Not only does it relate "the ever-varying contests between Finns and Laplanders," but that between Light and Darkness, Good and Evil, for in the poem the Finns personify Light and Good, while the Lapps are emblems3 of Darkness and Evil. The Sampo, which is mentioned in this poem, and which seems to have been some sort of a magic grist-mill, holds the same place in Finn mythology4 as the Golden Fleece in that of the Greeks. Many of the poems incorporated in this epic date back some three thousand years, and the epic itself is composed in alliterative verse, although it also contains rhythm of line and sound, as the following introductory lines prove.
Mastered by desire impulsive5,
By a mighty6 inward urging,
I am ready now for singing,
Ready to begin the chanting
Of our nation's ancient folk-song
Handed down from by-gone ages,
In my mouth the words are melting,
From my lips the tones are gliding7,
From my tongue they wish to hasten;
When my willing teeth are parted,
When my ready mouth is opened,
Songs of ancient wit and wisdom
Hasten from me not unwilling8.[36]
The proem then invites all people to listen to legends of by-gone times and to the teachings of the wizard Wainamoinen, to admire the works of Ilmarinen and the doings of Youkahainen in the pastures of the Northland and in the meads of Kalevala. It adds that these runes were caught from the winds, the waves, and the forest branches, and have been preserved in the Northland ever since.
Rune I. In the first rune we are informed that Ilmater, daughter of the air, weary of floating alone in space, finally descended9 to the ocean, where she was rocked in the cradle of the deep seven hundred, years. She made use of this time to create, out of the eggs of a wild duck, the canopy10 of the heavens, and the spherical11 earth, with its islands, rocks, and continents. At the end of these seven hundred years, Ilmater gave birth to Wainamoinen, having waited all this time to be delivered of him, and having vainly called all living creatures to her aid. After coming into the world, this wonderful child floated about on the ocean eight years, and then drew himself up on a barren promontory12 to admire the sun, moon, and starry13 skies.
Rune II. After living alone for some time on this promontory or island, Wainamoinen summoned Pellerwoinen, "first-born of the plains and prairies," and bade him scatter14 broadcast seeds for the trees which were destined15 to clothe both vales and hillsides. In a twinkling of an eye, every variety of forest growth waved its branches hither and thither16, and, although Wainamoinen rejoiced to see the forest, he soon discovered that the oak, the "tree of heaven," was lacking in it. Because the oak still slept within an acorn18, Wainamoinen wondered how to conjure19 it out of its hiding-place, and, after consulting five water-maidens21, called the giant Tursus out of the depths of the ocean. After burning the hay the water-maidens raked together, this giant planted in the ashes an acorn, which quickly sprouted22, and whence arose a tree of such mighty proportions that its branches hid the rays of the sun and blotted23 out the starlight.
Terrified by what he had done, Wainamoinen wondered how to get rid of the oak, and implored24 his mother to send some one to help him. Immediately there rose from the sea a pygmy, armed in copper25, whom Wainamoinen deemed incapable26 of coping with so large a tree, until the dwarf27 suddenly transformed himself into a giant of such proportions that four blows from his copper axe28 felled the oak, scattering29 its trunk to the east, its top to the west, its leaves to the south, and its branches to the north. The chips from the fallen oak were collected by a Northland maiden20 to make enchanted30 arrows for a magician, and the soil it overshadowed immediately began to bear vegetation of sundry31 kinds.
Gazing at this new growth Wainamoinen discovered every kind of seed sprouting32 there save barley33. Soon after he found seven grains of this cereal on the sea-shore and consulted the birds how best to plant them. They advised him to fell the forests, burn the branches, and plant the barley in the land thus cleared. While obeying these directions in the main, Wainamoinen allowed the birch to stand, declaring there must be some place where the cuckoo and the eagle could build their nests. These two birds, greatly pleased by this attention, watched Wainamoinen as he sowed his seed, and heard him chant a prayer to Ukko, Father of Heaven, to send down rain to help it germinate35. This prayer was answered to such, good purpose that eight days later Wainamoinen found a crop of barley ready to harvest, and heard the cuckoo's notes as it perched in the birch trees.
"Therefore I have left the birch-tree,
Left the birch-tree only growing,
Home for thee for joyful37 singing.
Call thou here, O sweet-voiced cuckoo,
Sing thou here from throat of velvet38,
Sing thou here with voice of silver,
Sing the cuckoo's golden flute-notes;
Call at morning, call at evening,
Call within the hour of noontide,
For the better growth of forests,
For the ripening39 of the barley,
For the richness of the Northland,
For the joy of Kalevala."
Rune III. In the beautiful Land of the Heroes—Kalevala—Wainamoinen sang songs so wonderful that their fame spread northward40 to the land of the Lapps, and prompted Youkahainen to journey southward and challenge the "ancient minstrel" to a singing contest. In vain Youkahainen's parents strove to dissuade41 him from this undertaking42; the bold youth harnessed his sledge43 and drove rapidly southward, colliding with Wainamoinen, who was also out in his sledge that day. Although Wainamoinen was modest, his opponent was boastful and boldly proposed they show their skill by singing. Invited to sing first, Wainamoinen chanted a set of commonplace axioms; but when Youkahainen imitated him, the ancient minstrel challenged his guest to sing of creation or philosophy. Although Youkahainen now claimed he and seven other primeval heroes saw how the earth was fashioned, how the sky was arched, and how the silvery moon and golden sun were set in position, Wainamoinen termed him prince of liars44 and averred45 he was not present at the creation as he claimed. This contradiction so enraged46 Youkahainen that he offered to fight, but, instead of accepting this challenge, Wainamoinen sang a magic song of such power that it resolved Youkahainen's sled and harness to their primitive48 components49, and caused him to sink ever deeper into quicksands which finally rose to his very lips. Realizing his desperate plight50, Youkahainen implored Wainamoinen to cease his enchantments51, offering as a ransom52 for his life all manner of magic gifts which Wainamoinen scorned. In fact, it was only when the culprit promised him the hand of his sister Aino that the ancient minstrel reversed his spell, and not only released Youkahainen, but restored to him all his possessions.
The defeated bard53 now returns to Lapland, and on arriving there smashes his sledge in token of anger. His parents wonderingly question him, and, on learning he has promised his sister's hand in marriage to the magician Wainamoinen, they are delighted that she should marry so influential54 a man, although the maiden herself mourns because all pleasures are to be taken from her forever.
Rune IV. While out in the forest gathering55 birch shoots for brooms, this maiden soon after is seen by Wainamoinen, who bids her adorn56 herself for her wedding, whereupon she petulantly57 casts off the ornaments58 she wears and returns home weeping without them. When her parents inquire what this means, Aino insists she will not marry the old magician, until her mother bribes59 her by the offer of some wonderful treasures, bestowed60 by the Daughter of the Sun and Moon, and which until now have been hidden in the depths of the earth.
Although decked in these magnificent adornments, the girl wanders around the fields, wishing she were dead, for marriage has no attractions for her and she is not anxious to become an old man's bride. Stealing down to the sea-shore, she finally lays aside her garments and ornaments and swims to a neighboring rock, where she no sooner perches61 than it topples over, and she sinks to the bottom of the sea! There Aino perishes, and the water is formed of her blood, the fish from her flesh, the willows62 from her ribs63, and the sea-grass from her hair! Then all nature wonders how the news of her drowning shall be conveyed to her parents, and when the bear, wolf, and fox refuse to transmit so sad a message, the sea-maidens depute the hare, threatening to roast him unless he does their bidding.
Learning her daughter has perished thus miserably64, the mother of Aino recognizes that parents should not compel daughters to marry against their will.
"Listen, all ye mothers, listen,
Learn from me a tale of wisdom:
Never urge unwilling daughters
From the dwellings66 of their fathers,
To the bridegrooms that they love not,
Not as I, inhuman67 mother,
Drove away my lovely Aino,
Fairest daughter of the Northland."
Her sorrow is such that three streams of tears flow from her eyes and, increasing as they flow, form cataracts68, between which rise three pinnacles69 of rock, whereon grow birches, upon which cuckoos forever chant of "love, suitors, and consolation70!"
Rune V. The news of Aino's death travels swiftly southward, and Wainamoinen, hearing that his bride has perished, is plunged71 in grief. When he seeks consolation from the water-maidens they bid him go out fishing. After angling for many a day, he finally secures a salmon72, larger and more beautiful than any fish ever seen before. He is opening his knife to cut the salmon open, when it suddenly springs back into the deep, saying it was Aino who had come to join him but who now escapes in punishment for his cruelty. Not discouraged by this first failure, Wainamoinen fishes on, until the spirit of his mother bids him travel northward and seek a suitable wife among the Lapps.
"Take for thee a life companion
From the honest homes of Suomi,
One of Northland's honest daughters;
She will charm thee with her sweetness,
Make thee happy through her goodness,
Form perfection, manners easy,
Every step and movement graceful73,
Full of wit and good behavior,
Honor to thy home and kindred."
Rune VI. Preparing for a journey northward, Wainamoinen bestrides his magic steed, and galloping74 over the plains of Kalevala crosses the Blue Sea as if it were land. The bard Youkahainen, foreseeing his coming, lies in wait for him and prepares arrows to shoot him, although his mother warns him not to attempt anything of the kind. It is the third poisoned arrow from Youkahainen's bow which strikes Wainamoinen's horse, which immediately sinks to the bottom of the sea, leaving its rider to struggle in the water some eight years. Meantime Youkahainen exults75 because his foe76 is dead, although his mother insists her son has merely brought woe78 upon the earth.
Rune VII. Instead of treading the waves, Wainamoinen swims about until an eagle—grateful because he left birch-trees for birds to perch36 upon—swoops down, invites him to climb upon its back, and swiftly bears him to the dismal79 northland Sariola. There Wainamoinen is discovered by the Maid of Beauty, who sends her mother, toothless Louhi, to invite him into the house, where she bountifully feeds him. Next Louhi promises to supply Wainamoinen with a steed to return home and to give him her daughter in marriage, provided he will forge for her the Sampo, or magic grist-mill. Although Wainamoinen cannot do this, he promises that his brother, the blacksmith Ilmarinen, shall forge it for her, and thus secures the promise of the hand of the Maid of Beauty. This bargain made, Wainamoinen drives away in a sledge provided by his hostess, who cautions him not to look up as he travels along, lest misfortune befall him.
Rune VIII. Instead of obeying these injunctions, Wainamoinen gazes upward on his way home, and thus discovers the Maid of Beauty, or Maiden of the Rainbow, weaving "a gold and silver air-gown." When he invites her to come with him, she pertly rejoins the birds have informed her a married woman's life is unenviable, for wives "are like dogs enchained in kennel80." When Wainamoinen insists wives are queens, and begs her to listen to his wooing, she retorts when he has split a golden hair with an edgeless knife, has snared81 a bird's egg with an invisible snare82, has peeled a sandstone, and made a whipstock from ice without leaving any shavings, she may consider his proposal.
These impossible tasks are quickly accomplished83 by the wizard, but, while filling the Rainbow Maiden's last order to fashion a ship out of her broken spindle—Wainamoinen accidentally cuts his knee so badly that the blood flows so fast no charm can stop it. In vain different remedies are tried, in vain Wainamoinen seeks help at sundry houses the blood continues to pour out of his wound until it looks as if he would die.
Rune IX. Wainamoinen finally enters a cottage where two girls dip up some of his blood, and where an old man informs him he can be healed if he will only "sing the origin of iron." Thereupon Wainamoinen chants that Ukko, Creator of Heaven, having cut air and water asunder84, created three lovely maidens, whose milk, scattered85 over the earth, supplied iron of three different hues86. He adds that Fire then caught Iron, and carried it off to its furnace, where Ilmarinen discovered a way to harden it into steel by means of venom87 brought to him by the bird of Hades.
This song finished, the old man checks the flow of blood, and sends his daughters to collect various herbs, out of which he manufactures a magic balsam which cures the cut immediately.
Rune X and XI. Wainamoinen now hastens back to Kalevala and interviews his brother Ilmarinen, who refuses to journey northward or to forge the magic Sampo. To induce the smith to do his will, Wainamoinen persuades him to climb a lofty fir-tree, on whose branches he claims to have hung the moon and the Great Bear. While Ilmarinen is up in this tree, the wizard Wainamoinen causes a violent storm to blow his brother off to the Northland, where, welcomed by Louhi, Ilmarinen sets up his forge, and after four days' arduous88 work produces the magic sampo.
"I will forge for thee the Sampo,
Hammer thee the lid in colors,
From the tips of white-swan feathers,
From the milk of greatest virtue89,
From a single grain of barley,
From the finest wool of lambkins,
Since I forged the arch of heaven,
Forged the air a concave cover,
Ere the earth had a beginning."
The sorceress is so pleased with the Sampo—by means of which she daily grinds out treasure untold—that, after hiding it away safely in a mountain, she authorizes90 Ilmarinen to woo the Maid of Beauty, who assures him also she never will marry. Saddened by this refusal, Ilmarinen longs for home, whither he is wafted91 in Louhi's magic boat of copper.
Meanwhile Wainamoinen has been building a magic boat in which to sail northward. He is aided in this work by Lemminkainen, who, seeing the Maid of Beauty, boldly kidnaps her. But the maiden consents to be his spouse92 only if he will promise never to fight, a pledge he readily gives in exchange for hers to forego all village dances. These vows93 duly exchanged, the young couple are united, and all goes well as long as both scrupulously94 keep their promise.
Rune XII. The time comes, however, when Lemminkainen goes fishing, and during his absence his wife secretly attends a village dance. When the husband returns, his sister informs him his bride has broken her promise, whereupon Lemminkainen vows it is time he too should break his, and, harnessing his sleigh, starts off for Lapland to fight. On arriving there he enters sundry houses, and finally meets in one of them a minstrel, whose song he roughly criticises. Then, seizing the man's harp95, Lemminkainen chants all sorts of spells, until all present are under their influence save a blind shepherd, whom Lemminkainen allows to go, and who hastens down to the River of Death, declaring he will there await the singer's arrival.
Runes XIII and XIV. Lemminkainen now asks Louhi for her second daughter, whom she refuses to give him, declaring that after deserting her first daughter he can obtain her second only by catching96 the wild moose ranging in the fields of Hisi (Death), by bridling97 his fire-breathing steed, and by killing98 with his first arrow the great swan swimming on the River of Death. The first two tasks, although bristling99 with difficulties, are safely accomplished by Lemminkainen, but when he reaches the River of Death, the blind shepherd—who is lying there in wait for him ruthlessly slays100 him, chops his body into pieces, and casts them into the stream.
Rune XV. After vainly awaiting Lemminkainen's return, his aged47 mother, seeing blood drip from his hair-brush, concludes evil must have befallen her son. She therefore hastens northward, and threatens to destroy Louhi's magic Sampo unless the sorceress will reveal what has become of Lemminkainen. Louhi then confesses that she sent him down to Hades to hunt the Death swan, so Lemminkainen's mother hastens down to the River of Death, only to learn her son has perished. Hastening back to the blacksmith Ilmarinen, the frantic102 mother beseeches103 him to make her a rake with a handle five hundred fathoms104 long, and armed with this implement106 begins to dredge the river. Presently she fishes out one by one the garments and various fragments of her son! Thanks to powerful incantations she restores Lemminkainen to life, speech, and motion, whereupon the youth thanks her, and graphically107 relates how he came to his death. But, although he is home once more, Lemminkainen is always thinking of the beautiful maiden he wooed, and he still longs to kill the swan swimming on the River of Death!
Runes XVI and XVII. Leaving Lemminkainen, the poem now relates how Wainamoinen built a boat, asking the God of the Forest to supply him with the necessary material for its different parts. When questioned, the trees one after another declare they are unfit for ship-building, until the oak proffers108 its strong trunk. Wainamoinen now constructs his vessel109, but discovers he lacks three "master words" to finish it properly. After vainly seeking these words among birds and animals, he crosses the River of Death in a boat, only to find the magic formula is unknown even to the angel of Death! The words are, however, well known to Wipunen, a giant of whom he goes in quest. Prying110 open the monster's lips to force him to speak, Wainamoinen stumbles and accidentally falls into the huge maw and is swallowed alive. But, unwilling to remain indefinitely in the dark recesses111 of the giant's body, Wainamoinen soon sets up a forge in the entrails of the colossus, thus causing him such keen discomfort112 that the monster proposes to eject his guest, who flatly refuses to be dislodged until he learns the magic words. Having thus cleverly secured what he is seeking, Wainamoinen returns home and completes a boat, which proves self-propelling, and speedily bears him to the Northland to woo the Maiden of the Rainbow.
Thus the ancient Wainamoinen
Built the boat with magic only,
And with magic launched his vessel,
Using not the hand to touch it,
Using not the foot to move it,
Using not the knee to turn it,
Using nothing to propel it.
Thus the third task was completed,
For the hostess of Pohyola,
Dowry for the Maid of Beauty
Sitting on the arch of heaven,
On the bow of many colors.
Rune XVIII. Wainamoinen's departure in the magic vessel is noted113 by Ilmarinen's sister, who immediately informs her brother a suitor is starting to woo the girl he covets114. Jumping into his sled Ilmarinen drives off, and both suitors approach the maiden's dwelling65 from different points at the self-same time. Seeing them draw near, the witch Louhi bids her daughter accept the older man—because he brings a boat-load of treasures—and to refuse the empty-handed youth. But the daughter, who prefers a young bridegroom, declares that the smith who fashioned the incomparable Sampo cannot be an undesirable115 match. When Wainamoinen therefore lands from his ship and invites her to go sailing with him, she refuses his invitation. Heavy-hearted, Wainamoinen is obliged to return home alone, and, on arriving there, issues the wise decree that old men should never woo mere77 girls or attempt to rival young men.
Rune XIX. In his turn Ilmarinen now woos the Rainbow Maiden, and is told by Louhi that ere he can claim his bride he must plough the serpent-field of Hades, bring back from that place the Tuoni-bear safely muzzled116, and catch a monster pike swimming in the River of Death Helped by the Maiden of the Rainbow, Ilmarinen accomplishes these three difficult feats117, by first forging the plough, noose118, and fishing eagle required.
Runes XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, and XXIV. Now extensive preparations are made for the marriage of Ilmarinen and the Maiden of the Rainbow. Not only is the mighty ox of Harjala slain119 and roasted, but beer is brewed120 for the first time in the Northland, and many verses are devoted121 to describe the processes by which this national drink was brought to its state of perfection! When at last Ilmarinen appears to take away his bride, the Rainbow Maiden seems unwilling to go, and objects that a wife is her husband's slave, and has to spend all her days in pleasing him, his father, and his mother. Although her lament122 is touching123 indeed, the bride-advisor directs her to please her new relatives, admonishes124 Ilmarinen to treat her kindly125, and watches the two set off, the Rainbow Maiden shedding bitter tears at leaving her beloved home.
Rune XXV. The bride and bridegroom are next warmly welcomed by Ilmarinen's family, old Wainamoinen himself singing at their bridal feast, and again instructing the bride to be all love and submission126 and to expect nothing save bitterness and hardship from marriage. Having concluded his song by praising the father who built the house, the mother who keeps it, and having blessed bridegroom and bride, Wainamoinen departs for the Land of the Dead, to borrow an auger127 to repair his sled, which has fallen to pieces while he sang.
Rune XXVI. Meanwhile Lemminkainen, angry because he alone has received no invitation to the wedding banquet, decides, in spite of his mother's advice, to go forth128 and take his revenge. Although he has to overcome a flaming eagle, pass through a pit of fire, slay101 a wolf and a bear, and destroy a wall of snakes mounting guard at the entrance of Lapland before he can reach his destination, his spells and incantations safely overcome these and other dire34 perils129. Runes XXVII and XXVIII. Reaching Northland at last, Lemminkainen slays the husband of Louhi, from whom he escapes before she can attack him. His mother now warns him his foes130 will pursue him and advises him to go to the Isle131 of Refuge, situated132 in the centre of the Tenth Ocean, and abide133 there for three years, pledging himself not to fight again for sixty summers.
Rune XXIX. We now have a description of the Isle of Refuge, where Lemminkainen tarries three whole years with the sea-maidens, who bid him a tender farewell when he sails away again. He has, however, proved neglectful toward one of them, a spinster, who curses him, vowing134 he will suffer many things in return for his neglect. True to her prediction, he encounters many dangers on the homeward journey, and finds his house reduced to ashes and his parents gone! But, although he mourns for them as dead, he soon discovers them hiding in the forest, to escape the fury of the Lapps.
Rune XXX. To punish these foes Lemminkainen now sets out for the north, taking with him Tiera, hero of the broadsword, who is to help him. Aware of his coming, Louhi bids her son Frost stop them by holding their vessel fast in the ice, but Lemminkainen trudges135 over the ice, hurls136 the Frost-God into the fire, and, somewhat discouraged, returns home.
Runes XXXI, XXXII, and XXXIII. During this time a slave, Kullerwoinen, the son of Evil, has been sold to Ilmarinen to serve as his shepherd. The Rainbow Maiden therefore sends him forth with her cattle, giving him a loaf of bread as sole sustenance137. When the son of Evil attempts to cut this bread, he breaks his knife, for the housewife has baked a flint-stone in it. In his anger the shepherd conjures138 up wolves and bears, which devour139 the cattle, and which he drives home in their stead after dark. When the Rainbow Maiden therefore unsuspectingly tries to milk them, she is instantly devoured140 by these wild beasts.
Runes XXXIV and XXXV. Having thus effected his revenge, the Spirit of Evil hurries away to his tribe-folk, who bid him perform sundry tasks, in the course of which he crowns his evil deeds by assaulting a sister who was lost in infancy141, and whom he therefore fails to recognize. On discovering the identity of her ravisher, the unhappy girl throws herself into the river, where she perishes.
Rune XXXVI. Forbidden by his mother to commit suicide in punishment for his crime, Kullerwoinen decides to seek death on the field of battle. Although the various members of his family see him depart without regret, his mother assures him nothing can destroy her love for her son.
"Canst not fathom105 love maternal142,
Canst not smother143 her affection;
Bitterly I'll mourn thy downfall,
I would weep if thou shouldst perish,
Shouldst thou leave my race forever;
I would weep in court or cabin,
Sprinkle all these fields with tear-drops,
Weep great rivers to the ocean,
Weep to melt the snows of Northland,
Make the hillocks green with weeping,
Weep at morning, weep at evening,
Weep three years in bitter sorrow
O'er the death of Kullerwoinen!"
Kullerwoinen, armed with a magic sword, does great slaughter144 among his foes, and returns home only to find all his kin17 have perished. While he mourns their death, his mother's spirit bids him follow his watch-dog—the only living creature left him. During this strange promenade145, coming to the spot where he assaulted his sister, Kullerwoinen falls upon his magic sword and dies, an episode which inspires Wainamoinen with these words of wisdom:
"If the child is not well nurtured146,
Is not rocked and led uprightly,
Though he grow to years of manhood,
Bear a strong and shapely body,
He will never know discretion147,
Never eat the bread of honor,
Never drink the cup of wisdom."
Rune XXXVII and XXXVIII. Meantime Ilmarinen, after grieving three months for the loss of the Rainbow Maiden, proceeds to fashion himself a wife out of gold and silver, but, as she is lifeless and unresponsive, he offers her to Wainamoinen,—who refuses her,—and travels northward once more to woo a sister of his former bride. On arriving at Louhi's house,—undeterred by many evil omens148 which have crossed his path,—Ilmarinen sues for a bride. Louhi reproaches him for the treatment her first daughter has undergone, but, although the second maiden refuses to follow him, he boldly carries her off by force. She is, however, so unhappy with him that the blacksmith finally changes her into a sea-gull.
"I have changed the hateful virgin149
To a sea-gull on the ocean;
Now she calls above the waters,
Screeches150 from the ocean-islands,
On the rocks she calls and murmurs151,
Vainly calling for a suitor."
Runes XXXIX, XL, and XLI. To comfort himself, Ilmarinen concludes he would like to have the Sampo, and persuades Wainamoinen and Lemminkainen to accompany him northward to get it. This time they sail in a magic ship, which is stranded152 on the shoulders of a huge pike. Wainamoinen kills this fish, and from its bones and sinews fashions the first harp, an instrument so wonderful that none but he can play it, but, whenever he touches its strings153, trees dance about him, wild animals crouch154 at his feet, and the hearts of men are filled with rapture155.
All of Northland stopped and listened.
Every creature in the forest,
All the beasts that haunt the woodlands,
On their nimble feet came bounding,
Came to listen to his playing,
Came to hear his songs of joyance.
The music which he makes is so touching that it draws tears even from the player's eyes, tears which drop down into the sea, where they are transformed into pearls, which are brought to him by a duck.
Gathered Wainamoinen's tear-drops
From the blue sea's pebbly156 bottom,
From the deep, pellucid157 waters;
Brought them to the great magician,
Beautifully formed and colored,
Glistening158 in the silver sunshine,
Glimmering159 in the golden moonlight,
Many-colored as the rainbow,
Fitting ornaments for heroes,
Jewels for the maids of beauty.
This the origin of sea-pearls
And the blue-duck's beauteous plumage.
Runes XLII and XLIII. Having lulled160 the Spirits of Evil to sleep with magic music, Wainamoinen and Ilmarinen go in quest of the Sampo, which they find hidden in the bosom161 of a magic mountain and bear away in triumph. The spell they have laid upon all living creatures is broken only when Louhi discovers her loss and sets out in pursuit of the robbers of her treasure.
In various guises162 she attacks them, finally transforming herself into a huge eagle and pouncing163 down upon the Sampo, which she tries to bear away in her talons164. But Wainamoinen fights this aggressor to such good purpose that it drops the Sampo into the sea, where it is dashed to pieces! Not only has Wainamoinen lost the Sampo,—whose fragments he collects and buries so that they may bring prosperity to his people,—but his magic harp has also fallen overboard during his fight with Louhi.
Runes XLIV and XLV. Wainamoinen therefore proceeds to construct a second harp from the wood of the birch, while Louhi, who has returned northward but who still owes him a grudge165, sends down from the north nine fell diseases,—colic, pleurisy, fever, ulcer166, plague, consumption, gout, sterility167, and cancer,—all of which Wainamoinen routs168 by means of the vapor169 baths which he discovers.
Rune XLVI. Hearing that Wainamoinen prospers170 in spite of all she can do, Louhi is so disappointed that she sends a magic bear to devour him and his brother. But, hearing this monster is coming, Wainamoinen directs the blacksmith to make him a wonderful spear, with which he slays the bear, whose skin and flesh prove a boon171 to his people.
Runes XLVII and XLVIII. Still angry, Louhi steals from Wainamoinen the sun, moon, and fire, and thus all the homes in Kalevala are cold, dark, and cheerless. Gazing downward, Ukko, king of the heaven, wonders because he sees no light, and sends down a flash of lightning, which, after striking the earth, drops into the sea and is swallowed by a pike. This fiery172 mouthful, however, proves so uncomfortable, that the fish swims madly around until swallowed by another. Learning that the fire-ball is now in a pike, Wainamoinen fishes until he secures that greedy denizen173 of the deep. Opening his quarry174, he seizes the lightning, which burns his fingers so badly that he drops it, until he decides to convey it to his people in the wood of an elm.
Rune XLIX. Although fire is thus restored to mankind, the sun and the moon are still missing. Ilmarinen therefore forges a magnificent silver moon and golden sun, in the vain hope of replacing the orbs175 which Louhi has stolen, and which are hidden in the cave where she once treasured the Sampo. Discovering this fact by magic means, Wainamoinen starts out in quest of sun and moon, and, by changing himself into a pike to cross the river, reaches the land of Louhi, defeats her sons, and finds the orbs he is seeking guarded by a multitude of snakes. Although Wainamoinen slays these keepers, he cannot recover the captive sun or moon until Louhi, who has meantime assumed the form of an eagle and then of a dove, sends them back to Kalevala, where their return is hailed with joy.
"Greetings to thee, Sun of fortune;
Greetings to thee, Moon of good-luck;
Welcome sunshine, welcome moonlight;
Golden is the dawn of morning!
Free art thou, O Sun of silver,
Free again, O Moon beloved,
As the sacred cuckoo's singing,
As the ring-dove's liquid cooing.
Rise, thou silver Sun, each morning,
Source of light and life hereafter,
Bring us daily joyful greetings,
Fill our homes with peace and plenty,
That our sowing, fishing, hunting,
May be prospered176 by thy coming.
Travel on thy daily journey,
Let the Moon be ever with thee;
Glide177 along thy way rejoicing,
End thy journeyings in slumber178;
Rest at evening in the ocean,
When thy daily cares have ended,
To the good of all thy people,
To the pleasure of Wainola,
To the joy of Kalevala!"
Rune L. Meanwhile there had been dwelling in the Northland a happy maiden named Mariatta, who, wandering on the hillsides, once asked the cuckoo how long she would remain unmarried, and heard a magic voice bid her gather a certain berry. No sooner had she done so than the berry popped into her mouth, and soon after she bore a child, which being the offspring of a berry was to be called Flower. Because her mother indignantly cast her off, she wandered about seeking a place where she could give birth to her child. She was finally compelled to take refuge in the manger of the fiery steed of Hisi, where her infant was charitably warmed by the firesteed's breath. But once, while the mother was slumbering179, the child vanished, and the mother vainly sought it until the Sun informed her she would find it sleeping among the reeds and rushes in Swamp-land.
Mariatta, child of beauty,
Virgin-mother of the Northland,
Straightway seeks her babe in Swamp-land,
Finds him in the reeds and rushes;
Takes the young child on her bosom
To the dwelling of her father.
Mariatta soon discovered him there, growing in grace and beauty, but priests refused to baptize him because he was considered a wizard. When Wainamoinen sentenced the mother to death, the infant, although only two weeks old, hotly reproached him, declaring that, although guilty of many follies180, his people have always forgiven him. Hearing this, Wainamoinen, justly rebuked181, baptized the child, who in time grew up to be a hero and became the greatest warrior182 in the land.
Wainamoinen, having grown feeble with passing years, finally built for himself a copper vessel, wherein, after singing a farewell song, he sailed "out into the west," and vanished in the midst of the sunset clouds, leaving behind him as an inheritance to his people his wondrous183 songs.
Thus the ancient Wainamoinen,
In his copper-banded vessel,
Left his tribe in Kalevala,
Sailing o'er the rolling billows,
Sailing through the azure184 vapors185,
Sailing through the dusk of evening,
Sailing to the fiery sunset,
To the higher-landed regions,
To the lower verge186 of heaven;
Quickly gained the far horizon,
Gained the purple-colored harbor,
There his bark he firmly anchored,
Rested in his boat of copper;
But he left his harp of magic,
Left his songs and wisdom-sayings,
To the lasting187 joy of Suomi.
The poem concludes with an epilogue, wherein the bard declares it contains many of the folk-tales of his native country, and that as far as rhythm is concerned—
"Nature was my only teacher,
Woods and waters my instructors188."
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1
epic
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| n.史诗，叙事诗；adj.史诗般的，壮丽的 | |
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epics
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| n.叙事诗( epic的名词复数 )；壮举；惊人之举；史诗般的电影（或书籍） | |
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emblems
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| n.象征，标记( emblem的名词复数 ) | |
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mythology
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| n.神话，神话学，神话集 | |
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impulsive
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| adj.冲动的，刺激的；有推动力的 | |
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mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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gliding
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| v. 滑翔 adj. 滑动的 | |
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unwilling
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| adj.不情愿的 | |
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descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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canopy
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| n.天篷，遮篷 | |
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spherical
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| adj.球形的；球面的 | |
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promontory
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| n.海角；岬 | |
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starry
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| adj.星光照耀的, 闪亮的 | |
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scatter
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| vt.撒，驱散，散开；散布/播；vi.分散，消散 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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kin
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| n.家族，亲属，血缘关系；adj.亲属关系的，同类的 | |
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acorn
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| n.橡实，橡子 | |
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conjure
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| v.恳求，祈求；变魔术，变戏法 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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22
sprouted
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| v.发芽( sprout的过去式和过去分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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blotted
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| 涂污( blot的过去式和过去分词 )； （用吸墨纸）吸干 | |
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implored
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| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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copper
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| n.铜；铜币；铜器；adj.铜(制)的；(紫)铜色的 | |
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26
incapable
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| adj.无能力的，不能做某事的 | |
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dwarf
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| n.矮子，侏儒，矮小的动植物；vt.使…矮小 | |
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28
axe
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| n.斧子；v.用斧头砍，削减 | |
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29
scattering
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| n.[物]散射；散乱，分散；在媒介质中的散播adj.散乱的；分散在不同范围的；广泛扩散的；（选票）数量分散的v.散射(scatter的ing形式)；散布；驱散 | |
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30
enchanted
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| adj. 被施魔法的，陶醉的，入迷的 动词enchant的过去式和过去分词 | |
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sundry
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| adj.各式各样的，种种的 | |
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32
sprouting
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| v.发芽( sprout的现在分词 )；抽芽；出现；（使）涌现出 | |
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barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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dire
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| adj.可怕的，悲惨的，阴惨的，极端的 | |
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germinate
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| v.发芽；发生；发展 | |
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perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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37
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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38
velvet
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| n.丝绒，天鹅绒；adj.丝绒制的，柔软的 | |
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ripening
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的现在分词 )；熟化；熟成 | |
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40
northward
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| adv.向北；n.北方的地区 | |
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41
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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42
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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43
sledge
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| n.雪橇，大锤；v.用雪橇搬运，坐雪橇往 | |
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44
liars
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| 说谎者( liar的名词复数 ) | |
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45
averred
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| v.断言( aver的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；证明…属实；作为事实提出 | |
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46
enraged
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| 使暴怒( enrage的过去式和过去分词 )； 歜； 激愤 | |
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47
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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48
primitive
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| adj.原始的；简单的；n.原(始)人，原始事物 | |
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49
components
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| （机器、设备等的）构成要素，零件，成分； 成分( component的名词复数 )； [物理化学]组分； [数学]分量； （混合物的）组成部分 | |
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50
plight
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| n.困境，境况，誓约，艰难；vt.宣誓，保证，约定 | |
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51
enchantments
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| n.魅力( enchantment的名词复数 )；迷人之处；施魔法；着魔 | |
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52
ransom
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| n.赎金，赎身；v.赎回，解救 | |
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53
bard
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| n.吟游诗人 | |
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54
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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55
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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56
adorn
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| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
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57
petulantly
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58
ornaments
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| n.装饰( ornament的名词复数 )；点缀；装饰品；首饰v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的第三人称单数 ) | |
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59
bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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60
bestowed
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| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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61
perches
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| 栖息处( perch的名词复数 )； 栖枝； 高处； 鲈鱼 | |
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62
willows
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| n.柳树( willow的名词复数 )；柳木 | |
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63
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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64
miserably
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| adv.痛苦地；悲惨地；糟糕地；极度地 | |
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dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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67
inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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68
cataracts
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| n.大瀑布( cataract的名词复数 )；白内障 | |
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69
pinnacles
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| 顶峰( pinnacle的名词复数 )； 顶点； 尖顶； 小尖塔 | |
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70
consolation
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| n.安慰，慰问 | |
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71
plunged
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| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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72
salmon
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| n.鲑，大马哈鱼，橙红色的 | |
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73
graceful
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| adj.优美的，优雅的；得体的 | |
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galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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75
exults
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| 狂喜，欢跃( exult的第三人称单数 ) | |
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76
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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78
woe
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| n.悲哀，苦痛，不幸，困难；int.用来表达悲伤或惊慌 | |
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79
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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80
kennel
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| n.狗舍，狗窝 | |
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81
snared
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| v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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82
snare
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| n.陷阱，诱惑，圈套；（去除息肉或者肿瘤的）勒除器；响弦，小军鼓；vt.以陷阱捕获，诱惑 | |
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83
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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84
asunder
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| adj.分离的，化为碎片 | |
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85
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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86
hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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87
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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88
arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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89
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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90
authorizes
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的名词复数 ) | |
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91
wafted
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| v.吹送，飘送，（使）浮动( waft的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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92
spouse
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| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
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93
vows
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| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
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94
scrupulously
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| adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地 | |
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95
harp
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| n.竖琴；天琴座 | |
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96
catching
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| adj.易传染的，有魅力的，迷人的，接住 | |
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97
bridling
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| 给…套龙头( bridle的现在分词 )； 控制； 昂首表示轻蔑（或怨忿等）； 动怒，生气 | |
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98
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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100
slays
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的第三人称单数 ) | |
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101
slay
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| v.杀死，宰杀，杀戮 | |
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102
frantic
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| adj.狂乱的，错乱的，激昂的 | |
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103
beseeches
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的第三人称单数 ) | |
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104
fathoms
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| 英寻( fathom的名词复数 ) | |
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105
fathom
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| v.领悟，彻底了解 | |
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106
implement
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| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
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107
graphically
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| adv.通过图表；生动地，轮廓分明地 | |
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108
proffers
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的第三人称单数 ) | |
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109
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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110
prying
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| adj.爱打听的v.打听，刺探（他人的私事）( pry的现在分词 )；撬开 | |
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111
recesses
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| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
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112
discomfort
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| n.不舒服，不安，难过，困难，不方便 | |
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113
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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114
covets
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| v.贪求，觊觎( covet的第三人称单数 ) | |
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115
undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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116
muzzled
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| 给（狗等）戴口套( muzzle的过去式和过去分词 )； 使缄默，钳制…言论 | |
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117
feats
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| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
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118
noose
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| n.绳套，绞索（刑）；v.用套索捉；使落入圈套；处以绞刑 | |
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119
slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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120
brewed
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| 调制( brew的过去式和过去分词 )； 酝酿； 沏（茶）； 煮（咖啡） | |
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121
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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122
lament
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| n.悲叹，悔恨，恸哭；v.哀悼，悔恨，悲叹 | |
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123
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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124
admonishes
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| n.劝告( admonish的名词复数 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责v.劝告( admonish的第三人称单数 )；训诫；（温和地）责备；轻责 | |
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125
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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126
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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127
auger
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| n.螺丝钻，钻孔机 | |
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128
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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129
perils
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| 极大危险( peril的名词复数 )； 危险的事（或环境） | |
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130
foes
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| 敌人，仇敌( foe的名词复数 ) | |
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131
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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132
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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133
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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134
vowing
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的现在分词形式） | |
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135
trudges
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| n.跋涉，长途疲劳的步行( trudge的名词复数 ) | |
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136
hurls
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的第三人称单数 )；大声叫骂 | |
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137
sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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138
conjures
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| 用魔术变出( conjure的第三人称单数 )； 祈求，恳求； 变戏法； （变魔术般地） 使…出现 | |
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139
devour
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| v.吞没；贪婪地注视或谛听，贪读；使着迷 | |
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140
devoured
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| 吞没( devour的过去式和过去分词 )； 耗尽； 津津有味地看； 狼吞虎咽地吃光 | |
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141
infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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142
maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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143
smother
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| vt./vi.使窒息；抑制；闷死；n.浓烟；窒息 | |
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144
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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145
promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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146
nurtured
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| 养育( nurture的过去式和过去分词 )； 培育； 滋长； 助长 | |
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147
discretion
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| n.谨慎；随意处理 | |
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148
omens
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| n.前兆，预兆( omen的名词复数 ) | |
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149
virgin
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| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
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150
screeches
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| n.尖锐的声音( screech的名词复数 )v.发出尖叫声( screech的第三人称单数 )；发出粗而刺耳的声音；高叫 | |
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151
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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152
stranded
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| a.搁浅的，进退两难的 | |
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153
strings
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| n.弦 | |
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154
crouch
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| v.蹲伏，蜷缩，低头弯腰；n.蹲伏 | |
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155
rapture
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| n.狂喜；全神贯注；着迷；v.使狂喜 | |
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156
pebbly
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| 多卵石的，有卵石花纹的 | |
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157
pellucid
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| adj.透明的，简单的 | |
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158
glistening
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| adj.闪耀的，反光的v.湿物闪耀，闪亮( glisten的现在分词 ) | |
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159
glimmering
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| n.微光，隐约的一瞥adj.薄弱地发光的v.发闪光，发微光( glimmer的现在分词 ) | |
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160
lulled
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| vt.使镇静，使安静（lull的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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161
bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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162
guises
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| n.外观，伪装( guise的名词复数 )v.外观，伪装( guise的第三人称单数 ) | |
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163
pouncing
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| v.突然袭击( pounce的现在分词 )；猛扑；一眼看出；抓住机会（进行抨击） | |
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164
talons
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| n.（尤指猛禽的）爪( talon的名词复数 )；（如爪般的）手指；爪状物；锁簧尖状突出部 | |
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165
grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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166
ulcer
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| n.溃疡，腐坏物 | |
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167
sterility
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| n.不生育，不结果，贫瘠，消毒，无菌 | |
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168
routs
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| n.打垮，赶跑( rout的名词复数 )；（体育）打败对方v.打垮，赶跑( rout的第三人称单数 )；（体育）打败对方 | |
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169
vapor
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| n.蒸汽，雾气 | |
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170
prospers
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| v.成功，兴旺( prosper的第三人称单数 ) | |
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171
boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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172
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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173
denizen
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| n.居民，外籍居民 | |
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174
quarry
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| n.采石场；v.采石；费力地找 | |
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175
orbs
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| abbr.off-reservation boarding school 在校寄宿学校n.球，天体，圆形物( orb的名词复数 ) | |
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176
prospered
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| 成功，兴旺( prosper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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177
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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178
slumber
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| n.睡眠，沉睡状态 | |
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179
slumbering
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| 微睡，睡眠（slumber的现在分词形式） | |
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180
follies
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| 罪恶，时事讽刺剧； 愚蠢，蠢笨，愚蠢的行为、思想或做法( folly的名词复数 ) | |
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181
rebuked
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| 责难或指责( rebuke的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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182
warrior
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| n.勇士，武士，斗士 | |
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183
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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184
azure
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| adj.天蓝色的，蔚蓝色的 | |
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185
vapors
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| n.水汽，水蒸气，无实质之物( vapor的名词复数 )；自夸者；幻想 [药]吸入剂 [古]忧郁（症）v.自夸，（使）蒸发( vapor的第三人称单数 ) | |
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186
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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187
lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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188
instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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