THE Empire which Selim II inherited from his father extended from the Atlas3 to the Caucasus, from the Carpathians to the Nile, and among his subjects were counted Greeks and Armenians, Bulgars, Serbs, Bosniaks, Montenegrins, Herzegovinians, Vlachs and Albanians, Romanies and the wandering Tsigani, Arabs, Kurds and Chaldeans, Turkomans and Magyars in the conquered provinces of Hungary, Germans in Transylvania, Copts of Egypt, and Jews of Palestine, or exiled from the Iberian peninsula. The corps4 of Janissaries had been raised to 20,000, the paid standing5 army numbered 48,000, with 200,000 irregular auxiliaries6, and the fleet mustered7 300 warships8. The Ottoman Army was first in the world, and Christian9 monarchs10 of the West acknowledged the supremacy12 of the Caliph who sat in the seat of Constantine. The reign13 of Solyman marked the highest rise of Ottoman power; the decline began with Selim, his and Roxalana’s son.
Whereas the reign of every Sultan preceding Selim{204} had been impressed with the ruler’s personality, the only quality to which a Turk is capable of responding, the rule of Selim showed no such strengthening influence. His mother, Roxalana, was all-powerful, but her bloody14 intrigues15 led to many dissensions in the harem, and these reacted on the life of the nation. In order to pursue a course of conquest in Asia, Selim called an armistice16 with Emperor Maximilian, and turned his attention towards Astrachan. Here he came into conflict with the Tsars of Muscovy, who, having freed themselves from Tartar domination, gave wing to their ambition, and even in those early days pretended to the throne of Constantine, for Ivan III had married Sophia, last Princess of the Greek imperial family, and had taken the two-headed eagle of Byzant as his cognizance. The Porte was powerless against Ivan the Terrible, who annexed17 Astrachan, and induced the Don Cossacks to join him, under their Hetman, Yermak, the man who added Siberia to the possessions of the Tsar.
The Sultan did not take the field in person, did not even concern himself with the government of his reign, so Sokoli, his Grand Vizier, guided the ship of state, and led campaigns which were by no means successful, for the Arabs prevented the execution of a plan to pierce a canal joining Mediterranean18 and Red Sea at Suez. The Turks were more fortunate at sea, where Sala Mustapha roved at large, reducing Cyprus with unheard-of cruelties. A similar spirit informed Russian conquest at this period. About this time Ivan the Cruel took Wittenstein, and had the captive Finns hewn in pieces, their leader roasted alive on a spear.
The horrors of the capture of Cyprus roused all the Christian rulers by the Mediterranean Sea to fury; a large fleet was collected by Don Juan of Austria, son of Charles V, and Margarete Blumberg, the frail19, fair lady of Ratisbon. Marco Colonna brought a fleet found by the Pope; Spain,{205} Malta, and Savoy sent their galleons20, the Venetians joined with one hundred and eight galleys21 and six galliases, under Admiral Veniero, a naval22 crusade, as it were. There were great names among these crusaders, the Prince of Parma, Caraccioli, the Marquis of Santa Croce, Andrea Doria, and Cervantes, author of Don Quixote. The hostile fleets met off Lepanto and engaged in a furious battle, which resulted in a complete victory for the Christian Allies; thirty thousand Turks were slain23, fifteen thousand of their Christian slaves rescued from the galleys, and of the stately Ottoman fleet only forty vessels24, under Ouloudjé, made good their escape. But the victory of Lepanto was wasted, was not followed up, for though the Western nations might win battles, yet were they not equal to the Turks in the long run.
Selim II died drunk, and was succeeded by Amurath III, who reigned25 from 1574-1595. A weak, dissolute ruler, he inaugurated his rule with customary fratricide; he had five brothers, whom he thought fit to remove out of the way of temptation to usurp26 the throne. The weakness of this Sultan affected27 the spirit of his armies, which fought with only partial success in Persia, while Amurath led a life of pleasure. He was swayed chiefly by his favourite Sultana, Safiyé, a Venetian lady of the noble House of Baffo, who had been captured by the Corsairs when young and presented to the Sultan. Yet, though the power of the Ottoman Empire was declining, it was still considered the most formidable in Europe, and Western monarchs did not hesitate to ask assistance of the Sultan.
Even from distant England came ambassadors on such missions, urging Amurath to aid Queen Elizabeth against Spain; but help was not forthcoming. The Porte gained further feeling with the West by entering into commercial relations with other countries, and, moreover, treated them{206} in no illiberal28 spirit. But corruption had set in among the armed forces of the Empire; commands and places were sold, and even the Sultan took his share of the profits. Corruption led to all manner of abuses, and these caused discontent; the Janissaries mutinied, and brought about the fall of a Grand Vizier; garrisons29 whose pay was far in arrears31 revolted at Pesth and Tabriz, the Druses of Lebanon began a series of insurrections which continued into recent times, and trouble arose among the peoples of Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.
In the midst of all these happenings weak Amurath sickened and died, having done nothing for his country but to leave behind him twenty sons and twenty-seven daughters of the hundred and three children he begat. This gave his eldest32 son and successor, Mohammed III, a great deal to do before he could gird on securely the sword of Othman; he killed all his brothers, and seven female slaves in the condition called “Guter Hoffnung” by the Germans were sewn into sacks and thrown into the Bosphorus. Mohammed was also the last of the Imperial Princes to be trusted with the governorship of a province; from his time on all scions33 of the House of Othman were kept in rigorous seclusion34, leaving it for the grave or the throne as fate might decide. This Sultan also preferred a life of ease to the hardships of campaigning, and amidst the pleasures of the Seraglio, where his mother, Safiyé Sultana Validé, reigned supreme35, let the misfortunes that befell the Ottoman armies pass unheeded. Archduke Maximilian and Count Palffy, assisted by revolted Danube Princes, retook one strong place after another. Gran fell, and Visegrad, Ibrail (Braila), Rustchuk, and other cities on the Danube, till Grand Vizier Sead-ed-din insisted on the appearance of his imperial master in the field.
The Sultan was with difficulty persuaded, but at last{207} he displayed the sacred standard of the Prophet before his troops, and rekindled36 their martial37 ardour. His first battle was fought at Cerestes, and lasted three days, which the Sultan considered too long, for when on the third day the Christian forces seemed victorious38, Mohammed, who was watching the fray39 from the back of a camel, thought it time to retire, and prepared to lead a rapid retreat. However, at the critical moment Cicala Pasha brought up some fresh irregular cavalry40, and their impetuous charge broke the thinned ranks of the Christians41. Probably for the first time in the history of Ottoman arms a number of troops, some thirty thousand Asiatics, broke and fled during this battle. They were pursued, and those who were captured suffered severe punishment at the hands of Cicala. Others escaped to Asia Minor42, where they raised the banner of revolt, which distressed43 the remaining years of Mohammed’s reign. In the meantime the war dragged on with varying success in Hungary, till both sides grew tired, and agreed to the Peace of Sitvatorok, by which Transylvania was practically lost to Turkey.
The prestige of Ottoman power had been steadily44 sinking under Mohammed III, and its decline would have been more marked but for the dissensions and disturbances45 all over Europe. The German States were taking up arms against each other in the name of religion, Spain was declining rapidly since Philip II died, and Russia was rent by revolts. So the ill-success of Turkish arms during the reign of Achmet I, an imbecile, the revolts in Asia Minor, and the constant military mutinies, passed unnoticed by those sovereigns who might have been advantaged by the weakness of the Porte. The only really important event in the reign of Achmet I was the introduction of tobacco, the natural concomitant to coffee, with which the Turks became acquainted under Solyman the Great.{208}
On Mustapha’s short reign of three months followed the unhappy time of the second Othman, who lacked all the good qualities of his great namesake. His chief pastime was archery, using prisoners of war, even his own pages, as targets, but for actual warfare47 he cared nothing, and entered into a very disadvantageous peace with Persia. His Janissaries grumbled48 at their sovereign’s inertia49, so to please them, and probably to bleed them a little, he engaged in war with Poland, which, proving disastrous50, made the Sultan very unpopular. His disgusted soldiery therefore took him to Yedi Koulé, kept him there for some time a prisoner, and finally strangled him.
The Dardanelles Turkish warships, cleared for action, lying in wait for the Greek fleet.
The Dardanelles
Turkish warships, cleared for action, lying in wait for the Greek fleet.
Semendria A Roman stronghold in Servia on the Danube, for long a Turkish fortress51.
Semendria
A Roman stronghold in Servia on the Danube, for long a Turkish fortress.
Palace and harem intrigues brought about such an impossible state of affairs in the country that even the army, generally ready to profit by confusion, became alarmed for the welfare of the Empire. The steps they took proved disastrous to themselves in the end. They placed Amurath, brother of Othman II, a child of eleven, on the throne, and then proceeded to govern the country under their own leaders and in their own interests. Western Europe was becoming more and more aware of the decline of Ottoman power in Europe, and there were not wanting prophets who foretold52 the speedy dissolution of the Turkish Empire, among these Sir Thomas Roe53, ambassador from James I, who bemoaned54 the misery55, anarchy56, and general decay, as evident in 1622. A wise woman, his mother, Sultana Mahpeiker, guided Amurath IV through the troubled days of his childhood, and brought up a Sultan endowed with vigour57 of body and mind to man’s estate. The first acts of his reign, the swift and secret killing58 of the rebel leaders, cowed the soldiery into submission59. Amurath punished with death right and left, and even the Chief Mufti’s head went to the executioner for the bad state of the roads over which his sovereign{209} chose to travel. Amurath led his armies to war as former Sultans had been wont60 to do, and brought them back victorious, for Persia had been badly beaten and Bagdad retaken. The story is told of how at the siege of that city a Persian giant threw down the gauntlet to the Turkish army, how Amurath took it up, and in single combat clove61 the giant’s skull62 to the chin with his sabre. The Persian garrison30 of thirty thousand was slaughtered63, three hundred only making their escape. So Amurath returned to Constantinople, to enter the City in triumph at the head of his troops, and no Sultan has done so since that time.
But Amurath broke the laws of the Prophet and drank wine. A story tells how the Sultan took the first step on the forbidden road. He was walking in the streets of his capital one night, when Mustapha, the drunkard, rolled up against him, and expressed no particular regret at bumping into his sovereign, in fact, was much too happy to dream of offering apologies to any monarch11. He was summoned to the Court next day, and arrived there with his bottle: “Here is the liquid gold which outweighs65 all the treasures of the universe, which makes a beggar more glorious than a king, and turns the mendicant66 fakir into a horned Alexander.” So spake Mustapha, offering his flask67 to Amurath, who drained it on the spot, and thus became a total non-abstainer.
Mustapha remained about the palace as Amurath’s boon68 companion, and their convivial69 evenings may have hastened the Sultan’s end; he was only thirty-eight when sickness overtook him so suddenly that he had hardly time to order the execution of his brother Ibrahim, by way of settling up the affairs of state, and receive a message that the sentence had been carried out, before he died.
Nevertheless Ibrahim came to the throne, and reigned from 1640-1648, for the Sultana’s message to Amurath IV,{210} bringing news of his brother’s execution, was strictly70 untrue, and by this conventional lie, as one might describe it considering the etiquette71 of the time, a Sultan, rapacious72, mean, bloodthirsty, and a coward, rose to the dignity of the Caliphate, became God’s Shadow on Earth, and was girded with the sword of Othman. The harem was subject to Ibrahim’s most serious consideration, and therefore insisted too much on its power; so when Kara Mustapha, the Grand Vizier, forgot to order firewood on the requisition of the dear little ladies who made the Sultan’s life so bright and happy, he was arraigned73 on a capital charge. No matter that foreign politics engrossed74 the attention of the Grand Vizier, no matter that provinces won by the sword of Othman were drifting into other hands, no matter that the Treasury75 was empty—the ladies of the Seraglio had complained, and the Grand Vizier must suffer; so the executioner removed the only man who realized the needs of Turkey and strove to mend matters. To turn a dishonest penny for himself and his household expenses the Sultan sold high offices in the State, the Army, and the Navy, but when disaster attended Ottoman arms in their war against Venice, the Army became exasperated76, deposed77 the Sultan, killed him, and set his infant son, Mohammed IV, a child of seven, upon the seat of the C?sars and Sultans.
Fortunately the new Sultan’s mother had the great gift of finding the right man for the right place, the gift which enabled King William of Prussia, first German Emperor, to discover Bismarck, Moltke, and other great men who brought ruin to one Empire to give birth to another. The Sultana Validé called Mohammed Kiüprilü, then Governor of Jerusalem and Vizier of State, to be Grand Vizier, and thus started a dynasty of Grand Viziers which devoted78 great talents and energy to the saving of Ottoman power in the world. Mohammed, the new Grand Vizier,{211} was grandson of an Albanian who had migrated to Asia Minor and settled at Kiüpri. He was probably a convert to Islam for purposes of advancement79, a usual occurrence in those days. Mohammed Kiüprilü entered the service of the Grand Vizier Khosren as kitchen-boy, rose to be cook, then Steward80 of the Household, was promoted Master of the Horse, then became Governor of Damascus, Tripoli, and Jerusalem, when the Sultana discovered him to the saving of Turkey.
Mohammed Kiüprilü set about his new duties with vigour and impartiality81. There was much clearing-up at home; the Greek Patriarch had written to the Voivode of Wallachia prophesying82 that Christianity would soon replace falling Islam in the Ottoman possessions in Europe. His Holiness was hanged over his own gateway83. The Grand Vizier spared no creed84, no race, and thirty-six thousand persons suffered death in various forms during the first five years of the new order; Soulfikar, Chief Executioner of Constantinople, accounted for at least four thousand, strangled by his own hand and thrown into the Bosphorus. By these measures order was restored, then the navy was rebuilt, the army refitted, and Ottoman prestige rose again with the reconquest of several lost provinces.
Another thoroughly85 efficient Kiüprilü, Achmet, followed his father in the Grand Vizierate, and led an army of 120,000 men, 120 field-guns, 12 heavy siege-guns, 6000 camels, and 10,000 mules86, to Hungary, while Sultan Mohammed stayed behind at Adrianople indulging in his only pastime, the chase. The Ottoman army overran all Hungary and Transylvania, spreading devastation87, until it finally halted on the banks of the Raab. Here, near the Monastery88 of St. Gothardt, East and West met in battle again. Many years had passed since their last encounter; in the meantime the West had progressed{212} slowly, surely. German pikemen and musketeers offered solid, organized resistance, and kept the fiery89 irregular Akindji at bay; the cuirassiers of the West, heavy, steel-clad cavalry, riding in serried90 ranks, knee to knee, ploughed through the masses of Turkish foot-folk, and then, unlike their knightly91 predecessors92, were by discipline enabled to rally and move to further deeds of valour. Against this, the Turkish army of that day had lost some of its old enthusiasm and had learnt nothing new. So at St. Gothardt, as at Kirk Kilisse, we find the West, high-purposed, highly trained and disciplined, opposed to the East, trading on a military tradition, unprepared, corrupt1, inefficient93, ill-disciplined—and with the same results. The battle of St. Gothardt-on-Raab was the first great defeat inflicted94 on the East by the West; 10,000 Turks were slain, 15 guns, 40 standards captured. A discomfited95 army returned to Constantinople after a twenty years’ truce96 had been arranged with Austria, and sought relief, and possibly found it, in expeditions elsewhere; Candia was taken after a vain blockade and siege of twenty years.
The Sultan was induced to accompany his army on the campaign against Poland in 1672, and gained some victories: Kaminec and Lemberg were taken, Podolia and Ukraine added to Turkey, and a tribute of two hundred and twenty thousand ducats was imposed on the conquered territory. But Sobieski and his Polish nobles combined against the Turks, routing them with great slaughter64 at Lemberg in 1675, though leaving matters much as they had been.
On the death of Achmet Kiüprilü matters went from bad to worse, the Turks being defeated in the Ukraine by Russia; nevertheless a great effort was made to carry war into Austria, and an army of two hundred and seventy-five thousand men set out under Kara Mustapha,{213} the new Grand Vizier, to besiege97 Vienna once more. Count Stahremberg and his garrison of eleven thousand men stoutly98 resisted the assaults delivered by the Turkish troops, who devoted all their energies to the attack, neglecting the defence of their own scattered99 encampments. This made Sobieski’s task the easier when his army swooped100 down from the heights around Vienna. The Turks were totally routed, and driven in headlong flight before the armies of the West. Kara Mustapha was executed at Belgrade to expiate101 the general inefficiency102 of the army, which was thereupon beaten again in a renewed attempt on Hungary, at Mohacz; this battle freed the Magyars from the domination of the Sublime103 Porte. Turkey’s misfortunes emboldened104 Venice to make reprisals105 on outlying posts of the Empire, and as Turkish naval power had declined in keeping with the efficiency of the land army, disaster after disaster exasperated the unruly soldiery, and they took to their favourite expedient106 of dethroning the Sultan.
During the reign of Mohammed IV the status of the Janissaries was altered; no more Christian children were added to the corps, only the offspring of former Janissaries, and an ever-increasing number of Turks and other Moslems, in quest of the many civil as well as military posts, often given to this body.
Another Solyman, second of the name, followed Mohammed IV, and he was followed by Achmet II (1691-1695). Both sovereigns enjoyed the services of a Kiüprilü as Grand Vizier, for Kiüprilü Zadé Mustapha held that high office during both reigns46; but the Ottoman power had been much enfeebled by disastrous wars and inner dissensions; moreover, it had to contend against one of the world’s greatest soldiers, “Prinz Eugen, der Edle Ritter.” He scattered the Ottoman armies like chaff107 before the wind{214} at Peterwardein and Belgrade, and again at Slankamen, in Achmet’s reign, at which place, where the Theiss and Danube meet in a broad expanse of water, the Turkish river fleet won a partial success, which was negatived by a sore defeat on land. Kiüprilü was killed, and the Turks were driven from Hungary. Transylvania, too, was lost when Tekeli was beaten by the Imperialists; but yet subtler, more insidious108 enemies preyed109 upon the nation, famine and pestilence110, and to all these troubles Nature contributed a devastating111 earthquake. These things came upon Sultan Achmet during the four years of his reign, and sent him broken-hearted to the grave.
The Western nations had emerged out of their sea of troubles when Achmet II died in 1695. The German Empire had entered on a lengthy112 period of peace after distracting wars, and the gentler arts of peace revived. But the wars had consolidated113 the military power of the Empire, the impetuous chivalry114 of knights115 took the ordered form of discipline without losing its martial spirit, and Western brains advanced rapidly along the path of progress in all directions.
In the meantime, Turkey had learnt nothing new, and was falling behind. The art of war was neglected, other arts there were none; and while in England immortal116 Milton’s pen added to the world’s literary treasures, while France was listening to Corneille’s sonorous117 verses, and Algernon Sidney was discoursing118 concerning government, the power of the Osmanli was sinking into the ruin of corruption, the Empire built up by warlike Sultans was passing out of the hands of those who could not add to the conquests of war by the arts of peace, into the hands of those who were inspired with the spirit of a new era.
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1
corrupt
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| v.贿赂，收买；adj.腐败的，贪污的 | |
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corruption
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| n.腐败，堕落，贪污 | |
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atlas
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| n.地图册，图表集 | |
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corps
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| n.(通信等兵种的)部队；(同类作的)一组 | |
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standing
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| n.持续，地位；adj.永久的，不动的，直立的，不流动的 | |
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auxiliaries
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| n.助动词 ( auxiliary的名词复数 )；辅助工，辅助人员 | |
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7
mustered
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| v.集合，召集，集结（尤指部队）( muster的过去式和过去分词 )；（自他人处）搜集某事物；聚集；激发 | |
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warships
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| 军舰，战舰( warship的名词复数 )； 舰只 | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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monarchs
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| 君主，帝王( monarch的名词复数 ) | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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bloody
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| adj.非常的的；流血的；残忍的；adv.很；vt.血染 | |
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intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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armistice
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| n.休战，停战协定 | |
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annexed
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| [法] 附加的，附属的 | |
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Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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frail
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| adj.身体虚弱的；易损坏的 | |
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galleons
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| n.大型帆船( galleon的名词复数 ) | |
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galleys
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| n.平底大船，战舰( galley的名词复数 )；（船上或航空器上的）厨房 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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slain
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| 杀死，宰杀，杀戮( slay的过去分词 )； (slay的过去分词) | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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usurp
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| vt.篡夺，霸占；vi.篡位 | |
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affected
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| adj.不自然的，假装的 | |
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illiberal
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| adj.气量狭小的，吝啬的 | |
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garrisons
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| 守备部队，卫戍部队( garrison的名词复数 ) | |
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garrison
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| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
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arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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scions
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| n.接穗，幼枝( scion的名词复数 )；（尤指富家）子孙 | |
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seclusion
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| n.隐遁，隔离 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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rekindled
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| v.使再燃( rekindle的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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victorious
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| adj.胜利的，得胜的 | |
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fray
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| v.争吵；打斗；磨损，磨破；n.吵架；打斗 | |
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cavalry
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| n.骑兵；轻装甲部队 | |
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Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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43
distressed
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| 痛苦的 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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disturbances
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| n.骚乱( disturbance的名词复数 )；打扰；困扰；障碍 | |
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reigns
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| n.君主的统治( reign的名词复数 )；君主统治时期；任期；当政期 | |
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47
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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48
grumbled
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| 抱怨( grumble的过去式和过去分词 )； 发牢骚； 咕哝； 发哼声 | |
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49
inertia
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| adj.惰性，惯性，懒惰，迟钝 | |
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50
disastrous
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| adj.灾难性的，造成灾害的；极坏的，很糟的 | |
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51
fortress
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| n.堡垒，防御工事 | |
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52
foretold
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| v.预言，预示( foretell的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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53
roe
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| n.鱼卵；獐鹿 | |
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54
bemoaned
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| v.为（某人或某事）抱怨( bemoan的过去式和过去分词 )；悲悼；为…恸哭；哀叹 | |
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55
misery
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| n.痛苦，苦恼，苦难；悲惨的境遇，贫苦 | |
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56
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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57
vigour
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| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
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58
killing
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| n.巨额利润；突然赚大钱，发大财 | |
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59
submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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60
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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61
clove
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| n.丁香味 | |
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62
skull
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| n.头骨；颅骨 | |
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63
slaughtered
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| v.屠杀，杀戮，屠宰( slaughter的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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64
slaughter
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| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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65
outweighs
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| v.在重量上超过( outweigh的第三人称单数 )；在重要性或价值方面超过 | |
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66
mendicant
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| n.乞丐；adj.行乞的 | |
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67
flask
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| n.瓶，火药筒，砂箱 | |
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68
boon
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| n.恩赐，恩物，恩惠 | |
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69
convivial
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| adj.狂欢的，欢乐的 | |
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70
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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71
etiquette
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| n.礼仪，礼节；规矩 | |
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72
rapacious
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| adj.贪婪的，强夺的 | |
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73
arraigned
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| v.告发( arraign的过去式和过去分词 )；控告；传讯；指责 | |
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74
engrossed
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| adj.全神贯注的 | |
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75
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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76
exasperated
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| adj.恼怒的 | |
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77
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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78
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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79
advancement
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| n.前进，促进，提升 | |
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80
steward
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| n.乘务员，服务员；看管人；膳食管理员 | |
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81
impartiality
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| n. 公平, 无私, 不偏 | |
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82
prophesying
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| v.预告，预言( prophesy的现在分词 ) | |
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83
gateway
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| n.大门口，出入口，途径，方法 | |
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84
creed
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| n.信条；信念，纲领 | |
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85
thoroughly
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| adv.完全地，彻底地，十足地 | |
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86
mules
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| 骡( mule的名词复数 )； 拖鞋； 顽固的人； 越境运毒者 | |
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87
devastation
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| n.毁坏；荒废；极度震惊或悲伤 | |
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88
monastery
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| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
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89
fiery
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| adj.燃烧着的，火红的；暴躁的；激烈的 | |
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90
serried
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| adj.拥挤的；密集的 | |
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91
knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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92
predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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93
inefficient
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| adj.效率低的，无效的 | |
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94
inflicted
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| 把…强加给，使承受，遭受( inflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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95
discomfited
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| v.使为难( discomfit的过去式和过去分词)；使狼狈；使挫折；挫败 | |
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96
truce
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| n.休战，(争执，烦恼等的)缓和；v.以停战结束 | |
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97
besiege
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| vt.包围，围攻，拥在...周围 | |
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98
stoutly
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| adv.牢固地，粗壮的 | |
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99
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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100
swooped
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| 俯冲，猛冲( swoop的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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101
expiate
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| v.抵补，赎罪 | |
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102
inefficiency
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| n.无效率，无能；无效率事例 | |
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103
sublime
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| adj.崇高的，伟大的；极度的，不顾后果的 | |
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104
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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105
reprisals
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| n.报复（行为）( reprisal的名词复数 ) | |
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106
expedient
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| adj.有用的，有利的；n.紧急的办法，权宜之计 | |
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107
chaff
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| v.取笑，嘲笑；n.谷壳 | |
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108
insidious
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| adj.阴险的，隐匿的，暗中为害的，（疾病）不知不觉之间加剧 | |
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109
preyed
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| v.掠食( prey的过去式和过去分词 )；掠食；折磨；（人）靠欺诈为生 | |
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110
pestilence
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| n.瘟疫 | |
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111
devastating
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| adj.毁灭性的，令人震惊的，强有力的 | |
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112
lengthy
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| adj.漫长的，冗长的 | |
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113
consolidated
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| a.联合的 | |
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114
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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115
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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116
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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117
sonorous
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| adj.响亮的，回响的；adv.圆润低沉地；感人地；n.感人，堂皇 | |
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118
discoursing
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| 演说（discourse的现在分词形式） | |
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