After the breaking up of the army of the Indus, Sir John Keane proceeded down the Indus, and shortly afterwards embarked1 for England, where those honours, titles, and pecuniary2 rewards awaited him, which would have entitled him to the appellation3 of one of the most fortunate soldiers who ever acquired laurels4 in India—had he survived long to enjoy the distinction.
Fortunate, indeed, may Sir John Keane be termed, in having brought to an apparently5 suc[Pg 2]cessful conclusion a campaign which was founded in error and injustice6, and placed in the hands of the commander-in-chief with the fullest assurance of the directing arm of Providence7 leading the small band through a country of which the little that was known should have induced a supposition that an army provided with an insufficient8 amount of supplies must meet with enormous difficulties. By some unaccountable fatality9, the Afghans neglected the advantages thus afforded them, and thereby10 induced a supposition that the warlike spirit of the tribes who had overrun and conquered Hindostan had departed for ever; and that a handful of British soldiers would be sufficient to maintain possession of a country inhabited by a nation whose hands were fitted at their birth to the cimeter, and whose eyes, when capable of distinguishing objects with accuracy, were directed along the barrel of a rifle.
Trusting, doubtless, in the resources of their monarch11 to repel12 the British invasion, no coalition13 was formed amongst the mountain tribes; but when the abhorred14 Feringhee had seized their king and established himself in the land of their[Pg 3] fathers, and when, moreover, they beheld15 him, lulled16 into security, break up his forces and march the greater portion of his army homewards through the jaws17 of the tremendous portals of Afghanistan, the lighted torch flew with resolute18 speed from the valley of Quetta to the mountains of Kohistan. The Ghilzie, whose heel had been bruised19, but whose arm was not unnerved, roused his brethren to vengeance20, and the eloquence21 of Akbar, pleading for the diadem22 which had been snatched from his ambitious hopes, found a responsive echo in the heart of every true Barukzye.
A tribe of insolent23 plunderers had established themselves in the Khoord Caubul, and had the audacity24 to interfere25 with the letter-carriers. The gallant26 Sale, with his brigade, hastened to brush these intruders from the surface of the mountains, but the band of robbers had swollen27 to an army; and though, by desperate valour and unwearied exertion28, a passage was forced through every obstacle, yet the passes closed upon the isolated30 brigade, and the communication with the ill-fated garrison31 of Caubul was cut off for ever.
Red with the slaughter32 of their enemies, and[Pg 4] faint from their own wounds, the wearied band of soldiers, under Sale, threw themselves into Jellalabad. Then burst the startling intelligence over the plains of India that an insurrection had broken out amongst the far-distant mountains of Afghanistan, and that our fellow-soldiers were ill provided with sustenance33, short of ammunition34, and enveloped35 amongst countless36 swarms37 of enemies. I will not enter minutely on the details of that insurrection, which shook the fabric38 of our Eastern power to its centre, brought unmerited obloquy39 on the British name, and entailed40 the most harrowing series of disasters on the hapless army in Afghanistan that England's history can record in her military annals.
The task of recapitulating41 the succession of horrors which took place in Caubul has been undertaken by eye-witnesses and sufferers from the small remnant of the Caubul garrison who escaped.
Amongst that catalogue of miseries42 and massacre43 we have the consolatory44 reflection that the Afghans found no grounds to assert that the British, though worn with toil45, and pierced by[Pg 5] incessant46 cold, derogated in aught from their national fame. From the first struggle on leaving the entrenched47 camp at Caubul, unto the final catastrophe48 at Gundamuk, the Afghans were cautious of meeting our fellow-countrymen at close quarters. When they tried the experiment, led by the alluring49 satisfaction of revelling50 in Feringhee gore51, they found that, although heart-broken and disorganized, the Briton was ever ready to die facing his enemy. Peace to the manes of those maligned52 and hapless warriors53, whose bones are bleaching54 on every height and valley of that rugged55 desolation (fit scene for such a catastrophe) which disfigures the face of the country, from the gates of the Bala Hissar to the walls of Jellalabad! And, peace to the ashes of the worthy56 and amiable57 Elphinstone! It rested not with him that, suffering under bodily weakness and worn by mental anxieties in his arduous58 command, he should have lived to end his honourable59 days in an enemy's camp. The soldier has no choice but to obey the authority which places him in command, and those authorities are answerable to their countrymen for the selection.
But the British power fell not with her general and his army. Kandahar was held with security in the iron grasp of Nott.[1] The little garrison of Khelat-i-Ghilzie held resolutely60 their post against the repeated and determined61 attacks of their blood-thirsty foe62; and the haughty63 Akbar, with the bravest of his mountain tribes, was checked in his murderous career under the walls of Jellalabad. The "illustrious garrison" maintained their isolated post against cold, starvation, the overwhelming mass of vaunting Afghans, and against the convulsions of nature when an earthquake cast down their fortifications and left no artificial barrier, beyond their weapons, between the hordes64 of Afghanistan and Sale's devoted65 band.
Vain were the efforts made by the Native Infantry66 Brigade, from Peshawur, to force the passage of the Khyber, for the spirit of those savage67 mountaineers was roused; every hill was watched with untiring vigilance, and the two[Pg 7] regiments68 which penetrated69 to Ali Musjid had little cause to congratulate themselves on their undertaking70. At length, the "avenging71 army," under the guidance of General Pollock, having traversed the Punjaub with rapid strides, arrived at the gorge72 of the Khyber, and joyfully73 received the tidings of Jellalabad being still in the hands of Sale.
Resting awhile to give breath to his soldiers, and to see his army properly equipped, the gallant general (armed with full discretionary power from the noble and sagacious Ellenborough, whose strong arm now guided the helm of India) prepared to advance. From every village and fastness of the gloomy Khyber the gathering74 call had gone forth75, and the ready mountaineers hastened to the defence of their hereditary76 defiles78; but their haste was of no avail, for the Britons were advancing to save their gallant countrymen, to retaliate79 on the authors of the Caubul atrocities80, and to rescue their countrywomen from captivity81. Advancing, with his main body in the jaws of the defile77, whilst his two wings spread over the flanking mountains, General Pollock drove the reluctant Khyberees[Pg 8] from hill and sungahe[2] of their mountain chain, and, with a trifling82 loss, stood inside the barriers of Afghanistan, and within a few marches of Jellalabad; but Sale's daring band of warriors had provided for their own safety. Their bastions had sunk into dust before the earthquake, which rolled from the mountains of the Indian Caucasus across the Punjaub and into the heart of India; but, undaunted in heart and resolution, the garrison of Jellalabad opposed their breasts to the enemy, whilst the workmen repaired the damages: and let Akbar Khan (the treacherous83 and cold-blooded assassin) and the remnant of his twenty thousand companions in arms, bear witness to the unimpaired energy and courage of the garrison of Jellalabad. Heedless of the approaching reinforcements from India, they sallied, scarce two thousand in number, from the gates of their fortress84, piercing the centre of the Afghan hosts, where the flashing sabre and deadly bayonet inflicted85 a partial retribution on their enemies, still reeking86 with the blood of the Caubul Tragedy.
That victory was purchased with the life of the heroic Dennie.[3] But where, save on the battle-field, should the soldier hope to fall, and when can the dart87 of death be more welcome to the warrior's breast than when, falling in the arms of victory, he feels the immortal88 laurel wreath rest lightly on his brow? Maligned by those who were jealous of his fame and acquirements, he fell in the vigour89 of manhood, and we may sadly concur90 with the panegyrist of Moore, in exclaiming—
"Lightly they'll talk of the spirit that's gone,
And o'er his cold ashes upbraid91 him;
But nothing he'll reck if they let him sleep on
In the grave where a Briton has laid him."
I can neither envy nor estimate the feelings which must have occupied the hearts of his invidious traducers, (and one especially, high in rank and authority, though ennobled only by name,) when the deeds and fate of the talented and lion-hearted Dennie wrung92 from the senate of England, after his death, that well-merited tribute[Pg 10] which had not fallen to his lot during a life of gallant exploits, hardships, and sufferings.
The simultaneous advances of Generals Pollock and Nott from Jellalabad and Kandahar, were almost daily marked by the defeat or flight of the savage tribes who had aided in the massacre of the ill-fated garrison of Caubul. Ghuzni was not defended a second time, but evacuated93 on the approach of Nott, who dismantled94 its blood-stained fortifications, and thence moved, unopposed, to unite his army with Pollock's at Caubul. The tribes under Akbar Khan were more resolute in their defence; but light mountain troops, without artillery95, and ignorant even of the most simple methods of rendering96 their passes more difficult of approach, present but a contemptible97 barrier to a well-organized and effective army. Marching over the heights, which were strewn with the mangled98 corpses99 of their ill-fated comrades, peals100 of British musketry rung a tardy101 death-knell to their memories, but wrote the epitaph in the blood of their assassins.
Leaving Khoord Caubul, the most formidable barrier to the metropolis102, undefended, Akbar and[Pg 11] his forces fled from the field of Tezeen, and left the country again in the hands of the British conquerors103.
The capture of Istalif closed the three years' tragedy enacted104 amidst the rugged defiles of Afghanistan.
The unexpected release of the prisoners crowned the successes of this fortunate expedition; and it now remained only to retire, with as good a grace as possible, from a country where the most extraordinary vagary105 which had ever invaded the head of civilized106 man had originally conducted the army of the Indus.
As a last memento107 of the British invasion, the arched bazaars108 of the city of Caubul were destroyed, and buried in a confused mass of blackened ruins. This has always appeared to me rather a wanton mode of exciting the hostility109 of the harmless bunneahs[4] of Caubul against us: for the insurrection and its concomitant disasters arose not amongst the mercantile community of Caubul, but amongst the warlike mountain tribes. To punish the unfortunate house-owners of the ba[Pg 12]zaars, was not a dignified110 retaliation111 for our losses.
In November, 1842, the united forces quitted the metropolis of the Afghans, leaving the inhabitants of these barbarous regions to their wonted occupation of cutting each other's throats ad libitum. That soil can surely never flourish, which is eternally watered with human blood. The earliest records of Afghan history present to us the same prevalence of murderous tastes, from the days of Sinkol, the contemporary of Romulus, throughout the Middle Ages, down to the year of our Lord, eighteen hundred and forty-two, when the British Government wisely resolved to have nothing more to do with Afghanistan.
Were the invasion of that country a measure conducive112 to our interests, it follows that the occupation thereof must have been necessary, in order to render it a bulwark113 against the nations lying to the north-west, of whom, in 1838, such unnecessary apprehensions114 were entertained. As this measure required a large subsidiary force to be maintained in the country, entailing115 a consequent augmentation of our army in the East, which[Pg 13] was not convenient to the wishes or coffers of the Anglo-Indian Government, there cannot exist a doubt of the wisdom of Lord Ellenborough's administration in correcting the errors of his predecessor116, and withdrawing the army from a country which was never likely to become a profitable territory.
The question of its advantages as a military position, may form a theoretical subject for discussion; but practically, the utter inability of the country to pay and maintain a large subsidiary force, and the impracticability of the exhausted117 revenues of India furnishing the sinews of war, sets the question at rest.
The finishing stroke yet required to be put to the Afghan policy, in disposing of Dost Mahomed, who had remained for some time in our hands; but now that his country was no longer an object of interest, of course the ex-king was less so. The release of that monarch, and his return to the throne—to hurl118 him from which had impoverished119 India, besides draining it of some of its best blood, was the practical and final satire120 on the Caubul campaign.
I have not been diffuse121 in entering on minute details of the losses experienced on our march into that country, because I cannot flatter myself that the subject possesses sufficient general interest; but should any one have any curiosity regarding the number of men, camels, horses, bullocks, and asses29 that died during the first campaign, together with the minutest particulars, more than the most inquisitive122 disciple123 of Hume could require, let him not languish124 in ignorance, for are they not written in the Book of Hough?
Our questionable125 allies, the Sikhs, having been a cause of some disquietude, it was thought prudent126 to assemble a large force on the north-west frontier, at the close of the year 1842, which was denominated the "Army of Reserve." This force, encamped on the banks of the Sutlej, in the vicinity of Ferozepore, awaited the return of the victorious127 troops from Afghanistan, and Lord Ellenborough was present in person to welcome the arrival of the Caubul warriors under a triumphal arch which he had caused to be erected128 at the extremity129 of a bridge of boats thrown across the Sutlej. The united forces, when Generals Nott[Pg 15] and Pollock had joined us, exceeded forty thousand men; and thus the nations of the East were shown that Afghanistan was not abandoned owing to any weakness in a military point of view.
After two reviews of the army on the frontier, at which some of the Sikh Durbar were present, in the beginning of January, 1843, the army was broken up, and marched to their cantonments in Bengal.
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1
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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pecuniary
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| adj.金钱的；金钱上的 | |
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appellation
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| n.名称，称呼 | |
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laurels
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| n.桂冠，荣誉 | |
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apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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injustice
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| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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insufficient
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| adj.(for，of)不足的，不够的 | |
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fatality
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| n.不幸，灾祸，天命 | |
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thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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repel
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| v.击退，抵制，拒绝，排斥 | |
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coalition
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| n.结合体，同盟，结合，联合 | |
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abhorred
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| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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beheld
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| v.看，注视( behold的过去式和过去分词 )；瞧；看呀；（叙述中用于引出某人意外的出现）哎哟 | |
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lulled
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| vt.使镇静，使安静（lull的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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jaws
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| n.口部；嘴 | |
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resolute
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| adj.坚决的，果敢的 | |
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bruised
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| [医]青肿的，瘀紫的 | |
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vengeance
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| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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diadem
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| n.王冠，冕 | |
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insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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audacity
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| n.大胆，卤莽，无礼 | |
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interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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gallant
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| adj.英勇的，豪侠的；(向女人)献殷勤的 | |
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swollen
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| adj.肿大的，水涨的；v.使变大，肿胀 | |
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exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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asses
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| n. 驴，愚蠢的人，臀部 adv. (常用作后置)用于贬损或骂人 | |
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isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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sustenance
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| n.食物，粮食；生活资料；生计 | |
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ammunition
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| n.军火，弹药 | |
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enveloped
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| v.包围，笼罩，包住( envelop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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countless
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| adj.无数的，多得不计其数的 | |
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swarms
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| 蜂群，一大群( swarm的名词复数 ) | |
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fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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obloquy
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| n.斥责，大骂 | |
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entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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recapitulating
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| v.总结，扼要重述( recapitulate的现在分词 ) | |
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miseries
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| n.痛苦( misery的名词复数 )；痛苦的事；穷困；常发牢骚的人 | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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consolatory
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| adj.慰问的，可藉慰的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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entrenched
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| adj.确立的，不容易改的(风俗习惯) | |
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48
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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alluring
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| adj.吸引人的，迷人的 | |
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50
revelling
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| v.作乐( revel的现在分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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51
gore
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| n.凝血，血污；v.（动物）用角撞伤，用牙刺破；缝以补裆；顶 | |
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52
maligned
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| vt.污蔑，诽谤（malign的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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53
warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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54
bleaching
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| 漂白法，漂白 | |
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rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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56
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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amiable
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| adj.和蔼可亲的，友善的，亲切的 | |
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arduous
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| adj.艰苦的，费力的，陡峭的 | |
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honourable
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| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
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resolutely
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| adj.坚决地，果断地 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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62
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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haughty
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| adj.傲慢的，高傲的 | |
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hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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71
avenging
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| adj.报仇的，复仇的v.为…复仇，报…之仇( avenge的现在分词 )；为…报复 | |
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72
gorge
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| n.咽喉，胃，暴食，山峡；v.塞饱，狼吞虎咽地吃 | |
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73
joyfully
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| adv. 喜悦地, 高兴地 | |
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74
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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75
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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defile
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| v.弄污，弄脏；n.(山间)小道 | |
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78
defiles
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| v.玷污( defile的第三人称单数 )；污染；弄脏；纵列行进 | |
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79
retaliate
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| v.报复，反击 | |
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80
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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81
captivity
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| n.囚禁；被俘；束缚 | |
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82
trifling
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| adj.微不足道的；没什么价值的 | |
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83
treacherous
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| adj.不可靠的，有暗藏的危险的；adj.背叛的，背信弃义的 | |
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84
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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85
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
reeking
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| v.发出浓烈的臭气( reek的现在分词 )；散发臭气；发出难闻的气味 (of sth)；明显带有（令人不快或生疑的跡象） | |
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87
dart
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| v.猛冲，投掷；n.飞镖，猛冲 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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concur
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| v.同意，意见一致，互助，同时发生 | |
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upbraid
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| v.斥责，责骂，责备 | |
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wrung
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| 绞( wring的过去式和过去分词 )； 握紧（尤指别人的手）； 把（湿衣服）拧干； 绞掉（水） | |
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evacuated
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| 撤退者的 | |
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dismantled
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| 拆开( dismantle的过去式和过去分词 )； 拆卸； 废除； 取消 | |
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95
artillery
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| n.(军)火炮，大炮；炮兵(部队) | |
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rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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contemptible
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| adj.可鄙的，可轻视的，卑劣的 | |
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98
mangled
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| vt.乱砍（mangle的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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corpses
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| n.死尸，尸体( corpse的名词复数 ) | |
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100
peals
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| n.（声音大而持续或重复的）洪亮的响声( peal的名词复数 )；隆隆声；洪亮的钟声；钟乐v.（使）（钟等）鸣响，（雷等）发出隆隆声( peal的第三人称单数 ) | |
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101
tardy
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| adj.缓慢的，迟缓的 | |
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102
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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103
conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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enacted
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| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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vagary
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| n.妄想，不可测之事，异想天开 | |
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106
civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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107
memento
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| n.纪念品，令人回忆的东西 | |
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108
bazaars
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| （东方国家的）市场( bazaar的名词复数 )； 义卖； 义卖市场； （出售花哨商品等的）小商品市场 | |
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109
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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dignified
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| a.可敬的，高贵的 | |
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111
retaliation
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| n.报复，反击 | |
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112
conducive
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| adj.有益的，有助的 | |
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113
bulwark
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| n.堡垒，保障，防御 | |
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114
apprehensions
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| 疑惧 | |
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115
entailing
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| 使…成为必要( entail的现在分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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117
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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118
hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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119
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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120
satire
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| n.讽刺，讽刺文学，讽刺作品 | |
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121
diffuse
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| v.扩散；传播；adj.冗长的；四散的，弥漫的 | |
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122
inquisitive
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| adj.求知欲强的，好奇的，好寻根究底的 | |
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123
disciple
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| n.信徒，门徒，追随者 | |
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124
languish
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| vi.变得衰弱无力，失去活力，（植物等）凋萎 | |
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125
questionable
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| adj.可疑的，有问题的 | |
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126
prudent
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| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
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127
victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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128
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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129
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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