The orgies, for instance, in which Peter the Great revelled5 were, it is said, as reckless and abandoned as those of his contemporary the Regent d’Orleans; but probably no one save Peter would have employed them to ascertain6 the hidden thoughts of his courtiers. According to De Villebois,[11] he was in the habit of inviting7 men whom he secretly disliked, in order that he might carefully note down the words which escaped them when drunk, and sometimes even for the purpose of getting rid of them by inducing them to drink themselves to death. The immediate9 cause of his{38} own death was the aggravation10 of a loathsome11 disease, under which he had long been labouring, by a debauch12 at one of his conclaves—those travesties13 of the election of a Pope which, “amidst the most outrageous14 drunkenness and the grossest buffoonery, he held yearly, partly in order to keep up the contempt of his subjects for the Latin Church, and partly also to ridicule15 the office of Patriarch, which he had abolished.”[12] And, similarly, Frederick William I. of Prussia, who himself was a hard drinker, loved to make his guests drunk; his daughter even states that he did so to her bridegroom, the hereditary16 Prince of Bayreuth, on his wedding-day. Carlyle has fully8 described the royal tap-rooms which were established in Berlin, at Potsdam, and during summer at Wusterhausen, as a source of recreation at the Court of Frederick William I. That at Berlin, furnished in the Dutch fashion, has been kept unaltered, with the large silver beer can from which the malt liquor was drawn17 by means of a tap into the jugs18 and tankards. The visitor is shown, too, the strangers’ book, in which the autographs of Frederick the Great and the Czar Peter are preserved.
But perhaps one of the most drunken and dissolute monarchs20 that ever disgraced a throne was one of Peter’s predecessors22, Ivan IV., of whom it has been said that he was “ever exemplarily devout23 when he was most stupidly drunk.” His habitual24 intemperance25, however, made him cruel, prompting him to commit all kinds of diabolical26 crimes—his{39} indulgence in strong drink eventually rendering28 him hopelessly insane; for what other excuse could be made for his conduct as exemplified in his smiting29 his own son dead by blows from an iron bar in a fit of fury.
The merits of French wines were long ago appreciated by royalty, and in early times our own wine trade with France was very considerable when English kings were proprietors30 of the French wine districts. But it would seem that even royalty has cracked legions of bottles in discussing the divers31 deserts of Burgundy and champagne32, although it is said imperial authority is in favour of the latter. When the Emperor Wenceslaus visited France in the fourteenth century to negotiate with Charles VI., it was impossible ever to get him sober to a conference. “It was no matter,” he said; “they might decide as they liked, and he would drink as he liked, and then both parties would be on an equality.”
In the midst of the distress33 with which France was harassed34 in the reign3 of Charles VII., and while the English were in possession of Paris, his Majesty35 amused himself with balls, entertainments, and revelry. The brave La Hire, coming to the King one day for the purpose of discussing with him some important business, found him actively36 occupied in arranging one of his pleasure parties, who asked what he thought of his preparations. “I think, sire,” he said, “that it is impossible for any one to lose his kingdom more pleasantly than your Majesty.{40}”
And another French king who brought into more or less contempt the throne was Francis I., by giving himself up to his pleasures. It is said that he framed a Court of which licentiousness37 was the custom, and from which justice, temperance, and every Christian38 as well as chivalric39 virtue40 was banished41.[13]
The King of Hungary was in the habit of sending yearly to the abdicated42 Polish king, Stanislaus Leczinski, at Nancy, a little cask of imperial Tokay, which was received at the gates of his palace under an escort of grenadiers. But, as it has been observed, “Little casks will soon run dry if the spigot be often turned,” and when the Tokay was out, Stanislaus would sigh for more. He was not able to purchase it, for the produce was small and imperial property. He resolved to imitate it, and after various trials he succeeded, by mixing Burgundy with ingredients only known to himself, in composing what he thought might pass for Tokay. He kept his secret, and when the annual imperial cask arrived—it contained but a hundred bottles—he made presents of his own Tokay to his courtiers, and kept the genuine wine for himself. The lords of the Court were “delighted at the favour conferred on them, but when they discovered that his ex-Majesty had distributed no less than six hundred bottles, they thought of the readiness of his concocting43 hand,{41} and laughed at the trick he had played them. The Stanislaus Tokay was not consumed so quickly as the imported wine, but it rose in value with its years, a single bottle having fetched the exorbitant44 price of forty-two francs. It was indifferent wine, but an ex-king made it, and the price was paid not merely for the liquor, but for the name of the composer.” But this is only one of the many amusing anecdotes46 related of Stanislaus, who was famed for being the most courteous47 of hosts, entertaining not only nobles but artists, and philosophers, at his well-laden table. Indeed, after his abdication48, Stanislaus kept a princely establishment, the splendour and cost of which was not infrequently the subject of comment. On one occasion, when he heard that the daughters of Louis—Adelaide and Victoria—had set out from Metz to Luneville to visit their grandfather, the ex-king ordered magnificent preparations for their reception, which prompted his steward49 to remark that so much splendour was not needed for his “petites filles”; but Stanislaus, with a smile, replied: “Mes petites filles sont plus grandes que moi.”
The dissolute and extravagant50 habits of the Court of Gustavus III. of Sweden were most severely51 condemned52, and rightly so, for we are told that whilst revelry and pageantry in constantly varying shapes distinguished54 his effeminate and luxurious55 Court, misery56 and famine extended themselves rapidly amongst the labouring poor, from one extremity57 of Sweden to another. The groans58 of the wretched who perished of want, the curses of the degraded paupers59 who were reduced to seek{42} for such food as the King’s well-fed hounds would have turned from with loathing60, produced not the least retrenchment61. Meanwhile Gustavus continued his guilty magnificence, heedless of, and indifferent to, the misery around him; and which, it is said, was greatly aggravated62, if not actually caused, by his wasteful63 magnificence and profligacy64. It is not surprising that the excessive taxation65 necessary to support the King’s expenditure66 and extravagances found vent27 in dangerous disturbances67.
It would have been well had he taken a lesson from the great Christina, who, it is said, occasionally passed days without drinking, detesting68 wine and beer, and having no special taste for any other liquid, with the exception of rose-water, of which she was extremely fond. Oftentimes when young she would repair to the Dowager’s toilet-table, and there refresh herself with her favourite cosmetic69, until she was one day caught in the act, when “the dowager lady administered to her such a whipping that Christina could never think of it, to her latest hour, without a feeling of uneasiness.”
The able ruler of Denmark for sixty years, the defender70 of the Reformed religion—Christian IV.—was not above enjoying a carouse71, and on his visit to this country in 1606 he was invited with his brother-in-law, James I., to a festival at Theobalds, the seat of the Prime Minister Cecil, Lord Salisbury, when it appears that the revels72 were marked by scenes of intemperance, an amusing account of which has been left by Sir John Harrington. He tells us that “the sports began each day in such{43} manner and sort as well-nigh persuaded me of Mahomet’s Paradise. We had women, and indeed wine too, of such plenty as would have astonished each beholder73. Our feasts were magnificent, and the royal guests did most lovingly embrace each other at table. I think the Dane had strangely wrought74 on our good English nobles, for those whom I could never get to take good liquor now follow the fashion, and wallow in beastly delights. The ladies abandon their sobriety, and are seen to roll about in intoxication75. In good sooth, the Parliament did kindly76 to provide his Majesty so seasonably with money, for there have been no lack of good living, shows, sights, and banquetings from morn to eve.” From this and similar accounts, the Danish and English monarchs seem to have had a good time, and not to have spared the costly77 liquor put before them, abandoning themselves to unrestrained excess. But some excuse must be made for the royal delinquents78 on this occasion, when it is remembered that it was a special gala time in honour of the Danish sovereign.
Charles V., Emperor of Germany, drank in proportion as he ate, excess in each case having hastened the termination of his failing health. Iced beer was one of his favourite drinks, which was often administered as soon as he rose in the morning. When Roger Ascham saw his Majesty on one occasion in Germany, on St. Andrew’s Day, sitting at dinner at the feast of the Golden Fleece, he writes: “He drank the best that I ever saw. He had his head in the glass five times as long as any{44} of us, and never drank less than a good quart at once of Rhenish”—a no mean performance.
But suffering, caused by chalk-stones and gout, did not induce him to moderate his mode of living, and to be more sparing in his tankards of ale and flasks79 of wine. And, unfortunately, his medical men had not the moral courage to dissuade80 him from drinking what was daily aggravating81 his gout, but allowed him to satisfy every appetite by providing palliations. And so he went on in his excesses, till his frame, worn out by disease, sank from exhaustion82. It would appear that this monarch19’s drinking proclivities83 were at the time well known in this country, as may be gathered from a return which was made by order on the occasion of his visit to Henry VIII. The city authorities appear “to have been afraid of being drunk dry by the swarming84 Flemings in the Emperor’s train. To avoid such a calamity85, a return was made of all the wine to be found at the eleven wine merchants and the twenty-eight principal taverns86 then in London; the sum total of which was 800 pipes.”
In alluding87 to Henry VIII., it may be noted88 that history has given many anecdotes of the drinking habits of his predecessors on the English throne. Thus Rapin observes that William I. balanced his faults by “a religious outside, a great chastity, and a commendable89 temperance, but that his son was neither religious, nor chaste90, nor temperate91; whilst Malmesbury adds that he met with his tragical92 end in the New Forest after he had{45} soothed93 his cares with a more than usual quantity of wine.”[14]
The tragedy of Henry I.’s reign was the loss of the ill-fated White Ship with Prince William, only one out of its 300 passengers surviving to tell the tale—a poor butcher of Rouen, named Berthould, who climbed to the top of the mast, and was rescued by some fishermen. To quote an oft-told story, King Henry and his heir embarked94 at Barfleur for England in separate vessels96, when the Prince, to make the passage pleasant, not only took with him a number of the young nobility, but ordered three casks of wine to be given to the crew, with the result that the sailors were for the most part intoxicated97 when they put to sea at nightfall, and allowed the vessel95 to strike upon a rock. It is recorded that Henry was never again seen to smile, although he survived this terrible event fifteen years, having hastened his end by a surfeit98 of lampreys.
Unlike their father Henry II., Geoffrey, Richard, and John were far from abstemious99. According to Giraldus, so dissolute and hot was Geoffrey in his youth, that “he was equally ensnared by allurements100, and driven on to action by stimulants;” whilst one of the metrical romances of the period has left a graphic101 picture of the royal Yuletide revelry at this period, which lasted for twelve days, during which time excess rather than sobriety was the rule. D’Aubigné, quoting from Matthew Paris, declares that John died of drunkenness and{46} fright—a statement endorsed102 by Sir Walter Scott in his “Ivanhoe,” where he writes: “It is well known that his death was occasioned by a surfeit upon peaches and new ale.” An amusing anecdote45 tells how, when King John made his last visit to Nottingham, he called at the Mayor’s residence, and at the house of the priest of St. Mary’s. But, finding neither ale in the cellar of the one nor bread in the cupboard of the other, he ordered every publican in the town to contribute sixpenny-worth of ale to the Mayor yearly, and every baker103 to provide the priest with a halfpenny loaf weekly.
Edward I. found little pleasure in the pleasures of the table; but his successor, Edward II., is said to have given way to intemperance, and it has been suggested that “had not the banqueting-room been oftener employed than the council-chamber, opportunities might not have occurred for the rebellion of favourites, for which the festal board was answerable.” The mad dissipation of Henry V. when Prince of Wales has been immortalised by Shakespeare, but, to his credit, the responsibility of the crown made him an altered man, and among his troops at Agincourt drunkenness was counted a disgrace. Indeed, so impressed was Henry with the bane of intemperance that it is said he would gladly have cut down all the vines in France. The last years of Edward IV.’s life were spent in luxurious and intemperate104 habits, which had most fatal effects on his health; and some idea of the lavish105 expenditure at this period may be gathered from the Paston Letters, where an account is given of an
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EDWARD I.
{47}
intended progress of his Majesty, wherein Sir John Paston is urged to warn William Gogney and his fellows “to purvey106 them of wine enough, for every man beareth me in hand that the town shall be drank dry, as York was when the King was there.”
And coming down to Henry VIII. again, it appears that he was often intoxicated, and found pleasure in keeping the lowest company. And, as it has been observed, “his right hand, Wolsey, was actually put in the stocks by Sir Amias Powlett, when he was rector of Lymington, for drunkenness at a neighbouring fair.”
The consort107 of Queen Mary soon found out the favourite English drink, and for the first time he drank some ale at a public dinner, remarking that he had come to England to live like an Englishman. Elizabeth seldom drank anything but common beer, “fearing the use of wine, lest it should cloud her faculties108.” And Leicester writes to Burleigh that at a certain place in her Majesty’s travels “there was not one drop of good drink for her, ... he were fain to send forthwith to London, and to Kenilworth, and divers other places where ale was; her own ale was so strong as there was no man able to drink it.” But, abstemious and temperate as her Majesty was, exception has been taken to the costly extravagance displayed at the Kenilworth pageant53, when, it is stated, no less than 365 hogsheads of beer were drunk, in addition to the daily complement109 of 16 hogsheads of wine.
James I. was fond of drink, and reference has{48} already been made to the visit of his jovial110 brother-in-law, which led to one more scene of inebriety111. His partiality was for “sweet rich wines,” and Coke tells us that he indulged “not in ordinary French and Spanish wines, but in strong Greek wines.” Even when hunting he was attended by a special officer, who constantly supplied him with his favourite beverages113. On one such occasion Coke’s father managed to obtain a draught114 of the royal wine, which, writes his son, “not only produced intoxication, and spoiled his day’s sport, but disordered him for three days afterwards.”[15] It is said, however, that James would next day remember his excesses, “and repent116 with tears;” and as Mr. Jesse adds, “the maudlin117 monarch weeping over the recollections of the last night’s debauch must have been an edifying119 sight to his courtiers.”
Whatever the failings of Charles I. might be, he could not be accused of that indulgence in strong drinks which had caused so much scandal in previous reigns2. Thus Lord Clarendon writes: “As he excelled in all other virtues120, so in temperance he was so strict, that he abhorred121 all debauchery to that degree, that at a great festival solemnity where he once was, being told by one who withdrew from thence, what vast draughts122 of wine they drank, and that there was one earl who had drunk most of the rest down and was not himself moved or altered, the King said that he deserved to be hanged; and that earl coming shortly after into the{49} room where his Majesty was, in some gaiety, to show how unhurt he was from that battle, the King sent one to bid him withdraw from his Majesty’s presence; nor did he in some days after appear before him.”
But the same could not be said of Charles II., concerning whose revels many curious anecdotes have been told. At a supper given by the Duke of Buckingham he tried to make his nephew, the Prince of Orange, drunk. The Prince was somewhat averse123 to wine, and at the period in question was paying his addresses to his future consort, the Princess Mary. However, having been induced to join in the evening’s debauch, he became the gayest and most frolicsome124 of the party. On their breaking up, the Prince even commenced smashing the windows of the maids-of-honour, and “would have forced himself into their rooms had he not been timely prevented.”[16]
An account of one of Charles’s debauches after a hunting party in 1667 is amusingly told by Pepys,[17] who heard it from Sir Hugh Cholmely, an eye-witness. “They came,” he says, “to Sir G. Carteret’s house at Cranbourne, and there were entertained, and all made drunk; and being all drunk, Armerer did come to the King and swear to him: ‘By G—, sir,’ says he, ‘you are not so kind to the Duke of York of late as you used to be.’ ‘Not I?’ says the King; ‘why not?’ ‘Why,’ says he, ‘if you are, let us drink his health.’ ‘Why,{50} let us,’ says the King. Then he (Armerer) fell on his knees and drank it; and having done, the King began to drink it. ‘Nay, sir,’ says Armerer, ‘by G—, you must do it on your knees.’ So he did, and then all the company: and having done it, all fell a-crying for joy, being all maudlin and kissing one another; the King the Duke of York, and the Duke of York the King, and in such a maudlin pickle125 as never people were.”
On another occasion Charles was dining with Sir Robert Viner, during his mayoralty, when he rose to depart. The good Mayor, however, had indulged rather too freely in his own wines, and taking hold of the King, he swore that he should remain and have another bottle. Charles, it is said, “looked kindly at him over the shoulder, and repeating with a smile a line of the old song—
‘He that’s drunk is as great as a king’—
remained as long as he wished.”[18]
And it is worthy126 of record that when Ford127 erected128 waterworks on the Thames in front of Somerset House, the queen of Charles II.—after the manner of the Princess Borghese, who pulled down a church next to her palace because the incense129 made her feel sick and the organ produced headache—ordered the works to be demolished130 since they obstructed131 a clear view on the river. It may be mentioned, too, that at this period tea as a beverage112 was in favour at the Court of Charles{51} II. owing to Queen Catherine, who had been used to drink it in Portugal.
James II., on the other hand, was most averse to hard drinking, and a contemporary writes how “the King, going to mass, told his attendants he had been informed that since his declaring against the disorder115 of the household, some had the impudence132 to appear drunk in the Queen’s presence; ... but he advised them at their peril133 to observe his order, which he would see obeyed.”
The drinking habits of William III. are well known, and the banqueting-house at Hampton Court, which was used by him as a smoking and drinking room, has been described as a royal gin-temple. Among his drinking companions were Lord Wharton and the Earl of Pembroke. In one of his moments of hilarity134 he said to the former: “I know, Tom, what you wish for: you wish for a republic. I shall bring over King James’s son.” To which Lord Wharton replied, “That is as your Majesty pleases.” William, having been warned that the Earl of Pembroke was quarrelsome over his cups, said, “I will defy any one to quarrel with me, as long as I can make the bottle go round.” But the King was mistaken, for that night Pembroke used language personally offensive to him, and was carried drunk from the apartment to bed. The next morning, alarmed at his conduct, he hastened to the palace to ask forgiveness.
“Make no apologies,” replied the King. “I was told you had no fault in the world but one, and I am{52} glad to find it is true, for I dislike people who have no faults.”[19]
The scandal of the time, too, accused the Queen of fondness for drink, but it is certain that her physicians warned her against a strong spiritual cordial which, when ill, she was in the habit of taking in large quantities.
One of the failings laid to the charge of Queen Anne was a love of strong drink; but, as it has been remarked, “the supposition that she was in the habit of having secret recourse to the bottle, as affording the means of adventitious135 excitement, seems to rest on the widespread scandal of the period and a few contemporary lampoons136.” In some verses, “On Queen Anne’s Statue in St. Paul’s Churchyard,” this allusion137 is made:—
“Here mighty138 Anna’s statue placed we find,
Betwixt the darling passions of her mind;
A brandy-shop before, a church behind.
But why the back turned to that sacred place,
As thy unhappy father’s was—to Grace?
Why here, like Tantalus, in torments139 placed,
To view those waters which thou canst not taste;
Though, by thy proffered140 Globe, we may perceive,
That for a dram thou the whole world wouldst give.”[20]
And again:—
“When brandy Nan became our queen,
’Twas all a drunken story;
From noon to night I drank and smoked,
And so was thought a Tory.{53}
Brimful of wine, all sober folk
We damned, and moderation;
And for right Nantes we pawned141 to France
Our goods and reputation.”[21]
But the Duchess of Marlborough, despite her hostility142 to the Queen’s memory, defends her character from this aspersion143: “I know,” says she, “that in some libels she has been reproached as one who indulged herself in drinking strong liquors, but I believe this was utterly144 groundless, and that she never went beyond such a quantity of strong wines as her physicians judged to be necessary for her.”
Coming to the Hanoverian period, if George II. reflected little dignity on the throne, he is said to have been over his punch a cheerful and sometimes an amusing companion. Despite his inordinate145 love of women, he was always temperate, whereby, says Lord Waldegrave, he was preserved from many of the infirmities of old age. George III., too, was most abstemious, and a story is told that, on his visit to Worcester in 1788, the Mayor, knowing that his Majesty never took drink before dinner, asked him if he would be pleased to take a jelly; whereupon the King replied, “I do not recollect118 drinking a glass of wine before dinner in my life, yet upon this pleasing occasion I will venture.” A glass of rich old Mountain was served, when his Majesty immediately drank “Prosperity to the Corporation and Citizens of Worcester.” That the King continued to adhere to his rigid146 habit may be illustrated{54} by an incident which happened twelve years afterwards. One morning, when visiting his stables, he heard this conversation between the grooms147: “I don’t care what you say, Robert, but every one agrees that the man at the Three Tuns makes the best purl in Windsor.”
“Purl, purl!” said the King promptly148. “Robert, what’s purl?” Which on his Majesty being informed was warm beer with a glass of gin, caused him to add, “I daresay, very good drink, but too strong for the morning; never drink in the morning.”
But George IV. was the opposite of his predecessor21, for intemperance, as it has been said, was a feature of his moral career, a proclivity149 which Huish informs us very nearly cost him dear while yet a youth.[22] At a dinner-party at Lord Chesterfield’s house at Blackheath, the guests drank to excess and engaged in riotous150 frolic. One of the company “let loose a big fierce dog, which at once flew at a footman, tore one of his arms terribly, and nearly strangled a horse. The whole party now formed themselves into a compact body and assailed151 Towzer, who had just caught hold of the skirts of the coat of his Royal Highness, when one of the guests felled the dog to the ground. In the confusion the Earl of Chesterfield tumbled down the steps leading to his house, and severely injured the back of his head. The Prince, who scarcely knew whether he had been fighting a dog or a man, jumped into his phaeton and there fell asleep, leaving the reins152 to his uncle, the Duke of Cumberland, who drove him safely to town.”
One of the strangest acts of his life was his conduct upon the arrival of his bride-elect, Caroline of Brunswick, which Lord Malmesbury thus tells: “I introduced the Princess Caroline to him. She very properly attempted to kneel to him. He raised her (gracefully enough) and embraced her, said barely one word, turned round, retired153 to a distant part of the apartment, and calling me to him, said, ‘Harris, I am not well; pray get me a glass of brandy.’ I said, ‘Sir, had you not better have a glass of water?’ Upon which he, much out of humour, said with an oath: ‘No; I will go directly to the Queen.’” No wonder the Princess remarked to Malmesbury, “Mon Dieu, est-ce que le Prince est toujours comme cela?” According to Lord Holland, on his wedding-day the Prince had drunk so much brandy that he could scarcely be kept upright between two dukes.
Another bacchanalian154 story is associated with the Pavilion at Brighton. It seems that the Duke of Norfolk—now a very old man, and celebrated155 for his table exploits—had been invited by the Prince to dine at the Pavilion, who had concocted156 with his royal brothers a scheme for making the old man drunk. Every person at table was enjoined157 to drink wine with the Duke—a challenge which the old toper did not refuse. But “he soon began to see that there was a conspiracy158 against him; he drank glass for glass; he{56} overthrew159 many of the brave. At last the first gentleman of the empire proposed bumpers160 in brandy. One of the royal brothers filled a glass for the Duke. He stood up and tossed off the drink. ‘Now,’ said he, ‘I will have my carriage and go home.’ The Prince urged him to remain, but he said ‘No,’ for he had had enough of such hospitality.” The carriage was called, and he staggered in as best as he could, and bade the postillions drive to Arundel. They drove him for half-an-hour round and round the Pavilion lawn; the poor old man fancied he was going home: the liquor had proved too potent161 for him. And when he awoke that morning he was in bed at the Pavilion.
The King’s successor, William IV., was a strong advocate for temperance, although he enjoyed his wine and entered heartily162 into the merriment of the social board. It is related how, on the death of the keeper of Bushey Park, William, then Duke of Clarence, appointed the keeper’s son to succeed him. This young man broke his leg, a circumstance which elicited163 the practical sympathy of the Duke. But on his recovery the young man took to drinking, to check which propensity164 the Duke required his attendance every night at eight, when, if he appeared the worse for drink, he reprimanded him the following morning. The Prince’s efforts were fruitless, for the keeper died of intemperance soon afterwards.
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1
royalty
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| n.皇家，皇族 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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undue
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| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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revelled
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| v.作乐( revel的过去式和过去分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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9
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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aggravation
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| n.烦恼，恼火 | |
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loathsome
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| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
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debauch
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| v.使堕落，放纵 | |
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travesties
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| n.拙劣的模仿作品，荒谬的模仿，歪曲( travesty的名词复数 ) | |
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outrageous
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| adj.无理的，令人不能容忍的 | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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jugs
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| （有柄及小口的）水壶( jug的名词复数 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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21
predecessor
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| n.前辈，前任 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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23
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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24
habitual
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| adj.习惯性的；通常的，惯常的 | |
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25
intemperance
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| n.放纵 | |
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26
diabolical
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| adj.恶魔似的，凶暴的 | |
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27
vent
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| n.通风口，排放口；开衩；vt.表达，发泄 | |
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28
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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29
smiting
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| v.猛打，重击，打击( smite的现在分词 ) | |
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30
proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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31
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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32
champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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33
distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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34
harassed
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| adj. 疲倦的，厌烦的 动词harass的过去式和过去分词 | |
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35
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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36
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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37
licentiousness
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| n.放肆，无法无天 | |
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38
Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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39
chivalric
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| 有武士气概的，有武士风范的 | |
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40
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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41
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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42
abdicated
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| 放弃（职责、权力等）( abdicate的过去式和过去分词 )； 退位，逊位 | |
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43
concocting
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| v.将（尤指通常不相配合的）成分混合成某物( concoct的现在分词 )；调制；编造；捏造 | |
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44
exorbitant
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| adj.过分的；过度的 | |
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45
anecdote
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| n.轶事，趣闻，短故事 | |
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46
anecdotes
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| n.掌故，趣闻，轶事( anecdote的名词复数 ) | |
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47
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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48
abdication
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| n.辞职；退位 | |
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49
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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50
extravagant
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| adj.奢侈的；过分的；(言行等)放肆的 | |
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51
severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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52
condemned
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| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
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53
pageant
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| n.壮观的游行；露天历史剧 | |
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54
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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55
luxurious
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| adj.精美而昂贵的；豪华的 | |
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56
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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57
extremity
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| n.末端，尽头；尽力；终极；极度 | |
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58
groans
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| n.呻吟，叹息( groan的名词复数 )；呻吟般的声音v.呻吟( groan的第三人称单数 )；发牢骚；抱怨；受苦 | |
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59
paupers
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| n.穷人( pauper的名词复数 )；贫民；贫穷 | |
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60
loathing
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| n.厌恶，憎恨v.憎恨，厌恶( loathe的现在分词)；极不喜欢 | |
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61
retrenchment
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| n.节省，删除 | |
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62
aggravated
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| 使恶化( aggravate的过去式和过去分词 )； 使更严重； 激怒； 使恼火 | |
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63
wasteful
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| adj.（造成）浪费的，挥霍的 | |
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64
profligacy
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| n.放荡，不检点，肆意挥霍 | |
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65
taxation
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| n.征税，税收，税金 | |
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66
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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67
disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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68
detesting
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的现在分词 ) | |
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69
cosmetic
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| n.化妆品；adj.化妆用的；装门面的；装饰性的 | |
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70
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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71
carouse
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| v.狂欢；痛饮；n.狂饮的宴会 | |
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72
revels
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| n.作乐( revel的名词复数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉v.作乐( revel的第三人称单数 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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73
beholder
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| n.观看者，旁观者 | |
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74
wrought
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| v.引起；以…原料制作；运转；adj.制造的 | |
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75
intoxication
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| n.wild excitement;drunkenness；poisoning | |
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76
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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77
costly
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| adj.昂贵的，价值高的，豪华的 | |
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78
delinquents
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| n.（尤指青少年）有过失的人，违法的人( delinquent的名词复数 ) | |
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79
flasks
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| n.瓶，长颈瓶， 烧瓶( flask的名词复数 ) | |
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80
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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81
aggravating
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| adj.恼人的，讨厌的 | |
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82
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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83
proclivities
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| n.倾向，癖性( proclivity的名词复数 ) | |
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84
swarming
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| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
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85
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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86
taverns
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| n.小旅馆，客栈，酒馆( tavern的名词复数 ) | |
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87
alluding
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| 提及，暗指( allude的现在分词 ) | |
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88
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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89
commendable
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| adj.值得称赞的 | |
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90
chaste
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| adj.贞洁的；有道德的；善良的；简朴的 | |
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91
temperate
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| adj.温和的，温带的，自我克制的，不过分的 | |
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92
tragical
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| adj. 悲剧的, 悲剧性的 | |
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93
soothed
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| v.安慰( soothe的过去式和过去分词 )；抚慰；使舒服；减轻痛苦 | |
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94
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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95
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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96
vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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97
intoxicated
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| 喝醉的，极其兴奋的 | |
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98
surfeit
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| v.使饮食过度；n.(食物)过量，过度 | |
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99
abstemious
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| adj.有节制的，节俭的 | |
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100
allurements
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| n.诱惑( allurement的名词复数 )；吸引；诱惑物；有诱惑力的事物 | |
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101
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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102
endorsed
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| vt.& vi.endorse的过去式或过去分词形式v.赞同( endorse的过去式和过去分词 )；在（尤指支票的）背面签字；在（文件的）背面写评论；在广告上说本人使用并赞同某产品 | |
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103
baker
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| n.面包师 | |
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104
intemperate
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| adj.无节制的，放纵的 | |
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105
lavish
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| adj.无节制的；浪费的；vt.慷慨地给予，挥霍 | |
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106
purvey
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| v.（大量）供给，供应 | |
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107
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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108
faculties
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| n.能力( faculty的名词复数 )；全体教职员；技巧；院 | |
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109
complement
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| n.补足物，船上的定员；补语；vt.补充，补足 | |
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110
jovial
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| adj.快乐的，好交际的 | |
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111
inebriety
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| n.醉，陶醉 | |
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112
beverage
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| n.(水，酒等之外的)饮料 | |
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113
beverages
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| n.饮料( beverage的名词复数 ) | |
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114
draught
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| n.拉，牵引，拖；一网（饮，吸，阵)；顿服药量，通风；v.起草，设计 | |
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115
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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116
repent
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| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
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117
maudlin
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| adj.感情脆弱的，爱哭的 | |
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118
recollect
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| v.回忆，想起，记起，忆起，记得 | |
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119
edifying
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| adj.有教训意味的，教训性的，有益的v.开导，启发( edify的现在分词 ) | |
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120
virtues
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| 美德( virtue的名词复数 )； 德行； 优点； 长处 | |
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121
abhorred
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| v.憎恶( abhor的过去式和过去分词 )；（厌恶地）回避；拒绝；淘汰 | |
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122
draughts
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| n. <英>国际跳棋 | |
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123
averse
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| adj.厌恶的；反对的，不乐意的 | |
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124
frolicsome
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| adj.嬉戏的，闹着玩的 | |
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125
pickle
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| n.腌汁，泡菜；v.腌，泡 | |
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126
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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127
Ford
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| n.浅滩，水浅可涉处；v.涉水，涉过 | |
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128
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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129
incense
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| v.激怒；n.香，焚香时的烟，香气 | |
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130
demolished
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| v.摧毁( demolish的过去式和过去分词 )；推翻；拆毁（尤指大建筑物）；吃光 | |
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131
obstructed
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| 阻塞( obstruct的过去式和过去分词 )； 堵塞； 阻碍； 阻止 | |
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132
impudence
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| n.厚颜无耻；冒失；无礼 | |
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133
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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134
hilarity
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| n.欢乐；热闹 | |
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135
adventitious
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| adj.偶然的 | |
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136
lampoons
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| n.讽刺文章或言辞( lampoon的名词复数 )v.冷嘲热讽，奚落( lampoon的第三人称单数 ) | |
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137
allusion
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| n.暗示，间接提示 | |
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138
mighty
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| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
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139
torments
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| （肉体或精神上的）折磨，痛苦( torment的名词复数 )； 造成痛苦的事物[人] | |
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140
proffered
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| v.提供，贡献，提出( proffer的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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141
pawned
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| v.典当，抵押( pawn的过去式和过去分词 )；以（某事物）担保 | |
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142
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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143
aspersion
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| n.诽谤，中伤 | |
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144
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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145
inordinate
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| adj.无节制的；过度的 | |
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146
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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147
grooms
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| n.新郎( groom的名词复数 )；马夫v.照料或梳洗（马等）( groom的第三人称单数 )；使做好准备；训练；（给动物）擦洗 | |
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148
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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149
proclivity
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| n.倾向，癖性 | |
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150
riotous
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| adj.骚乱的；狂欢的 | |
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151
assailed
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| v.攻击( assail的过去式和过去分词 )；困扰；质问；毅然应对 | |
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152
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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153
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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154
bacchanalian
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| adj.闹酒狂饮的；n.发酒疯的人 | |
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155
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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156
concocted
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| v.将（尤指通常不相配合的）成分混合成某物( concoct的过去式和过去分词 )；调制；编造；捏造 | |
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157
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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158
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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159
overthrew
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| overthrow的过去式 | |
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160
bumpers
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| （汽车上的）保险杠，缓冲器( bumper的名词复数 ) | |
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161
potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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162
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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163
elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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propensity
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| n.倾向；习性 | |
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