Pembroke-Hall, Cambridge. London: Printed for the Author, by W.
Strahan; And sold by J. Newbery, at the Bible and Sun, in St. Paul's
Churchyard. MDCCLII.
The third section of Robert Browning's Parleyings with certain People of Importance in their Day drew attention to a Cambridge poet of whom little had hitherto been known, Christopher Smart, once fellow of Pembroke College. It may be interesting, therefore, to supply some sketch1 of the events of his life, and of the particular poem which Browning has aptly compared to a gorgeous chapel2 lying perdue in a dull old commonplace mansion3. No one can afford to be entirely4 indifferent to the author of verses which one of the greatest of modern writers has declared to be unequalled of their kind between Milton and Keats.
What has hitherto been known of the facts of Smart's life has been founded on the anonymous5 biography prefixed to the two-volume Reading edition of his works, published in 1791. The copy of this edition in Trinity Library belonged to Dr. Farmer, and contains these words in his handwriting: "From the Editor, Francis Newbery, Esq.; the Life by Mr. Hunter." As this Newbery was the son of Smart's half-brother-in-law and literary employer, it may be taken for granted that the information given in these volumes is authoritative6. We may therefore believe it to be correct that Smart was born (as he himself tells us, in The Hop7 Garden) at Shipbourne, in Kent, on the 11th of April 1722, that his father was steward8 to the nobleman who afterwards became Earl of Darlington, and that he was "discerned and patronised" by the Duchess of Cleveland. This great lady, we are left in doubt for what reason, carried her complaisance9 so far as to allow the future poet ￡40 a year until her death. In a painfully fulsome10 ode to another member of the Raby Castle family, Smart records the generosity11 of the dead in order to stimulate12 that of the living, and oddly remarks that
dignity itself restrains
By condescension's silken reins13,
While you the lowly Muse14 upraise.
Smart passed, already "an infant bard," from what he calls "the splendour in retreat" of Raby Castle, to Durham School, and in his eighteenth year was admitted of Pembroke Hall, October 30, 1739. His biographer expressly states that his allowance from home was scanty15, and that his chief dependence16, until he derived17 an income from his college, was on the bounty18 of the Duchess of Cleveland.
From this point I am able to supply a certain amount of information with regard to the poet's college life which is entirely new, and which is not, I think, without interest. My friend Mr. R.A. Neil has been so kind as to admit me to the Treasury19 at Pembroke, and in his company I have had the advantage of searching the contemporary records of the college. What we were lucky enough to discover may here be briefly20 summarised. The earliest mention of Smart is dated 1740, and refers to the rooms assigned to him as an undergraduate. In January 1743, we find him taking his B.A., and in July of the same year he is elected scholar. As is correctly stated in his Life, he became a fellow of Pembroke on the 3rd of July 1745. That he showed no indication as yet of that disturbance21 of brain and instability of character which so painfully distinguished22 him a little later on, is proved by the fact that on the 10th of October 1745, Smart was chosen to be Praelector in Philosophy, and Keeper of the Common Chest. In 1746 he was re-elected to those offices, and also made Praelector in Rhetoric23. In 1747 he was not chosen to hold any such college situations, no doubt from the growing extravagance of his conduct.
In November 1747, Smart was in parlous24 case. Gray complains of his "lies, impertinence and ingratitude," and describes him as confined to his room, lest his creditors25 should snap him up. He gives a melancholy26 impression of Smart's moral and physical state, but hastens to add "not that I, nor any other mortal, pity him." The records of the Treasury at Pembroke supply evidence that the members of the college now made a great effort to restore one of whose talents it is certain they were proud. In 1748 we find Smart proposed for catechist, a proof that he had, at all events for the moment, turned over a new leaf. Probably, but for fresh relapses, he would now have taken orders. His allusions27 to college life are singularly ungracious. He calls Pembroke
this servile cell,
Where discipline and dulness dwell,
and commiserates28 a captive eagle as being doomed29 in the college courts to watch
scholastic30 pride
Take his precise, pedantic31 stride;
words which painfully remind us of Gray's reported manner of enjoying a constitutional. It is certain that there was considerable friction32 between these two men of genius, and Gray roundly prophesied33 that Smart would find his way to gaol34 or to Bedlam35. Both alternatives of this prediction were fulfilled, and in October, 1751, Gray curtly36 remarks: "Smart sets out for Bedlam." Of this event we find curious evidence in the Treasury. "October 12, 1751—Ordered that Mr. Smart, being obliged to be absent, there will be allowed him in lieu of commons for the year ended Michaelmas, 1751, the sum of ￡10." There can be little question that Smart's conduct and condition became more and more unsatisfactory. This particular visit to a madhouse was probably brief, but it was possibly not the first and was soon repeated; for in 1749 and 1752 there are similar entries recording37 the fact that "Mr. Smart, being obliged to be absent," certain allowances were paid by the college "in consideration of his circumstances." The most curious discovery, however, which we have been able to make is recorded in the following entry:
"Nov. 27, 1753.—Ordered that the dividend38 assigned to Mr. Smart be deposited in the Treasury till the Society be satisfied that he has a right to the same; it being credibly39 reported that he has been married for some time, and that notice be sent to Mr. Smart of his dividend being detained."
As a matter of fact, Smart was by this time married to a relative of Newbery, the publisher, for whom he was doing hack40 work in London. He had, however, formed the habit of writing the Seatonian prize poem, which he had already gained four times, in 1750, 1751, 1752, and 1753. He seems to have clutched at the distinction which he brought on his college by these poems as the last straw by which to keep his fellowship, and, singular to say, he must have succeeded; for on the 16th of January 1754, this order was recorded:
"That Mr. Smart have leave to keep his name in the college books without any expense, so long as he continues to write for the premium41 left by Mr. Seaton."
How long this inexpensive indulgence lasted does not seem to be known. Smart gained the Seatonian prize in 1755, having apparently42 failed in 1754, and then appears no more in Pembroke records.
The circumstance of his having made Cambridge too hot to hold him seems to have pulled Smart's loose faculties43 together. The next five years were probably the sanest45 and the busiest in his life. He had collected his scattered46 odes and ballads47, and published them, with his ambitious georgic, The Hop Garden, in the handsome quarto before us. Among the seven hundred subscribers to this venture we find "Mr. Voltaire, historiographer of France," and M. Roubilliac, the great statuary, besides such English celebrities48 as Gray, Collins, Richardson, Savage49, Charles Avison, Garrick, and Mason. The kind reception of this work awakened50 in the poet an inordinate51 vanity, which found expression, in 1753, in that extraordinary effusion, The Hilliad, an attempt to preserve Dr. John Hill in such amber52 as Pope held at the command of his satiric53 passion. But these efforts, and an annual Seatonian, were ill adapted to support a poet who had recently appended a wife and family to a phenomenal appetite for strong waters, and who, moreover, had just been deprived of his stipend54 as a fellow. Smart descended55 into Grub Street, and bound himself over, hand and foot, to be the serf of such men as the publisher Newbery, who was none the milder master for being his relative. It was not long after, doubtless, that Smart fell lower still, and let himself out on a lease for ninety-nine years, to toil56 for a set pittance57 in the garrets of Gardner's shop; and it was about this time, 1754, that the Rev58. T. Tyers was introduced to Smart by a friend who had more sympathy with his frailties59 than Gray had, namely, Dr. Samuel Johnson.
After a world of vicissitudes60, which are very uncomfortable reading, about 1761 Smart became violently insane once more and was shut up again in Bedlam. Dr. Johnson, commenting on this period of the poet's life, told Dr. Burney that Smart grew fat when he was in the madhouse, where he dug in the garden, and Johnson added: "I did not think he ought to be shut up. His infirmities were not noxious61 to society. He insisted on people praying with him; and I'd as lief pray with Kit62 Smart as with any one else. Another charge was that he did not love clean linen63; and I have no passion for it." When Boswell paid Johnson his memorable64 first visit in 1763, Smart had recently been released from Bedlam, and Johnson naturally spoke65 of him. He said: "My poor friend Smart showed the disturbance of his mind by falling upon his knees and saying his prayers in the street, or in any other unusual place." Gray about the same time reports that money is being collected to help "poor Smart," not for the first time, since in January 1759, Gray had written: "Poor Smart is not dead, as was said, and Merope is acted for his benefit this week," with the Guardian66, a farce67 which Garrick had kindly68 composed for that occasion.
It was in 1763, immediately after Smart's release, that the now famous Song to David was published. A long and interesting letter in the correspondence of Hawkesworth, dated October 1764, gives a pleasant idea of Smart restored to cheerfulness and placed "with very decent people in a house, most delightfully70 situated71, with a terrace that overlooks St. James's Park." But this relief was only temporary; Smart fell back presently into drunkenness and debt, and was happily relieved by death in 1770, in his forty-eighth year, at the close of a career as melancholy as any recorded in the chronicles of literature.
Save for one single lyric72, that glows with all the flush and bloom of Eden, Smart would take but a poor place on the English Parnassus. His odes and ballads, his psalms73 and satires74, his masques and his georgics, are not bad, but they are mediocre75. Here and there the very careful reader may come across lines and phrases that display the concealed76 author of the Song to David, such as the following, from an excessively tiresome77 ode to Dr. Webster:
When Israel's host, with all their stores,
Passed through the ruby-tinctured crystal shores,
The wilderness78 of waters and of land.
But these are rare. His odes are founded upon those of Gray, and the best that can be said of them is that if they do not quite rise to the frozen elegance79 of Akenside, they seldom sink to the flaccidity of Mason. Never, for one consecutive80 stanza81 or stroke, do they approach Collins or Gray in delicacy82 or power. But the Song to David—the lyric in 516 lines which Smart is so absurdly fabled83 to have scratched with a key on the white-washed walls of his cell—this was a portent84 of beauty and originality85. Strange to say, it was utterly86 neglected when it appeared, and the editor of the 1791 edition of Smart's works expressly omitted to print it on the ground that it bore too many "melancholy proofs of the estrangement87 of Smart's mind" to be fit for republication. It became rare to the very verge88 of extinction89, and is now scarcely to be found in its entirety save in a pretty reprint of 1819, itself now rare, due to the piety90 of a Rev. R. Harvey.
It is obvious that Smart's contemporaries and immediate69 successors looked upon the Song to David as the work of a hopelessly deranged91 person. In 1763 poetry had to be very sane44 indeed to be attended to. The year preceding had welcomed the Shipwreck92 of Falconer, the year to follow would welcome Goldsmith's Traveller and Grainger's Sugar Cane93, works of various merit, but all eminently94 sane. In 1763 Shenstone was dying and Rogers was being born. The tidy, spruce, and discreet95 poetry of the eighteenth century was passing into its final and most pronounced stage. The Song to David, with its bold mention of unfamiliar96 things, its warm and highly-coloured phraseology, its daring adjectives and unexampled adverbs, was an outrage97 upon taste, and one which was best accounted for by the tap of the forefinger98 on the forehead. No doubt the poem presented and still may present legitimate99 difficulties. Here, for instance, is a stanza which it is not for those who run to read:
Increasing days their reign100 exalt101,
Nor in the pink and mottled vault102
The opposing spirits tilt103;
And, by the coasting reader spy'd,
The silverlings and crusions glide104
For Adoration105 gilt106.
This is charming; but if it were in one of the tongues of the heathen we should get Dr. Verrall to explain it away. Poor Mr. Harvey, the editor of 1819, being hopelessly puzzled by "silverlings," the only dictionary meaning of which is "shekels," explained "crusions" to be some other kind of money, from [Greek: krousis]. But "crusions" are golden carp, and when I was a child the Devonshire fishermen used to call the long white fish with argent stripes (whose proper name, I think, is the launce) a silverling. The "coasting reader" is the courteous107 reader when walking along the coast, and what he sees are silver fish and gold fish, adoring the Lord by the beauty of their scales. The Song to David is cryptic108 to a very high degree, but I think there are no lines in it which patient reflection will not solve. On every page are stanzas109 the verbal splendour of which no lover of poetry will question, and lines which will always, to me at least, retain an echo of that gusto with which I have heard Mr. Browning's strong voice recite them:
_The wealthy crops of whitening rice
'Mongst thyine woods and groves110 of spice,
For Adoration grow;
And, marshall'd in the fencèd land,
The peaches and pomegranates stand,
Where wild carnations111 blow.
The laurels112 with the winter strive;
The crocus burnishes113 alive
Upon the snow-clad earth;
* * * * *
For Adoration ripening114 canes115
And cocoa's purest milk detains
The westering pilgrim's staff;
Where rain in, clasping boughs116 inclos'd,
And vines with oranges dispos'd,
Embower the social laugh.
For Adoration, beyond match,
The scholar bulfinch aims to catch
The soft flute's ivory touch;
And, careless on the hazle spray,
The daring redbreast keeps at bay
The damsel's greedy clutch_.
To quote at further length from so fascinating, so divine a poem, would be "purpling too much my mere117 grey argument." Browning's praise ought to send every one to the original. But here is one more stanza that I cannot resist copying, because it seems so pathetically applicable to Smart himself as a man, and to the one exquisite118 poem which was "the more than Abishag of his age":
His muse, bright angel of his verse,
Gives balm for all the thorns that pierce,
For all the pangs119 that rage;
Blest light, still gaining on the gloom,
The more than Michal of his bloom,
The Abishag of his age.
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1
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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anonymous
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| adj.无名的；匿名的；无特色的 | |
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6
authoritative
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| adj.有权威的，可相信的；命令式的；官方的 | |
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7
hop
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| n.单脚跳，跳跃；vi.单脚跳，跳跃；着手做某事；vt.跳跃，跃过 | |
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steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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complaisance
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| n.彬彬有礼，殷勤，柔顺 | |
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10
fulsome
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| adj.可恶的，虚伪的，过分恭维的 | |
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generosity
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| n.大度，慷慨，慷慨的行为 | |
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stimulate
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| vt.刺激，使兴奋；激励，使…振奋 | |
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13
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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muse
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| n.缪斯（希腊神话中的女神），创作灵感 | |
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scanty
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| adj.缺乏的，仅有的，节省的，狭小的，不够的 | |
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dependence
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| n.依靠，依赖；信任，信赖；隶属 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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bounty
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| n.慷慨的赠予物，奖金；慷慨，大方；施与 | |
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treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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21
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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rhetoric
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| n.修辞学，浮夸之言语 | |
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parlous
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| adj.危险的，不确定的，难对付的 | |
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creditors
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| n.债权人，债主( creditor的名词复数 ) | |
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melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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27
allusions
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| 暗指，间接提到( allusion的名词复数 ) | |
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28
commiserates
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| n.怜悯，同情( commiserate的名词复数 )v.怜悯，同情( commiserate的第三人称单数 ) | |
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29
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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30
scholastic
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| adj.学校的，学院的，学术上的 | |
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pedantic
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| adj.卖弄学问的；迂腐的 | |
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friction
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| n.摩擦，摩擦力 | |
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prophesied
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| v.预告，预言( prophesy的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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gaol
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| n.(jail)监狱；(不加冠词)监禁；vt.使…坐牢 | |
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35
bedlam
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| n.混乱，骚乱；疯人院 | |
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curtly
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| adv.简短地 | |
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recording
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| n.录音，记录 | |
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dividend
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| n.红利，股息；回报，效益 | |
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39
credibly
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| ad.可信地；可靠地 | |
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hack
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| n.劈，砍，出租马车；v.劈，砍，干咳 | |
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41
premium
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| n.加付款；赠品；adj.高级的；售价高的 | |
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42
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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sane
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| adj.心智健全的，神志清醒的，明智的，稳健的 | |
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sanest
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| adj.心智健全的( sane的最高级 )；神志正常的；明智的；稳健的 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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ballads
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| 民歌，民谣，特别指叙述故事的歌( ballad的名词复数 )； 讴 | |
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celebrities
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| n.（尤指娱乐界的）名人( celebrity的名词复数 )；名流；名声；名誉 | |
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49
savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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50
awakened
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| v.（使）醒( awaken的过去式和过去分词 )；（使）觉醒；弄醒；（使）意识到 | |
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inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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amber
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| n.琥珀；琥珀色；adj.琥珀制的 | |
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satiric
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| adj.讽刺的，挖苦的 | |
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stipend
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| n.薪贴；奖学金；养老金 | |
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55
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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56
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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57
pittance
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| n.微薄的薪水，少量 | |
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58
rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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59
frailties
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| n.脆弱( frailty的名词复数 )；虚弱；（性格或行为上的）弱点；缺点 | |
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vicissitudes
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| n.变迁，世事变化；变迁兴衰( vicissitude的名词复数 )；盛衰兴废 | |
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61
noxious
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| adj.有害的，有毒的；使道德败坏的，讨厌的 | |
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kit
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| n.用具包，成套工具；随身携带物 | |
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63
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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64
memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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65
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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66
guardian
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| n.监护人；守卫者，保护者 | |
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67
farce
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| n.闹剧，笑剧，滑稽戏；胡闹 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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69
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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70
delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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71
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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lyric
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| n.抒情诗，歌词；adj.抒情的 | |
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73
psalms
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| n.赞美诗( psalm的名词复数 )；圣诗；圣歌；(中的) | |
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74
satires
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| 讽刺，讥讽( satire的名词复数 )； 讽刺作品 | |
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75
mediocre
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| adj.平常的，普通的 | |
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76
concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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77
tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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78
wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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79
elegance
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| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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80
consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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81
stanza
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| n.（诗）节，段 | |
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82
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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83
fabled
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| adj.寓言中的，虚构的 | |
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84
portent
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| n.预兆；恶兆；怪事 | |
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85
originality
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| n.创造力，独创性；新颖 | |
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86
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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87
estrangement
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| n.疏远，失和，不和 | |
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88
verge
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| n.边，边缘；v.接近，濒临 | |
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89
extinction
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| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
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90
piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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91
deranged
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| adj.疯狂的 | |
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92
shipwreck
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| n.船舶失事，海难 | |
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93
cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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unfamiliar
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| adj.陌生的，不熟悉的 | |
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outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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98
forefinger
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| n.食指 | |
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99
legitimate
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| adj.合法的，合理的，合乎逻辑的；v.使合法 | |
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100
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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101
exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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102
vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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103
tilt
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| v.(使)倾侧；(使)倾斜；n.倾侧；倾斜 | |
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104
glide
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| n./v.溜，滑行；(时间)消逝 | |
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105
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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106
gilt
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| adj.镀金的；n.金边证券 | |
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107
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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108
cryptic
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| adj.秘密的，神秘的，含义模糊的 | |
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109
stanzas
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| 节，段( stanza的名词复数 ) | |
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110
groves
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| 树丛，小树林( grove的名词复数 ) | |
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111
carnations
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| n.麝香石竹，康乃馨( carnation的名词复数 ) | |
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112
laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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113
burnishes
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| v.擦亮（金属等），磨光( burnish的第三人称单数 )；被擦亮，磨光 | |
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114
ripening
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的现在分词 )；熟化；熟成 | |
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115
canes
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| n.（某些植物，如竹或甘蔗的）茎( cane的名词复数 )；（用于制作家具等的）竹竿；竹杖 | |
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116
boughs
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| 大树枝( bough的名词复数 ) | |
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117
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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118
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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119
pangs
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| 突然的剧痛( pang的名词复数 )； 悲痛 | |
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