Thought may, for very different reasons, now be an ally and now a victim of love. First instrument of seduction, next to the external form of the body, thought revives, flares1 up in contact with the new sentiment, as occurs with every other energy condensed in our brain; and while it becomes purer, it strengthens itself, exhibiting some of its rarest, most exquisite2 fruits. Many torpid3 intellects do not awake except by the kiss of love, and then only to fall back into the previous lethargy the moment they are left without the stimulus4 of desire; but healthier brains, too, rise above themselves when called upon to offer an unusual tribute on the new altar. For very many, poetry is the song of spring, and, prosaic5 and mute before having loved, they return to their prose and taciturnity when the season of loves is past. As they are men, they may continue to possess a woman; but being poor in moral energy, in the May of their life they have only a smile of poetry, lasting6 as long as the petals7 of a rose. Their cold and indolent imagination indulges in a little flight among the bushes of the garden or the orchard8; emits its feeble trill, then falls wingless on the highroad, plodding9 until death. How often a woman, who has been loved by one of these spring lovers and who remembers having once seen him, an ardent10 creature, full of imagination, finds it very difficult to persuade herself that the man who today is all prose, from head to foot, living between his chocolate and his nightcap, wearing seven varieties of flannels11, and using ten different kinds of lozenges, once wrote verses and fell on his knees at her feet, which he covered with bitter tears!
More fortunate men, instead, derive12 from their loves a continual and powerful stimulus to the works of thought, which seems to reshape and renew itself at each different phase of passion, at each change of love. These influences upon the lives of many artists, poets, and even statesmen can be studied in their works, and have a stronger power when the artist, the poet, the head of the state is a woman.
The influence of love upon the forces and forms of thought is twofold, and is derived13 from self-love and from the psychical14 nature of the person loved. Being a sentiment born during youth or rejuvenated15 during old age, it especially excites the imagination and refines the aptitude16 for reproducing the beautiful; in a few words, it warms those mental aptitudes17 that generally reach their climax18 at the same age when love manifests its greatest energies. Very rarely a man can be a poet or a great artist without having loved intensely, without having had at least a great capacity for loving. Chastity, forced or voluntary, may conceal19 love; but down in the depths of the heart some images, resembling an angel more than a woman, have sway, rising at every inspiration of genius, at every song of the lyre, at every touch of the brush, and reviving or kindling20 the sacred fire of art. The genius of many among the greatest poets, artists and writers of the world had love as its first companion and supreme21 inspirer; and without this sentiment their names might be totally unknown to us. The love that is born in a sublime22 brain accumulates gigantic forces, and chastity, always imposed by great passions in their first stage, refines and intensifies23 them; so that love seems to transform into genius, and genius dyes with splendid hues24 every amorous25 manifestation26. A chaste27 genius which loves is a legion of fighting forces, a whole host of winged geniuses, and therefore no difficult question, no irresistible28 force can oppose it. Thought, when the companion of love, offers to it the richest tributes of its energy, just as the enamored bird sings its most harmonious29 notes for its companion, the flower condenses all its perfumes and the fascination30 of its most beautiful colors around the nest in which plants love. And with[Pg 147] thought, intensified31, transformed, adorned32 with all its splendors33, goes the stimulus of self-esteem34, which in the satisfaction of pride of the person loved finds always new incitement35 and new incentive36 to work. Nor does the creature loved receive only the tribute, but from the enthusiastic eloquence37 with which gratitude38 is expressed by that creature, it is manifest that the latter also feels the same inciting39 influence, and the most modest and stillest tongue finds splendors of form and savoriness of style unknown to that day.
A long experience in every country of the world demonstrates the superiority of woman over man in the epistolary style and especially in love-letter writing, which is the effect not only of the peculiar40 nature of the feminine mind but also of the powerful excitement created in woman by the stimulus of love. A letter is nearly always an exchange of affections, and woman more than man feels the intimate relations between two affections; she loves more and better than we. Man has a hundred different ways of exerting his talents when excited by love; art, ambition, science open to him a thousand avenues to manifest his new energies; to woman, on the contrary, no literary path is open other than amorous correspondence, and she uses and abuses it in a surprising manner. In the numberless hecatombs, in the daily pyres of many perfumed letters, real treasures of art are being destroyed, which should be saved from the conflagration41 that consumes so many volumes of words and phrases; for the commonplace always dominates every field of good and evil, and commonplace, like all things human, are most loves. Was it not Balzac who said: "It is recognized that in love all women have some 'esprit'"?
The eloquence of love, a real song of a gifted mind in love, is not contradicted by the timid and often dull silence which invariably accompanies the first declarations, the first skirmishes. Fear in all its forms desiccates the mouth and the pharynx, suspends nearly instantaneously the secretions42 of mucus and saliva43, and many are made physically44 unable to speak, in the same manner as when a violent mental perturbation disconcerts ideas and words, so that eloquence is[Pg 148] reduced to an absolute silence, possibly interrupted only by disconnected phrases. That man so mute in love, however, has hardly returned to the quiet of his solitary45 room when he suddenly becomes a new Demosthenes, and pours out into space or on paper the rivers of a fiery46 eloquence, which a few moments before would have proved so opportune47 and so beautiful. Happy love, in the stage of attainment48, raises all brains above medium temperature, continually infusing new energies into them. Even during the intoxication49, the thyrsus of the dithyramb never falls from the hand of the happy mortal who loves or hopes to be loved. When, on the contrary, our affection vibrates with the notes of sorrow, a sublime elegy50 may be produced as the outburst of thought; one can become poet or insane. Brains better organized are cured of the great sorrows of the heart with a book, or a musical creation, or a picture; but many human brains submerge in the hurricane of an unhappy love, and the statistics of the hospitals for the insane always show a large number of cases of insanity51 produced by love, while in the secrecy52 of the domestic walls are concealed53 many other brains withered54 or fallen into lethargy through unfortunate loves.
I am writing in these pages a modest essay of general physiology55, or, as it is usually termed, psychology56, and have neither the right nor the strength to undertake the work of literary critic, which still remains57 to be done, notwithstanding the very beautiful things written by many upon the influence of love in art. Not only has every poet and every artist (and I consider the writer the greatest of all) left in his works the imprint58 of his loves, but he has felt and interpreted love in a way entirely59 his own, and which in some cases became the style of a school or an epoch60. The woman loved by Byron is quite different from the woman loved by Burns; Laura is not Beatrice, and the woman dimly discerned by Leopardi is not Vittoria Colonna. To study the influences of the times and the mind over the particular mouldings of the loves of great men—in a few words, to draw the comparative psychology of celebrated61 loves and of the amorous types of art—is a gigantic labor62, in which the[Pg 149] artist, the psychologist and the literary man should join hands in order to produce a work worthy63 of the subject. For me it will suffice to have prepared in the present essay some materials for this work of the future.
Love ceases to be an impulse for thought and becomes its first assassin, not only when it is unhappy, but also when it sinks into the mud of lust64. Chastity is an almost entirely hygienic question, and here we should mark the place where the hygienic branch shoots out from the great trunk of physiology. No embrace has ever debased thought when voluptuousness65 was only love; but when lasciviousness66 is stronger than sentiment and the animal man regrets having given too much of himself to the future, then the individual rebels against the excessive tribute paid to the preservation68 of the species. Then the animal man is diseased and the moral man has fallen into libertinism69. No; nature never punishes him who wisely obeys its laws, and after the sacrifice of love man is as happy and intelligent as before, since, in the blessed languor70 of a brief repose71, nature stills even the pain of weariness.
"Lay waste the entire forest of concupiscence, not one tree alone. When you shall have felled every tree, cut every branch, you can then pronounce yourselves free, pure, virtuous," exclaims the Dhammapada, and science utters the same cry, but instead of the word "concupiscence" it writes the more precise term "lust." In our organism every function is so well regulated that we, like the citron, can always bear leaves, flowers and fruits, provided we do not sacrifice the fruit to the flower and do not imitate the monstrous72 flowers with over-expanded petals or seedless fruits. Wise chastity is the ablest administrator73 of vital harmonies and energies; love and labor do not oppose each other, as many too exacting74 or hypercritical moralists are continually repeating with too rigid75 severity.
I have previously76 stated that the influence of love over thought is twofold, and we have still to study its second manifestation, namely, the influence exerted by the psychical nature of the person loved. Two creatures who love each[Pg 150] other are two bodies differently electrified77, continually exchanging currents of energy in order to re?stablish the equilibrium78 of forces and obey the law of universal affinity79. But, since no two identical creatures, no two identical brains, no two identical sentiments ever exist in nature, it follows that, of the two thoughts brought face to face by love, one exercises an influence of attraction greater than the other, and consequently one of the two gives more than it receives. Generally the stronger mind exercises a greater fascination; and as the mind of man is oftener greater than that of woman, the latter more easily follows the ideas, the theories, the intellectual tastes of man. It is not always true, however, that a greater attraction betokens80 a greater mental force, since some peculiar characteristics of certain intellects render them more fascinating, their contact more dangerous and richer in elective affinity. Thought may be robust81, original; but if rigid, rude and without any weapon of conquest, it lives alone, in solitary loftiness, and the person loved contemplates82 it with admiration83, but feels no attraction. It is like a star, too cold and too distant for us to desire. Some other talents, on the contrary, seem to be magnetized, so strongly do they adhere to men and things; and when we approach them, we feel ourselves absorbed and, after their contact, carry away some influence of contagion84, of fascination, of imitation. These magnetic brains combine with the other amorous seductions another and most powerful one, that of subjugating85 and bending the mind of the person loved, so that to the sweet chain of affection is added the chain of thought.
A most peculiar and little studied influence of fascinating talents is seen in some women, who add to their other admirable qualities the power of conquering the thought of men whose minds are stronger and swifter than theirs. Living with them, breathing their moral atmosphere, it becomes impossible, even for the most tenacious86 opposers of the ideas of others, not to think as they think, not to write as they write, not to acquire certain psychical tastes which constitute their delight. The style of certain writers, the manner of[Pg 151] certain painters have unconsciously yielded to these slow and mysterious influences; and the masses, investigating the origin of these esthetic87 mutations, seek it in mysterious causes and in evolutions of art and science, while, instead, they have a humbler but more natural source. The style and manner changed when the head was resting on the bosom88 of a blonde friend, or the hand playing among the curly labyrinths89 of raven90 hair. In the history of arts and of literature, mention of these influences is nearly always omitted because nearly always they are unknown to the biographer, and often unknown to the artist and the poet who was subject to them. Woman always confesses, and frequently with pride, that she has moulded her thought on that of her friend; man hardly acknowledges this, and if warned by criticism, rebels and feels hurt by such an odd accusation91. How and when should the king of the universe ever change the style and the direction of his thought through the influence of a kiss or a caress92? "Mine, and only mine!" exclaims the man who loves. "His, and only his!" always sighs the woman who loves; and I must, although with different words, have frequently said the same thing in this book.
It is not only the robust and attracting nature of human brains that measures their various influences in the struggles and the caresses93 of love, but it is the degree that causes the high influences of thought to be differently felt. The more one loves, the more one yields to the fascination of another's talent; the more one loves, the more one is disposed to abdicate94 one's own ideas and esthetic tastes in order to assume the ideas and the tastes of the person loved. Man, proudly awkward, constantly repeats in every tone that in politics, morality, religion, woman thinks always like her lover; and by this he deludes95 himself into believing that he affirms with the most eloquent96 proof the uncontrasted superiority of his mind. However, in our case he fails to mention a reason, most honorable for woman and little for us: woman generally feels more deeply the influence of a virile97 thought, not only because she is weaker than we, but because she loves us much more than we ever could love. She sacrifices instantly[Pg 152] and willingly even self-pride to love; man rarely and with difficulty makes this sacrifice. "She is silly, but beautiful," we say, feeling very happy. Woman, on the contrary, says oftener than we: "How can Democracy be respectable if he insults it every day? And how cannot Socialism be a sacred thing if it is his religion?" Man is always right for the woman who loves him, because she can seldom love without esteem. We, indeed, allow ourselves to love with all our senses a woman whom we cannot or must not hold in estimation. This difference would be sufficient to demonstrate that, in the psychical evolution of the two sexes, woman is ahead of us in the esthetic of sentiment, as we outrun her in intellectual development. Woman has already attained98 perfect love, which is the fusion99 of all human elements, the selection of selections; we see the concubine even in the sweetheart and in the wife; and the highest talent does not disdain100 to pour out the molten metal of its thoughts into the mould of a Venus who hardly could be called heavenly. In matters of love we are disciples101 oftener than masters on the field of sentiment.
Whatever be the reason for which a brain in love bends its love companion with a larger power of influence, the tyrant102, too, undergoes the influence of the victim. Two thoughts cannot impunely be enclosed in the same atmosphere, they cannot follow the orbit of the same planetary system. The one gives much, and the other gives little; the one receives more than it gives, the other gives more than it receives; but they both alter and exchange influences and energies. This is a consequence of the most elementary laws of physics: two loves and two brains are two systems of forces; and, however powerful one may be in comparison with the other, they both must undergo, in their contacts, a molecular103 modification104 of their movements. To the direct influence of love add the automatic power of imitation, the tyranny of habit, the epicurism105 of the compromise of ideas and of conscience, and many other minor106 causes, and you will see how inexorably thought must change when we think in two.
Not all intellectual phenomena107 undergo the influence of love in equal measure, but those feel it most who by contacts and origins are nearer to the energies of sentiment or are interwoven with them, constituting binary108 bodies, composed of affection and thought. Religion and morality are more easily modified than esthetic tastes, and these change more frequently than philosophical109 theories or the method of study. There is a certain architecture in our brains that constitutes their framework and can be destroyed only by death or insanity. Against it love is powerless; furthermore, certain intellectual antitheses110 between a man and a woman are enough to render love impossible, even when the sympathy of forms and a certain community of affections violently rouse the sovereign of sentiments.
To scorn influences of love over thought may be the fruit of pride, but it is also, more frequently, an incontrovertible proof of crass111 ignorance,—pride and ignorance which we shall bitterly expiate112, because, if we today may be contented113 with the beauty of form, and if robust youth, comforted later by coquetry, may prolong the life of love founded on voluptuousness only, the day will come, sooner or later, in which, when the great disparity of brains shall destroy every hope of common intelligence, we shall find ourselves in the presence of this horned dilemma114: either to renounce115 dual67 thought—horrible amputation116 of intellectual life—or lower ourselves more every day in order that the voice of a person who speaks in a subdued117 tone may reach our ear. Hence a continual toil118, a weary and sad exertion119, the impairment of lofty intellects and the disorders120 of weak brains; hence the inevitable121 death of a love which should have submerged only with the last plank122 of shipwrecked beauty; hence the veiled polygamy of our modern society, profoundly hypocritical, because it is so impatient that it wants to run, when it has only the strength to walk slowly; because it is so petulant123 that it wants to jump while its legs are still tied by the sacred straps124 of the middle ages.
We must all inexorably yield to the influence of thought in love. If our robust brain can elevate in some little [Pg 154]measure the smaller one of the person we love, we must always descend125 from our lofty plane, lowering the level of our thought and wasting many of the nobler forces of human progress. A certain disparity of levels is inevitable, but it should never be excessive, because, in the continual efforts to equalize them, in the sorrowful struggles to reach them, a great part of love may be wretchedly dissolved.
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1
flares
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| n.喇叭裤v.（使）闪耀( flare的第三人称单数 )；（使）（船舷）外倾；（使）鼻孔张大；（使）（衣裙、酒杯等）呈喇叭形展开 | |
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exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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torpid
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| adj.麻痹的，麻木的，迟钝的 | |
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stimulus
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| n.刺激，刺激物，促进因素，引起兴奋的事物 | |
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prosaic
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| adj.单调的，无趣的 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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petals
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| n.花瓣( petal的名词复数 ) | |
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orchard
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| n.果园，果园里的全部果树，(美俚)棒球场 | |
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plodding
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| a.proceeding in a slow or dull way | |
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ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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flannels
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| 法兰绒男裤； 法兰绒( flannel的名词复数 ) | |
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derive
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| v.取得；导出；引申；来自；源自；出自 | |
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derived
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| vi.起源；由来；衍生；导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 )；（从…中）得到获得；源于；（从…中）提取 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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rejuvenated
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| 更生的 | |
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aptitude
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| n.(学习方面的)才能，资质，天资 | |
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aptitudes
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| （学习方面的）才能，资质，天资( aptitude的名词复数 ) | |
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climax
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| n.顶点；高潮；v.(使)达到顶点 | |
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conceal
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| v.隐藏，隐瞒，隐蔽 | |
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kindling
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| n. 点火, 可燃物 动词kindle的现在分词形式 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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intensifies
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| n.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的名词复数 )v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的第三人称单数 ) | |
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hues
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| 色彩( hue的名词复数 )； 色调； 信仰； 观点 | |
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amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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fascination
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| n.令人着迷的事物，魅力，迷恋 | |
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intensified
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| v.（使）增强， （使）加剧( intensify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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adorned
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| [计]被修饰的 | |
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splendors
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| n.华丽( splendor的名词复数 )；壮丽；光辉；显赫 | |
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esteem
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| n.尊敬，尊重；vt.尊重，敬重；把…看作 | |
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incitement
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| 激励； 刺激； 煽动； 激励物 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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inciting
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| 刺激的，煽动的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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conflagration
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| n.建筑物或森林大火 | |
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42
secretions
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| n.分泌（物）( secretion的名词复数 ) | |
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saliva
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| n.唾液，口水 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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solitary
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| adj.孤独的，独立的，荒凉的；n.隐士 | |
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fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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opportune
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| adj.合适的，适当的 | |
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attainment
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| n.达到，到达；［常pl.］成就，造诣 | |
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intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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elegy
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| n.哀歌，挽歌 | |
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insanity
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| n.疯狂，精神错乱；极端的愚蠢，荒唐 | |
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secrecy
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| n.秘密，保密，隐蔽 | |
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concealed
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| a.隐藏的，隐蔽的 | |
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54
withered
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| adj. 枯萎的，干瘪的，（人身体的部分器官）因病萎缩的或未发育良好的 动词wither的过去式和过去分词形式 | |
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55
physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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57
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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imprint
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| n.印痕，痕迹；深刻的印象；vt.压印，牢记 | |
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59
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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61
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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lust
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| n.性(淫)欲；渴(欲)望；vi.对…有强烈的欲望 | |
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voluptuousness
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| n.风骚，体态丰满 | |
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66
lasciviousness
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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68
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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libertinism
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| n.放荡，玩乐，（对宗教事物的）自由思想 | |
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languor
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| n.无精力，倦怠 | |
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repose
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| v.(使)休息；n.安息 | |
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72
monstrous
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| adj.巨大的；恐怖的；可耻的，丢脸的 | |
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administrator
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| n.经营管理者，行政官员 | |
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74
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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previously
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| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
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electrified
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| v.使电气化( electrify的过去式和过去分词 )；使兴奋 | |
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equilibrium
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| n.平衡，均衡，相称，均势，平静 | |
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affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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80
betokens
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的第三人称单数 ) | |
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81
robust
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| adj.强壮的，强健的，粗野的，需要体力的，浓的 | |
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contemplates
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| 深思，细想，仔细考虑( contemplate的第三人称单数 )； 注视，凝视； 考虑接受（发生某事的可能性）； 深思熟虑，沉思，苦思冥想 | |
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83
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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subjugating
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| v.征服，降伏( subjugate的现在分词 ) | |
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tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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esthetic
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| adj.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的 | |
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bosom
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| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
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labyrinths
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| 迷宫( labyrinth的名词复数 )； （文字，建筑）错综复杂的 | |
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raven
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| n.渡鸟，乌鸦；adj.乌亮的 | |
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accusation
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| n.控告，指责，谴责 | |
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caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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abdicate
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| v.让位，辞职，放弃 | |
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deludes
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| v.欺骗，哄骗( delude的第三人称单数 ) | |
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eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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virile
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| adj.男性的；有男性生殖力的；有男子气概的；强有力的 | |
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attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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99
fusion
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| n.溶化；熔解；熔化状态，熔和；熔接 | |
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disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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101
disciples
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| n.信徒( disciple的名词复数 )；门徒；耶稣的信徒；（尤指）耶稣十二门徒之一 | |
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102
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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103
molecular
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| adj.分子的；克分子的 | |
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104
modification
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| n.修改，改进，缓和，减轻 | |
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105
epicurism
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| n.贪口福，美食主义 | |
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106
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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107
phenomena
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| n.现象 | |
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108
binary
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| adj.二，双；二进制的；n.双(体)；联星 | |
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philosophical
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| adj.哲学家的，哲学上的，达观的 | |
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110
antitheses
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| n.对照，对立的，对比法；对立( antithesis的名词复数 )；对立面；对照；对偶 | |
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111
crass
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| adj.愚钝的，粗糙的；彻底的 | |
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112
expiate
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| v.抵补，赎罪 | |
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113
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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114
dilemma
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| n.困境，进退两难的局面 | |
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115
renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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116
amputation
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| n.截肢 | |
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117
subdued
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| adj. 屈服的，柔和的，减弱的 动词subdue的过去式和过去分词 | |
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118
toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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119
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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120
disorders
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| n.混乱( disorder的名词复数 )；凌乱；骚乱；（身心、机能）失调 | |
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121
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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122
plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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123
petulant
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| adj.性急的，暴躁的 | |
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124
straps
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| n.带子( strap的名词复数 )；挎带；肩带；背带v.用皮带捆扎( strap的第三人称单数 )；用皮带抽打；包扎；给…打绷带 | |
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125
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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