At this point we shall give our conclusions. We think it necessary to establish the degrees of responsibility for the above attested1 facts: and the reader will think it right for us to add some precise mention of the authors of the facts. The omission2 of such a chapter would have the effect of helping3 to keep our indignation in the air, and thus leaving for objects of the blame contained in it only some multitudes of persons, amongst whom our indictment4 would be diluted5 and dispersed6. Not that we desire to take away from the German people as such the responsibility which attaches to them, but we desire to add some names thereto.
The first responsible party whom we must mention is the German nation, and explicitly9 the German army judged by its private soldiers. It is upon the German private soldier, indisputably, that the shame of what we have just read recoils10. It was the private soldiers who committed the greater part of the crimes which we have noticed: they were the principal authors of these crimes. But it must be added that the leaders consistently encouraged them. In several instances they acted on explicit8 instructions from officers, and even from generals.
The Responsibility of the Leaders
At the beginning of this book we noted11 the fatal teachings of the most famous military writers of[217] Germany, writers who formed the war-school in which was developed the military spirit of the officers of 1914. These teachings were theories of war carried on in defiance12 of international law. The putting to death of captured soldiers and defenceless civilians13 is latent in such doctrines14.
If, then, we wish to sum up in a word the system practised by German officers, during the course of a war which is still in progress, we may describe it as the system of terrorising the enemy on the plea of military necessity.
German officers showed themselves liberal in their estimate of the urgency, extent, and oftener still of the bare existence of such necessity. Therein we find the source of so many cowardly cruelties and crimes. “War! it is war,” they say. As the French Commission of Inquiry15 observes, for all their exactions, even for all their crimes, there was no redress16; and if any unfortunate dared to beg an officer to deign17 to intervene and spare his life, or protect his property, he received no other reply, if he was not met with threats, than this invariable formula, accompanied by a smile and ascribing to the inevitable18 disasters of war the most cruel atrocities19.
The German officer, therefore, has made himself responsible for the cruelties that have been committed: (1) either by ordering them or suggesting them to his subalterns or his men; (2) or by himself performing them: (3) or, finally, by tolerating them when they were committed under his eyes, or by not punishing the guilty when he was informed about their crime. By acting20 in one of these three ways the German officer has justified21 the English writer who uttered the following judgment22 of the conduct of the Germans in 1870: “The world at least is indebted to the[218] Germans for having thrown light upon war … in which the soldier, the thief and the assassin can hardly be distinguished” (J. A. Farrer, Military Manners and Customs, chap. iv., p. 119). It is true, and we cannot avoid saying so, that in the present war the German officer has shown an essentially23 criminal mind. And we now make this accusation24, which we have established by facts; our investigations25, and the profound study which we have made of the subject, allow us completely to justify26 the declaration of the French Commission of Inquiry, “the higher command, up to its most exalted27 personalities28, will bear before the world the crushing responsibility of crimes committed by the German army.”
The Names of the Officers
We shall mention here the names of the officers in question. But we must, above all, begin with the princes in whose name so many outrages29 have been committed.
1. The Emperor William II. In a speech addressed to his troops, on the eve of the battle of the Vistula, the Emperor William himself uttered these words, which form as it were the savage30 programme of all the atrocities that have been committed: “Woe to the conquered. The conqueror31 knows no mercy.”
2. The Emperor Franz Joseph. In an Imperial order, which includes instructions to the Austrian soldiers in the war against the Serbs, the Emperor Franz Joseph depicts32 the latter as “moved by a savage hatred33 against the Austrians. They deserve,” (he said) “no consideration either of humanity or of chivalry34.” By the terms of this order all francs-tireurs who were captured were to be put to death.
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3. Prince Eitel-Frederic, son of the Emperor of Germany. The Prince stayed for eight days in a chateau35 near Liège. The owner was present. Under the eyes of his hosts the Prince had all the dresses packed up which he found in the chests of the mistress of the house and her daughters.
4. The Duke of Brunswick. The Prince took part in the pillage36 of the same chateau, near Liège.
5. Marshal von Hindenburg, commander-in-chief of the Imperial troops in East Prussia. This marshal ordered that the bread found in this province, which had been soaked with petrol, should serve as food for Russian prisoners.
6. Marshal von der Goltz, military governor of Belgium. In a notice signed by him and posted up on the 5th October, 1914, at Brussels, the marshal decreed the penalty of death against the inhabitants, whether guilty or not, in places near which the telegraph wires had been cut or the railway destroyed.
7. General von Bülow, commander-in-chief of the Second German army. This general ordered the first bombardment of Reims: on the 22nd August, after the sack of Ardennes, he had the following notice posted up: “It was with my consent that the general-in-chief had the whole locality burnt and that about a hundred persons were shot.” On the 25th August, at Namur, another proclamation from his hand read as follows: “Belgian and French soldiers must be given up as prisoners of war before four o’clock, before the prison. Citizens who do not obey will be sentenced to forced labour for life in Germany. A strict inspection37 of houses will begin at four o’clock. Every soldier found will be immediately shot. Arms, powder, dynamite38, must be given up at four o’clock. The penalty for default will be a[220] fusillade. All the streets will be occupied by a German guard, who will take ten hostages in every street. If any outbreak takes place in the street, the ten hostages will be shot.”
8. The Austrian General Horschstein, commander of the 6th army corps39 operating against the Serbians. He is the author of the following order, issued on the 14th August at Rouma: “Seeing the hostile attitude of the inhabitants of Klenak and Chabatz, we must, in all Serbian localities which have either been occupied or will be occupied, take hostages who will be kept close to our troops. In cases where the inhabitants commit any offence, or make any attack, or are guilty of any treachery, the hostages will immediately be put to death and the locality ravaged40 by fire. The headquarters staff alone has the right to fire any locality situate in our territory. This order will be published by the civil authorities.”
9. General Heeringen, commander of the German army of Champagne41. He continued the bombardment of Reims, and was the cause of the destruction of the cathedral.
10. General Klauss, was the cause of the butcheries at Gerbeviller and Traimbois.
11. General Forbender, the author of the monstrous42 and inhuman43 proclamation by which Lunéville found itself mulcted in taxes.
12 and 13. General Durach and the Prince of Wittenstein, commanders of the Wurtemburg troops and Uhlans during the burning of Clermont in Argonne.
14. The Baden General Fabricius. He emptied the cellars of Baccarat.
15. General de Seydewitz. He was present, and did not interfere44 to prevent it, at the pillage of Chalons-sur-Marne, ordered by one of his subalterns.
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16. General Heindrich, commander of the German troops at Lille, who, by exorbitant45 requisitions, reduced the population of this town to starvation, and made away with the appeal for help which the mayor of Lille, on his own advice, had addressed to the President of the Swiss Republic.
17. General Stenger, commander of a brigade in France, who issued the well-known order of the day giving instructions to kill the wounded and to execute prisoners of war.
18. Lieutenant46-general Nisher. He demanded of the little town of Wavre the exorbitant war-contribution of 3,000,000 francs, which General Bülow had imposed. “The town of Wavre will be burnt and destroyed if payment is not made in good time, without respect of persons—the innocent will suffer with the guilty.”
19. General Sixtus of Arnim, commander of the 4th German army corps, who mulcted the town of Brussels and the province of Brabant in the monstrous contribution of 500,000,000 francs.
20. General von Bissing, commander of the 7th German army corps, who, in a proclamation to his troops in Belgium, told them that when “civilians take upon them to fire on us, the innocent must suffer with the guilty”; that “the German authorities have on several occasions in their instructions to the troops said that human life must not be spared in repressing such acts”; that “it is doubtless regrettable that houses, flourishing villages, and even whole towns should be destroyed, but this must not cause us to be carried away by feelings of misplaced pity. All that is not worth the life of a single German soldier.”
21. General de Doehm, commander of the 9th German army corps. When an American journalist[222] of The World and Mr. Gibson, secretary of the United States Embassy at Brussels, told him they had seen the bodies of mutilated women and children at Louvain, this general replied that such incidents were “inevitable in street fighting.” The American journalist remarked that a woman’s body had the feet and hands cut off; that of an old man showed twenty-two bayonet thrusts in the face; that an old man’s body had been found hanging by his hands to the beams of his house, and that he had been burnt alive by lighting47 a fire underneath48 him. All that General de Doehm could say was that he was not responsible.
22. Baron49 Merbach, who, with Prince Eitel and the Duke of Brunswick, took part in looting a chateau near Liège.
23. The Duke of Gronau. After the chateau of Villers, Notre Dame50, in Belgium, had been occupied by his headquarters he himself caused the following to be taken and sent to Germany: 146 sets of cutlery, 236 silver-gilt spoons, 3 gold watches, 9 savings-bank deposit books, 1500 bottles of wine, 62 hens, 32 ducks, evening clothes, works of art, and a quantity of baby linen51.
24 and 25. Count Zichy and Baron Sardas, who presided over the pillage from the estate, chateau, and farm of M. Budny, in South Prussia, of property to the value of 100,000 roubles.
26. Colonel Goeppel, Professor at the Academy of War in Berlin, who compelled the Lille “Croix” to pay a sum of 150,000 francs for calling the German army “a flood of Teutons.”
27. Colonel Zollern, commandant of the Imperial Army at Tchenstokhova in Poland, which he ordered to be pillaged52 and destroyed, in proof of which we have the text of the following proclamation made on[223] his arrival into this town: “Houses and quarters of the town the inhabitants of which are suspected of hostile acts towards the army will immediately be pulled down and destroyed. Women and children will not be allowed to leave these houses.”
28. Lieutenant-colonel Preuster, commandant at Kalich, in Poland, who ordered the massacres54 and destruction of the town.
29. Colonel Hannapel, commander of the 8th Bavarian regiment55, who gave the order to burn down the village of Nomény.
30. Modeiski, major of the German cuirassiers, who gave explicit instructions to hang all the Cossacks who were taken prisoners.
31. The Hanoverian Lieutenant von Halden, who was found carrying dum-dum bullets.
32. Captain Curtins, commander of the 3rd company of the 112th German infantry56 regiment, who gave the order to make no more wounded prisoners.
33. Commandant de Schaffenberg. A French lieutenant whom he found lying wounded on the field of battle in Louvain was robbed by him of 250 francs in gold. The commandant threatened the wounded man with his revolver. The French officer’s orderly, who was lying wounded at his side, was also robbed.
34. Major von Mehring, commandant at Valenciennes, who declared in a proclamation: “I have destroyed the whole town. The ancient town of Vichies, a place of 5000 inhabitants, no longer exists. The houses, town hall, and church have been annihilated58.”
35. Major de Honved, in command of the 22nd Hungarian regiment, operating against the Russians. Addressing the recruits, he said: “When you have penetrated59 into Russia, grant no quarter and no mercy to old men, women, and children even if unborn.”
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36. Lieutenant-colonel Blegen, who ordered the massacres and sack of Dinant.
37. Major Botzwitz, who ordered his troops to kill the wounded and murder prisoners of war.
38. Major Manteuffel, who ordered the destruction of Louvain and the horrible atrocities committed in it.
39. Major Sommerfeld, who ordered the destruction of Termonde (in Belgium).
40. Major Müller, who ordered the destruction of Chalons-sur-Marne.
41 and 42. Baron von Waldersee and Major Ledebur, who broke open the writing-desks and jewel-cases of the chateau of Beaumont.
43. Major von Bülow, who ordered the massacres and destruction of Aerschot.
44. Major Dreckmann. In a proclamation under date 6th September (Guvegnee, Belgium): “The life of hostages depends on whether the inhabitants remain peaceful under all circumstances”; and that, if the first hostages are not replaced in forty-eight hours by others, the hostage runs the risk of death, and whoever does not obey the command “Lift your arms!” is punishable with the penalty of death.
45. Commandant Chrenzer, of the 26th Austro-Hungarian regiment, operating against the Serbians, who himself massacred prisoners and peasants who were brought to him.
46. Commandant Reimond, of the 13th Austro-Hungarian corps, operating against the Serbians, who authorised the massacre53 of twenty-four peasants, the most part of them old folk of both sexes.
47 and 48. The commandants of the 11th and 4th detachments operating against the Serbians, who ordered their soldiers to annihilate57 everything Serbian.
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49 and 50. Commandant Zerfert, of the 25th regiment, and Captain Zfail, of the 37th Austrian regiment, who caused houses in Serbia to be fired.
51 and 52. Captain Kozda, of the 79th regiment, and Captain Vouitch, of the 21st Austrian regiment, who treated every Serbian soldier on the third conscript list as a franc-tireur and had him shot.
53. Captain Zirgow, who authorised the pillage of Albert in France.
54. The German officer, Walter Bloem, who was entrusted60 with the task of making an inquiry in Belgium (see the Cologne Gazette of the 10th February, 1915), and who confessed without any sense of shame that all that had happened was part of a system, the principle of which was that “the whole community to which a culprit belonged must pay the penalty, and that the innocent must suffer in their stead, not because a crime has been committed, but in order that a crime may not be committed again.”
55. Lieutenant Bertich, 29th Austro-Hungarian regiment operating against the Serbs, who killed at Lasnitza seven innocent peasants.
56. Lieutenant Eberlein, who, in the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten told the story of the monstrous treachery to which he resorted to get into Saint Dié—viz. using civilians as a screen for his troops.
The above are German generals and officers whose names are known to us. There are many others. But the impossibility of naming them all does not prevent us from holding up to the execration61 of the civilised world, by printing their names here, those whom the reports supplied to us have mentioned.
In addition to the two emperors, there are two[226] marshals, four generals, six princes and nobles, five colonels, sixteen commandants and majors, thirteen other subaltern officers, written on the picture of horror, which we have sketched62, and of which they and the whole of the German people are the individual and responsible authors.
Is “German militarism” alone responsible? We say the German people, for it would be a mistake not to recognise as the authors of these crimes merely the army which performed them, the officers who tolerated them, approved them or ordered them—in a word, only the German military element known as “militarism.” For this militarism is in very truth the offspring of the whole nation, as well as of causes which have nothing military about them—to wit, the teaching in the universities, which has been shaping it for a hundred years.
The cult63 of force which to the German is the cult of brutal64 force imposed without mercy, goes down to the very roots of his thought. This must not be confounded with the spirit of violence to which, at all ages of the world, barbarian65 conquerors66 have given way. This cult proceeds from the fact that Germany considers herself the only nation worthy67 of the name, as the people par7 excellence68 upon whom, by law of nature, devolves the management of the modern world, around which it is the historic and philosophic69 duty of Europe to rally until absorbed in it, and until the civilised world is only one vast Germany in fact. When the German declares that force is superior to right, he does not mean force in itself, any force whatever, but his own force, which is right.
Such are the notions taught by the members of the German cabinet, by its professors, by the universities[227] of Berlin, Munich, Halle, and Bonn for one hundred years. Such is the teaching promulgated70 in Fichte’s famous “Addresses to the German Nation,” uttered in 1808. We shall easily understand that a nation which incarnates71 in itself all law, all history, all the future, all rational truth, all philosophic influence, hardly needs to think of the means by which it puts itself forward. From the relative point of view of human interest, as from the impartial72 point of view of eternal ideas, one thing alone matters and that is that Germany should triumph, and that Germanism should grow.
To this there is only need to add one point, that this perverted73 refinement74 of thought, this sophism75, grows and is developed among a nation which is brutal and barbarous among all others, so that the inclinations76 of flesh and blood are in it ready to respond to the suggestions of a corrupt77 philosophy. In Germany the sophist unchains the beast: the man of letters lets slip the barbarian, or, as was forcibly said by Hugo, an old admirer of Germany, when he had become enlightened by the sinister78 glare of the events of 1870, the pedant79 is the ally of the trooper. The fusion80 of these two elements, the intimate union of German thought and of its military counterpart, welding together the whole of the classes intermediate between them: in a word, that is to say, the whole of Germany—all this must not be forgotten in any just appraisement81 of the foregoing events. So we see that in fact all Germany approves the actions of which we have just told the story, and the German intellectuals have taken the course of identifying themselves with them in their well-known but shameful82 “appeal to the civilised world.”
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Conclusion
The theoretic responsibility for German cruelties, therefore, falls upon the military writers of Germany directly; but fundamentally, and probing more deeply, upon her professors, historians, and philosophers. Then come the heads of the army, who were the first to carry out these teachings.
But the verdict of mankind condemns83 the whole of Germany; for all her citizens, from the highest to lowest, appear in the eyes of the world, which was at first amazed and then indignant, as identifying themselves with the work of devastation84, murder, pillage, and cowardice85 by which, in the judgment of history, the war that Germany launched upon the world will be noted.
We, at least, who are neutral of nationality and impartial in judgment, lump them all together, in the feeling of contempt and of disgust which they have roused in our indignant breast, and in the stern but just judgment which our reason, bitterly disappointed as it has been, has meted86 out to them.
THE END
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1
attested
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| adj.经检验证明无病的，经检验证明无菌的v.证明( attest的过去式和过去分词 )；证实；声称…属实；使宣誓 | |
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omission
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| n.省略，删节；遗漏或省略的事物，冗长 | |
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helping
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| n.食物的一份&adj.帮助人的，辅助的 | |
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indictment
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| n.起诉；诉状 | |
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diluted
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| 无力的，冲淡的 | |
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dispersed
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| adj. 被驱散的, 被分散的, 散布的 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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explicit
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| adj.详述的，明确的；坦率的；显然的 | |
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explicitly
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| ad.明确地，显然地 | |
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recoils
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| n.（尤指枪炮的）反冲，后坐力( recoil的名词复数 )v.畏缩( recoil的第三人称单数 )；退缩；报应；返回 | |
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noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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defiance
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| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
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civilians
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| 平民，百姓( civilian的名词复数 )； 老百姓 | |
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doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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redress
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| n.赔偿，救济，矫正；v.纠正，匡正，革除 | |
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deign
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| v. 屈尊, 惠允 ( 做某事) | |
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inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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essentially
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| adv.本质上，实质上，基本上 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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investigations
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| （正式的）调查( investigation的名词复数 )； 侦查； 科学研究； 学术研究 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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personalities
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| n. 诽谤，（对某人容貌、性格等所进行的）人身攻击； 人身攻击；人格, 个性, 名人( personality的名词复数 ) | |
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outrages
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| 引起…的义愤，激怒( outrage的第三人称单数 ) | |
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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depicts
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| 描绘，描画( depict的第三人称单数 )； 描述 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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chateau
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| n.城堡，别墅 | |
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pillage
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| v.抢劫；掠夺；n.抢劫，掠夺；掠夺物 | |
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inspection
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| n.检查，审查，检阅 | |
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dynamite
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| n./vt.(用)炸药(爆破) | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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inhuman
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| adj.残忍的，不人道的，无人性的 | |
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44
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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underneath
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| adj.在...下面，在...底下；adv.在下面 | |
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baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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50
dame
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| n.女士 | |
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51
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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pillaged
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| v.抢劫，掠夺( pillage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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massacres
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| 大屠杀( massacre的名词复数 )； 惨败 | |
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regiment
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| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
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infantry
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| n.[总称]步兵(部队) | |
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annihilate
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| v.使无效；毁灭；取消 | |
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annihilated
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| v.（彻底）消灭( annihilate的过去式和过去分词 )；使无效；废止；彻底击溃 | |
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penetrated
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| adj. 击穿的，鞭辟入里的 动词penetrate的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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entrusted
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| v.委托，托付( entrust的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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execration
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| n.诅咒，念咒，憎恶 | |
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sketched
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| v.草拟（sketch的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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cult
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| n.异教，邪教；时尚，狂热的崇拜 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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conquerors
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| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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philosophic
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| adj.哲学的，贤明的 | |
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promulgated
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| v.宣扬（某事物）( promulgate的过去式和过去分词 )；传播；公布；颁布（法令、新法律等） | |
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incarnates
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| v.赋予（思想、精神等）以人的形体( incarnate的第三人称单数 )；使人格化；体现；使具体化 | |
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impartial
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| adj.(in,to)公正的，无偏见的 | |
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perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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refinement
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| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
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sophism
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| n.诡辩 | |
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inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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sinister
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| adj.不吉利的，凶恶的，左边的 | |
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pedant
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| n.迂儒；卖弄学问的人 | |
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fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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appraisement
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| n.评价，估价；估值 | |
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shameful
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| adj.可耻的，不道德的 | |
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condemns
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| v.（通常因道义上的原因而）谴责( condemn的第三人称单数 )；宣判；宣布…不能使用；迫使…陷于不幸的境地 | |
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devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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cowardice
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| n.胆小，怯懦 | |
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meted
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| v.（对某人）施以，给予（处罚等）( mete的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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