If he is strong in body and nerves at fifty he has the increased brain power of experience and work, and only think of the force he has then to utilize1 for the next twenty years.
This is a practical idea and not a theory or a statement of exceptional cases.
But if this is so, why have not our parents been able to be boys with us instead of old men at fifty? Because they did not understand; never had the plain points shown them; physicians have not always considered this side of boyhood development, and because physiology2 as taught in the public schools was not that physiology needed by youths and boys.
[4]
We shall not here bother with the old style and schoolbook physiology. I am going to present to you the simple, common-sense facts about the body and how it must be handled to get the best out of it.
If you have an automobile3, the first thing you do is to understand it; its different working parts, how they are dependent upon each other, how much fuel is needed and how applied4, what will make the engine run smoothly5, what will injure it and what kind of usage is necessary to keep it always in good running order, what will cause it to break down and become an old rattling6 thing and send it to the scrap7 heap.
The finest built machine is of no value if any of the parts which have gone into it are faulty; it will break down when a strain comes. It is just so with man; for when you really come to understand the machinery8 within you, you will realize that you are the most delicate and at the same time toughest piece of mechanism9 ever produced. Muscular power, brain force, will, mental ability, all depend upon the PHYSICAL condition of man—the parts and condition of the machine in him.
The higher power in us that makes the human body a mere10 medium for development we shall not here say much about, but so related is it to the body itself, that a poorly adjusted or[5] diseased body will affect this higher power, the soul, the conscience, the morals of the man. That is, a diseased or weak body—not merely muscular weakness, but a general weakness due to neglect of nature’s laws—will show a weak will, a lack of determination and a further falling away from a high moral standard—in other words make a failure of a man.
But why should this be so? Is man to be blamed for being physically11 weak, to be punished because he has not that full strength of body that others have? Yes; I think so. But suppose he inherits a weak body, inherits disease? Is he to be blamed for something over which he has no control? Not exactly that, for there is only one disease you can inherit, and that is a punishment for your parents’ or grandparents’ sins—or in most cases, ignorance.
When you thoroughly12 understand your own body, the little tendencies to weakness or predisposition to certain diseases can all be overcome. The distressing14 effects of venereal diseases seen in children whose parents have been ignorant of the facts you will be given in this book, have been a blessing15 to mankind, insomuch as you can all avoid them after the knowledge concerning them and your body is yours.
You see, what I mean is that you will possess[6] knowledge your parents did not possess. In such a grand position the future men and women—your children—will be started right. And so will you if you heed16 and absorb what I shall tell you.
Big muscles do not necessarily mean strength, but to be strong one must have well developed muscles.
Seems an odd statement; doesn’t it?
A man may inherit big bones to which are attached big muscles. The fibres of these muscles may be coarse, inelastic and under control of a slow motor—a sluggish17 nervous system. Just as you may have a big motor car, big frames and running gear, but under-powered.
Now remember that all real muscular power originates in the nervous system and brain. If the nervous system and brain are not in perfect condition, the full power of the muscles can never be utilized18 any more than you can get the full power out of your big car if the cylinders19 are too small or so weak in construction that you do not dare to run them at full speed.
This is one reason why men born with big frames and large muscles are not always the strong men. Frequently these men break down in the prime of life. Also during their active lives they really never get all their power in use. I consider such men unfortunate[7] in that they do not possess the knowledge of their condition, so they neglect in early life the necessary rules and habits which, if heeded20 would bring them to old age in full possession of their natural strength.
The weakling who realizes his failings and knows how to correct and care for them, is more often the strong and healthy man in middle and later life. This fact teaches us one of the great laws of nature; that is that we cannot for a day neglect our body; the born strong man does, he never watches or cleans his big machine—it goes to rust21 and wears out in parts.
These strong men as youths, from the mere fact of having big, hawser-like muscles controlled by a slow-moving force, do not have the incentive22 to build up active muscles nor the energy to train the nervous mechanism controlling muscular activity. The result is that such a man’s muscles remain coarse fibered, fatty, bulky, and respond slowly to the motor centers of the brain. Moreover, they feel in such perfect health that they are careless about their habits and throw away a lot of energy that the man who is building up strength takes care of—saves for future use and material.
A youth who desires to build muscular strength goes about it carefully and slowly. Remember that all staying powers, brain or[8] muscle, must be built up slowly. The tough and hardy24 oak does not grow like the weak poplar—quickly. Its growth is steady, regular and slow, but in the end it is powerful, long lived and richly reproductive. Make haste slowly is one of the fundamental laws of nature.
Brain and nervous system always come first in starting to build muscular power that is to last and be always at your command. The basis of power depends upon the rapidity with which the muscles respond to mental impulses. Properly developed muscles are finely-fibered, and react instantly to the impulse of the motor cells of the brain—the cells which tell the muscles to shoot out at once. Now let anything such as alcohol, tobacco, loss of sleep or immoral25 habits, fasten on the youth and all attempts to get the full strength out of muscles, no matter how big they are, will be useless. The reason is that the brain cells have been affected26—they cannot act as they should and so the muscles cannot respond to the impulse. This is the cause of so many first-class boxers27 taking the final count. Success has made them careless; they neglect the rules of the physiologic29 game, they drink a little, smoke and indulge in other habits which affect their nervous system. They go on the stage breathing the foul30 and poisonous atmosphere while exhibiting,[9] are necessarily late to bed and while still keeping up their MUSCULAR training neglect the fact that every day they are injuring their nervous motility. It is so little noticed that no attention is paid to the matter. But when it comes to a battle after such a career—even if careful training has been done weeks before the contest—the effect is shown, and down the champion goes before a less experienced boxer28, one not so strong in the muscles but one whose full brain and nervous force has remained uncontaminated. Then, sad to relate, THIS champion goes the same way.
So you see that mere gross muscular structure is valueless—except it is needed for daily labor31, where it exists as mere animal automatism—unless it is under the immediate32 control of a highly-organized nervous system free from disease and abuse.
So delicate is this nervous element of the body in getting the muscles to respond, that I have tested hundreds of athletes—including myself—by a very sensitive instrument which shows the response of the muscles to the condition of the brain cells. A youth who has lived a perfect life—physiologically speaking—is kept from one half of his night’s sleep. The next day he is tested and there is a difference shown in the rapidity of muscular response. The difference in a tenth of a second in[10] a blow makes all the difference between a champion and a loser, and this tenth of a second can be brought about by the loss of one night’s rest. How must it be then when the youth has lost several, or been breathing foul air with heavily working lungs?
The extreme muscular development seen in those who pose on the stage and before the camera, while marvelous to the sight, is in reality of little practical use. Such muscles are not developed through normal exercises, but gain their prominence33 by being contracted and expanded through mental concentration on the muscle itself, not on any work that the muscle should be made to perform. Under this fad34 form of “physical culture” the levers which the muscles should lift and lower are kept immovable, the muscles themselves do no work, the fibers35 only being caused to swell36 and shrink.
Take the “development” of the biceps, for instance. This muscle is intended to flex37 the forearm, attachments38 being on the upper arm and shoulder and the insertions in the upper part of the lower arm, making a perfect leverage39. Now, in this false “physical culture” system the arm is held semi-flexed and rigid40 and the muscle made to rise and fall, no tension being put upon its attachments. The result is a development of the center of the[11] muscle, but a development of a mere shape, not the development of the power of lifting. The attachments are not developed or strengthened; they remain thin; hence, to the spectator in the audience, the center of the bulking mass of biceps looms41 up as a powerful organ of force—it is simply an artificial lump.
This false method of “physical culture” also squeezes out the little amount of fat that the muscle should bed in for ease and nourishment42, and this further accentuates43 its size when illumined by a spot light against a black background.
Big chests do not necessarily mean big lung power, but one must have a capacious chest to have great lung power.
Another odd statement? Not exactly.
The average man does not use in daily work much more than half his lung power-capacity. There remain in the lower portion of his lungs thousands of little air cells, which stay practically closed in ordinary breathing. When a man is called upon to run a long distance he soon finds himself in distress13, has “a stitch in his side.” This slight pain is caused by the effort made by the air to get into these closed cells. It is the forcing open of these reserve cells that produces the “stitch in the side.” When these cells become active and take up[12] the extra air needed, the distress ceases and the man gets his “second wind.”
Now, it can readily be seen that the greater the chest capacity the greater the reserve force. As it is in the muscle of the “physical culture” man so it is in the chest development of the same class—an unnatural44 condition. These latter possess, by constant deep breathing, forcibly inhaling45 and exhaling46, a large chest. But there is no reserve force; all the cells are constantly filled. The chest development is good to look upon, but we must remember that the owner of such a chest has no reserve power—no extra breathing space to call upon when most needed. He has reached his limit at the start—a condition fatal to athletic47 work. A condition injurious to the man’s future health, for there are many times in illness and in emergencies when he will need some reserve force to fall back upon. It is like taking a journey and spending all your money at the start—when you need some, it is not there.
Athletes are healthy, not because they are athletes, but because all healthy individuals are athletes; not necessarily competitors in games or strivers after honors, but persons who enjoy outdoor living and breathing the fresh red-blood giving air.
But there are so many mistakes made by[13] youths and boys who strive to become athletes before their body machinery is properly adjusted, that much harm has been done by overtraining and a misunderstanding of what really constitutes a healthy man.
Americans have absorbed much of the energy in the world, but not all its wisdom. Too many of our athletic instructors48 at the schools have tried to turn out athletes instead of strong men and women.
When we read in the daily papers of the collapse49 of a celebrated50 athlete, or the breaking down during training of a young aspirant51 for honors on the cinder52 path, we naturally surmise53 that fundamental knowledge of the physiology of the muscular mechanism of the human body is either submerged by the overpowering desire to make a record or is totally absent among certain trainers and their pupils.
The want of wisdom concerning man and his body is the cause of many sad conditions existing to-day among formerly54 strong and healthy young men. A comprehensive idea of the physiology of growth, of the physiologic and chemic relations of strength and endurance to age and condition, would be of great value to a large number of old individuals—not old in years, but old in vessels55 and tissues—who strive to put an unusual strain on their weak arteries56, as well as to the youth whose central[14] nervous system is often permanently57 injured by over-exertion in attempting to make records placed by carefully trained and intelligent athletes.
Let us take those Marathon runs as an example. Two years ago I witnessed the real Marathon—that is, the great one in this country—the Boston event. This run is a nerve-racking, lung-pulling one of twenty-six miles up many steep and long hills. Among the large number of contestants58 were a boy of about sixteen and a man somewhere in the forties.[1] To allow such starters was a great mistake—especially in the boy’s case. There were physicians at the start to examine into the condition of the runners, but what doctor could tell off-hand of the past habits, inherited faults in the bodily mechanism or system of training these various contestants possessed59? There was only one reasonable course to take—that is, to withhold60 their sanction to the starting of those whose years had not fully23 developed the bodily functions, and of those whose habits had brought a strain on the valves of the heart.
[1] Since my criticism and explanation in the magazines, the Committee allow no youths under eighteen years to run in the event.
If we were all Indians, having been placed at birth out in the open and lived without clothes until puberty placed a loin cloth on us, accustomed every day to run and tramp, developing[15] the different organs of the body harmoniously61 and gradually until they all reached their full power and held in reserve extra power, then these runs of twenty and more miles would not injure us. But, as it is, they are of no benefit and in many cases injurious. Young men who spend hours indoors, who have worn clothing since birth, been prevented from using the greatest breathing organ next to the lungs,—the skin,—who train for this event and then step back to our civilized63 life of houses, furnaces, trolleys64 and clothing, are not fitted for these great strains on organs which have been unused to them.
The human body is a wonderful piece of mechanism, which not only renews itself constantly, but whose strength and endurance and capacity for more work increase with increased use up to the point at which use becomes abuse. At what time and under what pressure this danger-line is reached depends upon the individual. However, the approach to the danger-line is governed in all cases by fixed65 and immutable66 laws.
The athlete must always bear in mind that the length of time a muscle cell can continue to work will depend upon the rapidity with which the energy-holding explosive compounds are formed by the cell protoplasm and the waste products are secreted67. In other words,[16] the capital must not be expended68 at a greater rate than it can be replaced. If it is expended at a greater rate fatigue69 commences, and a continuance of this expenditure70 results in physical bankruptcy71.
It is simply the case of the automobile over again. To run smoothly and continuously there must be fuel steadily72 supplied and the exhaust—the waste products—cast off, leaving no residue73 to clog74 up the engine. But you watch your fuel tank and see that it is well supplied, for you know the consequences if the fuel runs out—if you run your engine up to the last drop.
To use up no more fuel in the body than the body will replace, is the secret of athletic success. To go beyond this point means injury—often injury that a life time can never repair. This is one reason why sprinters who have made records succumb75 early in life to disease or ill health. They have over-heated their human machinery, and the worn parts can never run completely smooth again.
How is this fuel that is being used up in the body replaced?
The muscle is continually undergoing change of material. The minute substances which make up the muscle, and whose very actions keep it alive, are being constantly cast off, fresh substances taking their place. The cast-off[17] material is the fatigue poison. And it is a poison. Inject it into a dog and he will soon die. Without muscle rest, this dead poisonous stuff cannot be replaced fast enough by the new products, and the result is an impoverished76 capital of force elements. This does not apply only to the muscle in active use up to this point, but to all muscles of the body.
The energy products of the food are delivered up to the muscle by the blood, and this fluid picks up and carries away the cast-off substances of the muscle. These fatigue products are only gradually eliminated from the blood.
In the youth these poisonous products are cast off much more rapidly than in the full grown man. Also they are not so rapidly manufactured. But right here lies a danger point—the youth is not warned in time and often goes beyond the point where the off-castings are entirely77 eliminated and some remain stored up in his system. Then his nervous system suffers and the trouble goes on unrecognized until it is too late.
Another thing may happen. In the youth the fatigue poison may be thrown off quicker than the good material can take its place, hence such an athlete—generally a runner—will fall from sheer exhaustion78 of the muscular mechanism—perhaps ruined for life.
[18]
To keep on the right side of the danger-line in exercise, the muscle must have short intervals80 of rest. Nature so well understood the proneness81 of man not to heed advice that she placed the action of one muscle beyond his control. This muscle is so constructed, internally adjusted, that it has its regular periods of rest, and only in disorder82 of the body can its expenditure be raised beyond its means. This great and wonderful muscle is the heart.
However, there are certain conditions having their origin in the will and the excitement of mental forces, where the heart is pushed beyond its self-control. Such cases sometimes occur in college boat races—the four-mile races. It is not so much the mere muscular efforts of the contestants as it is the intense mental excitement accompanying the effort. No youth of a highly-strung, nervous temperament83 should row in these races—no matter what his muscular strength is.
The heart, though making contractions85 at the rate of seventy-two times a minute, is able to continue its work without fatigue throughout the life of the individual. Each contraction84 of this wonderful muscle is followed by an interval79 of rest, during which the cells recuperate86. Push the heart-beats to a very rapid rate and we approach the danger-line at which fatigue products cannot be replaced by fresh[19] cells; the intervals of rest are not sufficient. The same conditions exist in every muscle. This is the reason why we often see immediate or ultimate collapse at the finish of a four-mile boat race or a quarter-mile run. Such a collapse may be followed by irremediable loss of health.
You should remember all through your life that each member of the body, in the very act of living, produces poison to itself. When this poison accumulates faster than it can be thrown off, which always occurs unless the muscle can have an interval of rest, then will come fatigue, which is only another expression for poisonous infection—real, genuine poison. If the muscle is given an interval of rest, so that the cell can give off its waste product to keep pace with the new productions, the muscle will then liberate87 energy for a long time. This latter condition is what we call endurance. When you say a boy has long endurance it simply means that all his organs are in perfect working order; that they repair as soon as they waste. Such a condition kept up means a long life and a healthy one. And you can all obtain this state, as I shall later on show you.
The power and endurance of the human machine are limited according to our understanding of the above facts. But another important bit of knowledge is necessary to have[20] if we wish to avoid ruining our physical energy: that is, to recognize the necessity of starting the human machine slowly. Like any other ponderous88 and intricate machine, the body requires time to get in harmonious62 working order. What would you think of an engineer who started his engine off with a jump at high speed? What would happen to a big engine if the throttle89 were pulled wide open at the instant of starting?
The brain, nerves, heart and muscles must be given some warning of the work they are expected, collectively, to perform. Ignorance of this fact has broken down many a young man who aspired90 to honors on the cinder-path. The necessity of getting all the parts of the body slowly in working order is well understood by trainers and jockeys on the racetrack, as is evidenced by the preliminary “warming up” they give their horses, although it is doubtful if the trainers could give any physiologic reason for the custom.
I once asked an old darky trainer in the South why he always ran his horses just before a race, and he replied, “I’s got ter ile ’em up; jus’ ile ’em up.” Then he shouted to a little bow-legged coon on a big bay horse: “Youse, git a goin’ dar, Sam; git ’im iled up so I kaint heer ’im squeek—git de ile in ’is jints; go dar!” And Sam went on “iling ’im up.”
[21]
Of the substances supplied to the muscles by the blood, oxygen is one the want of which is soonest felt. The muscle contains within itself a certain store of oxygen, but one which is by no means equal to the oxidizable substances. The muscle’s activity is dependent, to a great extent, on the character and force of the blood-flow. It must be clear of waste products, and contain, as well, sufficient oxygen to keep up continually a renewal91 of energy.
From what has been said, it will readily be seen that the result of a muscular task which an athlete wishes to perform, will depend primarily on his muscular bulk and on the conditions of these muscles and the rate at which he expends92 his capital; the test of his endurance will depend upon the condition of the other parts of his body and how rapidly they will carry off the quickly formed poisonous products and supply fresh ones.
A large number of the lesser93 pugilists have died in the ring the last ten years. Scarcely one of these deaths was directly due to the force or severity of the blows struck, but because the fighters were “out of condition.” The writer, himself, once had an opponent in the amateur ring whose condition was so plainly unfit that he refrained from exerting forceful energy, but let the man poison himself, when a[22] gentle cross-counter laid him out. He literally94 beat himself.
What I have said about self-poisoning refers also to the nerves and brain. As the muscles work faster, so do the central nerve cells which send the stimulating95 impulses to these muscles. These latter cells become fatigued96 sooner than the muscles. This is a grand feature of physiologic economy; for, did not this condition exist, the muscles would work themselves to pieces—run wild, like an uncontrolled engine.
The muscular differences noted97 in individuals are in reality the difference in the nerve cells, the actions of the muscles indicating the activity of the central nervous system. When the muscles are being exercised the nerve cells indirectly98 determine the muscular activity.
From the above statement it can be seen why one with exhausted99 nerve cells should avoid exercise. The nervous system should be at rest. For example; if a youth is recovering from some severe illness—typhoid fever, let us say—he should not at first try to get back his muscular strength by self-exercise. The muscles need blood sent to them to grow and regain100 their former elasticity101, but the nerve cells required for all this must have a rest. How is it to be done?
By the exercise of another person’s nerve[23] cells. That is, the muscles should be massaged102 by some strong man. As the nerve cells gradually come to their full activity again, then the youth may commence gradual exercises on his own account.
It is the general impression among athletes that exhaustion and “loss of wind” are due to the inability to consume sufficient oxygen and exhale103 rapidly enough carbon dioxide. When the muscle is moving rapidly and forcibly, it is true that it demands more oxygen and gives off to the blood more carbon dioxide than when at rest. When a man is running as fast as he can make his limbs move, he is able to keep up the pace but for a short distance, unless, like the hunted hare, he runs to death. On account of the forced and rapid muscular action in this case the poisonous materials are thrown into the blood, to be carried to all parts of the body—muscles, nerves, brain. The heart is affected by this poison through the nerve cells controlling this organ; the muscles of respiration104 are similarly disturbed. The panting, distressed105 efforts of breathing, sidelong tumbling and final semi-unconsciousness of the hunted stag or hare are good examples of acute self-poisoning ending in death. It is just as much a case of poisoning as would be a case of gas poisoning; the only difference being that in the first case the gas is manufactured[24] in your body, in the other case, outside and you breathe it in.
One of the main “clearing houses” of the body, by which the blood is constantly cleared of much of its poisons, is the liver. The minute cells of this organ each have their individual work to perform in transforming the poisonous material into harmless substances. The cells of this “clearing house” are delicate little organs, and will not stand abuse. All habits having a tendency to cause dyspepsia—eating rapidly, eating indigestible food, constant and intemperate106 use of alcohol or the use of tobacco in the youth—disturb the normal work of the liver. Hence, one of the first aims of a boy who desires to be a strong man—and what boy does not have this admirable aim?—should be to keep the liver in the best possible condition. Any clogging107 or disturbance108 of the ordinary work of the liver prevents the blood from being in a pure state. All parts of the body will show distressing symptoms of fatigue and exhaustion if the little cells of the liver have become diseased or useless through intemperate living and ignorance of the duties belonging to each separate organ of the human body.
In general terms I have given you some facts necessary to know if you wish to reach full manhood in perfect health and with all the organs so adjusted that the human machine[25] in you will work the rest of your long life without squeaking109 and rattling. But there are many little details for you to know in order to keep the adjustment perfect and to increase the power and energy in you—mental and physical. Too many boys and youths have never been taught how to get the best that is in them to work—to be a success because they are doing what is in them to do and are happy in doing it—this is what means success. I shall try in the next chat to go into some of these details, and so on up to the most important facts in life. To give you a comprehensive knowledge of your sex organs, how to care for them, what Life means, and in all matters that go to make up the normal man. To give you instruction that makes a man, produces the character of the man of honor, to give you the inward grace of a gentleman, which cannot manifest itself outwardly save in good manners, modesty110 of bearing and fearlessness. And so many of these qualities depend inwardly upon a perfect adjustment of all your organs. You shall be told all about differences of man and woman; why you should be at all times kind and considerate to the girls and women—in fact what the world means in its development and what you can do to assist in its better development.
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utilize
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| vt.使用，利用 | |
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physiology
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| n.生理学，生理机能 | |
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automobile
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| n.汽车，机动车 | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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rattling
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| adj. 格格作响的, 活泼的, 很好的 adv. 极其, 很, 非常 动词rattle的现在分词 | |
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scrap
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| n.碎片；废料；v.废弃，报废 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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mechanism
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| n.机械装置；机构，结构 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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physically
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| adj.物质上，体格上，身体上，按自然规律 | |
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thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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distress
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| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
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distressing
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| a.使人痛苦的 | |
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blessing
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| n.祈神赐福；祷告；祝福，祝愿 | |
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heed
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| v.注意，留意；n.注意，留心 | |
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sluggish
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| adj.懒惰的，迟钝的，无精打采的 | |
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utilized
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| v.利用，使用( utilize的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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cylinders
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| n.圆筒( cylinder的名词复数 )；圆柱；汽缸；（尤指用作容器的）圆筒状物 | |
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heeded
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| v.听某人的劝告，听从( heed的过去式和过去分词 )；变平，使（某物）变平( flatten的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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rust
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| n.锈；v.生锈；(脑子)衰退 | |
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incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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hardy
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| adj.勇敢的，果断的，吃苦的；耐寒的 | |
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immoral
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| adj.不道德的，淫荡的，荒淫的，有伤风化的 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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boxers
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| n.拳击短裤；（尤指职业）拳击手( boxer的名词复数 )；拳师狗 | |
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boxer
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| n.制箱者，拳击手 | |
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physiologic
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| a.生理学的 | |
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foul
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| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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31
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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32
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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33
prominence
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| n.突出；显著；杰出；重要 | |
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34
fad
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| n.时尚；一时流行的狂热；一时的爱好 | |
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35
fibers
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| 光纤( fiber的名词复数 )； （织物的）质地； 纤维，纤维物质 | |
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36
swell
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| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
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37
flex
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| n.皮线，花线；vt.弯曲或伸展 | |
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38
attachments
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| n.（用电子邮件发送的）附件( attachment的名词复数 )；附着；连接；附属物 | |
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39
leverage
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| n.力量，影响；杠杆作用，杠杆的力量 | |
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40
rigid
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| adj.严格的，死板的；刚硬的，僵硬的 | |
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41
looms
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| n.织布机( loom的名词复数 )v.隐约出现，阴森地逼近( loom的第三人称单数 )；隐约出现，阴森地逼近 | |
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42
nourishment
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| n.食物，营养品；营养情况 | |
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43
accentuates
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| v.重读( accentuate的第三人称单数 )；使突出；使恶化；加重音符号于 | |
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44
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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45
inhaling
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| v.吸入( inhale的现在分词 ) | |
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46
exhaling
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| v.呼出，发散出( exhale的现在分词 )；吐出（肺中的空气、烟等），呼气 | |
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47
athletic
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| adj.擅长运动的，强健的；活跃的，体格健壮的 | |
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48
instructors
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| 指导者，教师( instructor的名词复数 ) | |
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49
collapse
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| vi.累倒；昏倒；倒塌；塌陷 | |
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50
celebrated
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| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
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51
aspirant
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| n.热望者；adj.渴望的 | |
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52
cinder
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| n.余烬，矿渣 | |
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53
surmise
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| v./n.猜想，推测 | |
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54
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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56
arteries
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| n.动脉( artery的名词复数 )；干线，要道 | |
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permanently
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| adv.永恒地，永久地，固定不变地 | |
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contestants
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| n.竞争者，参赛者( contestant的名词复数 ) | |
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59
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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withhold
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| v.拒绝，不给；使停止，阻挡 | |
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61
harmoniously
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| 和谐地，调和地 | |
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harmonious
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| adj.和睦的，调和的，和谐的，协调的 | |
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civilized
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| a.有教养的，文雅的 | |
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trolleys
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| n.（两轮或四轮的）手推车( trolley的名词复数 )；装有脚轮的小台车；电车 | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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immutable
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| adj.不可改变的，永恒的 | |
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secreted
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| v.（尤指动物或植物器官）分泌( secrete的过去式和过去分词 )；隐匿，隐藏 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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69
fatigue
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| n.疲劳，劳累 | |
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70
expenditure
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| n.(时间、劳力、金钱等)支出；使用，消耗 | |
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bankruptcy
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| n.破产；无偿付能力 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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residue
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| n.残余，剩余，残渣 | |
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clog
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| vt.塞满，阻塞；n.[常pl.]木屐 | |
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succumb
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| v.屈服，屈从；死 | |
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76
impoverished
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| adj.穷困的，无力的，用尽了的v.使（某人）贫穷( impoverish的过去式和过去分词 )；使（某物）贫瘠或恶化 | |
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entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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78
exhaustion
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| n.耗尽枯竭，疲惫，筋疲力尽，竭尽，详尽无遗的论述 | |
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interval
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| n.间隔，间距；幕间休息，中场休息 | |
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intervals
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| n.[军事]间隔( interval的名词复数 )；间隔时间；[数学]区间；（戏剧、电影或音乐会的）幕间休息 | |
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81
proneness
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| n.俯伏，倾向 | |
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82
disorder
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| n.紊乱，混乱；骚动，骚乱；疾病，失调 | |
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83
temperament
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| n.气质，性格，性情 | |
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84
contraction
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| n.缩略词，缩写式，害病 | |
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85
contractions
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| n.收缩( contraction的名词复数 )；缩减；缩略词；（分娩时）子宫收缩 | |
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86
recuperate
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| v.恢复 | |
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87
liberate
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| v.解放，使获得自由，释出，放出；vt.解放，使获自由 | |
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88
ponderous
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| adj.沉重的，笨重的，(文章)冗长的 | |
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89
throttle
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| n.节流阀，节气阀，喉咙；v.扼喉咙，使窒息，压 | |
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90
aspired
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| v.渴望，追求( aspire的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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91
renewal
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| adj.(契约)延期，续订，更新，复活，重来 | |
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92
expends
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| v.花费( expend的第三人称单数 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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93
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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95
stimulating
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| adj.有启发性的，能激发人思考的 | |
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96
fatigued
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| adj. 疲乏的 | |
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97
noted
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| adj.著名的，知名的 | |
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98
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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99
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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100
regain
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| vt.重新获得，收复，恢复 | |
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101
elasticity
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| n.弹性，伸缩力 | |
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102
massaged
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| 按摩，推拿( massage的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
exhale
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| v.呼气，散出，吐出，蒸发 | |
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104
respiration
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| n.呼吸作用；一次呼吸；植物光合作用 | |
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distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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106
intemperate
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| adj.无节制的，放纵的 | |
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107
clogging
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| 堵塞，闭合 | |
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108
disturbance
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| n.动乱，骚动；打扰，干扰；(身心)失调 | |
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109
squeaking
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| v.短促地尖叫( squeak的现在分词 )；吱吱叫；告密；充当告密者 | |
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110
modesty
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| n.谦逊，虚心，端庄，稳重，羞怯，朴素 | |
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