OLD HOUSE, STONEY STREET, SOUTHWARK OLD HOUSE, STONEY STREET, SOUTHWARK
At the back of the houses and narrow streets to east and west, the fields began with open ditches or sewers7 and sluggish9 streams. 'Snow's' Fields on the east were as well known as St. George's in the West. 'Long Lane' ran from St. George's to Bermondsey Church: it contained a few houses: Bermondsey Lane, commonly called Barmsie, ran from the old cross to the same church: it was already a street of houses. The most crowded part of Southwark proper was the street called Tooley or St. Olave's, the most ancient street in the Borough, originally built upon the Embankment, the Thames{250} Street of South London. Here, in the eighteenth century, there were no vestiges10 left of the former palaces: everything had gone except a crypt or a vault11: at every step one came upon the entrance to a court, narrow, mean and squalid: these courts remain, also narrow, mean and squalid, to the present day. There were no places in London, unless in the neighbourhood of Hermitage Street, Wapping, where human creatures had to pig together in such horrible conditions. There was no water supply to these courts: there was no lighting13: there was no paving, not even with the round cobbles which they still called paving.
ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL ST. THOMAS'S HOSPITAL
(From an old Print)
Some Ancient Houses in the Long Walk Bermondsey Some Ancient Houses in the Long Walk, Bermondsey
Jamaica House Bermondsey Jamaica House, Bermondsey
On the west side of the High Street, of which a map is{251} given on p. 85 of this volume, beyond St. Saviour's, the nave14 of which was fast falling into ruins, came Bankside. Alas15! It was deserted16: not a single theatre was left: not a baiting Place: not a Bear to bait: there was no longer a poet or an actor or a musician on Bankside: there were no more evenings at the Falcon17: there was no longer heard the tinkling18 of the guitar, and the scraping of the violin. South of Bankside lay two broad gardens, side by side: one called Pye Garden; and the other, west of Winchester House, was called Winchester Park. Paris Gardens were no more. Blackfriars Bridge Road, in which there were as yet but few houses, had been cut ruthlessly right through the middle of the old Gardens; the trees, once so thick and close, had been laid low, but there were still kitchen gardens. South of the Gardens, with an interval19 of a few side streets, we come upon St. George's Fields, and on the west of these fields upon Lambeth Marsh, which was{252} cut up into ropewalks, tenter grounds, nurseries, and kitchen gardens. Where Waterloo Station now stands were Cuper's Gardens: there were half a dozen Pleasure Gardens, of which more anon: there were turnpikes wherever two roads met. But perhaps the most remarkable20 feature of this quarter in the last century was the immense number of streams and ditches and ponds: most of these were little better than open sewers: complaints were common of the pollution of these streams—but it was in vain: people will always throw everything that has to be ejected into the nearest running water if they can. One wants the map in order to understand how numerous were these streams. There was one murky21 brook22 which ran along the backs of all the houses on the east side of High Street—the prisoners of the Marshalsea and the King's Bench grumbled23 about it continually: another corresponding stream ran behind the west side of High Street.{253} Maiden24 Lane, now called Park Lane, rejoiced in one: Gravel25 Lane, more blessed still, was happy with a ditch or stream on each side: Dirty Lane had one: another ran along Bandy Leg Walk: other streams flowed, or crept, or crawled, across Lambeth Marsh and St. George's Fields. Where there were no houses, and therefore no pollutions, the streams of this broad marsh, lying beneath and between the orchards26, fringing the gardens, and crossing the open fields, were a pleasant feature, though they had no stones to prattle27 over, but only the dark peaty humus of the marsh: and the water channels necessitated28 frequent little rustic29 bridges which were sometimes picturesque30. Some of the streams again were of considerable size, especially that called 'The Shore' by Roques. It was also called the Effra. Along the banks of this stream stood here and there cottages, having little gardens in front and rustic bridges across the stream. But whether these streams ran or whether they crawled, behind{254} or beside the crowded houses they were foul31 and fetid and charged with all the things which should be buried away or burned way: they were laden32 with fevers and malaria33 and 'putrid34' sore throat.
QUEEN ELIZABETH'S FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL QUEEN ELIZABETH'S FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL
ANCIENT BUILDINGS, HIGH STREET, BOROUGH ANCIENT BUILDINGS, HIGH STREET, BOROUGH
(From a Drawing by T. Higham, 1820)
THE FALCON TAVERN35, BANKSIDE THE FALCON TAVERN, BANKSIDE
The High Street of Southwark is now a crowded thoroughfare, because it is the main artery36 of a town containing{255} a population of many hundreds of thousands. In the last century it was quite as animated37 because it was one of the main arteries38 by which London was in communication with the country. An immense number of coaches, carts, waggons39, and 'caravans40' passed every day up and down the High Street, some stopping or starting in Southwark itself; some going over London Bridge to their destination in the City. The coach of the first half of the century can be restored from Hogarth. That of the latter half of the{256} century was in all respects like the revived coaches of the present day, adapted for rapid travelling along a smooth road. The carts were carriers' carts on two wheels with a tilt42 or cover; they carried parcels and small packages, and on occasions, but not always, one or two passengers. The waggons, which carried heavy goods and passengers not in a hurry, were also covered with a tilt; their broad wheels and capacious interior can be restored, as well as the coach, from that most trustworthy painter of his own time. As for the caravans, I am in some doubt. I suppose, however, that a{257} caravan41 was then what it is now, in which case it was an elementary Pullman's car, in which people and their effects were drawn43 slowly along the road, in a four-wheeled covered cart. Perhaps the passengers slept in the car at night, drawn up by the roadside, like the gipsies. But of this theory I have no kind of proof.
AN OLD MILL, BANKSIDE AN OLD MILL, BANKSIDE
JOHN BUNYAN'S MEETING HOUSE, BANKSIDE JOHN BUNYAN'S MEETING HOUSE, BANKSIDE
From the Borough alone, without counting the vehicles which passed through to or from the City, there were sent out, every week, one hundred and forty-three stage coaches: one hundred and twenty-one waggons: and one hundred and ninety-six carts and caravans. And, of course, the same number came back every week. There was a continual succession of departures and arrivals; all day long, one after the other, the stage coaches came galloping44 up each to its own inn; while they were still far away the people of the inn knew when their own coach was coming by the tune45 played{258} on the guard's bugle46: the High Street, in fact, was like a railway terminus, where trains are arriving and leaving all day long.
THE OLD TOWN HALL SOUTHWARK The Old Town Hall, Southwark
I am quite sure that we have no idea at all of the life and animation47 at a London inn when the stages were started and when they arrived. With as much method, and as quickly as the railway porters clear out the luggage and get rid of the train, the horses were taken out: the passengers got down: the coachman looked inside for his perquisites48 in the{259} shape of anything forgotten and left behind: the luggage was laid out: the porters seized it and carried it off to the hackney coach outside: the passengers followed their luggage: and the courtyard was ready for the next coach. Outside the courtyard there hung about, all day long, whole companies of thieves waiting for the chance of carrying off something unconsidered or forgotten. Generally, they stood in with the stable boys and the porters, who, for a trifle, were good enough to shut their eyes. If a trunk was seen to lie unclaimed, one of them came bustling49 in. 'Give us a hand, Jack50,' he cried to one of the porters, as if he had been ordered to call for and bring away that trunk. A confederate or two stood at the door to trip up a pursuer or a proprietor51, if there was one, and in a moment man and box would be lost to sight in a neighbouring court. Pickpockets52 as well abounded53 about the courtyards: outside were houses filled with disorderly folk of all kinds waiting to entrap54 and to tempt55 and to rob the country bumpkin. There was the couple ready with the confidence trick: the generous and hospitable{260} gentleman to welcome the country lad: there was the lady of the ready smile: and the taverns56 with the doors open to all. The numbers of coaches and waggons I have given refer to Southwark alone, and to the conveyances57 which belonged to the inns up and down in the High Street. But a great many more came across the bridge from the City daily. Now, if we are considering the traffic and animation of the roads leading to the City, remember that the High Street, Borough, was only one of many main lines of traffic. There were, besides, the roads to the North: to the Eastern counties: to the Midlands: to the West: and to the Northwest. Day and night the roads all round London were thronged59 with these coaches, carts, caravans, and waggons: but these vehicles were for ordinary folk only: for tradesmen, attorneys, clergymen, farmers, riders (that is, commercial travellers) and servants: a nobleman or a country gentleman scorned to travel in a public conveyance58: he came up to London, if not in his own coach, then in a post-chaise, of which there were thousands on the road. Add to these the horsemen, of whom there were an immense number riding from place to place: add, further, the long droves of cattle, sheep and pigs: the cattle, however, to save their feet and to keep them in condition, were mostly taken along 'drives' by the roadside, where the ground was soft. One of these can still be seen on the other side of Hampstead. Pedestrians60 there were also by thousands: soldiers: sailors: gipsies: strolling actors: tinkers and tramps—the land was full of tramps: in a word the roads near London were crowded and animated and full of adventure, character, incident, and picturesqueness61: indeed, the dismal62 and deserted condition of the modern road makes it difficult for us to realise the crowds and the life of the road in the eighteenth century.
Old Houses in Ewer8 Street Old Houses in Ewer Street
Of society in the Borough there is little information to be procured63. The place had, however, its better class. One infers so much from the fact that there were Assembly Rooms{261} in the High Street, and that a Borough Assembly was held during the winter on stated days, at which the fashion and aristocracy of the place were gathered together. I have gathered one anecdote64 alone concerning this Assembly. It is of an accident.
COURTYARD OF THE DOG & BEAR INN Courtyard of the Dog & Bear Inn
The company were assembled: the Minuets had begun: the orchestra was in full play: the ladies were dressed in their finest: hoops65 were swinging: towering heads were nodding: the gentlemen were splendid in pale blue satin and in pink, when suddenly the doors, which stood on the level of the street, were pushed open, and a dozen oxen came running in one after the other. The company parted right and left,{262} falling over benches and each other: the creatures, terrified by the light and the shrieks66 of the ladies, began to point threatening horns: nobody dared to drive them out till the 'well-known'—the phrase is pathetic, because fame is so short-lived—the 'well-known' Mrs. A. advanced, and with a brandishing67 of her apron68 and the magic of a 'Shoo! Shoo!' persuaded the animals to leave the place. Then who shall tell of the raising of fallen and fainting damsels? Who shall speak of the rending69 of skirts and embroidered70 petticoats? Who can describe the deplorable damage to the heads? And who can adequately celebrate the gallantry of the men when there was no more danger? Bowls of punch, I am pleased to record, were quickly administered as a restorative: and after certain necessary repairs to the heads and the sewing up of torn skirts, the wounded spirits of the company revived, and the ball proceeded.
Another indication of society in Southwark is the fact that on one occasion—perhaps on more than one occasion—when the black footmen of London resolved on holding an Assembly of their own, it was in the Borough that they held it. And a very interesting evening it must have proved, had we any record of the proceedings71. Perhaps black cooks were found to dance with black footmen.
THE WHITE BEAR TAVERN, SOUTHWARK THE WHITE BEAR TAVERN, SOUTHWARK
Since it contained the headquarters of so many stage coaches, carts and waggons, the High Street was bound to contain, as well, many houses of entertainment, if only as stables for the horses and accommodation for the drivers and grooms72. The inns of Southwark, however, were far more ancient than the stage coaches. We have seen already that from the earliest times of trade the southern suburb was the place where merchants and those who brought produce of all kinds to London out of the south country put up their teams of pack-horses and their goods, and found bed and board and company for themselves. We have also seen how the inns of Southwark were used as gathering73 places and starting places{263} for the Pilgrims bound for St. Thomas's Shrine74, Canterbury. The medi?val inn was not much like that of later times. It contained a common hall and a common dormitory, with another for women. There was also a covered place for goods, and stables for horses. A small specimen75 of a fifteenth-century inn survives at Aylesbury: the hall, quite a small room, is very well preserved. That of the Tabard must have been much larger, in order to accommodate so large a company. The quaint76 old inns, so long the delight of the artist, now nearly{264} all gone, were not earlier than the sixteenth or seventeenth century. They consisted of a large open courtyard filled with waggons and vehicles of all kinds, surrounded by galleries, at the back of which were bedrooms, and other chambers77 opening from the gallery. On the ground floor were the kitchens, dining-rooms, and private sitting-rooms. There was generally a large room for public dinners and other occasions. The inns of Southwark formed, so long as they stood, the most picturesque part of modern Southwark. Scarcely anything now remains78 of them, the George alone preserving anything of its ancient picturesqueness. The reader who desires a closer acquaintance with these inns is referred to Mr. Philip Norman's exquisitely79 illustrated80 book, which presents in a lasting81 form the vanished glories of the High Street.
To speak of these inns is like entering upon a historical catalogue. There are so many of them, and the associations connected with them carry one away into so many directions and land him into many strange corners of history.
At the south end of London Bridge, and on the west side of it, stood a tavern called the 'Bear at the Bridge Foot.' It was built in the year 1319 by one Thomas Drinkwater, taverner of London. In Riley's 'Memorials' may be found a lease of this house by the proprietor to one James Beauflur. The lease is for six years. James Beauflur is to pay no rent, because he has advanced money to Thomas Drinkwater to help in the building. James is, in fact, to act as manager of a 'tied' house. Thomas Drinkwater will furnish all the wine, and will keep an exact account of the same and will have a settlement twice a year. Thomas will also complete the furniture of the house with 'hanaps,' that is, handled mugs of silver and of wood, with curtains, clothes, and everything else necessary for the proper conduct of a tavern.
ALLEN ROPEWALK, SOUTHWARK ALLEN ROPEWALK, SOUTHWARK
One hopes that James Beauflur made the tavern pay. This was the commencement of a long and singularly prosperous inn. It became one of the most famous inns of{265} London, and one of the most popular for dinners. Hither came the Churchwardens and vestry of St. Olave's to feast at the expense of the parish as long as feasts were allowed. Some of the bills of these dinners have been preserved among the papers of St. Saviour's. Rendle the antiquary and historian of Southwark gives one:
Pd for 3 Geese, 3 Capons and one Rabbit 00 14 08
3 Tarts 00 12 00
a Giblett pie makyng 00 02 08
Beefe 01 02 06
3 leggs of mutton 00 8 00
wine and dresing the meat and naperie, fire, bread and beere 02 11 00
18 oz Tobacco and 12 pipes 00 01 02
12 Lemmonds and 18 Oranges 00 03 00
05 15 00
{266}
Among the names of persons connected with the tavern must be noticed that of the Duke of Norfolk—'Jockey of Norfolk'—in 1463. Two hundred years later, one Cornelius Cooke, late a Colonel in Cromwell's army and a commissioner82 for the sale of the King's lands, enters upon a new sphere of usefulness by turning landlord of the Bear at the Bridge Foot. Samuel Pepys records several visits paid to the tavern. From this house the Duke of Richmond carried off Miss Stewart. It was pulled down in 1761, when the end of the bridge was widened. I need not catalogue the whole long list of the Southwark inns: you may find them all enumerated83 in Rendle's book, but mention may be made of the more important. Some of them, it will be seen, had been in more ancient times the town houses of great people—Bishops, Abbots and nobles. Other town houses, those off the highway of trade, having been deserted by their former occupants, fell upon evil times, went down in the world, even became mere85 tenements86. This happened to Sir John Fastolf's house, and to the house of the Prior of Lewes, and to many others. Those standing87 in the highway, whither came all the merchants; whither came all the waggons; became transformed, and proved more valuable property as inns than as residences.
A SOUTH LONDON SLUM A SOUTH LONDON SLUM
Thus, in Foul Lane, now just south of St. Mary Overies, was the entrance to the Green Dragon Inn. This inn was anciently the town house of the Cobhams. This family left Southwark, and the house, with some alterations88, became an Inn. When carriers began to ply12 between London and the country towns, Tunbridge was connected by a carrier's cart with the Green Dragon. Early in the eighteenth century it became the Southwark post-office. Another and a much more important inn for carriers and waggons was the King's Head. Taylor, the Water Poet, says that 'carriers come into the Borough of Southwark out of the counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey: from Reigate to the Falcon: from{267} Tunbridge, Seavenoks, and Staplehurst to the Katherine Wheel, and others from Sussex thither89; Dorking and Ledderhead{268} to the Greyhound: some to the Spurre, the George, the King's Head: some lodge90 at the Tabbard or Talbot: many, far and wide, are to be had almost daily at the White Hart.'
The White Hart is, if possible, a more historical inn than Chaucer's Tabard itself. It was the headquarters of Jack Cade, as has already been related in chapter vi. In front of this inn one Hawarden was beheaded: and also in front of this inn the headless body of Lord Say, after being dragged at the horsetail from the Standard at Chepe, was cut up in quarters, which were displayed in various places in order to strike terror into the minds of the people.
THE OLD TABARD INN, SOUTHWARK THE OLD TABARD INN, SOUTHWARK
I have spoken sufficiently91 of Chaucer already. The Tabard Inn, from which the famous Company set out, was named after the ornamented92 coat or jacket worn by Kings at Coronations, and by heralds93, or even by ordinary persons. In the fourteenth century it was the town house of the Abbot{269} of Hyde, Winchester. Does this mean that the Abbot allowed the place to be used as an ordinary inn? It is clear that Chaucer speaks of it as an ordinary inn. Yet in 1307 the{270} Bishop84 of Winchester licenses94 a chapel95 at the Abbot's Hospitium in the Parish of St. Margaret, Southwark. At the Dissolution it is surrendered as 'a hostelry called the Taberd, the Abbot's place, the Abbot's stable, the garden belonging, a dung place leading to the ditch going to the Thames.' It is explained in Spight's 'Chaucer,' 1598, that the old Tabard had much decayed, but that it had been repaired 'with the Abbot's house adjoining.' Until the inn was finally pulled down, a room used to be shown as that in which Chaucer's Company assembled. This, however, was not the room, though it may have been rebuilt on the site of the old room. For on Friday, May 26, 1676, a destructive fire broke out, which raged over a large part of the Borough and destroyed the Queen's Head, the Talbot, the George, the White Hart, the King's Head, the Green Dragon, the Borough Compter, the Meat Market, and about 500 houses. St. Thomas's Hospital was saved by a change of wind, which also seems to have saved St. Mary Overies.
ST. GEORGE, SOUTHWARK: NORTH-WEST VIEW ST. GEORGE, SOUTHWARK: NORTH-WEST VIEW
(From an Engraving96 by B. Cole)
Walk with me from the Bridge head southwards, noting the Inns first on the right or the west, and then on the left or east.
We have, first, the Bear on Bridge Head: then, before getting to Ford4 Lane, the Bull's Head: opposite the market place, the Goat: next the Clement97. Opposite St. George's Church we cross over, and are on the east side, going north again: here we have a succession of Inns: the Half Moon: the Blue Maid and the Mermaid98: the Nag's Head: the Spur: the Christopher: the Cross Keys: the Tabard: the George: the White Hart: the King's Head: the Black Swan: the Boar's Head. There is a pleasing atmosphere of business mixed with festivity about this street of inns and courtyards: of stables and grooms: of drivers and guards: of coaches and waggons: of merchants and middlemen: of country squires99 come up on business, with the hope of combining a little pleasure amongst the excitements of the town{271} with a profitable deal or two. There is the smell of roast meats hanging about the courtyards of the inns. There is a continual calling for the drawers, there is a clinking of hanaps and a murmur100 of voices.
The strepitus, however, of the High Street is not like that of Bankside. There is no tinkling of guitars: no singing before noon or after noon: no laughing: the country folk do not laugh: they do not understand the wit of the poets and the players. High Street has nothing to do with Bankside: the merchants and the squires know nothing about the Show Folk.
There was one exception. Among the Show Folk was a certain Edward Alleyn, who was a man of business as well as a conductor of entertainments. He was on the vestry of St. Saviour's: he was also churchwarden, his name appears in the parish accounts of the period. He was a popular churchwarden: probably he had about him so much of the showman that he was genial101, and mannerly, and courteous—these are the elementary virtues102 of the profession. For we find that when he proposes to retire his fellow members of the vestry refuse to let him go.
It is melancholy103 to walk down the High Street and to reflect that all these inns, most of them so picturesque, were standing thirty or forty years ago, and that some of them were standing ten years ago. One of them is figured in the 'Pickwick Papers.' The courtyard is too vast: the figures are too small: the galleries are too large: but the effect produced is admirable. Now not only are the old Inns gone, but there is nothing to take their place: a modern public-house is not an Inn. The need of an Inn at Southwark is gone: there are no more caravans of produce brought up to the Borough: the High Street has become the shop and the provider of everything for the populations of the parishes of St. Saviour, St. Olave, St. Thomas, and St. George.
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westward
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marsh
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| n.沼泽，湿地 | |
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saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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borough
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| n.享有自治权的市镇；(英)自治市镇 | |
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filthy
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| adj.卑劣的；恶劣的，肮脏的 | |
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sewers
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| n.阴沟，污水管，下水道( sewer的名词复数 ) | |
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ewer
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| n.大口水罐 | |
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sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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vestiges
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| 残余部分( vestige的名词复数 )； 遗迹； 痕迹； 毫不 | |
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vault
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| n.拱形圆顶，地窖，地下室 | |
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ply
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| v.(搬运工等)等候顾客，弯曲 | |
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lighting
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| n.照明，光线的明暗，舞台灯光 | |
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nave
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| n.教堂的中部；本堂 | |
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alas
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| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
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deserted
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| adj.荒芜的，荒废的，无人的，被遗弃的 | |
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falcon
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| n.隼，猎鹰 | |
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tinkling
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| n.丁当作响声 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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remarkable
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| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
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murky
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| adj.黑暗的，朦胧的；adv.阴暗地，混浊地；n.阴暗；昏暗 | |
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brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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grumbled
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| 抱怨( grumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 发牢骚； 咕哝； 发哼声 | |
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maiden
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| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
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gravel
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| n.砂跞；砂砾层；结石 | |
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orchards
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prattle
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| n.闲谈；v.（小孩般）天真无邪地说话；发出连续而无意义的声音 | |
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necessitated
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| 使…成为必要，需要( necessitate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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laden
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malaria
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putrid
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| adj.腐臭的；有毒的；已腐烂的；卑劣的 | |
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35
tavern
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| n.小旅馆，客栈；小酒店 | |
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36
artery
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| n.干线，要道；动脉 | |
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animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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38
arteries
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| n.动脉( artery的名词复数 )；干线，要道 | |
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39
waggons
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| 四轮的运货马车( waggon的名词复数 )； 铁路货车； 小手推车 | |
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caravans
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| （可供居住的）拖车（通常由机动车拖行）( caravan的名词复数 )； 篷车； （穿过沙漠地带的）旅行队（如商队） | |
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41
caravan
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| n.大蓬车；活动房屋 | |
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42
tilt
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| v.(使)倾侧；(使)倾斜；n.倾侧；倾斜 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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galloping
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| adj. 飞驰的, 急性的 动词gallop的现在分词形式 | |
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tune
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| n.调子；和谐，协调；v.调音，调节，调整 | |
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46
bugle
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| n.军号，号角，喇叭；v.吹号，吹号召集 | |
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47
animation
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| n.活泼，兴奋，卡通片／动画片的制作 | |
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48
perquisites
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| n.（工资以外的）财务补贴( perquisite的名词复数 )；额外收入；（随职位而得到的）好处；利益 | |
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49
bustling
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| adj.喧闹的 | |
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50
jack
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| n.插座，千斤顶，男人；v.抬起，提醒，扛举；n.（Jake）杰克 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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52
pickpockets
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| n.扒手( pickpocket的名词复数 ) | |
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53
abounded
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| v.大量存在，充满，富于( abound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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54
entrap
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| v.以网或陷阱捕捉，使陷入圈套 | |
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tempt
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| vt.引诱，勾引，吸引，引起…的兴趣 | |
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taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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conveyances
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| n.传送( conveyance的名词复数 )；运送；表达；运输工具 | |
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conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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thronged
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| v.成群，挤满( throng的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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pedestrians
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| n.步行者( pedestrian的名词复数 ) | |
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61
picturesqueness
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62
dismal
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| adj.阴沉的，凄凉的，令人忧郁的，差劲的 | |
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procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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65
hoops
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| n.箍( hoop的名词复数 )；（篮球）篮圈；（旧时儿童玩的）大环子；（两端埋在地里的）小铁弓 | |
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shrieks
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| n.尖叫声( shriek的名词复数 )v.尖叫( shriek的第三人称单数 ) | |
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brandishing
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| v.挥舞( brandish的现在分词 )；炫耀 | |
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apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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rending
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| v.撕碎( rend的现在分词 )；分裂；（因愤怒、痛苦等而）揪扯（衣服或头发等）；（声音等）刺破 | |
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embroidered
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| adj．绣花的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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74
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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specimen
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| n.样本，标本 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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exquisitely
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| adv.精致地；强烈地；剧烈地；异常地 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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82
commissioner
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| n.（政府厅、局、处等部门）专员，长官，委员 | |
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enumerated
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| v.列举，枚举，数( enumerate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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85
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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86
tenements
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| n.房屋，住户，租房子( tenement的名词复数 ) | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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89
thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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90
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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92
ornamented
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| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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93
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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94
licenses
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| n.执照( license的名词复数 )v.批准，许可，颁发执照( license的第三人称单数 ) | |
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95
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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96
engraving
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| n.版画；雕刻（作品）；雕刻艺术；镌版术v.在（硬物）上雕刻（字，画等）( engrave的现在分词 )；将某事物深深印在（记忆或头脑中） | |
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97
clement
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| adj.仁慈的；温和的 | |
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98
mermaid
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| n.美人鱼 | |
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99
squires
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| n.地主，乡绅( squire的名词复数 ) | |
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100
murmur
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| n.低语，低声的怨言；v.低语，低声而言 | |
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101
genial
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| adj.亲切的，和蔼的，愉快的，脾气好的 | |
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102
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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103
melancholy
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| n.忧郁，愁思；adj.令人感伤（沮丧）的，忧郁的 | |
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