Siam declared war on the Central Powers, despatched an expeditionary force to France, interned291 every enemy alien in the kingdom and confiscated292 their property, thus ridding France and England of the last vestige293 of Teutonic commercial rivalry294 in southeastern Asia. The Siamese, moreover, have had a national house-cleaning and have set their country in thorough order. Their national finances are now in admirable condition; they have accomplished295 far-reaching administrative reforms; they are opening up their territory by the construction of railway lines in all directions; and they have obtained the practical abolition296 of French and British jurisdiction297 over certain of their domestic affairs, while a treaty which provides that the United States shall likewise surrender its extra territorial rights and permit its citizens to be tried in Siamese courts has recently been signed.
The future of Siam should be of interest to Americans if for no other reason than that it is the one remaining independent state of tropical Asia. Indeed, it is known to its own people as Muang-Thai—the [245]"Kingdom of the Free." Whether it will remain so only the future can tell. I should be more sanguine about the continued independence of the Land of the White Elephant, however, were it not for the colonial records of its two nearest neighbors, which heretofore, in their dealings with Asiatic peoples, have usually followed
"The good old rule ... the simple plan, That they should take who have the power, And they should keep who can."
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1
configuration
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| n.结构，布局，形态，(计算机)配置 | |
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2
tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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shrubs
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| 灌木( shrub的名词复数 ) | |
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mosses
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| n. 藓类, 苔藓植物 名词moss的复数形式 | |
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verdant
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| adj.翠绿的，青翠的，生疏的，不老练的 | |
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penetrating
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| adj.（声音）响亮的，尖锐的adj.（气味）刺激的adj.（思想）敏锐的，有洞察力的 | |
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7
recess
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| n.短期休息，壁凹（墙上装架子，柜子等凹处） | |
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recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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hem
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| n.贴边，镶边；vt.缝贴边；(in)包围，限制 | |
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11
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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incandescent
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| adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的 | |
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gilded
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| a.镀金的，富有的 | |
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Buddhist
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| adj./n.佛教的，佛教徒 | |
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tinkle
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| vi.叮当作响；n.叮当声 | |
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scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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whitewashed
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| 粉饰，美化，掩饰( whitewash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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whitewash
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| v.粉刷，掩饰；n.石灰水，粉刷，掩饰 | |
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brass
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| n.黄铜；黄铜器，铜管乐器 | |
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hooded
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| adj.戴头巾的；有罩盖的；颈部因肋骨运动而膨胀的 | |
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lithe
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| adj.(指人、身体)柔软的，易弯的 | |
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gaily
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| adv.欢乐地，高兴地 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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stilts
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| n.（支撑建筑物高出地面或水面的）桩子，支柱( stilt的名词复数 )；高跷 | |
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dome
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| n.圆屋顶，拱顶 | |
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turquoise
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| n.绿宝石；adj.蓝绿色的 | |
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mosque
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| n.清真寺 | |
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precisely
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| adv.恰好，正好，精确地，细致地 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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coastal
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| adj.海岸的，沿海的，沿岸的 | |
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insignificant
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| adj.无关紧要的，可忽略的，无意义的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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nominal
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| adj.名义上的；(金额、租金)微不足道的 | |
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adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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advisers
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| 顾问，劝告者( adviser的名词复数 )； （指导大学新生学科问题等的）指导教授 | |
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41
swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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42
compartment
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| n.卧车包房，隔间；分隔的空间 | |
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trademark
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| n.商标；特征；vt.注册的…商标 | |
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44
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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45
monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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46
vouched
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| v.保证( vouch的过去式和过去分词 )；担保；确定；确定地说 | |
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amassed
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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49
ward
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| n.守卫，监护，病房，行政区，由监护人或法院保护的人（尤指儿童）；vt.守护，躲开 | |
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50
peg
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| n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定 | |
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51
wireless
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| adj.无线的；n.无线电 | |
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52
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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53
promotion
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| n.提升，晋级；促销，宣传 | |
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54
considerably
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| adv.极大地；相当大地；在很大程度上 | |
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55
decrepit
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| adj.衰老的，破旧的 | |
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56
wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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57
streaked
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| adj.有条斑纹的，不安的v.快速移动( streak的过去式和过去分词 )；使布满条纹 | |
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58
quay
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| n.码头，靠岸处 | |
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59
fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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60
lured
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| 吸引，引诱（lure的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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61
hind
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| adj.后面的，后部的 | |
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62
bead
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| n.念珠；(pl.)珠子项链；水珠 | |
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63
tawny
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| adj.茶色的，黄褐色的；n.黄褐色 | |
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64
raffles
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|
| n.抽彩售物( raffle的名词复数 )v.以抽彩方式售（物）( raffle的第三人称单数 ) | |
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65
pelt
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|
| v.投掷，剥皮，抨击，开火 | |
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66
complacently
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|
| adv. 满足地, 自满地, 沾沾自喜地 | |
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67
seaport
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| n.海港，港口，港市 | |
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68
monsoon
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|
| n.季雨，季风，大雨 | |
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69
valid
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|
| adj.有确实根据的；有效的；正当的，合法的 | |
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70
vessel
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|
| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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71
lining
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|
| n.衬里，衬料 | |
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72
deserted
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|
| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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73
contemplating
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|
| 深思，细想，仔细考虑( contemplate的现在分词 )； 注视，凝视； 考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）； 深思熟虑，沉思，苦思冥想 | |
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74
dissuade
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|
| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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75
gulf
|
|
| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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76
indictments
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|
| n.（制度、社会等的）衰败迹象( indictment的名词复数 )；刑事起诉书；公诉书；控告 | |
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77
imprint
|
|
| n.印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象；vt.压印，牢记 | |
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78
professed
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|
| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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79
insularity
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|
| n.心胸狭窄；孤立；偏狭；岛国根性 | |
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80
indifference
|
|
| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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81
advertising
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|
| n.广告业；广告活动 a.广告的；广告业务的 | |
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82
picturesque
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|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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83
swell
|
|
| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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84
frankly
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|
| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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85
salaaming
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|
| 行额手礼( salaam的现在分词 ) | |
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86
Ford
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|
| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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87
creek
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|
| n.小溪，小河，小湾 | |
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88
pennant
|
|
| n.三角旗；锦标旗 | |
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89
labyrinths
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|
| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
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90
bazaars
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|
| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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91
bazaar
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|
| n.集市，商店集中区 | |
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92
squat
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|
| v.蹲坐，蹲下；n.蹲下；adj.矮胖的，粗矮的 | |
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93
licensed
|
|
| adj.得到许可的v.许可，颁发执照(license的过去式和过去分词) | |
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94
gambling
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|
| n.赌博；投机 | |
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95
greasy
|
|
| adj. 多脂的，油脂的 | |
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96
squandered
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|
| v.（指钱，财产等）浪费，乱花( squander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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97
trifling
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|
| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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98
earnings
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|
| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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99
idol
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|
| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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100
graceful
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|
| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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101
tapering
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|
| adj.尖端细的 | |
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102
Buddha
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|
| n.佛；佛像；佛陀 | |
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103
devout
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|
| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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104
Buddhists
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|
| n.佛教徒( Buddhist的名词复数 ) | |
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105
raucous
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|
| adj.(声音)沙哑的，粗糙的 | |
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106
curry
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|
| n.咖哩粉，咖哩饭菜；v.用咖哩粉调味，用马栉梳，制革 | |
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107
vendors
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|
| n.摊贩( vendor的名词复数 )；小贩；（房屋等的）卖主；卖方 | |
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108
slung
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|
| 抛( sling的过去式和过去分词 )； 吊挂； 遣送； 押往 | |
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109
soda
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|
| n.苏打水；汽水 | |
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110
expenditure
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|
| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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111
assortment
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|
| n.分类，各色俱备之物，聚集 | |
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112
relishes
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|
| n.滋味( relish的名词复数 )；乐趣；（大量的）享受；快乐v.欣赏( relish的第三人称单数 )；从…获得乐趣；渴望 | |
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113
decomposed
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|
| 已分解的，已腐烂的 | |
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114
prawns
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|
| n.对虾，明虾( prawn的名词复数 ) | |
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115
concoction
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|
| n.调配(物)；谎言 | |
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116
pending
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|
| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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117
sieve
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|
| n.筛，滤器，漏勺 | |
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118
cede
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|
| v.割让，放弃 | |
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119
ceded
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|
| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的过去式 ) | |
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120
cones
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|
| n.（人眼）圆锥细胞；圆锥体( cone的名词复数 )；球果；圆锥形东西；（盛冰淇淋的）锥形蛋卷筒 | |
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121
drawn
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|
| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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122
ponies
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| 矮种马，小型马( pony的名词复数 )； ￡25 25 英镑 | |
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123
countless
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|
| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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124
ineptly
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|
| adv. 不适当地，无能地 | |
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125
moored
|
|
| adj. 系泊的 动词moor的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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126
shipping
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|
| n.船运（发货，运输，乘船） | |
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127
dingy
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|
| adj.昏暗的，肮脏的 | |
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128
thronged
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|
| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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129
throng
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|
| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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130
complexion
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|
| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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131
villas
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| 别墅，公馆( villa的名词复数 )； （城郊）住宅 | |
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132
intervals
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|
| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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133
cremation
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|
| n.火葬，火化 | |
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134
imposing
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|
| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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135
ministries
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| （政府的）部( ministry的名词复数 )； 神职； 牧师职位； 神职任期 | |
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136
spacious
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|
| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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137
plaza
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|
| n.广场，市场 | |
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138
equestrian
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|
| adj.骑马的；n.马术 | |
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139
lagoons
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|
| n.污水池( lagoon的名词复数 )；潟湖；（大湖或江河附近的）小而浅的淡水湖；温泉形成的池塘 | |
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140
splendor
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|
| n.光彩；壮丽，华丽；显赫，辉煌 | |
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141
shrines
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| 圣地，圣坛，神圣场所( shrine的名词复数 ) | |
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142
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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143
radius
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| n.半径，半径范围；有效航程，范围，界限 | |
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144
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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145
circumference
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|
| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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146
remarkable
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|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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147
edifice
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| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
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148
spire
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| n.(教堂)尖顶，尖塔，高点 | |
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149
lesser
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|
| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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150
spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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151
surmounted
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|
| 战胜( surmount的过去式和过去分词 )； 克服（困难）； 居于…之上； 在…顶上 | |
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152
porcelain
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|
| n.瓷；adj.瓷的，瓷制的 | |
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153
mosaics
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| n.马赛克( mosaic的名词复数 )；镶嵌；镶嵌工艺；镶嵌图案 | |
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154
gateways
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| n.网关( gateway的名词复数 )；门径；方法；大门口 | |
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155
grotesque
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| adj.怪诞的，丑陋的；n.怪诞的图案，怪人（物） | |
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156
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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157
ferociously
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| 野蛮地，残忍地 | |
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158
storks
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| n.鹳( stork的名词复数 ) | |
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159
monk
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| n.和尚，僧侣，修道士 | |
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160
fabulous
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| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
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161
mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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162
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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163
costly
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|
| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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164
pointed
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|
| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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165
ransom
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|
| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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166
sapphires
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|
| n.蓝宝石，钢玉宝石( sapphire的名词复数 )；蔚蓝色 | |
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167
rubies
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| 红宝石( ruby的名词复数 )； 红宝石色，深红色 | |
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168
apex
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| n.顶点，最高点 | |
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169
jade
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| n.玉石；碧玉；翡翠 | |
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170
antiquity
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| n.古老；高龄；古物，古迹 | |
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171
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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172
renounced
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| v.声明放弃( renounce的过去式和过去分词 )；宣布放弃；宣布与…决裂；宣布摒弃 | |
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173
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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174
accounting
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|
| n.会计，会计学，借贷对照表 | |
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175
docility
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| n.容易教，易驾驶，驯服 | |
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176
regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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177
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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178
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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179
racing
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| n.竞赛，赛马；adj.竞赛用的，赛马用的 | |
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180
astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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181
debonair
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| adj.殷勤的，快乐的 | |
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182
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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183
evoke
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| vt.唤起，引起，使人想起 | |
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184
monks
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| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
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185
itinerant
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| adj.巡回的；流动的 | |
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186
requisites
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| n.必要的事物( requisite的名词复数 ) | |
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187
extemporizing
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| v.即兴创作，即席演奏( extemporize的现在分词 ) | |
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188
ministry
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| n.(政府的)部；牧师 | |
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189
lashed
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| adj.具睫毛的v.鞭打( lash的过去式和过去分词 )；煽动；紧系；怒斥 | |
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191
iris
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| n.虹膜，彩虹 | |
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192
tolerance
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| n.宽容；容忍，忍受；耐药力；公差 | |
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193
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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194
creeks
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| n.小湾( creek的名词复数 )；小港；小河；小溪 | |
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195
prospective
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| adj.预期的，未来的，前瞻性的 | |
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196
entails
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| 使…成为必要( entail的第三人称单数 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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197
tribulations
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| n.苦难( tribulation的名词复数 )；艰难；苦难的缘由；痛苦 | |
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198
tinged
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| v.（使）发丁丁声( ting的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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199
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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200
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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201
bawled
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| v.大叫，大喊( bawl的过去式和过去分词 )；放声大哭；大声叫出；叫卖（货物） | |
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202
ambled
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| v.（马）缓行( amble的过去式和过去分词 )；从容地走，漫步 | |
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203
wrath
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| n.愤怒，愤慨，暴怒 | |
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204
adoption
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| n.采用，采纳，通过；收养 | |
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205
distinctive
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| adj.特别的，有特色的，与众不同的 | |
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206
emblem
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| n.象征，标志；徽章 | |
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207
cremating
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| v.火葬，火化（尸体）( cremate的现在分词 ) | |
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208
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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209
determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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210
exhume
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| v.掘出，挖掘 | |
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211
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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212
coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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213
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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214
outskirts
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| n.郊外，郊区 | |
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215
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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216
coffins
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| n.棺材( coffin的名词复数 )；使某人早亡[死，完蛋，垮台等]之物 | |
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217
simultaneously
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| adv.同时发生地，同时进行地 | |
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218
ascending
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| adj.上升的，向上的 | |
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219
saluting
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| v.欢迎，致敬( salute的现在分词 )；赞扬，赞颂 | |
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220
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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221
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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222
sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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223
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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224
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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225
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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226
queried
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| v.质疑，对…表示疑问( query的过去式和过去分词 )；询问 | |
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227
lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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228
antithesis
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| n.对立；相对 | |
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229
habitually
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| ad.习惯地，通常地 | |
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230
potentate
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| n.统治者；君主 | |
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231
potentates
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| n.君主，统治者( potentate的名词复数 )；有权势的人 | |
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232
Oxford
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| n.牛津（英国城市） | |
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233
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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234
scouts
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| 侦察员[机，舰]( scout的名词复数 )； 童子军； 搜索； 童子军成员 | |
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235
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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236
prodigality
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| n.浪费，挥霍 | |
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237
illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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238
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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239
depicted
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| 描绘，描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 )； 描述 | |
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240
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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241
sensational
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| adj.使人感动的，非常好的，轰动的，耸人听闻的 | |
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242
curiously
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| adv.有求知欲地；好问地；奇特地 | |
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243
predilection
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| n.偏好 | |
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244
theatrical
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| adj.剧场的，演戏的；做戏似的，做作的 | |
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245
flannel
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| n.法兰绒；法兰绒衣服 | |
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246
outfit
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| n.（为特殊用途的）全套装备，全套服装 | |
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247
inclination
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| n.倾斜；点头；弯腰；斜坡；倾度；倾向；爱好 | |
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248
sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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249
addicted
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| adj.沉溺于....的，对...上瘾的 | |
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250
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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251
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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252
gondola
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| n.威尼斯的平底轻舟；飞船的吊船 | |
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253
prostrate
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| v.拜倒，平卧，衰竭；adj.拜倒的，平卧的，衰竭的 | |
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254
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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255
implicitly
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| adv. 含蓄地, 暗中地, 毫不保留地 | |
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256
yoked
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| 结合（yoke的过去式形式） | |
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257
functionaries
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| n.公职人员，官员( functionary的名词复数 ) | |
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258
furrows
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| n.犁沟( furrow的名词复数 )；（脸上的）皱纹v.犁田，开沟( furrow的第三人称单数 ) | |
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259
quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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260
omens
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| n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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261
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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262
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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263
defense
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| n.防御，保卫；[pl.]防务工事；辩护，答辩 | |
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264
militant
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| adj.激进的，好斗的；n.激进分子，斗士 | |
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265
ruse
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| n.诡计，计策；诡计 | |
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266
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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267
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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268
Vogue
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| n.时髦，时尚；adj.流行的 | |
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269
atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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270
precarious
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| adj.不安定的，靠不住的；根据不足的 | |
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271
walnut
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| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
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272
clinched
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| v.（尤指两人）互相紧紧抱[扭]住( clinch的过去式和过去分词 )；解决（争端、交易），达成（协议） | |
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273
jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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274
coterminous
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| adj.毗连的，有共同边界的 | |
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275
evacuate
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| v.遣送；搬空；抽出；排泄；大(小)便 | |
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276
naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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277
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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278
disinterested
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| adj.不关心的，不感兴趣的 | |
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279
shrugged
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| vt.耸肩（shrug的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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280
amicably
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| adv.友善地 | |
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281
territorial
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| adj.领土的，领地的 | |
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282
filching
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| v.偷（尤指小的或不贵重的物品）( filch的现在分词 ) | |
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283
disdaining
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| 鄙视( disdain的现在分词 )； 不屑于做，不愿意做 | |
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284
relinquish
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| v.放弃，撤回，让与，放手 | |
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285
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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286
concession
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| n.让步，妥协；特许(权) | |
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287
ceding
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| v.让给，割让，放弃( cede的现在分词 ) | |
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288
assented
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| 同意，赞成( assent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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289
alley
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| n.小巷，胡同；小径，小路 | |
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290
accede
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| v.应允，同意 | |
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291
interned
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| v.拘留，关押( intern的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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292
confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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293
vestige
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| n.痕迹，遗迹，残余 | |
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294
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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295
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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296
abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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297
jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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