When a new class of cadets reports at West Point, it is composed of men as diverse in appearance, in points of view, and in character as the parts of the country from which they come. But after they have been at the Academy for a couple of years a marked change occurs, and by the time they are ready to graduate they have undergone a complete metamorphosis. In some mysterious manner they seem to have been leveled to a certain standard, like some scraggly hedge that has been scrupulously1 trimmed by its painstaking3 guardian4. The fat ones have lost their extra pounds; the thin ones have made good their deficit5; the round-shouldered have straightened up, and the hollow-chested have filled out. Instead of a heterogeneous6 looking lot of men, they give the impression of having been made from the same die. And then too there is a uniformity about their point of view. Whereas at entrance their whole thought was colored by the life from which they came and by what they hoped to be, once enrolled7 in the Corps8, they quickly and involuntarily 277 have found themselves worshiping identical ideals—the ideals of Duty, Honor, and Country. They have discovered at West Point certain standards that have been approved by other men, and they have gradually adopted them as their own. But the real stamp of West Point appears in their faces. The imprint9 is evident wherever a group of the cadets are gathered together, but it is never so apparent as at the graduation ceremonies when the cadets individually mount the platform to receive their diplomas. Then one can see a certain look in the eye and a certain feeling of strength about the features that is the same. It is the look of men who have accomplished10 something and of the strength that comes from character.
What, you ask, is this leveling influence at the Academy? It comes from discipline, the discipline of the body, the discipline of the mind, and the discipline of the soul. It is the one governing factor in the success of West Point. All three kinds of it begin on the day that the cadet reports for duty, and continues without interruption during his entire course. The discipline of the body and the mind is a comparatively simple affair, especially when there is a willingness on the part of the subject, but the discipline of the soul is the influence that is hardest to make cadets appreciate. Some people shy when the word discipline is mentioned; they think that it means to break a man’s will and to destroy his individuality, 278 but that is not so. The discipline that I speak of is a process of education whereby a man’s mental attitude is trained to a certain viewpoint; whereby his actions unconsciously respond to the correct ethical11 view of his duty. It is aimed to teach respect for law and order, to teach truthfulness12 and honesty, loyalty13 and obedience14. It inculcates respect for superiors, if not for the man, then for the office that he holds. It teaches a soldier the sacredness of orders; it is the quality without which no army is successful.
Under this strong influence of discipline come men from all sections of our great country and from all classes of society. Viewed exteriorly15 they are, upon reporting, as motley a looking lot as could be imagined. An examination of their interiors would reveal natures and characters of equal variety. Some come from homes where they have received the most careful moral nurture16; others from environments of vague and lax standards. Side by side with youths who are models of truth are lads with uncertain ideas of right and wrong. Among the throng17 are brilliant boys and stupid ones; well-educated lads and those whose advantages have been of the most limited sort; sons of rich men and boys who have known the meaning of want. From everywhere they come: from the city and from the farm; from the mountain and from the plain.
It is interesting to dwell for a moment on the following table showing the sources of the personnel 279 of the cadet body. Herein are listed the occupations of the parents of the cadets and the number engaged in each, covering a period of fifty years.
Accountants 3
Agents 62
Architects 5
Artists 4
Auctioneer 1
Auditor18 1
Author 1
Baggagemaster 1
Bakers19 4
Bankers and bank officers 90
Barbers 4
Bookkeepers 18
Brewers 3
Brokers20 40
Builders 2
Butchers 2
Capitalist 1
Chief of police 1
City marshal 1
Clergymen 128
Clerk of House of Representatives 1
Clerks 90
Collectors 4
Commercial travelers 13
Conductors 2
Contractors21 38
Cook 1
Cotton buyer 1280
County officers 74
Cutlery commissioner22 1
Dairyman 2
Dentists 14
Detectives 2
Distiller 1
Dock commissioner 1
Dock master 1
Draftsman 1
Druggists 13
Editors 62
Electroplater 1
Engineers:
Civil 13
Mechanical 10
Locomotive 3
Stationary23 1
Enlisted24 men 4
Express business 2
Farmers and planters 1,149
Fishing master 1
Foreman 1
Gardeners 3
General business 5
Hatter 1
Heads of corporations 10
Hotel keepers 55
Iceman 1
Importer 1
Inspector25 of buildings 1
Inspectors26 of factories 2
Inspectors of police 2
Insurance business 38281
Inventor 1
Jewelers 3
Journalists 8
Justice of peace 1
Laborers27 29
Lawyers and judges 645
Letter carriers 1
Librarians 2
Lithographer 1
Liverymen 15
Lumbermen 20
Manager of brewery28 1
Manager of engines and boilers29 1
Manager of factory 1
Manager of land company 1
Manufacturers 151
Marble dealer30 1
Mechanics 341
Member of city board 1
Member of State Legislature 1
Members of Congress 32
Merchant tailor 1
Merchants 722
Messenger 1
Millers31 11
Mining 26
Museum keeper 1
Musician, band leader 1
Musicians 2
Newspaper correspondent 1
Newspaper manager 1
No occupation 191
Nurserymen 6282
Officers of the Army 362
Officers of the Navy 59
Officers of volunteers 21
Oil business 2
Overseers 4
Photographers 6
Physicians 367
Pilot 1
Policemen 7
Police justices 2
Politicians 3
Postmasters 5
President of manufacturing company 1
President of steam heating company 1
President of wire mill 1
Presidents of colleges 4
Presidents of insurance companies 3
Printers 12
Professors 27
Proprietor32 of elevator company 1
Publishers 8
Railroad employees 6
Railroad officers 13
Ranchmen 2
Real estate 37
Restaurant keeper 1
Salesmen 5
Saloonkeeper 1
School teachers 56
Secretaries 14
Ship captains 25
Speculators 10
State officers 27283
Steamboatman 1
Steward33 1
Stock dealers34 (cattle) 10
Stock raisers 6
Stocks 1
Superintendent35 of coal and iron company 1
Superintendent of factory 1
Superintendent of iron work 1
Superintendent of mine 1
Superintendent of prison 1
Superintendent of railroad 1
Superintendents36 of gas works 2
Superintendents of schools 4
Surveyors 5
Tanners 2
Teacher of garment cutting 1
Teacher of music 1
Teamster 1
Theater manager 1
Undertakers 5
United States civil officers 85
Unknown 39
Wagonmaster 1
Warden37 of prison 1
Agents 62
Architects 5
Artists 4
Auctioneer 1
Auditor18 1
Author 1
Baggagemaster 1
Bakers19 4
Bankers and bank officers 90
Barbers 4
Bookkeepers 18
Brewers 3
Brokers20 40
Builders 2
Butchers 2
Capitalist 1
Chief of police 1
City marshal 1
Clergymen 128
Clerk of House of Representatives 1
Clerks 90
Collectors 4
Commercial travelers 13
Conductors 2
Contractors21 38
Cook 1
Cotton buyer 1280
County officers 74
Cutlery commissioner22 1
Dairyman 2
Dentists 14
Detectives 2
Distiller 1
Dock commissioner 1
Dock master 1
Draftsman 1
Druggists 13
Editors 62
Electroplater 1
Engineers:
Civil 13
Mechanical 10
Locomotive 3
Stationary23 1
Enlisted24 men 4
Express business 2
Farmers and planters 1,149
Fishing master 1
Foreman 1
Gardeners 3
General business 5
Hatter 1
Heads of corporations 10
Hotel keepers 55
Iceman 1
Importer 1
Inspector25 of buildings 1
Inspectors26 of factories 2
Inspectors of police 2
Insurance business 38281
Inventor 1
Jewelers 3
Journalists 8
Justice of peace 1
Laborers27 29
Lawyers and judges 645
Letter carriers 1
Librarians 2
Lithographer 1
Liverymen 15
Lumbermen 20
Manager of brewery28 1
Manager of engines and boilers29 1
Manager of factory 1
Manager of land company 1
Manufacturers 151
Marble dealer30 1
Mechanics 341
Member of city board 1
Member of State Legislature 1
Members of Congress 32
Merchant tailor 1
Merchants 722
Messenger 1
Millers31 11
Mining 26
Museum keeper 1
Musician, band leader 1
Musicians 2
Newspaper correspondent 1
Newspaper manager 1
No occupation 191
Nurserymen 6282
Officers of the Army 362
Officers of the Navy 59
Officers of volunteers 21
Oil business 2
Overseers 4
Photographers 6
Physicians 367
Pilot 1
Policemen 7
Police justices 2
Politicians 3
Postmasters 5
President of manufacturing company 1
President of steam heating company 1
President of wire mill 1
Presidents of colleges 4
Presidents of insurance companies 3
Printers 12
Professors 27
Proprietor32 of elevator company 1
Publishers 8
Railroad employees 6
Railroad officers 13
Ranchmen 2
Real estate 37
Restaurant keeper 1
Salesmen 5
Saloonkeeper 1
School teachers 56
Secretaries 14
Ship captains 25
Speculators 10
State officers 27283
Steamboatman 1
Steward33 1
Stock dealers34 (cattle) 10
Stock raisers 6
Stocks 1
Superintendent35 of coal and iron company 1
Superintendent of factory 1
Superintendent of iron work 1
Superintendent of mine 1
Superintendent of prison 1
Superintendent of railroad 1
Superintendents36 of gas works 2
Superintendents of schools 4
Surveyors 5
Tanners 2
Teacher of garment cutting 1
Teacher of music 1
Teamster 1
Theater manager 1
Undertakers 5
United States civil officers 85
Unknown 39
Wagonmaster 1
Warden37 of prison 1
It is to the sons of men in this list that West Point applies its discipline in order to create the type of officer that the Government desires for its Army. From them must be eliminated the unfit and the unworthy during the molding process to which they are subjected.
The immediate38 effect of the application of discipline to this variety of material is the creation of 284 an ideal democracy. All of the new arrivals are thrown indiscriminately into the melting pot, and no attention is paid to any man’s antecedents. The boys of rich and influential39 parents are not allowed little life-preservers of wealth, family, and position whereby they might remain on top, but they must boil away, sometimes on top, sometimes at the bottom of the pot, rubbing and bumping against boys to whom riches and influence are strangers. Whether they sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, depends on individual effort alone. Men are esteemed40 at West Point for what they are and not for what they have. Each man feeling that he has as good an opportunity to succeed as the other man becomes imbued41 from the outset of his cadet career with the spirit of democracy that exists at the Academy.
From the moment that a cadet enters West Point, his past life, experiences, advantages, record, disappear into oblivion so far as the authorities and other cadets are concerned. No reference is ever made to any cadet’s home, to his connections, to his family, unless he introduces the subject. Once he becomes a cadet, a new clean sheet of his life is started for him, and whatever is entered thereon depends solely42 upon himself. Every man at West Point has the same chance—the chance of advancement43 based upon merit and efficiency and upon nothing else. It makes no difference to the officers in charge or to the other cadets whether a man’s family is wealthy or distinguished44. 285 As a matter of fact this information is rarely known because all of the cadets report together; they are totally unknown to those in charge so that there is no possible way to ascertain45 anything about the cadet’s antecedents. They lose their identity completely, and so much so that the upper-classmen take months to learn their real names, meanwhile calling them by the generic46 names, Ducrot, Dumbguard, and Dumbjohn.
The character of the rooms in barracks illustrates47 most strikingly this democratic ideal that discipline fosters. The plain and homely48 furnishings of each room are identical in pattern, material, and quantity, so that no cadet is housed better than his fellow. The walls are free from pictures, the windows from curtains, the floors from rugs. There are no soft easy chairs but only an old-fashioned wooden one for each man, that is as hard for the rich cadet as for the poor Mr. Ducrot. Nor are there any cliques49 that occupy particular rooms in the barracks. Each company has so many rooms for its members, and as far as possible the men within the company may choose their roommates. Their selection is made on mutual50 attraction and congeniality solely. Whenever two chaps enjoy each other’s companionship, that indefinable mingling51 of mute spirits, they try to room together.
And then again, the cadets are free from the distinctions and the social barriers that money 286 creates. They are prohibited from receiving any money from their homes and are not allowed the handling of the pay that they receive from the Government. Instead, the authorities supply all of their wants, their food, their clothing, their books, their amusements, so that they might have no need of cash. In fact there is but one store on the reservation where they can spend money, and that is a place called “The Boodlers,” a sort of a general store at the foot of the hill near the gas tank. Here they may, if out of debt, obtain a permit for two dollars per month, and only those cadets with permits are allowed even to enter the store.
In this ideal democracy, among the influences that are considered prejudicial to good order and military discipline are drinking, gambling52, and cigarette smoking. All alcoholic53 drinks are consequently banished54 from the life of the young embryo55 officer, for he must keep a clear brain in order to think straight and master his problems. He is permitted only the wholesome56 beverages57 of milk, tea, and coffee that are supplied in the greatest abundance. Occasionally there is a case of drinking among the cadet body, but as a vice58, intoxication59 does not exist at the Military Academy. One has only to look at the healthy ruddy complexions60 of the cadets to be convinced of the truth of this statement. Any girl might envy them their skins, whose brilliancy and transparency would soon disappear if late hours and beer 287 were permitted. Nor is there any gambling in the Corps, unless the betting of one’s ice cream on the result of some football game be so considered. The cadets are not even allowed the use of cards or of any games of chance. They may not indulge in so harmless a pastime as bridge. Their chief solace61 in their free moments must be their pipes of briar, for cigarettes are frowned upon and regarded as contraband62 of war, liable to seizure63 by any Tactical officer. The weed is confiscated64 and the cadet receives a report. What becomes of those confiscated cigarettes has always been a matter of great speculation65. Tactical officers are always under suspicion. I remember one case where a cadet was caught with three hundred cigarettes in his possession and told by his officer to turn them in at the Guardhouse. This order grieved the cadet very much because he felt that perhaps someone else would enjoy those cherished smokes. He therefore bored a hole in each one with a pin, before complying with his directions. Soon after turning in the cigarettes, he was reported for having mutilated them and was made to walk punishment tours on the Area for many days. The inference was that some disappointed Tactical officer could not make the cigarettes draw.
The ability to maintain a high state of discipline at West Point is due partially66 to the wisdom of placing the instruction of the cadets in the hands of officers who are themselves graduates of the 288 Academy. The officers have more prestige with the cadets and they understand better the preparation of these young men for their future duties than could civilian67 instructors68. They have to a greater degree than most instructors the prestige of a physical and moral superiority over their students. They are familiar with the spirit of the institution and are always on the alert to guard against corrupt69 influences. They better understand how to instill the austere70 virtues71 that a soldier ought to have, and how to form a brave and virile72 heart in their young charges. In a measure they re-create the man and develop in him the national soul.
The attitude of the cadets themselves, however, toward their discipline is the real reason for the success of West Point’s efforts to turn out men who are high-minded and honorable. They are as zealous73 as the officers over them in seeing that their associates live up to certain standards. Honor is their shibboleth74, and each new man upon his arrival is instructed in what is meant by Corps Honor. Upper-classmen give the plebes lectures wherein they explain the ethics75 that govern their body, and leave them no room for doubt regarding the penalties for an infringement76 of their code. From the outset of their careers cadets are taught the hatred77 of a lie, and are made to understand that only by the most scrupulous2 regard for the truth, every detail of it, can they be considered fit to hold their places as cadets and gentlemen. 289 Any cadet who is found guilty of making a false statement regarding even the most trifling78 circumstance is dismissed. If he is caught in a dishonorable act, he is reported by his fellows to the authorities, or told by his classmates that his resignation would be favorably received. In order to do justice to any man accused of breaking the code, the cadets have among their body a Vigilance Committee that is composed of representatives from the three upper classes. These men investigate all questionable79 acts that ordinarily would not come to the eyes of the authorities, and if they are satisfied that the man is guilty they report him. For example, at the written examinations the officers never supervise the cadets as regards their moral conduct, but frequently leave the room for long periods. If any man should take advantage of these circumstances to cheat, his act, if seen by a comrade, is at once reported to either the Vigilance Committee or to the officers. It is apparent therefore that the honor of the Corps will always remain unsullied so long as it is left in the hands of the cadets themselves.
A Review for the Chief of the Staff of the Army
This rigid80 code of discipline to which the cadet is subjected for four years and the influence of the honor system in the Corps develop in him to a high degree the sentiment of duty. At West Point duty comes first. The idea is that when a cadet is given a task to perform he will approach it with a strength of purpose that never gets weary 290 or tired. It teaches him to make his resolve so strong that he can listen to the murmurings of the ignorant, to their sophistry81, receive their insults and slanders82, conscious that the ideals for which he stands will eventually triumph. It is the sentiment that will sustain him not only in time of war, for then he has the sympathy of the people, but in time of peace when the average layman83 who does not understand the character of his work condemns84 it as an activity that produces nothing.
The result of four years’ immersion85 in the atmosphere at West Point is the molding of the cadet’s character. When he entered the Academy he was just a boy, fresh from the hands of his parents and still malleable86, but when his course has been completed under the painstaking care of his foster mother, his standards have been crystallized and he has developed into a man of courage, intellect, and honor. And when graduation day arrives, and West Point hands each man his diploma, with it she gives her stamp of approval and acknowledges her willingness to entrust87 to his keeping the cherished traditions of the Military Academy.
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scrupulously
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| adv.一丝不苟地；小心翼翼地，多顾虑地 | |
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scrupulous
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| adj.审慎的，小心翼翼的，完全的，纯粹的 | |
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painstaking
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| adj.苦干的；艰苦的，费力的，刻苦的 | |
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guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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deficit
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| n.亏空，亏损；赤字，逆差 | |
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heterogeneous
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| adj.庞杂的；异类的 | |
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enrolled
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| adj.入学登记了的v.[亦作enrol]( enroll的过去式和过去分词 )；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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imprint
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| n.印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象；vt.压印，牢记 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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ethical
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| adj.伦理的，道德的，合乎道德的 | |
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truthfulness
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| n. 符合实际 | |
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loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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exteriorly
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| adv.从外部，表面上 | |
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nurture
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| n.养育，照顾，教育；滋养，营养品；vt.养育，给与营养物，教养，扶持 | |
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throng
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| n.人群，群众；v.拥挤，群集 | |
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auditor
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| n.审计员，旁听着 | |
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bakers
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| n.面包师( baker的名词复数 )；面包店；面包店店主；十三 | |
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brokers
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| n.（股票、外币等）经纪人( broker的名词复数 )；中间人；代理商；（订合同的）中人v.做掮客（或中人等）( broker的第三人称单数 )；作为权力经纪人进行谈判；以中间人等身份安排… | |
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contractors
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| n.（建筑、监造中的）承包人( contractor的名词复数 ) | |
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commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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stationary
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| adj.固定的，静止不动的 | |
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enlisted
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| adj.应募入伍的v.（使）入伍， （使）参军( enlist的过去式和过去分词 )；获得（帮助或支持） | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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inspectors
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| n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官 | |
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laborers
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| n.体力劳动者，工人( laborer的名词复数 )；（熟练工人的）辅助工 | |
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brewery
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| n.啤酒厂 | |
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boilers
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| 锅炉，烧水器，水壶( boiler的名词复数 ) | |
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dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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millers
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| n.（尤指面粉厂的）厂主( miller的名词复数 )；磨房主；碾磨工；铣工 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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dealers
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| n.商人( dealer的名词复数 )；贩毒者；毒品贩子；发牌者 | |
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superintendent
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| n.监督人，主管，总监；(英国)警务长 | |
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superintendents
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| 警长( superintendent的名词复数 )； （大楼的）管理人； 监管人； （美国）警察局长 | |
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warden
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| n.监察员，监狱长，看守人，监护人 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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imbued
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| v.使（某人/某事）充满或激起（感情等）( imbue的过去式和过去分词 )；使充满；灌输；激发（强烈感情或品质等） | |
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solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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generic
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| adj.一般的，普通的，共有的 | |
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illustrates
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| 给…加插图( illustrate的第三人称单数 )； 说明； 表明； （用示例、图画等）说明 | |
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48
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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cliques
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| n.小集团，小圈子，派系( clique的名词复数 ) | |
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50
mutual
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| adj.相互的，彼此的；共同的，共有的 | |
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51
mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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52
gambling
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| n.赌博；投机 | |
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53
alcoholic
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| adj.（含）酒精的，由酒精引起的；n.酗酒者 | |
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54
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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55
embryo
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| n.胚胎，萌芽的事物 | |
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56
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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57
beverages
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| n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 ) | |
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58
vice
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| n.坏事；恶习；[pl.]台钳，老虎钳；adj.副的 | |
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59
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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60
complexions
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| 肤色( complexion的名词复数 )； 面色； 局面； 性质 | |
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61
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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62
contraband
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| n.违禁品，走私品 | |
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63
seizure
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| n.没收；占有；抵押 | |
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64
confiscated
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| 没收，充公( confiscate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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65
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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66
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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67
civilian
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| adj.平民的，民用的，民众的 | |
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68
instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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69
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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70
austere
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| adj.艰苦的；朴素的，朴实无华的；严峻的 | |
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71
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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72
virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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73
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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74
shibboleth
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| n.陈规陋习；口令；暗语 | |
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75
ethics
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| n.伦理学；伦理观，道德标准 | |
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76
infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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77
hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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78
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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79
questionable
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| adj.可疑的，有问题的 | |
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80
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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81
sophistry
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| n.诡辩 | |
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82
slanders
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| 诽谤，诋毁( slander的名词复数 ) | |
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83
layman
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| n.俗人，门外汉，凡人 | |
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84
condemns
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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85
immersion
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| n.沉浸；专心 | |
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86
malleable
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| adj.(金属)可锻的;有延展性的；(性格)可训练的 | |
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87
entrust
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| v.信赖，信托，交托 | |
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