The babies had sobbed5 themselves to sleep, worn-out mothers sat with their heads drooped6 on the children they held to their breasts, and among the men mirth and song had died away, though now and then a voice would be heard inquiring if any one knew when or where we would get something to eat.
“All ready for the last Irenes,” sang out a voice somewhere in the darkness up by the buildings, and there was a clatter7 of feet overhead and on the wharf8. The doors of the barge were opened. The barge hands dragged out the plank9. The ropes restraining 216the crowd were dropped, and the weary hundreds, shouldering their baggage yet once again, poured out of the barge on to the wharf. Knowing the way, I led those of our group who were with my wife and myself straight to the covered approach to the grand entrance to the building, and the strange assemblage of Old World humanity streamed along behind us, an interesting procession indeed.
When we came to the doorway10 I halted our section, and we piled the baggage and waited. Antonio had all the papers for the Squadritos, and with him also was Salvatore Biajo, who, thanks to the short-change game worked on him by the draft-sellers at Naples, must have some money advanced to him before we got inside. If the officials there saw me giving him money they would want to know about it, and I did not wish to attract attention to myself.
Antonio and Camela were meantime madly hunting us about the wharf, and just as the official at the doorway had ordered us to go on in, regardless of the others, each party caught sight of the other.
Half-way up the stairs an interpreter stood telling the immigrants to get their health tickets ready, and so I knew that Ellis Island was having “a long day” and we were to be passed upon even if it took half the night. The majority of the people, having their hands full of bags, boxes, bundles, and children, carried their tickets in their teeth, and just at the head of the stairs stood a young doctor in the Marine11 Hospital Service uniform, who took them, looked at them, and stamped them with the Ellis Island stamp. Considering the frauds in connection with these tickets at Naples and on board, the thoroughness used with them now was indeed futile12.
217Passing straight east from the head of the stairs, we turned into the south half of the great registry floor, which is divided, like the human body, into two great parts nearly alike, so that one ship’s load can be handled on one side and another ship’s load on the other. In fact, as we came up, a quantity of people from the north of Europe were being examined in the north half.
Turning into a narrow railed-off lane, we encountered another doctor in uniform, who lifted hats or pushed back shawls to look for favus heads, keenly scrutinized13 the face and body for signs of disease or deformity, and passed us on. An old man who limped in front of me, he marked with a bit of chalk on the coat lapel. At the end of the railed lane was a third uniformed doctor, a towel hanging beside him, a small instrument over which to turn up eyelids14 in his hand, and back of him basins of disinfectants.
As we approached he was examining a Molise woman and her two children. The youngest screamed with fear when he endeavored to touch her, but with a pat on the cheek and a kindly15 word the child was quieted while he examined its eyes, looking for trachoma or purulent ophthalmia. The second child was so obstinate16 that it took some minutes to get it examined, and then, having found suspicious conditions, he marked the woman with a bit of chalk, and a uniformed official led her and the little ones to the left into the rooms for special medical examination. The old man who limped went the same way, as well as many others. Those who are found to be suffering from trachoma are very frequently sent to the hospital on the Island and are held and treated until “cured.” There is neither space nor excuse for discussing here 218the question of “curing” in a few days or weeks cases of trachomatous conjunctivitis. The powers at Washington have ruled that immigrants may be held and cured, though there are surgeons at Ellis Island who do not believe in it, and the best specialists in New York contend that months or years are necessary to eliminate any danger of contagion17, while the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary experiments in Boston have convinced the doctors there that cures are the exception.
Concetta Fomica was the only one of our party whom the doctors examined more than once. Her eyes were inflamed18 slightly, but she was passed. Just where we turned to the right, a stern-looking woman inspector19, with the badge, stood looking at all the women who came up to select any whose moral character might be questioned, and one of her procedures was to ask each party as to the various relationships of the men and women in it. Her Italian was good.
Passing west, we came to the waiting-rooms, in which the groups which are entered on each sheet of the manifest are held until K sheet or L sheet, whatever their letter may be, is reached. Our party being so large, and some of the declarations which are used to fill out the items on the manifest having been made at Messina, some at Reggio di Calabria, and some at Naples, we were scattered20 through U, V, and W groups.
We sank down on the wooden benches, thankful to get seats once more. Our eyes pained severely21 for some few minutes as a result of the turning up of the lids, but the pain passed.
Stairway of Separation—Checking into Pens
Somewhere about nine o’clock an official came by and hurried out U group and passed it up into line 219along the railed way which led up to the inspector who had U sheet, then came V group, and then W. Knowing that the first into line would be the first passed, and having the task of gathering22 our people together out of the crowd as fast as they were passed, my wife and I hurried to the end of the lane and were among the first before the inspector. Our papers were all straight, we were correctly entered on the manifest, and had abundant money, had been passed by the doctors, and were properly destined23 to New York, and so were passed in less than one minute. We were classed as “New York Outsides” to distinguish us from the “New York Detained,” who await the arrival of friends to receive them; “Railroads,” who go to the stations for shipment; and “S. I.’s,” by which is meant those unfortunates who are subjected to Special Inquiry24 in the semi-secret Special Inquiry Court, which is the preliminary to being sent back, though of course only a portion of “S. I.’s” are sent back.
By the kindness of the official at the head of the stairs by which we would ordinarily have passed down and out to the ferry to take us to New York, we were allowed to drop our baggage behind a post, and, standing25 out of the way of the crowd, pick out our people as they filtered through past the inspectors26. Salvatore Biajo came through marked “Railroad,” and was passed along to get his railroad-ticket order stamped, his money exchanged at the stand kept beside the stairs under contract by Post & Flagg, bankers, and in a minute more he had been moved on down the stairs to the railroad room, after I had had but the barest word with him. Antonio Genone, with a ticket for Philadelphia, came through without going over to 220the right to the railroad-ticket stamping official, and he was down the stairs and gone without even knowing that he was separated from us permanently27.
We began to see why the three stairways are called “The Stairs of Separation.” To their right is the money exchange, to the left are the Special Inquiry Room and the telegraph offices. Here family parties with different destinations are separated without a minute’s warning, and often never see each other again. It seems heartless, but it is the only practical system, for if allowance was made for good-byes the examination and distribution process would be blocked then and there by a dreadful crush. Special officers would be necessary to tear relatives forcibly from each other’s arms. The stairs to the right lead to the railroad room, where tickets are arranged, baggage checked and cleared from customs, and the immigrants loaded on boats to be taken to the various railroad stations for shipment to different parts of the country. The central stair leads to the detention28 rooms, where immigrants are held pending29 the arrival of friends. The left descent is for those free to go out to the ferry.
Our Socosa boys, despite their labor30 contracts, came through bound for the railroad room, and they were gone, waving their hands and throwing kisses to us. Then the Gualtieri-Sicamino people, even Antonio, who had completely lost control of the situation, came through, marked “Detained.” I was allowed to collect them, that was all; as soon as they were assembled they went down the middle stairs. As soon as the women found they were to be shut up behind the screens of steel, they began to bewail their fortune, and between getting them quieted and getting a proper understanding of just why it had 221happened so, I had a lively five minutes. It seemed certain that all but my wife and myself must go behind the bars.
Having passed the last barrier and got all the information I wanted on Ellis Island from the immigrants’ point of view, it seemed time to declare myself, and so I informed the night chief inspector who I was and why I was there, and requested that he discharge all our people to me, so that I could take them over to New York, as I wanted to get the story of their first impressions on American soil by being with them when they landed in the greatest American city. The officials were highly amused and interested in the whole affair, showed me every courtesy, and in five minutes I was below at the gate of the detention room with a written order for the entire party, except the “Railroads,” to be discharged to me; they were already gone.
I found our people just preparing to sit down at one of the great number of tables to have one of the substantial meals which are served to immigrants; but time was pressing, and so the boys got only a bite and that by grabbing it and taking it with them. Antonio was not to be found, and after a long search I ascertained31 that he had convinced the obliging chief clerk of the detention room that he could take care of himself in New York and had got himself discharged, leaving the entire party behind. I caught up with him before he got aboard the ferry-boat, and, as I brought him back, got a glimpse into the waiting-room, where friends of immigrants expected to arrive, or witnesses called to testify before the Special Inquiry Court wait until they are summoned and hear the names of their friends read, after which they pass up 222to the court room above, or into the room to the west on the same floor, where they have their friends released to them and take them away.
The more I saw of the inside of the great system on the Island the more I was struck with its thoroughness and the kindly, efficient manner in which the law was enforced. If undesirable32 immigrants are pouring into the United States through Ellis Island, it is not because the laws are not strict enough, or the finest system that human ingenuity33 can devise for handling large masses is not brought into full play by honest and conscientious34 officials, to pick out the bad from the good. The whole trouble is that the undesirable immigrant comes up before the honest, intelligent official with a lie so carefully prepared that the official is helpless when he has nothing on which to rely but the testimony35 of the immigrant and his friends. Only in the home town can the truth be learned and the proper discrimination made. Any other plan is fallacious.
At last we were reassembled. The women had dried their tears. Under the inspiration of being at last within the barrier, of being about to step on American soil and untrammeled, the party seemed to cast off its weariness, and we passed out of the huge building, around to the ferry-boat, and aboard.
Excluded for Age—Waiting for Immigrant Friends
In the ferry house we saw a number of young Irish girls who were under the care of a priest and were being taken to the Mission of Our Lady of the Rosary, an institution that looks after immigrant girls who come over to be servants. Large numbers of the people who had been with us on the Prinzessin Irene also appeared, tagged with a yellow ticket, and under the leadership of an official from the Society for the Protection of Italian immigrants. As we went aboard, 223this official, with one or two helpers, stood by the doorway to one of the side compartments36, and when one of his people appeared he seized the immigrant and thrust him quickly into the cabin, thus getting the crowd together. Then noses were counted and all were found to be present. There are numbers of missionaries37 and protection societies, all very necessary for the shielding of greenhorns from the sharks that lie in wait for them about the Battery. Formerly38 immigrant girls were kidnapped by scores, and literally39 kept prisoners in evil resorts; and men were taken into quarters of the city where it was easy to rob them of all they possessed40, and they could not even tell the police where it happened.
When Antonio’s eldest41 brother arrived in New York, he was discharged to a friend of Antonio, who accompanied him safely ashore42, and, having other things demanding his attention, thought it wise to put Giuseppe into a carriage and send him to the Grand Central Station. They bargained with a cabman standing at South Ferry to take Giuseppe and his baggage for $1.50, and Giuseppe got in. As soon as the cab was out of sight of the Battery and of the friend who had met him, Giuseppe was astounded43 by the cabman’s stopping and demanding a dollar more before he would drive on. After a futile argument in sign talk, and with a great waste of language which neither understood, Giuseppe succumbed44 and paid the dollar. In ten minutes more the cabman stopped and demanded another two dollars. Ten minutes later he had that also. Just about the time he knew he must be close to the station, Giuseppe received another demand, this time of three dollars. He did not have it, and after a violent scene with the cabman, who threatened to beat 224him with the butt45 of his whip, Giuseppe burst into tears, overcome with the feeling of being alone in a strange land and the helpless victim of such a villain46. He decided47 to climb out and try to find his way to the station, so he shouldered his baggage and trudged48 off to the north, for he knew the station lay that way. The cabman whipped up and disappeared. Finally, after asking scores of people where the station was, and being laughed at by some and pitied by others, he met a little girl who understood Italian, and she pointed49 out the way. He was only two blocks distant.
There had been no one to meet Giuseppe Rota, and he would have been held in the Island until his relatives could be communicated with. He nearly wept at the prospect50 of being alone, and so I brought him with us. He was afraid to go five feet away from me on the ferry-boat.
As we docked at the Barge Office we had a slight wait until the returning officials, visitors, and better-class passengers on the deck overhead could be let off, and then we were released. We passed through the huge piles of immigrants’ baggage, to which we must return on the morrow to get the heavy pieces of our own, and out to the street.
There was the stretch of Battery Park, the looming51 buildings about Bowling52 Green and on State Street, a real Broadway car, and a fine L train roaring north on Sixth Avenue tracks, boys with ten-o’clock extras, and a thousand things that told us we were back home, once again in the best place of all. I was at the head of the party leading the way to a Broadway car, for it was useless to try to go up on the “L” with all our encumbrances53, and looked back at my wife. She was 225looking up at the trees and the buildings, and she said gently, “Thank God! Thank God!”
The car we took was entirely54 empty but for ourselves, and when we were inside with our luggage it looked like a baggage car. Weary as our people were, their eyes were wide with wonder at all they saw, and as we swung around into Broadway and started up town I saw in Concetta’s eyes that wild look of the “startled fawn” as she contemplated55 the great ca?on, flanked by buildings, into which we were rushing. She shrank from each sudden accentuation of the noise of the street.
People began to get on the car. They stared at us and made audible comments, little thinking that some of us understood.
“Oh, what dirty, dirty wretches,” said a woman, with a worn seal-plush sacque, as she looked at our women.
“I don’t see why they let these lousy dagoes ride on the same cars other people have to use,” observed a stout56 gentleman with gold-framed glasses as he shrank back from Gaetano Mullura, who had tried to change his seat and was plunging57 down the aisle58 owing to a sudden jerk of the car.
Ere long we came to Bleecker Street, and, knowing there were several hotels in the vicinity below middle class, the only sort at which we stood a chance of being admitted, we alighted, and I went in to the desk to see if I could get a half-dozen rooms. Three times I was met with the excuse, “We are all full,” though I could plainly see that the room board was but half covered with slips. At each of the hotels we created a stir. As I turned away from the last desk the clerk observed to the cashier:
226“Well, what do you think of that for nerve?”
“What’s that?” said the cashier, who had been busy.
“Why, that dago coming in here with a push like that, trying to get rooms.”
Beginning to get a little exasperated59, I led the way west into the Italian quarter, and we successively tried the Italian hotels,—Hotel di Campidoglio, Hotel di France, and one other. All refused us admittance. By this time there was not a member of the party who was not exhausted60, so, gathering them together in the shelter of a building in the course of construction, and leaving my wife in charge, Antonio and I went hunting a roof for the heads of all of us. It was an hour later when we mounted the steps at the same house in which my wife and I had lived. It seemed ages since we had left the portal, but the good Signora Tonella was there, looking just the same, and when she found out who it was under the dirt and the Italian clothes she offered the three small rooms she had, and, having no other chance, we accepted. Going back to the Hotel di Campidoglio, I persuaded the proprietor61 to allow us to go into the rear of the dining-room and get something to eat. It took the sight of money to induce him. The waiter was angry at being requested to serve us, and slammed plates and things on the table. A little silver acted as a sedative62 to his nerves.
Poor little Ina went to sleep with a spoon in her mouth, and every person at the two large tables was exhausted, it was plain to see. But, with full stomachs once more, we took up the last stage of the journey, and, shouldering our baggage, made our way the several blocks to 147 West Houston Street.
Not one of the three rooms had a full-sized bed in it, and but one had space enough to spread a bed on the 227floor, yet after a distressing63 half hour I got the fifteen persons still with us parceled out into the three rooms, all except Giuseppe Rota, who was number sixteen. Try as I would, I was unable to find room for him to stretch his hulking frame unless he took to the doorsteps, so I escorted him over to the Branch of the Society for the Protection of Italian Immigrants, a few doors west, and put him up there. When he found he was to be left alone, he burst out crying and declared he would never see his uncle in Newark again. I reassured64 him, and told him I would come and get him on the morrow. I remember leaving the place, and it is a fact I was so worn that, going back to the house, settling the others for the night, and turning in myself, left no impression on my memory, and I cannot say what happened.
We slept until after noon the next day, and then began the process of assembling all the baggage, clearing it from the customs, and of dispersing65 the remnant of our party to their various destinations.
The Immigrants’ Track Through Ellis Island
Explanation of the illustration entitled, “The Immigrants’ Track Through Ellis Island,” facing this page:
A. Immigrants landed from barges66 enter by these stairs.
B. Surgeon examines health tickets.
C. Surgeon examines head and body.
D. Surgeon examines eyes. Suspects go to left for further examination.
E. Female inspector looking for prostitutes.
F. Group enters and sits in pen corresponding to ticket letter or number.
G. Inspector examines on twenty-two questions.
H. Into special inquiry court.
I. Stamping railroad ticket orders.
J. Money exchange and telegraph office.
K. To railroad pen.
L. To New York pen.
M. To the ferry and New York.
N. Telegraph office.
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1
barge
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| n.平底载货船，驳船 | |
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contemplate
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| vt.盘算，计议；周密考虑；注视，凝视 | |
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dread
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| vt.担忧，忧虑；惧怕，不敢；n.担忧，畏惧 | |
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myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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sobbed
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| 哭泣，啜泣( sob的过去式和过去分词 )； 哭诉，呜咽地说 | |
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drooped
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| 弯曲或下垂，发蔫( droop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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7
clatter
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| v./n.(使)发出连续而清脆的撞击声 | |
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wharf
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| n.码头，停泊处 | |
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plank
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| n.板条，木板，政策要点，政纲条目 | |
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doorway
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| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
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marine
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| adj.海的；海生的；航海的；海事的；n.水兵 | |
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futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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13
scrutinized
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| v.仔细检查，详审( scrutinize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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eyelids
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| n.眼睑( eyelid的名词复数 )；眼睛也不眨一下；不露声色；面不改色 | |
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kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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obstinate
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| adj.顽固的，倔强的，不易屈服的，较难治愈的 | |
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contagion
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| n.(通过接触的疾病)传染；蔓延 | |
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inflamed
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| adj.发炎的，红肿的v.（使）变红，发怒，过热( inflame的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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inspector
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| n.检查员，监察员，视察员 | |
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scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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severely
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| adv.严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地 | |
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gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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inspectors
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| n.检查员( inspector的名词复数 )；（英国公共汽车或火车上的）查票员；（警察）巡官；检阅官 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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pending
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| prep.直到，等待…期间；adj.待定的；迫近的 | |
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labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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ascertained
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| v.弄清，确定，查明( ascertain的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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undesirable
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| adj.不受欢迎的，不良的，不合意的，讨厌的；n.不受欢迎的人，不良分子 | |
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ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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missionaries
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| n.传教士( missionary的名词复数 ) | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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ashore
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| adv.在(向)岸上，上岸 | |
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astounded
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| v.使震惊(astound的过去式和过去分词)；愕然；愕；惊讶 | |
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succumbed
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| 不再抵抗（诱惑、疾病、攻击等）( succumb的过去式和过去分词 )； 屈从； 被压垮； 死 | |
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butt
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| n.笑柄；烟蒂；枪托；臀部；v.用头撞或顶 | |
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villain
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| n.反派演员，反面人物；恶棍；问题的起因 | |
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decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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trudged
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| vt.& vi.跋涉，吃力地走（trudge的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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pointed
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| adj.尖的，直截了当的 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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51
looming
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| n.上现蜃景（光通过低层大气发生异常折射形成的一种海市蜃楼）v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的现在分词 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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52
bowling
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| n.保龄球运动 | |
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53
encumbrances
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| n.负担( encumbrance的名词复数 )；累赘；妨碍；阻碍 | |
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54
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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55
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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57
plunging
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| adj.跳进的，突进的v.颠簸( plunge的现在分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
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58
aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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59
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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62
sedative
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| adj.使安静的，使镇静的；n. 镇静剂，能使安静的东西 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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64
reassured
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| adj.使消除疑虑的；使放心的v.再保证，恢复信心( reassure的过去式和过去分词) | |
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65
dispersing
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| adj. 分散的 动词disperse的现在分词形式 | |
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66
barges
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| 驳船( barge的名词复数 ) | |
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