I shall not repeat in these pages for the hundredth time the criticism of temperaments as they were described by the ancient schools, and which I have expounded3 in many of my works, small and large. Not everybody has accepted my standards of classification, but all agree with me in the belief that temperaments have had their time, and that hygiene4, medicine, psychology5 await from the progress of modern physiology6 the elements to determine, as science requires, the physical and moral characteristics of a human individual. Against this impotency of modern physiology I have protested, changing the name of "temperament2" to that of "individual constitution": innocent revenge of all men who, when powerless to change a thing, satisfy their rage by changing its name.
Every man loves in his own way and, as we bring to love the greatest possible tribute of psychical8 elements, it follows that human loves differ more than hatreds10, more than the manners of eating, of motion, of will. The lower we descend11 from the branches to the trunk, the more human elements resemble each other; the higher we ascend12 to the loftiest branches of the tree, the more the elements diverge13 and differ. Ask a woman of easy virtue14, or a Don Juan, how many are the methods of loving, and they both not only will answer that every one loves in a different manner, but will add that the manners themselves are so extraordinarily15 different that calling all these most variform ways of loving by the one name of the same sentiment excites repugnance16.
It is true that some authors have amused themselves by[Pg 176] describing a "sanguine17 love," a "nervous love," a "lymphatic love," a "hepatic love"; but these pictures are innocent pastimes, arabesques18 traced on the epidermis19 of human nature, and the schools of psychology and literature, which succeed each other, so completely obliterate20 these arabesques that not the least trace of them is left. Even when, instead of the caricatures of temperaments, we should succeed in delineating a true family of human constitutions, it would be very difficult to class under it all forms of love. The thousands and thousands of color cases of the Roman mosaic-maker are sufficient to classify the innumerable tints21 that an expert eye succeeds in discerning; but who will give me a palette so gigantic that I may spread on it all the polychromic mixtures, all the simple and compound colors, all the proteiform iridescences offered by the human light when it strikes the powerful prism of love?
The question as to the quantity of love which an individual may feel is the easiest to solve; but it is also one of the most important. In every psychological problem there is an element of quantity; and as it is the simplest, it is also the most visible. It is, I would almost say, the skeleton of the phenomenon and we should grasp it eagerly, as the thread which guides us through the labyrinth22 of these studies.
Many men, even if possessing a lofty mind and a gentle heart, have asked themselves seriously, and more than once, whether they were capable of loving, unacquainted as they were with all that world of mysteries and passions which they found described in many books and heard from the mouths of some enamored friends. To those men my book, although I have striven to contain it within the limits of a physiological23 study, may seem an exaggeration, a caricature of nature. Now, all those men are petty and weak lovers. To them love is an intermittent24 prurience25 that begins at eighteen years and ends, perhaps, at forty, or fifty at the latest; a prurience that stands somewhere between pleasure and bother and which can be morally cured by only one medicine, woman. This medicine, so they say, is sometimes worse than the disease, and it is necessary to reflect at length[Pg 177] and with great care whether preference should be given to that prurience which poets call "love," or to that other load which naturalists26 call "the female of man" and the courteous27 dictionaries "woman." When these eunuchs of the sentiment of love prefer the woman, they may find that this animated28 object, so like ourselves, is also tolerably pleasing and congenial, and a sweet and tender habit of benevolence29 may tie them to this companion whom they love, and truly love, in their own way, that is, calmly, prudently30, suavely31. These unhappy creatures have more than one reason to ask of themselves whether what they feel is love, and a thousand reasons to inquire of true lovers: "But tell me now, will you explain to me what this love is!" The moon radiates heat; frogs, too, develop heat: well, then, these gentlemen, too, do love!
Peaceful love, petty or cold love (call it what you will) does not exclusively belong to the male; but, on the contrary, it offers, although more rarely, its most perfect forms in woman. Man, however weak a lover he may be, cannot renounce32 the mission of sex, which compels him to attack, assault, declare that war which must lead him to conquest. Woman, on the contrary, if she be born a eunuch, need not attack her companion in the slightest way; she can, if she so wishes, avoid the trouble of directing her gaze toward her lover or opening her lips to say "yes." To let herself be loved will be enough. How many romantic delights in these few words! To let herself be loved; to leave to others every labor33 of conquered timidity, of injured modesty34; every strategy, every tactic35 of moral violence; to let the others struggle and reserve for herself alone the voluptuousness37 of slightly opening the door or even letting others open it! To let herself be loved! What esthetic38, heavenly beatitude, what voluptuousness of soft undulations and carnal prurience, what wonderful warmth of sweet caresses40! And, then, no responsibility for the future of a passion which has never been confessed; no storm; a calm lake without tempest, without tides. And if the heart, full of sentiment, would take the liberty of a restless throb41, to apply then and there[Pg 178] a cataplasm to bring it back to its duty, and modesty to justify42 the perpetual ice, and virtue to apologize for the absence of aroma43. Oh, why did not heaven make us out of this blessed, soft, sweet paste? Oh, why can we not reduce love to a problem of hygiene and régime?
From this zero of the amatory scale we gradually rise to the maximum degree of the pyrometer, where every metal is melted and volatilized and the entire human organism is transformed into a red and incandescent44 vapor45 that burns everything it touches. There are tremendous lovers, who have loved before they were men, who will love, too, when they are men no longer; there are women who have loved, perhaps, since they were closed in the maternal46 womb, and will love even the sexton who will nail down the cover on the cold coffin47 which contains their morbid48 flesh; there are men and women in whom every affection takes a sensual form and love absorbs them like a sponge born, grown and dead in the saline depths of a tropical sea. Having neither time nor patience to wait, they love the first comer, to whom they lend their affections and their imagination; then, discouraged but not wearied, they love the next comer and, always loving more than they are loved, they remain with their thirst forever unquenched. Happy they are when they succeed, although rarely, in being satisfied with consecutive49 loves; but oftener they precipitate50 quickly into polygamy, where, through sophisms, reticences and compromises with conscience, they love this one with the heart, that other one with the mind, and all of them with the senses. They have a first love, an only love, a true love; but too frequently they forget the names of such loves and use them to designate too many different lovers, and, like the octopus51, they stretch forth52 their numerous, avid53, sucking arms to reach the hot, succulent flesh of the feminine cosmos54. Among these polygamists there are some who love only with the heart, others only with the senses; while to a few giants nature concedes the sad gift of a twofold thirst for affection and voluptuousness.
Between these two poles, which mark the extreme degrees[Pg 179] of amatory intensity55, plods56 the innumerable mass of those men who are neither Don Juans nor chaste57 Josephs; the numberless women who are neither Messalinas nor Joans of Arc.
Besides the variform force of amorous58 needs, the sentiment which we are now studying together assumes a different character, according to the passion which predominates in the individual and by which love is marked as proud, humble59, egotistical, vain, furious, jealous. And around these binary60 compounds of love and pride, of love and egotism, of love and vanity, there are grouped many other minor61 elements, which, although with less energetic affinity62, still form a homogeneous whole that might be called a "temperament of love" or a "constitutional form of love." I shall try to sketch63 some of them from nature.
Tender Love.—This love is more frequently felt by men of mild and gentle character; it has shaded outlines and little relief. Emotion surprises them for the slightest cause; tears are always ready to gush64 forth at the first impulse of joy or sorrow; a perennial65 compassion66 and an inexhaustible tenderness drown declarations of love, ardors of voluptuousness and outbursts of affection in a most sweet sea of milk and honey. Tender love is suppliant67, lachrymose68 and faithful; it often touches the boundaries of sensual love, but never enters that sea under full sail. It is a love that is frequently constant and trustworthy, almost as immutable69 as an old and serene70 friendship; it has, however, a tendency to being disconsolate71 and mournful, if not querulous, and it sighs, sobs72 or weeps too often. Nevertheless, it is capable of wonderful expansiveness which, however interminable, is pregnant with intense joy and sweet solace73 and predisposes us to universal benevolence, to philanthropy, to forgiveness. It is a Christian74, evangelical love that delights more in a caress39 than in a kiss, and in lingering kisses more than in sudden battles. Its most esthetic forms are found in the woman, whom we readily exculpate75 from a certain weakness and who may even swoon without making herself ridiculous.[Pg 180] Persons with fair complexion76, Germans and lymphatic creatures love in this way.
Contemplative Love.—A high, esthetic sense, an irresistible77 tendency to inertness78 and limited genital needs constitute the soil in which germinate79 and grow the various forms of contemplative love. It is a lofty love—too lofty; it has something of the mystic and the supernatural; the lover places his idol80 very high and prostrates81 himself before it, lavishing82 upon it every kind of adoration83 and incense84. Contemplative love is situated85 in the anterior86 lobes87 of the brain; it affects but slightly the somber88 depths of the heart and hardly skims over the warm wave of voluptuousness; it lives on ecstasies89 and contemplations and, making of the creature it loves a god or a goddess, it forgets too frequently that the god comprehends a human male, the goddess a human female. This sublime90 forgetfulness makes of this love the greatest cuckold ever known, because nature can neither be forgotten nor offended with impunity91; and while one adores and is absorbed in admiration92 in the temple, the warlike and rapacious93 love profanes94 the tabernacle and carries off the god. Contemplative love lives on the frontiers of pathology, and properly belongs to Arcadic, fanatic95 and mystic persons. Disillusioned96 and betrayed, they accuse love of simony and falsehood, when they themselves are only too guilty of having caused their own sorrows and their own bitter disappointments.
Sensual Love.—This is one of the most ardent97, most inebriating98, most tenacious99 of loves, because it springs from the most fruitful and spontaneous source of sensual affections. It is the most sincere and most powerful of loves, because it satisfies one of the most natural and most irresistible needs of man; but its foundation rests on a shifting ground: beauty; and its ardors are indicated by too deep a note: desire. It never lies; it does not wrap itself in the hundred cloaks of amorous hypocrisy100, but is nude101, entirely102 nude and, in its nudity, often modest. Brazen103 or tender,[Pg 181] insatiable or satisfied, rash to the point of insolence104, it is, however, always itself: the tremendous attraction of two great and opposite organic units; a burning thirst that seeks the cool water of the Alpine105 spring; the most vigorous clash of the two most gigantic forces in the world of the living. From voluptuousness to voluptuousness, if youthful strength does not accompany it, it usually slides into lasciviousness106, where it sinks deeper each day that passes and with the decline of each force; and down, down it plunges107 until it reaches the filth108 of domestic libertinism109 or that of the wandering Venus. It is inexhaustible in discoveries and inventions, indefatigable110 in voluptuousness; it is also a sublime artist; it may emit high musical notes of tenderness and show warm and fascinating tints. Born in the lowest depths of the animal man, it rarely rises to the high spheres of the ideal and knows no dignity, no delicacy111, no heroism112; rather, it is often suppliant to the point of baseness, impure113 to nausea114. It accepts a bone to gnaw115, just as it accepts voluptuousness without love. It does not matter to sensual love whether voluptuousness is reached by the sole moral path of love, but it accepts it also through this way, it seeks it by all possible ways. And it conquers, steals, buys love; it goes even so far as to borrow it, to commit forgery117, provided it gets it. Let its insatiable prurience be but appeased118 and sensual love will act as mediator119 or pander120 for the loves of others, become usurer, thief and forger116 with the same callousness121. This love is generally masculine: in women, even licentiousness122 always dons a splendid robe of sentiment and hides its too insolent123 nudity.
Ferocious124 Love.—Perhaps the term which is applied125 to this love is stronger than it should be; but in painting a psychical picture one is irresistibly126 inclined to exaggerate the coloring or the outlines and give the subject more relief than it has in nature. Abnormal development of the sense of ownership, amplified127 by conceit128 and joined to a certain impetuosity of character: such is the most natural source of all those violent loves which I class under the common name[Pg 182] of "ferocious love." Its birth is nearly always like the eruption129 of a volcano and accompanied by so many storms and fits of affection and such clashing of energies that one would suppose that, instead of a love, a hatred9 had come into existence. And this original sin follows it through life, and ends only with death. We see this love distribute handshakes with such strength that we say they are tetanic convulsions, kisses that seem bites, embraces that look like homicides; and we behold130 it as a tyrant131 without jealousy132, a fury without anger, insatiable even after possession, because voluptuousness does not calm nor fidelity133 always satisfy it. Venus triumphant134 and not disarmed135 would represent this love in all the sublime greatness of its forces. If kindness of habits or the patient file of education does not succeed in smoothing its angles, it often becomes rugged136 and even brutal137. So must have loved our most remote ancestors of the caves and the palisades, who continuously bathed in the blood of hunt and war and stained their hands with blood in love as well, as woman also was the prey138 belonging to the strongest and most audacious. As it is easy to imagine, man generally is the one who loves ferociously139; but woman, too, occasionally feels this cruel form of love; and the more attached she is to her lover, the more she torments140 him and the deeper she plunges the claws of her passion into the depths of his body to feel its heat and to say with voluptuous36 fury: "This, too, is mine!"
Proud Love.—This form is a binary combination of one part of love and ten parts of self-love. When proud love is satisfied, when it is in all the pomp of its happiness, it may appear as a pure, great, sublime love; but as soon as self-love suffers a sting it froths and swells141 like a snail142 or a basilisk and shows the dual7 nature of its energy in all its nudity. Even in the few moments when this affection is entirely happy, it never betokens143 it nor does it abandon itself to an unrestrained confession144 of beatitude or bliss145, for the same reason that the rustic146 never admits that he admires new and great things. Proud love thinks more of being loved than[Pg 183] of loving; it always speaks of rights and often does not know of duties. Rich in exactions and poor in consideration, it swells up with pride if fortunate, and murmurs147 at the slightest suspicion; it is the most jealous of loves and among the most unhappy, among the poorest in sweet abandonments and ingenuous148 voluptuousness. Even in the most secret intimacy149 it never unfolds its thoughts for fear of ridicule150 or of spoiling a crease151 of the starched152 paludament in which it has wrapped itself; it is never the first to concede a caress, but expects it as a right and a duty. It is a love which, to be approached, requires infinite attentions, ceremonies, formalities; which quickly becomes tiresome153 and often disgusting. It exacts fidelity, not as a dear reciprocation154 of affection, but as a right of its own dignity, and easily pardons such sins as the world does not become aware of. It is a sterile155, barren, sickly love.
Excoriated156 Love.—Because of its origins, this form of love is often confounded with the preceding; but it is still more unhappy and rightfully belongs to the pathology of the heart. It is a love that can be sincere, tender and passionate157; but it is so irritable158 and such a grumbler159 that a mosquito would annoy it and a pebble160 in its path cause it to cry against misfortune and treachery. Like the Epicurean of old, it cannot sleep unless a folded rose-leaf is placed in its bed. It also seeks, like all human affections, the goal of its aspirations161; but never reaches it, because suspicion, susceptibility and fear stop it at every step, freeze the words on its lips, weaken its arms in the embrace, extinguish its flame when hardly lighted. I compare this affection with a St. Bartholomew obliged to walk among brambles and over rocks bristling162 with points, and for this reason I have given it the strange and new name of excoriated love; the French would call it un amour mauvais coucheur. It is perhaps the most wretched of loves, because, besides the natural misfortunes which are the inevitable163 lot of every daughter of Eve and every son of Adam, it creates its own troubles and enlarges them with the lens of the most unhappy imagination.[Pg 184] Excoriated love is a fatal still which transforms rose-petals into poison-ivy, honey into wormwood, aroma into fetidness, nourishment164 into venom165. If kissed, it murmurs because the kiss was too violent or too cold; if caressed166, it suspects that the caress may have had a second end in view. Even in the ecstasies of creation it would ask of the Creator why He had made the light so soon or so late. Whoever is loved by these unfortunates has always the right to address them with the words of the courtesan of Venice to the unhappy and mad philosopher of Geneva: "Zaneto, Zaneto, ti non ti xe fato per far a l'amor!" ("Johnny, Johnny, you are not made to make love!") And yet these unfortunate creatures love, and love deeply; and it is the enviable glory of powerful lovers to cure and win them over to the point of making them confess that at least once in their lives they were truly, faithfully and passionately167 loved. It is one of the most admirable triumphs of the amatory art to find a fabric168 so fine that it can touch the excoriated flesh of those poor unfortunates, and create for them an artificial atmosphere, in which they may be able to move without groaning169, breathe without coughing, and live without cursing life.
These forms of love, which I have poorly outlined, are but rarely found in nature in a simple state, but are complicated and interwoven with each other, forming a thousand pictures: a real mine of resources for art, a veritable treasure of torments for the psychological thinker.
No man loves like another and no man loves perfectly170, in the manner in which the type of a sublime love can be idealized in the regions of thought of our brain.
The perfect harmony of one love lacks a note of sensuality, that of another a tone of energy; one is too restless, another too languid, a third too violent. Even the most fortunate creatures, those who possess a just measure of voluptuousness, of sentiment and of poetry,—even those, who know they are loved ardently171 and faithfully, aspire172 to a love more perfect than that which they feel and better than that which they receive; and when this thirst for the ideal does not induce[Pg 185] us to violate the compact of fidelity, we should not complain, because love, too, must obey the common law, which compels us ever to aspire to purer regions, richer in splendors173 and warmer with ardors. At early dawn love awaits the promise of a warm noon, and in the burning sultriness looks forward with eager anticipation174 to the cool twilight175 of the evening; it is spurred by that impulse which drives forward men and things, matter and force, and the bliss of today expects a more intense voluptuousness for tomorrow. If this unquenchable thirst for the better should cease in us, it would be simply because life is spent in us; if the irresistible desire for a higher love should cease, it would be simply because, as light to the blind, the heavenly regions of the ideal—those regions where numberless targets are gathered at which are aimed the glances and the arrows of the human family—have all at once been closed to us.
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temperaments
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| 性格( temperament的名词复数 )； （人或动物的）气质； 易冲动； （性情）暴躁 | |
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temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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expounded
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| 论述，详细讲解( expound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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psychology
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| n.心理，心理学，心理状态 | |
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physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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dual
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| adj.双的；二重的，二元的 | |
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psychical
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| adj.有关特异功能现象的；有关特异功能官能的；灵魂的；心灵的 | |
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hatred
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| n.憎恶，憎恨，仇恨 | |
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hatreds
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| n.仇恨，憎恶( hatred的名词复数 )；厌恶的事 | |
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descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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diverge
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| v.分叉，分歧，离题，使...岔开，使转向 | |
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virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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extraordinarily
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| adv.格外地；极端地 | |
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repugnance
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| n.嫌恶 | |
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sanguine
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| adj.充满希望的，乐观的，血红色的 | |
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arabesques
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| n.阿拉伯式花饰( arabesque的名词复数 )；错综图饰；阿拉伯图案；阿拉贝斯克芭蕾舞姿（独脚站立，手前伸，另一脚一手向后伸） | |
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epidermis
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| n.表皮 | |
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obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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tints
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| 色彩( tint的名词复数 )； 带白的颜色； （淡色）染发剂； 痕迹 | |
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labyrinth
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| n.迷宫；难解的事物；迷路 | |
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physiological
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| adj.生理学的，生理学上的 | |
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intermittent
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| adj.间歇的，断断续续的 | |
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prurience
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| n.好色；迷恋；淫欲；（焦躁等的）渴望 | |
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naturalists
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| n.博物学家( naturalist的名词复数 )；（文学艺术的）自然主义者 | |
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courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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prudently
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| adv. 谨慎地，慎重地 | |
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suavely
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renounce
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| v.放弃；拒绝承认，宣布与…断绝关系 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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tactic
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| n.战略，策略；adj.战术的，有策略的 | |
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voluptuous
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| adj.肉欲的，骄奢淫逸的 | |
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voluptuousness
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| n.风骚，体态丰满 | |
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esthetic
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| adj.美学的，审美的；悦目的，雅致的 | |
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caress
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| vt./n.爱抚，抚摸 | |
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caresses
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| 爱抚，抚摸( caress的名词复数 ) | |
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throb
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| v.震颤，颤动；(急速强烈地)跳动，搏动 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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aroma
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| n.香气，芬芳，芳香 | |
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incandescent
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| adj.遇热发光的， 白炽的，感情强烈的 | |
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vapor
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| n.蒸汽，雾气 | |
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maternal
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| adj.母亲的，母亲般的，母系的，母方的 | |
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coffin
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| n.棺材，灵柩 | |
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morbid
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| adj.病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的 | |
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consecutive
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| adj.连续的，联贯的，始终一贯的 | |
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50
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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51
octopus
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| n.章鱼 | |
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52
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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53
avid
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| adj.热心的；贪婪的；渴望的；劲头十足的 | |
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54
cosmos
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| n.宇宙；秩序，和谐 | |
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55
intensity
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| n.强烈，剧烈；强度；烈度 | |
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56
plods
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| v.沉重缓慢地走（路）( plod的第三人称单数 )；努力从事；沉闷地苦干；缓慢进行（尤指艰难枯燥的工作） | |
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57
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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58
amorous
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| adj.多情的；有关爱情的 | |
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59
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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60
binary
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| adj.二，双；二进制的；n.双(体)；联星 | |
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61
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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62
affinity
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| n.亲和力，密切关系 | |
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63
sketch
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| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
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64
gush
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| v.喷，涌；滔滔不绝(说话)；n.喷，涌流；迸发 | |
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65
perennial
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| adj.终年的；长久的 | |
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66
compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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67
suppliant
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| adj.哀恳的；n.恳求者，哀求者 | |
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68
lachrymose
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| adj.好流泪的，引人落泪的；adv.眼泪地，哭泣地 | |
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69
immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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70
serene
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| adj. 安详的，宁静的，平静的 | |
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71
disconsolate
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| adj.忧郁的，不快的 | |
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72
sobs
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| 啜泣（声），呜咽（声）( sob的名词复数 ) | |
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73
solace
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| n.安慰；v.使快乐；vt.安慰(物)，缓和 | |
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74
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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75
exculpate
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| v.开脱，使无罪 | |
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76
complexion
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| n.肤色；情况，局面；气质，性格 | |
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77
irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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78
inertness
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| n.不活泼，没有生气；惰性；惯量 | |
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79
germinate
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| v.发芽；发生；发展 | |
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80
idol
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| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
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81
prostrates
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| v.使俯伏，使拜倒( prostrate的第三人称单数 )；（指疾病、天气等）使某人无能为力 | |
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82
lavishing
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的现在分词 ) | |
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83
adoration
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| n.爱慕，崇拜 | |
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84
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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85
situated
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| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
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86
anterior
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| adj.较早的；在前的 | |
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87
lobes
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| n.耳垂( lobe的名词复数 )；（器官的）叶；肺叶；脑叶 | |
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88
somber
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| adj.昏暗的，阴天的，阴森的，忧郁的 | |
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89
ecstasies
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| 狂喜( ecstasy的名词复数 )； 出神； 入迷； 迷幻药 | |
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90
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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91
impunity
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| n.(惩罚、损失、伤害等的)免除 | |
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92
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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93
rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
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94
profanes
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| n.不敬（神）的( profane的名词复数 )；渎神的；亵渎的；世俗的v.不敬( profane的第三人称单数 )；亵渎，玷污 | |
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95
fanatic
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| n.狂热者，入迷者；adj.狂热入迷的 | |
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96
disillusioned
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| a.不再抱幻想的，大失所望的，幻想破灭的 | |
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97
ardent
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，强烈的，烈性的 | |
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98
inebriating
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| vt.使酒醉，灌醉（inebriate的现在分词形式） | |
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99
tenacious
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| adj.顽强的，固执的，记忆力强的，粘的 | |
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100
hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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101
nude
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| adj.裸体的；n.裸体者，裸体艺术品 | |
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102
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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103
brazen
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| adj.厚脸皮的，无耻的，坚硬的 | |
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104
insolence
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| n.傲慢；无礼；厚颜；傲慢的态度 | |
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105
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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106
lasciviousness
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107
plunges
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| n.跳进，投入vt.使投入，使插入，使陷入vi.投入，跳进，陷入v.颠簸( plunge的第三人称单数 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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108
filth
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| n.肮脏，污物，污秽；淫猥 | |
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109
libertinism
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| n.放荡，玩乐，（对宗教事物的）自由思想 | |
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110
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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111
delicacy
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| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
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112
heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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113
impure
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| adj.不纯净的，不洁的；不道德的，下流的 | |
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114
nausea
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| n.作呕，恶心；极端的憎恶(或厌恶) | |
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115
gnaw
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| v.不断地啃、咬；使苦恼，折磨 | |
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116
forger
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| v.伪造；n.（钱、文件等的）伪造者 | |
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117
forgery
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| n.伪造的文件等，赝品，伪造（行为） | |
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118
appeased
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| 安抚，抚慰( appease的过去式和过去分词 )； 绥靖（满足另一国的要求以避免战争） | |
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119
mediator
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| n.调解人，中介人 | |
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120
pander
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| v.迎合；n.拉皮条者，勾引者；帮人做坏事的人 | |
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121
callousness
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122
licentiousness
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| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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123
insolent
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| adj.傲慢的，无理的 | |
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124
ferocious
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| adj.凶猛的，残暴的，极度的，十分强烈的 | |
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125
applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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126
irresistibly
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| adv.无法抵抗地，不能自持地；极为诱惑人地 | |
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127
amplified
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| 放大，扩大( amplify的过去式和过去分词 )； 增强； 详述 | |
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128
conceit
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| n.自负，自高自大 | |
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129
eruption
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| n.火山爆发；（战争等）爆发；（疾病等）发作 | |
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130
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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131
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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132
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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133
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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134
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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135
disarmed
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| v.裁军( disarm的过去式和过去分词 )；使息怒 | |
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136
rugged
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| adj.高低不平的，粗糙的，粗壮的，强健的 | |
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137
brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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138
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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139
ferociously
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| 野蛮地，残忍地 | |
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140
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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141
swells
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| 增强( swell的第三人称单数 )； 肿胀； （使）凸出； 充满（激情） | |
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142
snail
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| n.蜗牛 | |
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143
betokens
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| v.预示，表示( betoken的第三人称单数 ) | |
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144
confession
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| n.自白，供认，承认 | |
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145
bliss
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| n.狂喜，福佑，天赐的福 | |
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146
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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147
murmurs
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| n.低沉、连续而不清的声音( murmur的名词复数 )；低语声；怨言；嘀咕 | |
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148
ingenuous
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| adj.纯朴的，单纯的；天真的；坦率的 | |
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149
intimacy
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| n.熟悉，亲密，密切关系，亲昵的言行 | |
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150
ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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151
crease
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| n.折缝，褶痕，皱褶；v.(使)起皱 | |
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152
starched
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| adj.浆硬的，硬挺的，拘泥刻板的v.把（衣服、床单等）浆一浆( starch的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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153
tiresome
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| adj.令人疲劳的，令人厌倦的 | |
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154
reciprocation
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| n.互换 | |
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155
sterile
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| adj.不毛的，不孕的，无菌的，枯燥的，贫瘠的 | |
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156
excoriated
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| v.擦伤( excoriate的过去式和过去分词 )；擦破（皮肤）；剥（皮）；严厉指责 | |
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157
passionate
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| adj.热情的，热烈的，激昂的，易动情的，易怒的，性情暴躁的 | |
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158
irritable
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| adj.急躁的；过敏的；易怒的 | |
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159
grumbler
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| 爱抱怨的人，发牢骚的人 | |
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160
pebble
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| n.卵石，小圆石 | |
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161
aspirations
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| 强烈的愿望( aspiration的名词复数 )； 志向； 发送气音； 发 h 音 | |
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162
bristling
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| a.竖立的 | |
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163
inevitable
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| adj.不可避免的，必然发生的 | |
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164
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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165
venom
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| n.毒液，恶毒，痛恨 | |
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166
caressed
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| 爱抚或抚摸…( caress的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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167
passionately
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| ad.热烈地，激烈地 | |
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168
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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169
groaning
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| adj. 呜咽的, 呻吟的 动词groan的现在分词形式 | |
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170
perfectly
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| adv.完美地，无可非议地，彻底地 | |
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171
ardently
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| adv.热心地，热烈地 | |
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172
aspire
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| vi.(to，after)渴望，追求，有志于 | |
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173
splendors
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| n.华丽( splendor的名词复数 )；壮丽；光辉；显赫 | |
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174
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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175
twilight
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| n.暮光，黄昏；暮年，晚期，衰落时期 | |
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