The splendid set-up of the cadets is not, however, due to stays, whalebones in the dress coats, Dr. Quack’s abdominal7 bandages, or to any other mechanical appliances. It is the result of a very highly intelligent system of physical training, to which the supple8 young body of the cadet is submitted for four years. Naturally, little by little 195 his muscles, through exercise, attain9 their proper development, and since no one set of muscles is neglected, the body gradually assumes a well-rounded, finished appearance. The material for instruction is good and healthy, because all of the cadets have been submitted to a rigid10 physical examination before entrance. They are not, however, all perfect specimens11, for many possess minor12 defects and blemishes13, unimportant as far as affecting their military value to the Government, but which can be eradicated14 by proper physical training.
The instructor15 of physical training is greatly aided in his actual work, by the kind of life the cadet leads, so that he has not to struggle with a crowd of men who after having received physical training daily, indulge themselves to their heart’s content. He has, on the contrary, a set of young men who live under the strictest and simplest conditions in a healthy environment, and whose diet is most wholesome16. No late suppers, no beer, no rich food are at work to keep up the rotundity of the stomach, the coram nobis of the Romans, or to produce a lot of flabby fat, but good cereals, nourishing meats and vegetables, even the despised “slum,” are indirect factors in keeping healthy the cadet’s body.
West Point believes that for a man to do the best mental work, his body must be in the best condition. The Academy was the first educational institution in the country to recognize that hand 196 in hand with the student’s mental training must go the proper development of his physical powers. As long ago as 1817, Captain Partridge, the Superintendent17 of the Military Academy, incorporated in the curriculum bodily exercises. Since that time the importance of physical training in the cadet’s course has been given recognition, but frankly18 there was no real system of physical training until 1846. A gymnasium was then prepared and instruction given by First Lieut. H. C. Wayne, First Artillery19. This was a beginning, but the authorities were hampered20 by lack of equipment, and also by no very great knowledge of how to proceed. The science of physical training was in its infancy21, it must be remembered, but crude as was the instruction it was the genesis of the splendid course that now exists.
For a long period after the Civil War, 1865-1882, cadets attended the gymnasium as they saw fit, a system that was no system. The original course from which the present course has developed was inaugurated in February, 1885.
The daily routine at the Academy is extremely exacting22 and hard, and I doubt very much if a large number of men could stand the strain and daily grind of the Academic year, if they were not physically23 prepared to meet its requirements. Since all Academic duties are suspended during part of June, July, and August, in order to devote these months to practical military instruction, the new cadets are directed to report in June. 197 Two months are then at the disposal of the authorities to strengthen the new arrivals’ bodies, both by prescribed physical exercises and by the exercise incident to the drills and maneuvers24, before the studies begin in September.
The Exterior25 of the Gymnasium
During the first three weeks of the new cadet’s training, setting-up exercises begin his day’s work. After his breakfast has had time to digest, he and his fellows are marched over to the main room of the gymnasium for forty-five minutes’ physical drill. Although the setting-up exercises may be given outdoors, and have always been heretofore, the gymnasium is now used to eliminate the distraction26 of the cadet’s attention by passersby27 whose amusement at the efforts of the stiff and awkward “beasts” reacted upon the new cadets.
The recruit instruction begins with the most simple exercises. The cadet is taught first the position of attention; that his heels must be together, his feet turned out just so much, his knees devoid28 of stiffness, in a word, what he shall do with his hips29, arms, and hands, keeping his head erect, his chin drawn30 in, and his eyes straight to the front. Simple as is the position of attention, many men take a long time to learn it. Some never can comply with all the requirements, for how can the bow-legged man and the knock-kneed chap keep their legs “straight without stiffness”?
Then follow breathing exercises to increase the 198 wind capacity, to permit longer and more extended drills, and to lead up to the simple movements designed to develop the muscles upon which the position of attention is dependent.
The cadets line up on the gymnasium floor. The instructor commands: “Count off!”
“One—two—three—four!” “One—two—three—four!” in weak voices and strong voices, diminuendo and crescendo31, is repeated all down the line, each man snapping his head to the front as he calls his number. The inequality of tone of voice is gradually eliminated so that after a few drills the count off is uniform in pitch.
“Take distance. March!” commands the drill master followed by “Company, halt!” when the men have become sufficiently32 separated to perform the exercises without interfering33 with one another.
Various exercises are then taught, the simple ones first, followed by the more complex movements to develop a co?rdination of all muscles and a feeling of control over one’s body. The set of exercises used at the Academy are simple in the extreme and executed by even simpler commands. It is astonishing how in a few minutes a perfectly34 green squad35 can be taught to execute movements not only in unison36, but even with precision and smartness. The great value of the commands lies in the fact that no elaborate explanations are necessary. All the recruit has to do is to watch the instructor. Let me illustrate37 by an example. The instructor commands: 199
“1. Arms forward. 2. Raise.”
The cadet raises his arm in front of him to height of shoulders, holding them in this position while the instructor says:
“Swing arms down at 1 and up at 2. Ready! exercise! One! Two! ... One! Halt!”
All movements cease with arms in raised position.
“Arms down.” All drop their arms smartly.
Of course, to the simple movements are added various combinations, and all exercises are executed both at a halt and while marching. The walking with measured step gives poise38 and grace of carriage. The recruits are also practiced in the run and double time, the latter a military step to gain ground rapidly, but with a minimum inroad upon the wind and endurance of the soldier. Setting-up exercises are the most valuable preliminary training for any body of men entering the military service. For the first week the body is sore and aches to the point of great fatigue39, but after the preliminary soreness disappears, a feeling of control supplants40 it, and the general health of the body is better. No brown pills are necessary; no headaches from biliousness41 exist. A good forty-five minute setting-up drill every morning, plenty of wholesome food, and eight hours’ sleep contribute to the cadet’s good health. The Mess Hall, not to be outdone by other departments, lends its aid by serving judicious42 plates of prunes43. These preliminary setting-up drills, given during 200 the first few weeks, are discontinued for a short period in camp when the cadets are busy learning other drills.
Swimming now replaces the setting-up exercises until the battalions44 return to barracks in September. The new cadets must be able to swim at least ten minutes without changing their stroke, which standard each cadet must measure before he is excused from attendance at the swimming drills. These drills are never a bore, however, but anticipated with great pleasure by nearly all of the men. Nothing is so refreshing45 on a hot summer’s day, after a tedious drill upon the dusty Plain, than the march over to the “Gym” for a swim in the deliciously cool clean water of the tank. Instruction is also given in resuscitating46 men who are apparently47 drowned.
When September comes and the studies are commenced, the Fourth Class resumes its setting-up exercises, to which are added gymnastic work.
In the fall each cadet is given a thorough examination at which all of his measurements are accurately48 taken, and various strength tests are made. This information is entered on a card and filed for future reference, because later on the cadets are again measured and tested in order that the improvement may be noted49.
Measurements are made of the height, chest, waist, arms, legs; and strength tests are made of the arms, hands, back, and legs. These methods quickly reveal wherein the cadet is deficient50, and 201 allow the instructor, like a doctor, to prescribe for each individual the necessary exercises. For example, those whose chests are under-developed are assigned to the chest weights until the deficiency is made up, and where the smaller muscles of the arms and shoulders need attention practice is given with the Indian clubs and medicine balls.
Gymnastic Exercises
To develop in all of them power, vigor51, and endurance, the groups of large muscles of the back, chest, abdomen52, and legs are improved by setting-up exercises, dumb-bells, and wands, jumping, climbing, and lastly by apparatus53 work. This class of exercises is reserved until the muscles have been more or less controlled and respond to the will, for the execution depends not so much upon muscular effort as it does upon agility54. It would never do to start in green men on the apparatus work, because there would soon result broken legs and arms. This work is hard enough for those lacking “muscle sense,” even after many months of preliminary exercises.
Included in the schedule for the first year’s work is instruction in the saber and the foils, but as the amount of time that can be devoted55 to these branches of instruction is limited, only the most elementary features of the arts can be taught. An opportunity, however, is afforded cadets to perfect themselves in the use of both the saber and the foil after regular hours. During the winter months, when the vigorous weather requires a suspension of outdoor drilling, the fencing 202 master gives individual lessons to those who desire to take them. The volunteers are formed into a squad known as the Fencing Squad, from which are organized, for each weapon, class teams. The interests at West Point are so many and varied56 that it is impossible for each cadet to be an accomplished57 fencer, boxer58, wrestler60, gymnast, or swimmer, but each one is given instruction in the fundamentals. The cadets usually select the art that appeals to them most and perfect themselves along the chosen line. The saber is popular, and many cadets acquire great dexterity61 in its manipulation. It is distinctly a soldierly exercise, so that it exercises a fascination62 for the men, especially for those who intend to choose the cavalry63.
Instruction in the use of the foils is given to the entire class assembled by sections, and consists of preliminary instruction in the single rank without weapon, in the single rank with foils, and in the double rank with foils. As with the saber, the men whose sport by predilection64 is fencing with foils take individual lessons from the fencing master every afternoon from November until March. The interest in fencing at one time was exceedingly great, and the sport was regarded as one of the major activities of cadet life. This interest was due to the participation65 of cadet teams in the Intercollegiate Fencing Meet, but five years ago the Academy authorities prohibited cadet teams from attending these competitions. This action killed the interest in fencing for several years, but 203 at present the former popularity of this excellent sport is returning, and a visitor may now see the thirteen double mats, accommodating fifty-two men, constantly filled.
When President Roosevelt, in 1905, ordered that all cadets should attend gymnasium daily, assistants were detailed66 to assist the officer in charge of physical training. For the fencing, the Academy secured the services of a ma?tre d’armes under whose careful and scientific training, the fencing teams of the Academy continued their brilliant achievements begun in 1902. Beginning with that year until 1910, West Point sent to the annual intercollegiate championship meets, teams that contested with Harvard, Yale, Cornell, Pennsylvania, Columbia, and the Navy. Out of the nine meets, West Point won six, and obtained second place in the other three, yielding their supremacy67 to their great rivals, the Navy. This remarkable68 record was accomplished by the untiring efforts of the team and of their much-liked instructor, M. Vauthier, whose skill excited their admiration69 and inspired in them a splendid spirit of emulation70.
More attention is now paid to the bayonet fencing due to the extended use of that weapon in the present European War, but as with the other arts, the limited time permits the teaching of only the fundamentals. The cadet learns enough in each branch to build upon afterwards and make himself a competent instructor. 204
Not less popular than the fencing are the boxing and wrestling exercises. The first year men are assembled in classes and given instruction in boxing in the guard, footwork, parries, simple direct leads and counters. Similarly in wrestling, the simple holds, resultant falls, and the breaks for the simple holds are all taught.
It is not, however, to the regular class work that one must go to judge of the grip that these manly71 sports have upon the cadets. In the afternoon, after recitations, embryo72 Jeffries and Fitzsimmonses gather in the boxing room to receive the holy instruction from the master, Mr. Jenkins, or “Tom,” as he is affectionately called among themselves. There he teaches the aspirant73 pugilist how to land a blow and how to avoid one, and occasionally to make the lesson more realistic he treats his young charge to the experience of receiving one. Some experiences in a man’s life grow dim, but never this one.
When the preliminary bouts74 are being fought, large numbers flock to the boxing room to cheer for the weaker fellow even though he be of another class than one’s own. Boxing develops fine qualities among the men. It teaches them to give and take, to receive punishment without flinching75, and to respect the skill of a good opponent. Besides it gives a man confidence in his powers, making him think quickly and move quickly, all excellent qualities for an officer of the army. 205
Boxing, however, shares the popular appeal with wrestling. This manly sport that we have inherited from our ancestors of the stone age fascinates men chiefly by virtue76 of its brute77 strength and to a lesser78 degree by its skill. It is a game for men of all sizes, provided they possess the necessary qualities of courage and strength.
The boxing room on winter afternoons presents a warm and pleasing contrast to the cold and snow outside. The mats are covered with agile79 forms in black jersey80 tights wriggling81 and squirming, the perspiration82 rolling off the wrestlers as they endeavor to grind the shoulders of their opponents to the mat. All men receive instruction in wrestling in class, but like the other sports, its devotees must repair for extra instruction to Mr. Jenkins during recreation hours. It is in this time that men practice for their class teams, one for each of the following weights: unlimited83, heavy, light heavy, middle, welter, light, and feather. The four class teams meet each other successively to wrestle59 for the class championship. There is besides a contest for the individual championship, the final bouts which take place publicly at the Annual Indoor Meet.
Prior to the resumption of the afternoon military drills in March, the cadets hold their annual gymnastic event called the Indoor Meet. The contests, which are held with great ceremony in the Gymnasium, include races, pole climbing, work on horizontal bars and parallel bars, long 206 and short horse, rings both stationary84 and flying, and the tug85 of war between the classes.
Each class enters so many men for each event, and for the awards of first, second, or third, the contestant86 receives a designated number of points. The class receiving the greatest total wins the meet. This athletic87 event is a very fitting way to end the winter course, for it offers an opportunity to those men who have labored88 faithfully during the winter afternoons to reap the reward of their efforts. It also is an incentive89 for better work because of the spirit of competition. The Athletic Association upon this occasion, presents sabers, both to the captain of the football team and to that member of the First Class who during his cadet career has done the most for athletics90. It is a very proud night for these young men as they walk forward to receive the coveted91 saber, the first part of their officer’s equipment.
There is great rivalry92 among the classes during the events. The four corners of the room are filled with the members of each class, who yell like demons93 to encourage their representatives. Almost every minute the air is filled with shrieks94 and yells of excited cadets whose “Zis-boom-ahs!” “Rah! Rah! Rahs!” “1917! 1918!!...” are hurled95 at one another to the delight and amusement of the spectators, young and old, hanging over the iron railing of the gallery.
The courses in gymnastics, wrestling, and boxing, 207 increase in difficulty according to the class, so that the Third and Second Classmen pursue a more advanced course than the plebes. When, however, the cadets become First Classmen, emphasis is laid upon the theories of physical training with the object of preparing these “near officers” for their duties as instructors96 in the service. The needs of the Army are carefully considered in the training of the last year in order to send out from West Point men who can at once take hold of a group of recruits and whip them into good physical shape, according to the most intelligent methods.
Unfortunately, the setting-up exercises in the Army are only spasmodically taught. There is very little uniformity in the method, despite the excellent manual with which the troops are provided.
West Point is at present making an effort to influence the Service to a better appreciation97 of the results to be derived98 from regular drill in setting-up exercises. To this end, the First Classmen are taught to act as instructors, and are grounded not only in actual practice but in theory. Every year extra classes are held to develop good instructors for the coming summer camps, and for future service in the Army. It is to be hoped that commanding officers will make good use of these enthusiastic young teachers.
Although the control of athletics at the Academy is not under the gymnasium authorities, still it is fitting to speak of the sports in this chapter. 208 The Academy has its football, baseball, basketball, and hockey teams, and in addition the cadets play golf, polo, and tennis. There is little in the training or conduct of these teams that differs from other educational institutions, except the question of time allowed for preparation. It has always been the rule at West Point that no inroads shall be permitted upon the Academic course to aid the development of any athletic team. Consequently, what practice the teams get must be during recreation hours. The only concessions99 made are supper a half-hour later for the football men, and exemptions100 twice a week from parade for the baseball men. Athletics receive, however, the greatest support and encouragement from the authorities, whose aim is, however, not to develop a few good men or an excellent team in any one sport, but to seek a good average.
Every cadet is urged to join in some form of athletics instead of remaining in his dress coat along the side lines as an interested spectator. The efforts made in this direction have received a warm response from the cadet body, so that during recreation hours the Plain presents a busy scene of cadet activities. The green parade ground is dotted with the golfers in gray shirts and white trousers; the tennis courts are filled with animated101 figures; groups of happy cadets ride by on horseback for a gallop102 in the woods, while others prefer the more sedate103 hiking in the surrounding hills. It is a great temptation after the recitations 209 and drills to be lazy, hang around one’s room, or “bone fiction” which means reading novels, but in recent years the men have become more and more sensible of the many advantages offered them during their cadet days, and a new spirit of carpe diem has come over the Corps104.
Photo by White
The Athletic Field
But to return to my subject of physical training proper. No opportunity is lost to impress upon each man the practical use to which he will put his knowledge of physical training when he becomes an officer. He is urged to prepare himself to the best of his ability to become a proficient105 instructor for the enlisted106 men whom he will later command. In this connection, the cadets learn in their course of Military Hygiene107 that the object of all physical training is to develop the human body in its entirety in order that there shall result a perfect equilibrium108 between all its functions. Many recruits join the Army without the slightest co?rdination of their body. Although well formed they are awkward, clumsy, stoop shouldered, without ability to make their different members act in unison with their minds. If an officer does not know what to do with these men he will never succeed in getting good work out of them. His first duty therefore is to develop the recruit’s body, especially the functions of control, the co?rdination between eye and hand, because the success of line troops is largely dependent upon physical aptitude109. The modern war makes greater demands than ever upon the soldier’s physique. 210 I heard an observer, recently returned from the European War, state that the infantryman is now so loaded down with packs, steel helmets, hand grenades, and rifle that he finds it difficult to advance faster than a walk. The strain upon the physique of the infantryman carrying his pack is greater than upon soldiers of other arms, and since graduates in time of war will be concerned largely with the training of infantry110, it is of paramount111 importance that cadets should understand the building up and care of the bodies of their men. A soldier must possess more than the average muscular strength, endurance, and organic vigor.
I see before me daily the fine results of the system of physical training at the Academy. Ungainly plebes gradually assume a well-rounded appearance, an erect carriage with head up and an elastic112 walk. I sometimes have to rub my eyes when I behold113 a cadet whom I once remembered as an unformed plebe, as loose jointed114 as a big Newfoundland puppy, but who now appears before my astonished vision as a smart soldierly First Classman. When the cadets have completed their four years course they have a decided115 physical stamp, showing that each one has been trained by the same system.
At the end of the year in June, when the Post is thronged116 with visitors, relatives, and friends of cadets who are present for the graduation exercises, an outdoor demonstration117 of the setting-up 211 exercises is given on the Plain. The precision and uniformity with which the movements are executed arouse great interest as eight hundred supple young bodies respond as one to the sonorous118 commands of the instructor perched on a solid wooden table.
Setting up Drill on the Plain
This drill is usually followed by the Outdoor Meet, the annual athletic event corresponding to the Indoor Meet. Each class has its best representatives entered to win a victory in the dashes, hurdle119 races, long distance races, hammer throwing, jumping, and pole vaulting120. Back of the roped lines surge the cadets of the various classes, cheering themselves hoarse121 for their own representatives. Mothers, sisters, sweethearts, friends, friends’ friends, in the fluffiest122 and gayest summer dresses devouringly123 trail their “Kaydet,” and give excited and exaggerated opinions about things of which they are totally ignorant,—but bless their hearts! their presence is an inspiration to the young gods at their Olympian games.
On the June morning of the Outdoor Meet, West Point usually offers one of her incomparably beautiful days as a fitting setting for the display of her cadets’ physical prowess. And when the Meet ends, the cadets all feel that one more year’s progress been made in their physical development. The First Classmen who on the morrow will go forth124 into the Army, leaving the protecting walls of West Point, reflect with emotion 212 and gratitude125 upon all that West Point’s training has done to strengthen their bodies to endure whatever hardships that might arise in their new lives as officers.
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1
seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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erect
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| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
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giggling
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| v.咯咯地笑( giggle的现在分词 ) | |
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maidens
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| 处女( maiden的名词复数 )； 少女； 未婚女子； （板球运动）未得分的一轮投球 | |
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poking
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| n. 刺，戳，袋 vt. 拨开，刺，戳 vi. 戳，刺，捅，搜索，伸出，行动散慢 | |
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flirtation
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| n.调情，调戏，挑逗 | |
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abdominal
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| adj.腹（部）的，下腹的；n.腹肌 | |
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supple
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| adj.柔软的，易弯的，逢迎的，顺从的，灵活的；vt.使柔软，使柔顺，使顺从；vi.变柔软，变柔顺 | |
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attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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specimens
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| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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blemishes
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| n.（身体的）瘢点( blemish的名词复数 )；伤疤；瑕疵；污点 | |
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eradicated
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| 画着根的 | |
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instructor
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| n.指导者，教员，教练 | |
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wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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frankly
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| adv.坦白地，直率地；坦率地说 | |
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artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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hampered
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| 妨碍，束缚，限制( hamper的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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infancy
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| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
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exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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maneuvers
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| n.策略，谋略，花招( maneuver的名词复数 ) | |
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exterior
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| adj.外部的，外在的；表面的 | |
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distraction
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| n.精神涣散，精神不集中，消遣，娱乐 | |
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passersby
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| n. 过路人(行人,经过者) | |
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devoid
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| adj.全无的，缺乏的 | |
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hips
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| abbr.high impact polystyrene 高冲击强度聚苯乙烯，耐冲性聚苯乙烯n.臀部( hip的名词复数 )；[建筑学]屋脊；臀围（尺寸）；臀部…的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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crescendo
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| n.(音乐)渐强，高潮 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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interfering
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| adj. 妨碍的 动词interfere的现在分词 | |
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perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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squad
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| n.班，小队，小团体；vt.把…编成班或小组 | |
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unison
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| n.步调一致，行动一致 | |
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illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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poise
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| vt./vi. 平衡，保持平衡；n.泰然自若，自信 | |
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fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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supplants
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的第三人称单数 ) | |
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biliousness
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| [医] 胆汁质 | |
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judicious
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| adj.明智的，明断的，能作出明智决定的 | |
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prunes
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| n.西梅脯，西梅干( prune的名词复数 )v.修剪（树木等）( prune的第三人称单数 )；精简某事物，除去某事物多余的部分 | |
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44
battalions
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| n.（陆军的）一营（大约有一千兵士）( battalion的名词复数 )；协同作战的部队；军队；（组织在一起工作的）队伍 | |
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45
refreshing
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| adj.使精神振作的，使人清爽的，使人喜欢的 | |
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46
resuscitating
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| v.使（某人或某物）恢复知觉，苏醒( resuscitate的现在分词 ) | |
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47
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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48
accurately
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| adv.准确地，精确地 | |
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49
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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50
deficient
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| adj.不足的，不充份的，有缺陷的 | |
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51
vigor
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| n.活力，精力，元气 | |
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52
abdomen
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| n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
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53
apparatus
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| n.装置，器械；器具，设备 | |
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54
agility
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| n.敏捷，活泼 | |
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55
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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56
varied
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| adj.多样的，多变化的 | |
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57
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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58
boxer
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| n.制箱者，拳击手 | |
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59
wrestle
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| vi.摔跤，角力；搏斗；全力对付 | |
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60
wrestler
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| n.摔角选手，扭 | |
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61
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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62
fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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63
cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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64
predilection
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| n.偏好 | |
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65
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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66
detailed
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| adj.详细的，详尽的，极注意细节的，完全的 | |
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67
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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68
remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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69
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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70
emulation
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| n.竞争；仿效 | |
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71
manly
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| adj.有男子气概的；adv.男子般地，果断地 | |
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72
embryo
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| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
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73
aspirant
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| n.热望者；adj.渴望的 | |
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74
bouts
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| n.拳击（或摔跤）比赛( bout的名词复数 )；一段（工作）；（尤指坏事的）一通；（疾病的）发作 | |
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75
flinching
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| v.（因危险和痛苦）退缩，畏惧( flinch的现在分词 ) | |
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76
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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brute
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| n.野兽，兽性 | |
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78
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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agile
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| adj.敏捷的，灵活的 | |
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jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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81
wriggling
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| v.扭动，蠕动，蜿蜒行进( wriggle的现在分词 )；（使身体某一部位）扭动；耍滑不做，逃避（应做的事等）；蠕蠕 | |
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82
perspiration
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| n.汗水；出汗 | |
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83
unlimited
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| adj.无限的，不受控制的，无条件的 | |
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stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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85
tug
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| v.用力拖(或拉)；苦干；n.拖；苦干；拖船 | |
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86
contestant
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| n.竞争者，参加竞赛者 | |
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87
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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labored
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| adj.吃力的，谨慎的v.努力争取(for)( labor的过去式和过去分词 )；苦干；详细分析；（指引擎）缓慢而困难地运转 | |
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89
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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90
athletics
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| n.运动，体育，田径运动 | |
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91
coveted
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| adj.令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的v.贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图 | |
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92
rivalry
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| n.竞争，竞赛，对抗 | |
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93
demons
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| n.恶人( demon的名词复数 )；恶魔；精力过人的人；邪念 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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95
hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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97
appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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98
derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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99
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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100
exemptions
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| n.（义务等的）免除( exemption的名词复数 )；免（税）；（收入中的）免税额 | |
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101
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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102
gallop
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| v./n.(马或骑马等)飞奔；飞速发展 | |
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103
sedate
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| adj.沉着的，镇静的，安静的 | |
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104
corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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105
proficient
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| adj.熟练的，精通的；n.能手，专家 | |
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106
enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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107
hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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108
equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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109
aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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110
infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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111
paramount
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| a.最重要的，最高权力的 | |
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112
elastic
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| n.橡皮圈，松紧带；adj.有弹性的；灵活的 | |
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113
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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114
jointed
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| 有接缝的 | |
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115
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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116
thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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118
sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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119
hurdle
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| n.跳栏，栏架；障碍，困难；vi.进行跨栏赛 | |
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120
vaulting
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| n.（天花板或屋顶的）拱形结构 | |
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121
hoarse
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| adj.嘶哑的，沙哑的 | |
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122
fluffiest
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| adj.似绒毛的( fluffy的最高级 )；有绒毛的；蓬松的；轻软状的 | |
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123
devouringly
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| 贪婪地，贪食地 | |
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124
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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125
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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