There has been a revulsion of public sentiment which has brought about the practical abolition8 of duelling in America. Although the practice still obtains in continental9 European countries, it is here regarded as immoral10, and it is illegal as well. For one reason, in spite of the apparent contradiction above, we are a law-abiding people. The genius of the Anglo-Saxon—I, who am a Celt, admit it—is for the orderly administration of the law, and much of the evil noted comes from the introduction within our borders {246} of an imperfectly assimilated foreign element which cherishes different views on the subject. Another deterrent11 cause is a cool common sense which has recognized the futility12 of trying to settle with blade or bullet differences which belong to the courts; to this may be added a keen sense of humor which has seen the absurdity13 and laughed the practice out of existence. The freedom of the press has also been a contributing factor. Perhaps the greatest deterrent, however, has been the development of a sense of responsibility for life and its uses to a Higher Power.
As General Grant has put it, with the matchless simplicity15 of greatness: "I do not believe I ever would have the courage to fight a duel. If any man should wrong me to the extent of my being willing to kill him, I should not be willing to give him the choice of weapons with which it should be done, and of the time, place, and distance separating us when I executed him. If I should do any other such a wrong as to justify16 him in killing17 me, I would make any reasonable atonement within my power, if convinced of the wrong done."
With this little preliminary, I shall briefly18 review a few of the most noted duels19 in our history.
I. A Tragedy of Old New York
On Wednesday, the 11th of July, 1804, at seven o'clock on a bright, sunny, summer morning, two men, pistol in hand, confronted each other on a narrow shelf of rocky ground jutting20 out from the cliffs that overlook the Hudson at Weehawken, on the Jersey21 shore. One was a small, slender man, the other taller and more imposing22 in appearance. Both had been soldiers; each faced the other in grave quietude, {247} without giving outward evidence of any special emotion.
One was at that time the Vice-president of the United States; the other had been Secretary of the Treasury23, a general in command of the army, and was the leading lawyer of his time. The Vice-president was brilliantly clever; the ex-Secretary was a genius of the first order.
A political quarrel had brought them to this sorry position. Words uttered in the heat of campaign, conveying not so much a personal attack as a well-merited public censure24, had been dwelt upon until the Vice-president had challenged his political antagonist25. The great attorney did not believe in duels. He was a Christian26, a man of family; he had everything to lose and little to gain from this meeting. Upon his great past he might hope to build an even greater future. He was possessed27 of sufficient moral courage to refuse the meeting, but had, nevertheless, deliberately28 accepted the other's challenge. It is believed that he did so from a high and lofty motive29; that he felt persuaded of the instability of the Government which he had helped to found, and that he realized that he possessed qualities which in such a crisis would be of rare service to his adopted country. His future usefulness, he thought—erroneously, doubtless, but he believed it—would be impaired30 if any one could cast a doubt upon his courage by pointing to the fact that he had refused a challenge.
Thirty months before, his son, a bright lad of eighteen, fresh from Columbia College, had been shot dead in a duel which he had brought upon himself by resenting a public criticism of his father. He had fallen on that very spot where his father stood. I think that {248} the tragedy must have been in the great statesman's mind that summer morning.
The word was given. The two pistols were discharged. The Vice-president, taking deliberate aim, fired first. The ex-Secretary of the Treasury, who had previously31 stated to his second that he did not intend to fire at his adversary32, discharged his pistol in the air. He had been hit by the bullet of his enemy, and did not know that as he fell, by a convulsive movement, he had pulled the trigger of the weapon in his hand.
That was the end—for he died the next day after lingering agonies—of Alexander Hamilton, the greatest intellect and one of the greatest personalities33 associated with the beginning of this Government. It was also the end of his successful antagonist, Aaron Burr, for thereafter he was a marked man, an avoided, a hated man. When abroad in 1808, he gave Jeremy Bentham an account of the duel, and said that he "was sure of being able to kill him." "And so," replied Bentham, "I thought it little better than a murder." "Posterity," the historian adds, "will not be likely to disturb the judgment34 of the British philosopher."
II. Andrew Jackson as a Duellist35
Comparatively speaking, the next great duel on my list attracted little more than local attention at the time. Years after, when one of them who took part in it had risen to national fame, and was a candidate for the Presidency36, it was revived and made much of. On Friday, the 30th of May, 1806, Charles Dickinson, a young man of brilliant abilities, born in Maryland and residing in Tennessee, met Andrew Jackson, of the {249} latter state, near the banks of a small stream called the Red River, in a sequestered37 woodland glade38 in Logan County, Ky., a day's ride from Nashville.
Unwittingly, and with entire innocence39 on the part of both parties, Andrew Jackson had placed his wife in an equivocal position by marrying her before a divorce had separated her from her husband[1]. Absolutely no blame, except, perhaps, a censure for carelessness, attaches to Jackson or his wife, and their whole life together was an example of conjugal40 affection. However, his enemies—and he had many—found it easy to strike at him through this unfortunate episode. There did not live a more implacable and unforgiving man, when his wife was slandered41, than Andrew Jackson.
Dickinson, who was a political rival, spoke42 slurringly of Mrs. Jackson. He apologized for it on the plea that he had been in his cups at the time, but Jackson never forgave him. A political difference as an ostensible43 cause of quarrel soon developed. Dickinson sent a challenge which was gladly accepted. The resulting duel was probably the most dramatic that ever occurred in the United States. Dickinson was a dead shot. So, for that matter, was Jackson, but Dickinson was remarkable44 for the quickness of his fire, while Jackson was slower. The arrangements stipulated45 that the combatants should be placed at the close distance of eight paces; that the word "fire!" should be given, after which each was to fire one shot at will. Rather than be hurried and have his aim disturbed, Jackson determined46 to sustain Dickinson's fire and then return it at his leisure.
{250}
"What if he kills you or disables you?" asked his second.
"Sir," replied Jackson deliberately, "I shall kill him though he should hit me in the brain!"
This is no gasconade or bravado47, but simply an evidence of an intensity48 of purpose, of which no man ever had a greater supply than Andrew Jackson.
Dickinson fired instantly the word was given. A fleck49 of dust arose from the loose coat which covered the spare form of the General, but he stood apparently50 untouched. Dickinson, amazed, shrank back from the peg51 indicating his position. Old General Overton, Jackson's second, raised his pistol.
"Back to the mark, sir!" he thundered, as the unhappy young man exclaimed in dismay.
"Great God! Have I missed him?"
Dickinson recovered himself immediately, stepped back to the mark, and folded his arms to receive Jackson's fire. The hammer of the Tennesseean's pistol stopped at half-cock. He deliberately re-cocked his weapon, took careful aim again, and shot Dickinson through the body. Seeing his enemy fall, Jackson turned and walked away. It was not until he had gone one hundred yards from the duelling ground and was hidden by the thick poplar trees, that his second noticed that one of his shoes was filled with blood. Dickinson had hit the General in the breast, inflicting52 a severe wound, and might have killed him had not the bullet glanced on a rib14. The iron-nerved Jackson declared that his reason for concealing53 his wound was that he did not intend to give Dickinson the satisfaction of knowing that he had hit his enemy before he died.
Twenty-two years after, as Jackson stood by his dead wife's body, he "lifted his cane54 as if appealing to {251} heaven, and by a look commanding silence, said, slowly and painfully, and with a voice full of bitter tears:
"'In the presence of this dear saint I can and do forgive all my enemies. But those vile56 wretches57 who have slandered her must look to God for mercy!'"
III. The Killing of Stephen Decatur
The idol58 of the American Navy was Stephen Decatur. James Barron, a disgraced officer under suspension for his lack of conduct during the famous affair between the British ship Leopard59 and the American ship Chesapeake, had taken no part in the war of 1812, for causes which afforded him sufficient excuse; but subsequently he sought re-employment in the navy. Decatur, who had been one of the court which tried and sentenced him before the war, and who was now a naval60 commissioner61, opposed his plea. The situation brought forth62 a challenge from Barron. Decatur was under no necessity of meeting it. As commissioner, he was in effect, Barron's superior, and Washington had laid down a rule for General Greene's guidance in a similar case that a superior officer is not amenable63 to challenge from a junior officer whom he has offended in course of duty. The principle is sound common sense, as everybody, even duellists, will admit. Nevertheless, such was the state of public opinion about questions of "honor" that Decatur felt constrained64 to accept the challenge.
The two naval officers met on the duelling ground at Bladensburg, "the cockpit of Washington duellists," on the 22nd of March, 1820. Barron was near-sighted, and insisted upon a closer distance than the usual ten paces. They were placed a scant65 eight {252} paces apart. Decatur, who was a dead shot, did not wish to kill Barron; at the same time he did not deem it safe to stand his adversary's fire without return. Therefore he stated to his second that he would shoot Barron in the hip7. Before the duel, Barron expressed the hope that if they met in another world they might be better friends. Decatur replied gravely that he had never been Barron's enemy. Under such circumstances it would appear that the quarrel might have been composed without the shedding of blood.
At the word "two" the men fired together, Decatur's bullet struck Barron in the hip, inflicting a severe but not mortal wound. At the same instant Barron's bullet passed through Decatur's abdomen66, inflicting a wound necessarily fatal then, probably so, even now. As he lay on the ground the great commodore said faintly:
"I am mortally wounded—at least, I believe so—and I wish I had fallen in defence of my country."
He died at ten o'clock that night, regretted by all who love brave men the world over.
IV. An Episode in the Life of James Bowie
Of a different character, but equally interesting, was an encounter in August, 1829, which has become famous because of one of the weapons used with deadly effect. On an island in the Mississippi River, opposite Natchez, which was nothing but a sand bar with some undergrowth upon it, a party of men met to witness and second a duel between a Dr. Maddox and one Samuel Wells. The spectators were all interested in one or the other combatant, and had taken part in a neighborhood feud67 which arose out of a speculation68 in land.
{253}
The two principals exchanged two shots without injury, whereupon the seconds and spectators, unable to restrain their animosity, started a free fight. Judge Crane, of Mississippi, was the leader on one side; James Bowie, of Georgia, the principal man on the other. Crane was armed with a brace69 of duelling pistols; Bowie had nothing but a knife. Bowie and a friend of his, named Currey, attacked Crane after the Maddox-Wells duel had been abandoned. Crane was wounded in the left arm by a shot from Currey; he thereupon shot Currey dead and with his remaining pistol he wounded Bowie in the groin. Nevertheless, Bowie resolutely70 came on. Crane struck him over the head with his pistol, felling him to the ground. Undaunted, Bowie scrambled71 to his feet and made again for Crane.
Major Wright, a friend of Crane's, now interposed, and thrust at Bowie with a sword cane. The blade tore open Bowie's breast. The terrible Georgian, twice wounded though he was, caught Wright by the neck-cloth, grappled with him, and threw him to the ground, falling upon him.
"Now, Major, you die," said Bowie coolly, wrenching72 his arm free and plunging73 his knife into Wright's heart.
The knife had been made by Bowie's brother Rezin out of a blacksmith's rasp. It was shaped in accordance with his own ideas, and James Bowie used it with terrible effect. It was the first of the celebrated74 "Bowie knives" which played so great a part in frontier quarrels.
In the general mêlée which followed the death of Wright and Currey, six other men were killed and fifteen severely75 wounded. Bowie was a noted duellist {254} in his day, and died heroically in the famous siege of the Alamo[2].
On one occasion he was a passenger on a Mississippi steamboat with a young man and his bride. The young man had collected a large sum of money for friends and employers, which he gambled away on the boat. Bowie kept him from suicide, took his place at the gaming-table, exposed the cheating of the gamblers, was challenged by one of them, fought him on the hurricane deck of the steamer, shot him into the river, and restored the money to the distracted husband.
Brief reference may be made to an affair between Major Thomas Biddle, of the United States Army, and Congressman76 Spencer Pettis, of Missouri, on August 27, 1831. The cause of the duel was a political difficulty. The two men stood five feet apart, their pistols overlapping77. Both were mortally wounded. This was nothing less than a double murder, and shows to what length men will go under the heat of passion or the stimulus78 of a false code of honor.
V. A Famous Congressional Duel
On February the 24, 1838, at a quarter after three o'clock on the Marlborough Road in Maryland, just outside the District of Columbia, two members of Congress, Jonathan Cilley of Maine, and William J. Graves of Kentucky, exchanged shots with rifles at a distance of ninety yards three times in succession. At the third exchange, Cilley was shot and died in three minutes. Of all the causes for deadly encounters, that which brought these two men opposite each other was the {255} most foolish. Cilley, on the floor of the House, had reflected upon the character of a newspaper editor in the discussion of charges which had been made against certain Congressmen with whom he had no personal connection. The newspaper editor, whose subsequent conduct showed that he fully55 merited even more severe strictures than Cilley had passed upon him, sent a challenge to the gentleman from Maine by the hand of Congressman Graves.
Cilley took the justifiable79 position that his language had been proper and privileged, and that he did not propose to accept a challenge or discuss the matter with any one. He assured Graves that this declination to pursue the matter further was not to be construed80 as a reflection upon the bearer of the challenge. There was no quarrel whatever between Cilley and Graves. Nevertheless, Graves took the ground that the refusal to accept the challenge which he had brought was a reflection upon him. He thereupon challenged Cilley on his own behalf. Efforts were made to compose the quarrel but Cilley was not willing to go further than he had already done. He positively81 refused to discuss the editor in question. He would only repeat that he intended no reflection upon Mr. Graves, whom he respected and esteemed82, by refusing the editor's challenge. This was not satisfactory to Graves, and the duel was, accordingly, arranged.
During its course, after each fruitless exchange of shots, efforts were made to end the affair, but Graves refused to accept Cilley's statement, again repeated, that he had no reflection to cast upon Mr. Graves, and Cilley refused to abandon the position he had taken with regard to the editor. Never did a more foolish punctilio bring about so terrible a result. Aside from {256} accepting the challenge, Cilley had pursued a dignified83 and proper course. Graves, to put it mildly, had played the fool. He was practically a disgraced man thereafter. The Congressional committee which investigated the matter censured84 him in the severest terms, and recommended his expulsion from Congress. Perhaps the public indignation excited by this wretched affair did more to discredit85 duelling than any previous event.
VI. The Last Notable Duel in America
The last notable American duel was that between United States Senator Broderick, of California, and ex-Chief Justice Terry, of the Supreme86 Court of the same state, on September 13, 1859. This, too, arose from political differences. Broderick and Terry belonged to different factions87 of the growing Republican party, each struggling for control in California. Broderick was strongly anti-slavery, and his opponents wanted him removed. Terry was defeated in his campaign for reflection largely, as he supposed, through Broderick's efforts. The two men had been good friends previously. Broderick had stood by Terry on one occasion when everybody else had been against him and his situation had been critical. In his anger over his defeat, Terry accused Broderick of disgraceful and underhand practices. Broderick was provoked into the following rejoinder:
"I see that Terry has been abusing me. I now take back the remark I once made that he is the only honest judge in the Supreme Court. I was his friend when he was in need of friends, for which I am sorry. Had the vigilance committee disposed of him as they did of others, they would have done a righteous act."
{257}
He alluded88 to Terry's arrest by the Vigilantes in August, 1856, charged with cutting a man named Sterling89 A. Hopkins, in the attempt to free from arrest one Reuben Maloney. Had Hopkins died, Terry would probably have been hung. As it was, it took the strongest influence—Masonic, press and other—to save him from banishment90.
Terry, after some acrimonious91 correspondence, challenged Broderick. A meeting on the 12th of September was stopped by the Chief of Police of San Francisco. The police magistrate3 before whom the duellists were arraigned92, discharged them on the ground that there had been no actual misdemeanor.
Next day the principals and the seconds met again at the foot of Lake Merced, about twelve miles from San Francisco. About eighty spectators, friends of the participants, were present. The distance was the usual ten paces. Both pistols had hair triggers, but Broderick's was more delicately set than Terry's, so much so that a jar might discharge it. Broderick's seconds were inexperienced men, and no one realized the importance of this difference.
At the word both raised their weapons. Broderick's was discharged before he had elevated it sufficiently93, and his bullet struck the ground about six feet in front of Terry. Terry was surer and shot his antagonist through the lung. Terry, who acted throughout with cold-blooded indifference94, watched his antagonist fall and remarked that the wound was not mortal, as he had struck two inches to the right. He then left the field.
When Broderick fell, one of the bystanders, named Davis, shouted out:
"That is murder, by God!"
{258}
Drawing his own weapon, he started for Terry, exclaiming: "I am Broderick's friend. I'm not going to see him killed in that way. If you are men you will join me in avenging95 his death!"
Some cool heads in the multitude restrained him, pointing out that if he attacked Terry there would be a general mêlée, from which few on the ground would escape, and they finally succeeded in getting him away.
Broderick lingered for three days.
"They have killed me," he said, "because I was opposed to slavery and a corrupt96 administration."
Colonel Edward D. Baker97, who was killed at Ball's Bluff98 in the Civil War, received his friend's last words.
"I tried to stand firm when I was wounded, but I could not. The blow blinded me."
Terry was tried for murder, but by influence and other means he was never convicted, and escaped all punishment save that inflicted99 by his conscience.
In judging these affairs, it must be remembered that many of the most prominent Americans of the past—Benton, Clay, Calhoun and Houston among them—fought duels. And it is well known that only Abraham Lincoln's wit and humor saved him from a deadly encounter with General James Shields, whose challenge he accepted.
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assassination
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| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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duel
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| n./v.决斗；(双方的)斗争 | |
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eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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hip
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| n.臀部，髋；屋脊 | |
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abolition
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| n.废除，取消 | |
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continental
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| adj.大陆的，大陆性的，欧洲大陆的 | |
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immoral
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| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
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deterrent
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futility
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| n.无用 | |
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absurdity
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| n.荒谬，愚蠢；谬论 | |
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rib
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| n.肋骨，肋状物 | |
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simplicity
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| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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duels
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| n.两男子的决斗( duel的名词复数 )；竞争，斗争 | |
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jutting
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| v.（使）突出( jut的现在分词 )；伸出；（从…）突出；高出 | |
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jersey
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imposing
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treasury
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censure
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antagonist
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Christian
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possessed
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deliberately
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motive
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impaired
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| adj.受损的；出毛病的；有（身体或智力）缺陷的v.损害，削弱( impair的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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previously
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adversary
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personalities
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judgment
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duellist
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| n.决斗者；[体]重剑运动员 | |
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presidency
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sequestered
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glade
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innocence
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conjugal
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slandered
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| 造谣中伤( slander的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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ostensible
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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stipulated
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| vt.& vi.规定；约定adj.[法]合同规定的 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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bravado
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| n.虚张声势，故作勇敢，逞能 | |
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intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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fleck
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| n.斑点，微粒 vt.使有斑点，使成斑驳 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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peg
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| n.木栓，木钉；vt.用木钉钉，用短桩固定 | |
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inflicting
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的现在分词 ) | |
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concealing
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，遮住( conceal的现在分词 ) | |
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cane
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| n.手杖，细长的茎，藤条；v.以杖击，以藤编制的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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vile
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| adj.卑鄙的，可耻的，邪恶的；坏透的 | |
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wretches
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| n.不幸的人( wretch的名词复数 )；可怜的人；恶棍；坏蛋 | |
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idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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leopard
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| n.豹 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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amenable
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| adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的 | |
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constrained
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| adj.束缚的,节制的 | |
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scant
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| adj.不充分的，不足的；v.减缩，限制，忽略 | |
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abdomen
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| n.腹，下腹(胸部到腿部的部分) | |
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feud
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| n.长期不和；世仇；v.长期争斗；世代结仇 | |
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speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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brace
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| n. 支柱,曲柄,大括号; v. 绷紧,顶住,(为困难或坏事)做准备 | |
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resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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scrambled
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| v.快速爬行( scramble的过去式和过去分词 )；攀登；争夺；（军事飞机）紧急起飞 | |
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wrenching
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| n.修截苗根，苗木铲根（铲根时苗木不起土或部分起土）v.（猛力地）扭( wrench的现在分词 )；扭伤；使感到痛苦；使悲痛 | |
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plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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Congressman
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| n.（美）国会议员 | |
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overlapping
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| adj./n.交迭（的） | |
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stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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justifiable
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| adj.有理由的，无可非议的 | |
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construed
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| v.解释（陈述、行为等）( construe的过去式和过去分词 )；翻译，作句法分析 | |
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positively
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| adv.明确地，断然，坚决地；实在，确实 | |
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esteemed
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| adj.受人尊敬的v.尊敬( esteem的过去式和过去分词 )；敬重；认为；以为 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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84
censured
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| v.指责，非难，谴责( censure的过去式 ) | |
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85
discredit
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| vt.使不可置信；n.丧失信义；不信，怀疑 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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factions
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| 组织中的小派别，派系( faction的名词复数 ) | |
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alluded
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| 提及，暗指( allude的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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acrimonious
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| adj.严厉的，辛辣的，刻毒的 | |
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arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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95
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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98
bluff
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| v.虚张声势，用假象骗人；n.虚张声势，欺骗 | |
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inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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