Very interesting is Trèves; and if we cannot place confidence in Prince Trebeta and his days, we must turn to that surer period when it was the capital of the Roman dominions2 beyond the Alps, and received the name of Augusta of the Trevii; these Trevii being the German tribe residing around this part of the Moselle.
Under its Roman name Trèves rose to the height of its glory; it was then celebrated3 for the number of its magnificent temples, its splendid palaces, its amphitheatre and baths. Remnants of this past splendour still exist; such as portions of the baths and amphitheatre, the bridge, and especially the Porta Nigra, which is one of the finest Roman ruins extant.
Porta Nigra.
Porta Nigra.
Trèves was frequently the residence of the Roman Emperors, and its inhabitants had all the privileges of [72]Roman citizenship4. In the last half of the third century Galienus held his court here; and here Maximian was attacked by the Franks, whom he defeated. Here Constantine the Great, when celebrating a victory that he had gained over the Franks, caused two of the captive princes to be thrown to wild beasts in the arena5. They met their death with smiles, and shortly after the whole of the German nation rose to avenge6 them. Constantine disguised himself, and entering the hostile camp, gave the enemy false information, which led to their total defeat, A.D. 310. The simple-minded Germans were no match for the Romans in fraud; they deemed any ambuscade, or advantage taken against an enemy, dishonourable, and we even find them sending messages to their opponents of the day and hour upon which they intended to attack them.
The cruelty of throwing captives to wild beasts, however, we find surpassed by a German named Magnentius, who, having become a Roman soldier, set himself up for Emperor in opposition8 to Constantius. This Magnentius, on the eve of the great battle of Marsa, sacrificed a maiden9, and mixing her blood with wine, gave his army to drink, and invoked10 his gods, pouring a libation of this fiendish drink in their honour. He was totally defeated, and killed himself.
The Western Empire of the Romans fell, and Germans walked the streets of Rome, supplanting11 with their fresh vigour12 the worn-out strength of that wonderful empire, on the ruins of which their leaders planted their feet, which at first slipped and stumbled, but [73]eventually found a firm basis, on which was erected14 what we call Modern History.
Many legends are given us by the German poets connected with Trèves; the following are the most remarkable15:—
[Contents]
LEGEND OF THE GREAT CANAL FROM TRèVES TO COLOGNE.
For more than a hundred years the people of Cologne had been endeavouring to raise a Cathedral that should eclipse all others. The master-builder was busy making measurements for the arch of the great door, when one of his apprentices17 jeeringly18 said the building would never be finished, but ever remain in fragments. Thereupon the master waxed wroth and dismissed the apprentice16, who departed, saying: “Woe to thee, O my master! never shall thy work be finished; sooner shall I complete a canal from here to Trier, than shalt thou place a tower upon thy cathedral.”
Years passed on, and the Cathedral was rapidly approaching to completion, when the master saw a huge worm creep from the ground. This was the fiend, by whose assistance the apprentice had made a canal from Trèves to Cologne: the apprentice appeared to the astonished master and said, “Lo, my canal is complete, while thy church is yet a fragment!” and water flowed from the canal, on which a duck came swimming from Trèves. [74]
The water rose and encompassed19 the master, who thus perished, and his cathedral is still unfinished; but the wicked apprentice fared still worse, for the great worm strangled him, and he is doomed20 evermore to haunt the cathedral, measuring the uncompleted works.
The canal thus formed was used to send wine from Trèves to Cologne, without the trouble of putting it into casks.1
Not less wonderful is the following:—
[Contents]
LEGEND OF THE DOM2 OF TRèVES.
While meditating21 over his undertaking22, the contractor23 for the building of the Dom was accosted25 by a gentlemanlike stranger in red, who said to him in a hearty26 tone, “Cheer up, for I can help you; but first tell me for what purpose you wish so large a house.”
The contractor, delighted, guessed who the stranger was, and replied in artful words that he wished to raise this house for a gambling28 and drinking palace.
“Hurrah!” said the man in red, “just what I am fond of!” and they agreed upon terms and went to work. [75]
The building went bravely on, until the Red Man seeing altars and such-like things arising, with which he was then unacquainted, asked what it all meant; but being told that these were tables for dice29, was satisfied.
One day, returning from the roof to which he had been carrying up large stones, the Red Man saw the Bishop30 consecrating31 the new church; then the bells tolled32 solemnly, and Satan found he had been outwitted. He rushed at an altar, and endeavoured to tear it down, but left a claw sticking into it, it having been consecrated33; then with a yell he fled, and the contractor mocked him, shouting “Never build more churches without a written agreement.”
The conversion34 of the heathen Trevii to Christianity was, according to the legend, thus effected:—
The people of Trèves worshipped a statue of marble, from whose mouth oracles35 proceeded; troops of pilgrims came to Trèves to hear from this idol36’s lips answers to their questions: but now a foreign priest appeared before the crowd, and with a crucifix in his hand he spoke37 to them of Christ the Son of God; the people, leaving their idol for the Truth, flocked to his feet, in spite of the threats of the heathen priests.
Thus Saint Eucharius converted the Trevii.
* * *
The Moselle country was especially resorted to by hermits38, who lived in recesses40 of the mountains; of these Saint Antony was the first. [76]
Saint Nicolas was the patron of the bridge, and his statue stands beneath the stone crucifix which adorns42 it. On one occasion, a mariner43, whose ship was in great danger of being cast away beneath the bridge, called on the Saint, and vowed44 an offering of a taper45 as big as his mast should he escape.
He landed in safety, but finding himself secure snapped his fingers at the Saint, saying, “Nicolas, thou wilt46 not have so much.” The Saint replied not.
Again this mariner’s vessel47 coming down the stream was in danger of the bridge; once more he cried on Nicolas, but the water checked his cry, and man and ship were lost.
There is another legend of the Moselle bridge, which we will call—
[Contents]
THE RING.
A certain man of noble family, after leading a glorious life, committed fratricide; repenting48 of his crime he left his country, and after many years arrived at Trèves.
At sunset he stood upon the Moselle bridge, and there, kneeling before the crucifix, wept; his tears flowing into the stream beneath: an Angel swept by, and left him a palm-twig from heaven. He exultingly50 cried, “Lord, forgive my sins before my end—never will I cease to repent49 my grievous sin;” then, throwing his ring, which he had taken from his [77]brother, into the river, he prayed that if he were forgiven it should be returned to him.
Rising, he retired51 into a monastery52, and eventually became a Bishop. A fisherman one day arrived and offered him a fish; he took it, thinking it a mark of reverence53.
At dinner the cook approached and presented him with a ring, which he had found within the fish.
The Bishop perceived it was his own, and exclaiming, “Heaven has sent it to me as a proof of forgiveness!” expired.
[Contents]
THE CRUCIFIX IN THE MARKET-PLACE.
In the market-place at Trèves there stands a column, with a crucifix on its summit. An inscription54 on it gives the following miracle as the cause of its erection.
The Huns were swarming55 over Germany, burning and destroying all things: their march was as a pestilence56; but the people of Trèves were gay and merry, as if no danger threatened,—they rioted in wine, and luxury.
One man only, within the city, still remained sober and prudent57, and he dreamt that he saw a great monster descending58 from the Marcusberg and crawling its hideous59 length towards Trèves; arriving at the Moselle, the loathsome60 monster rolled into its blue waves, and caused them so to swell61 that the city was overflowed62. [78]
Awaking, this good man ran to the Archbishop and told his dream, explaining its meaning to be that the Huns were marching on the city by the Marcusberg; the Archbishop only laughed at him, at which he grew angry: but soon better thoughts possessed63 him, and he prayed Heaven to avert64 the impending65 ruin.
The sky grew black and dreadful; a nameless horror came upon the people, and falling down they implored66 pardon for their sins, and crosses fell from heaven.
Then, believing, they marched out to the Marcusberg, and finding the Huns vanquished67 them.
Two new powers arose in Europe during the last days of the Roman Empire: the one, as we have before said, planted its feet on the ruins of Imperial Rome, and henceforth wielded69 her temporal authority,—this was the German, or Frankish power; the other, amidst the fallen temples overthrown70 by the German conquerors71, raised up a fairer temple and a purer worship,—this was the Church of Christ. At first over-shadowed by the more gorgeous worship and grander temples of the false gods of Paganism, the new Church had to struggle for a mere72 existence; but these being overthrown, the remnants of Paganism soon melted away before the innate73 majesty74 of truth, and the fanes of superstition75 crumbling76 into dust, afforded a sure foundation for the new and mightier77 edifice78. [79]
These two powers, at the extinction79 of the Western Empire, ruled nearly the whole of Europe: neither was as yet concentrated, both had many heads, and it was not until the two powers coalesced80 that either attained81 that temporal influence which they have since possessed. Hand in hand, we find these two powers progressing in might and influence; sometimes a temporary quarrel would separate, but common interest invariably reunited them.
It is in its infancy82 that the Church of Christ shines with its purest light; and it is, consequently, to this period that the mind loves to revert83, and dwell on “that happy spring time” when the Fathers of the Church went forth68 among the heathen, gathering84 the nations into one family, the centre and head of which was God. How wonderful to watch “the little star appearing in the East,” and rising over the ruins and decaying temples of old Rome, till gradually the whole air was filled with the “light of truth!”
Alas85! that a time should come when, waning86 from its throne on high, the Church fell so low in the person of its ministers and adherents87, that we find the chroniclers of the fifteenth century recording88 that “Nuns did what the Devil was ashamed to think; and that Abbots, by means of their poverty, became the greatest proprietors90; of their obedience91, mighty92 princes; and of their chastity, husbands of all women;” and we hear of men complaining that they were not rich enough to become monks93.
It is needless, however, here to give an account of [80]those vicious customs that arose within the bosom94 of the Church of Rome, and eventually caused what we have quoted; we will rather turn to the legends of the earlier period, many of which are singularly beautiful. Among them we shall find many things which at first sight may provoke a smile, but on reflection we shall arrive at the meaning of what must be taken merely as an allegory.
For instance, we are told that “King Sigebert appointed St. Goar to the Bishopric of Trèves, and the Saint entering the King’s saloon, hung his cloak over a sunbeam, to prove that he was enlightened by God.” This would probably be an illustration of the power of faith, and so with the other legends of the time. Here we shall only select a few that are immediately connected with Trèves.
[Contents]
LEGEND OF ORENDEL.3
The great King Eigel resided at Trèves. He was supreme95 over twelve kingdoms; his favourite son was Orendel.
Orendel having reached his thirteenth birth-day was invested with a sword, and vowed before the Virgin96 to be “a true chevalier on earth, and a defender97 of widows and orphans;” then proceeding98 to his father, he begged of him a wife, that the kingdom might have a queen. [81]
His father told him there was none in all his kingdoms worthy99 to be his spouse100; but at Jerusalem there lived a beautiful Queen, Breide by name, to whom the holy grave belonged: her he must seek, and could he succeed in wedding her, his happiness would be complete.
Orendel, transported with the account of this virgin queen, prayed his father to prepare him ships. His father consented, and three years were spent in preparing for the expedition.
Then in a great assembly the young King, who wished none but volunteers to go with him on his journey, spake aloud: “Where are ye, O courageous101 Kings! who will risk with me the voyage to the Holy Tomb?” and eight brave kings stepped out, each with a thousand knights103.
Again King Orendel spake out: “Where are ye, Dukes and Counts! who will join me in my voyage for the honour of God and the Holy Tomb?” and a thousand nobles offered.
Once more spake Orendel: “Be warned, O Kings, and Knights, and Nobles! ye will suffer hell’s heat and distress104 before ye reach the Tomb. Come not unwillingly105, nor unarmed.” Nothing daunted106, all girded their swords, and prepared for the long journey.
Thus went King Orendel forth from Trèves, surrounded by his kings and knights, a golden cross grasped firmly in his hand, and the people cheering. Embarking107, he was carried by the Moselle upon [82]his course, and in the Holy Land he found his “Breide.”
[Contents]
THE GREAT MASSACRE108.
Varus, the governor of Gaul, caused so many Christians109 to be massacred in Trèves that the Moselle ran red with blood, until it reached Neumagen. For this he was condemned110 to ramble111 restlessly about the city after his death, and to do deeds of kindness, assisting every one requiring his aid in Trèves. In this character he is called “the City Ghost.”
In after days a penitent112 from Trèves sought absolution from the Pope. The latter ordered him to fetch a piece of earth from Trèves; and on the penitent’s again presenting himself with the earth, the Holy Father prayed, and pressed it in his hands, and blood dropped therefrom immediately.
“This blood,” said the Holy Father, “was shed by martyrs113 in Trèves, who loved Christ so heartily114 that they gave their lives for him, and thus became protectors of their city.
“Go; thou art absolved115 for their sakes. And tell thy people what thou hast seen and heard, that so they may be increased in their faith.”
[Contents]
ST. MATERN.
St. Matern was the first Bishop of Cologne, and [83]was much beloved. He died young, and the mourning people sent to Rome to pray St. Peter for comfort.
St. Peter gave a staff to the emissaries, and bid them beat upon the earth where Matern’s bones were laid; at the same time they were to call on him to rise, as it was not yet time for him to rest, but he must still combat for the sake of God.
This was done; and Matern, who had been dead forty days, arose, and administered three bishoprics at once; viz. Tongern, Trèves, and Cologne.
[Contents]
THE FIRST FOUNDLING HOSPITAL.
The first institution of this nature is said to have been in Trèves, and was thus established: Saint Goar was a very pious116 man, harming none, but the wicked calumniated117 him to the Bishop of Trèves.
The Bishop ordered him to appear before him, and, to test his power, asked him to declare who was the father of a child that had been exposed near the Cathedral.
The Saint bending prayed, and touched the child’s lips; whereon the child spoke, and the uttered word was “Rusticus,” which was the Bishop’s name.
The Bishop grew pale, the calumniators slunk away, and St. Goar, turning to the Bishop, said, “Perceivest thou not thy duty? As the Church embraces with tender arms erring118 children, so must thou, the head [84]of thy Church, foster such poor children, and bring them up in the fear of God.”
Roman Baths.
Roman Baths.
The city of Trèves and surrounding country fell under the sway of the Archbishops of the diocese, who were usually more warriors120 than priests, if we may judge by their acts. Here is a picture of a brother-Archbishop, who flourished in 1169:—“Christian of Mayence is said to have spoken six languages, and was celebrated for his knightly121 feats122 of arms. He was daily to be seen with a golden helmet on his head, armed cap-à-pié, and mounted on his war-horse, the archiepiscopal mantle123 floating from his [85]shoulders, and in his hand a heavy club, with which he had brained thirty-eight of his enemies.”
There were at this time four orders of nobility:—the Ecclesiastical, comprising Bishops119, Abbots, and other Church dignitaries. The remaining three orders may be classed as follows:—
First, the old and proud families who still retained their free grants of lands; these despised alike Princes and Bishops, Court and Ecclesiastical dignitaries.
The second order was formed of the nobles belonging to the different orders of knighthood; these collectively enjoyed the power of individual princes.
The remaining order consisted of the feudal124 aristocracy; these were the court nobility, who filled all the offices of state, and although bound by oath to support their princes, they were often leagued together in arms against them.
These four powers were in constant hostility125, and from the skirts of the second and last crept forth a fifth disturbing force; this was made up of what are ordinarily termed the Robber-Knights, the ruins of whose castles are frequent on the Moselle and Rhine. In consequence of their depredations126, the princes and nobles were forced to erect13 strongholds to protect their towns and villages; hence arose the numerous towers whose ruins adorn41 the banks of the Moselle and other rivers.
Most of the later legends are connected with these Robber-Knights; and the history of their petty wars with the Archbishops of Trèves and the Counts of [86]Sponheim (the latter being lords of a large tract24 of country), is the history of the Moselle during the middle ages.
The Counts of Sponheim, too, were generally at variance127 with the Archbishops of Trèves, and both these powers with the Archbishops of Cologne; so we plainly see the necessity of the walls, which still exist in fragments round the old towns and villages; and while we quietly sketch128 the picturesque129 gate and water-towers, our minds revert to the days when the poor burghers guarded them with jealousy130.
The burghers eventually, however, carried the day; and as they increased in power the Robber-Knights were gradually swept away, leaving only the blackened walls of their old keeps to mark where they had plied27 their trade of robbery. See in the following story how the citizens of Trèves paid off a certain Robber-Knight102, named Adalbert, whose castle was situated131 near their town, meeting violence with fraud.
[Contents]
THE ANIMATED132 WINE-CASKS.
Adalbert, from his castle of Saint Cross, disturbed by robbery the city of Trèves. The city swore vengeance133.
A certain brave knight, named Sicco, offered to destroy both Adalbert and his castle by cunning. This offer was gladly accepted, and the clergy134 blessed the cunning knight.
* * *
[87]
On a very hot day, when all within the Saint Cross castle were dozing135, a stranger appeared at the gate, and begged the warder to give him a cup of wine, as he had travelled far, being just arrived from Italy, and was on his way to his castle on the Moselle.
The refreshment136 was given him, and the grateful traveller requested the warder to tell his master that his kindness would not be unrewarded, as he was the owner of a fair vineyard, and when he arrived at home he would send him some casks of his best wine in return for his hospitality.
Before long a troop of peasants were seen approaching the castle, escorting several carts laden137 with casks, which, however, were filled with armed men instead of strong wine.
The warder challenged the procession, and Sicco, who was disguised as a peasant, said that they were sent by the pilgrim to whom Adalbert had been so hospitable138, and who now forwarded them in conformity139 with his word.
The door was opened, and Adalbert himself conducted the carts into the court-yard; then Sicco drew his sword, and gave the signal to his followers140 by slaying141 Adalbert, and the men, being liberated142 from the casks, rushed on the garrison143 and slew144 them all; then the castle was burnt. On the ruins a church was built.
The Crusades gave a new impetus145 to arts and sciences, bringing the luxury and refinement146 of the [88]East into contact with the almost barbaric simplicity147 of the Western nations; and from the eleventh century we find the legends assume a different character, saints and hermits giving place to knights and ladies, and minstrels sing lays of love and pleasure in place of dwelling148 on the old themes of war and religion. Instead of descriptions of lives passed in deserts, and celestial149 visions, we have pictures of tournaments and tales of robbers, ghosts, and stirring adventures of all sorts, mingled150 with dreams of Eastern luxury.
Popular fury having been raised by the preaching of Peter the Hermit39 and others, it expended151 itself in the first place on those more immediately within its reach; and in Trèves the Jews were so persecuted152 that they frequently committed suicide, after slaying their children: multitudes of them also embraced Christianity, only to resume their real faith when the storm had passed.
In the two succeeding centuries many curious laws were enacted153 to suit the times,—those relating to trial by combat are among the most remarkable; we will merely instance one: If a woman of the lower classes had been violated, but the matter could not be proved, the accused man was buried up to his middle in the earth, and a stick, an ell long, put into his hand; thus he fought the woman, who was armed with a stone tied up in her veil.
Coiners were at this period boiled in kettles.
In addition to courts of law, there were now established courts of love; these were composed of select [89]women and knightly poets, who with extraordinary sagacity gave judgment154 in love affairs.
The service of the fair formed an essential part of knightly customs. To insult, or in any way injure a woman, was disgraceful. Woman—the ideal of beauty, gentleness, and love—inflamed each knightly bosom with a desire to deserve her favours, by deeds of valour and self-denial. She was worshipped as a protecting divinity, and knights undertook any task, however difficult, at the merest hint that it would be acceptable, even deeming themselves happy to die for her sake, and so win her approbation155.
Love became an art, “a knightly study,” and this submission156 to the gentle yoke157 of woman, bred in humility158 and religion, chiefly contributed to humanise and civilise the manners of the age; and we may thank the German element for superseding159 the grosser and more sensual manner in which woman was regarded previously160 to the rising of that nation. The historian concludes his remarks on this subject by saying, “Fidelity was the essence of true love; and such were lovers then.”
In the thirteenth century arose an institution immediately allied161 with the neighbourhood of our river; this was the Fehm-gerichte, or Secret Tribunal. Engelbert, an Archbishop of Cologne, was the first president and founder162 of this secret court. It was in the first instance composed of a number of honourable7 men of every class, who joined together for the purpose of judging and punishing all evildoers; its measures [90]were chiefly directed against the licentious163 nobles and robber-knights; its proceedings164 were necessarily secret, as, were the names of the judges known, they would have been objects of vengeance to all the turbulent spirits of the day. In the fourteenth century this association numbered a hundred thousand members, all bound by a solemn oath, and known to each other by a secret sign.
No ecclesiastics165, except the spiritual lord; no Jews, women, or servants, were admitted as members; nor were these amenable166 to the court, all accused being judged by their peers. Accusations167 brought before this court were only such as would not have been received by the more legal tribunals.
The accused was summoned to appear three times; and if he did not then come forward, judgment was passed on him by default, the oath of the accuser being considered sufficient proof of his guilt168, and the condemned criminal was secretly and mysteriously deprived of life. His body was always found with a dagger169, on which were the letters S. S. G. G.,4 plunged170 into it.
As an instance of the working and rude justice of this tribunal, we read the following:—
“A certain Baron171 Wolfgang von Cronenburg ravished a nun89, and bade defiance172 to the laws, in his castle; but even here the arm of this secret society reached him, and he was found dead. The nun being [91]pregnant by him was released from her vows173, and the possessions of her ravisher bestowed174 on her and her son.”
An extraordinary pilgrimage was founded about the end of the thirteenth century by an Archbishop of Trèves; the pilgrims were to go to the grave of Saint Willibrod at Epternach, and there join in a general dance in her honour. During this dance the pilgrims of all ranks were linked together; first they advanced, then retired, afterwards ziz-zagging off to the right and left. This custom was kept up for many years, and is still in existence in a modified form.5
In 1473, Trèves was selected by Charles the Bold and the Emperor Frederick III. as the place where they should meet and settle the marriage of Mary of Burgundy with Maximilian, the son of Frederick; Charles was on his side to be invested with the rank of King, and receive the title of King of Burgundy.
Frederick arrived, magnificently attended; but Charles, surrounded by his nobles from the rich country of Flanders, outshone the Emperor. The latter invested Charles with the Duchy of Guelders, and a day was fixed175 for his coronation as King; but before the day arrived Frederick quietly took boat and dropped down the Moselle, being probably instigated176 by the French emissaries6 to take this step.
The disgust of Charles defrauded177 of a crown, and [92]of the towns-people disappointed of a spectacle, must have been excessive.
The abuses of the Romish Church now culminated178, and Luther, hurling179 his bolt against the Roman Bishop, drove the faith of the times into two opposite extremes,—infidelity and superstition. Men’s minds became unhinged; none knew what to believe; fantastic visions of every kind dazzled the eyes of all; the devil seemed to walk on earth, and men who believed in little else sought his protection. Now was the time when people believed that certain charms rendered their bodies invulnerable; and bullets, which never missed, could be cast. Gold was supposed to be obtainable by skill; and above all, the elixir180 of life, which should enable the possessor to lengthen181 his term of existence at pleasure, was eagerly sought. One charlatan182 asserted that gold could be extracted from Jews, and that the ashes of twenty-four of this nation would yield one ounce. In the preceding century a Bishop of Lausanne had believed in the efficacy of a spiritual anathema183 for driving away grasshoppers184 and mice, and soon after a Bishop of Coire cursed cockchafers.
The burning of witches formed one of the most remarkable features of the age of the Reformation; it had commenced at an earlier period, but became general in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
In the fourteenth century the Council of Trèves condemned the belief in witches, and declared their supposed nightly expeditions to be a fabulous185 invention; [93]but in the fifteenth century the belief came suddenly back with fresh force, Pope Innocent VIII., in 1485, affirming the existence of witches.
Old women were more persecuted by the Lutherans than they had been by the Inquisition. They were accused of being in league with the devil, and with his help raising storms, depriving cows of milk, carrying off corn through the air, striking men and cattle dead, or afflicting186 them with sickness, exciting love by potions, and unnatural187 hate by spells.
For all these, and many other imaginary crimes, poor old women were dragged from their homes and subjected to different ordeals188. Firstly, came the shaving of the head; and if any mole189 or scar was found, she was proclaimed a witch. Secondly190, if no mole or scar, she was usually tried by either water or weight; if the former, her right thumb was tied to her left great toe, and her left thumb to her right great toe, and she was thrown into the water: if she floated, she was a witch; if weight was the test, little shrivelled-up women had no hope, for they were generally declared under weight, and tortured till they confessed. Under these tortures they confessed whatever their persecutors thought fit, and were then burned. There were many other ordeals practised in different places.
The Archbishop of Trèves, in 1589, sentenced so many women to the stake, that in two districts only two women remained. This Archbishop also condemned the Rector of the University of Trèves as a sorcerer. [94]
Towards the end of the seventeenth century, Trèves suffered much from the different armies that repeatedly traversed her territories; and in the beginning of the eighteenth century, one of its Electors had the temerity191 to declare war against Louis XIV., without waiting for the decision of the Empire.
Louis determined192 to seize on the person of the Elector, who he jeeringly named the “Little Curé of Trèves.” For this purpose he despatched a regiment193 of Hussars from Sarre-Louis, with orders to bring him dead or alive. The Hussars endeavoured to surprise the Elector while hunting; but a certain Postmaster warned him of the plot and he fled to Ehrenbreitstein, closely followed by the Hussars. The Elector rewarded the Postmaster, by ordering that whenever he came to Ehrenbreitstein he should be allowed to eat and drink his fill of whatever he chose, that was in cellar or larder194.
In 1803 the spiritual Electorates195 were abolished, and Trèves included in France. It now forms a portion of Rhenish Prussia.
* * *
Having touched on the leading historical events connected with Trèves, from the earliest times to the present century, we will take a survey of the city as it now exists.
Formerly196 Trèves occupied a large space on both sides of the Moselle, but it has in later years been confined to the right bank of the river; indeed, it cannot properly be said to be on the Moselle at all, for the principal part of the town is at some distance inland, [95]and everywhere walls shut it out from the stream, only a few detached houses appearing on the banks.
Completely modernised, Trèves yet possesses a certain look of age, owing probably to its walls with avenues of trees surrounding, and an air of decay visible throughout its streets and squares. The later style of houses are of the time of Louis XV., and many of them are good specimens197 of sufficiently199 ornamented200 dwellings201.
The Market-place presents a most animated appearance on the great market-days; and it is with difficulty we can force our way through the crowd on those days, owing to a fashion the women have of wearing their baskets on their backs; which unwieldy things are unmercifully pushed into the ribs202 of the passer-by, and while he tries to recover his breath after the concussion203 his incautious foot probably receives a solid sabot on its tenderest part. In the Market-place stands an elegant fountain, opposite to [96]which is the Rothen Haus, formerly the town-hall: this building is now a comfortable inn, well placed for studying costumes and customs.
Within sight of the Market-place is the famous Porta Nigra; what its original use was is a matter of vague conjecture204, the learned in such subjects not being able to agree in their opinions. During the middle ages it was used for ecclesiastical purposes, and was fitted up as two churches, one above the other, in which service was regularly performed: the Prussian authorities have restored it to its original state, and it is very well preserved, and is certainly quite one of the most interesting Roman buildings extant.
There are (as we stated at the commencement of this chapter) many other reminiscences of the Roman rule to be seen in Trèves, the principal of which are the bridge, the amphitheatre, and the baths: of the latter a considerable portion still remains205, but of the amphitheatre only the form is left, with a mere fragment of wall at the entrance. It, in common with the other ruins in Trèves, is well kept and preserved.
The old palace of the Archbishops is now a barrack, and only interesting from its associations.
The Liebfrauen Kirche is a beautiful Gothic edifice, with noble arches of extreme lightness and delicacy206 of appearance; the doorway207 is richly carved; and, altogether, this church is as beautiful a specimen198 of its order of architecture as can be found. [97]
The Cathedral is a fine building and stands side by side with the Liebfrauen Kirche, which it far exceeds in size but to which it is inferior in beauty; it is, nevertheless, a good specimen of the Byzantine style, and from its proximity208 to the Liebfrauen Kirche we are able, at a glance, to contrast the different orders of architecture.
In this Cathedral is deposited the coat of our Saviour209, “woven without seam from top to the bottom;” and here flocked, so lately as 1844, no less than one million one hundred thousand persons to gaze on the wonderful garment, which was exhibited to the faithful for eight weeks and then returned to its coffer.
There are many other churches in and around Trèves, one of which the commissionaires think very grand, and accordingly march their slaves, the sight-seers, off to visit it, and expect them to fall into raptures210 with a whitewashed211, high-roofed ball-room, covered with tawdry, coarsely-painted arabesques212, and indifferent pictures; the slaves generally gratify their tyrants213 by falling into unbounded raptures, and nearly twist their necks off to get a look at the paintings on the ceiling: latterly, little looking-glasses have been provided, to save them from getting cricks in their necks.
About six miles from Trèves, on the Luxembourg road, is a village called Igel. Here is preserved a very curious stone obelisk214, covered with carvings215 of figures and inscriptions216: as usual, there is a considerable [98]dispute as to its origin and purpose, but it undoubtedly217 is a very curious relic218 of bygone days, and is not without beauty in design and execution.
Luxembourg is a very strong place, so scientifically fortified219 that it is most difficult for an uninitiated person to find his way into it; and having done so, the town is so wretchedly stupid and dull that the visitor generally comes to the conclusion that he has taken a good deal of trouble for nothing, and hastens to make his way out: which task he finds not less difficult than the entry. From the walls very striking views might be seen, only the sentries220 order you off immediately, especially if you have so deadly an implement221 as a sketch-book in your hand; however, we have no particular cause to expatiate222 on Luxembourg, as it is only one small feeder of our river.
Roman Monument in Igel.
Roman Monument in Igel.
[99]
1 The foundation of this legend is, that portions of canals have been found between Trèves and Cologne, but it is supposed they were separate canals, not portions of one large one; therefore, perhaps, the duck did not swim all the way from Trèves.
2 Cathedral.
3 Grimm supposes Eigel and Orendel to be Ulysses and Laertes.
4 Stock (stick), Stein (stone), Gras (grass), Grun (green).
5 As the author was informed at Trèves.
6 Query223, Was this the origin of taking French leave?
点击
收听单词发音
收听单词发音 |
1
spires
|
|
| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
2
dominions
|
|
| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
3
celebrated
|
|
| adj.有名的，声誉卓著的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
4
citizenship
|
|
| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
5
arena
|
|
| n.竞技场，运动场所；竞争场所，舞台 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
6
avenge
|
|
| v.为...复仇，为...报仇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
7
honourable
|
|
| adj.可敬的；荣誉的，光荣的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
8
opposition
|
|
| n.反对，敌对 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
9
maiden
|
|
| n.少女，处女；adj.未婚的，纯洁的，无经验的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
10
invoked
|
|
| v.援引( invoke的过去式和过去分词 )；行使（权利等）；祈求救助；恳求 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
11
supplanting
|
|
| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
12
vigour
|
|
| （=vigor）n.智力，体力，精力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
13
erect
|
|
| n./v.树立，建立，使竖立；adj.直立的，垂直的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
14
ERECTED
|
|
| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
15
remarkable
|
|
| adj.显著的，异常的，非凡的，值得注意的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
16
apprentice
|
|
| n.学徒，徒弟 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
17
apprentices
|
|
| 学徒，徒弟( apprentice的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
18
jeeringly
|
|
| adv.嘲弄地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
19
encompassed
|
|
| v.围绕( encompass的过去式和过去分词 )；包围；包含；包括 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
20
doomed
|
|
| 命定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
21
meditating
|
|
| a.沉思的，冥想的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
22
undertaking
|
|
| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
23
contractor
|
|
| n.订约人，承包人，收缩肌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
24
tract
|
|
| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
25
accosted
|
|
| v.走过去跟…讲话( accost的过去式和过去分词 )；跟…搭讪；（乞丐等）上前向…乞讨；（妓女等）勾搭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
26
hearty
|
|
| adj.热情友好的；衷心的；尽情的，纵情的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
27
plied
|
|
| v.使用（工具）( ply的过去式和过去分词 )；经常供应（食物、饮料）；固定往来；经营生意 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
28
gambling
|
|
| n.赌博；投机 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
29
dice
|
|
| n.骰子；vt.把（食物）切成小方块，冒险 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
30
bishop
|
|
| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
31
consecrating
|
|
| v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的现在分词 )；奉献 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
32
tolled
|
|
| 鸣钟（toll的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
33
consecrated
|
|
| adj.神圣的，被视为神圣的v.把…奉为神圣，给…祝圣( consecrate的过去式和过去分词 )；奉献 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
34
conversion
|
|
| n.转化，转换，转变 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
35
oracles
|
|
| 神示所( oracle的名词复数 )； 神谕； 圣贤； 哲人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
36
idol
|
|
| n.偶像，红人，宠儿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
37
spoke
|
|
| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
38
hermits
|
|
| （尤指早期基督教的）隐居修道士，隐士，遁世者( hermit的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
39
hermit
|
|
| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
40
recesses
|
|
| n.壁凹( recess的名词复数 )；（工作或业务活动的）中止或暂停期间；学校的课间休息；某物内部的凹形空间v.把某物放在墙壁的凹处( recess的第三人称单数 )；将（墙）做成凹形，在（墙）上做壁龛；休息，休会，休庭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
41
adorn
|
|
| vt.使美化，装饰 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
42
adorns
|
|
| 装饰，佩带( adorn的第三人称单数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
43
mariner
|
|
| n.水手号不载人航天探测器，海员，航海者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
44
vowed
|
|
| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
45
taper
|
|
| n.小蜡烛，尖细，渐弱；adj.尖细的；v.逐渐变小 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
46
wilt
|
|
| v.(使)植物凋谢或枯萎；(指人)疲倦，衰弱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
47
vessel
|
|
| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
48
repenting
|
|
| 对（自己的所为）感到懊悔或忏悔( repent的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
49
repent
|
|
| v.悔悟，悔改，忏悔，后悔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
50
exultingly
|
|
| 兴高采烈地，得意地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
51
retired
|
|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
52
monastery
|
|
| n.修道院，僧院，寺院 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
53
reverence
|
|
| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
54
inscription
|
|
| n.（尤指石块上的）刻印文字，铭文，碑文 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
55
swarming
|
|
| 密集( swarm的现在分词 )； 云集； 成群地移动； 蜜蜂或其他飞行昆虫成群地飞来飞去 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
56
pestilence
|
|
| n.瘟疫 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
57
prudent
|
|
| adj.谨慎的，有远见的，精打细算的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
58
descending
|
|
| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
59
hideous
|
|
| adj.丑陋的，可憎的，可怕的，恐怖的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
60
loathsome
|
|
| adj.讨厌的，令人厌恶的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
61
swell
|
|
| vi.膨胀，肿胀；增长，增强 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
62
overflowed
|
|
| 溢出的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
63
possessed
|
|
| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
64
avert
|
|
| v.防止，避免；转移(目光、注意力等) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
65
impending
|
|
| a.imminent, about to come or happen | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
66
implored
|
|
| 恳求或乞求（某人）( implore的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
67
vanquished
|
|
| v.征服( vanquish的过去式和过去分词 )；战胜；克服；抑制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
68
forth
|
|
| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
69
wielded
|
|
| 手持着使用（武器、工具等）( wield的过去式和过去分词 )； 具有； 运用（权力）； 施加（影响） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
70
overthrown
|
|
| adj. 打翻的，推倒的，倾覆的 动词overthrow的过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
71
conquerors
|
|
| 征服者，占领者( conqueror的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
72
mere
|
|
| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
73
innate
|
|
| adj.天生的，固有的，天赋的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
74
majesty
|
|
| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
75
superstition
|
|
| n.迷信，迷信行为 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
76
crumbling
|
|
| adj.摇摇欲坠的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
77
mightier
|
|
| adj. 强有力的，强大的，巨大的 adv. 很，极其 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
78
edifice
|
|
| n.宏伟的建筑物(如宫殿，教室) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
79
extinction
|
|
| n.熄灭，消亡，消灭，灭绝，绝种 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
80
coalesced
|
|
| v.联合，合并( coalesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
81
attained
|
|
| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
82
infancy
|
|
| n.婴儿期；幼年期；初期 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
83
revert
|
|
| v.恢复，复归，回到 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
84
gathering
|
|
| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
85
alas
|
|
| int.唉(表示悲伤、忧愁、恐惧等) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
86
waning
|
|
| adj.（月亮）渐亏的，逐渐减弱或变小的n.月亏v.衰落( wane的现在分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
87
adherents
|
|
| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
88
recording
|
|
| n.录音，记录 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
89
nun
|
|
| n.修女，尼姑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
90
proprietors
|
|
| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
91
obedience
|
|
| n.服从，顺从 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
92
mighty
|
|
| adj.强有力的；巨大的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
93
monks
|
|
| n.修道士，僧侣( monk的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
94
bosom
|
|
| n.胸，胸部；胸怀；内心；adj.亲密的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
95
supreme
|
|
| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
96
virgin
|
|
| n.处女，未婚女子；adj.未经使用的；未经开发的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
97
defender
|
|
| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
98
proceeding
|
|
| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
99
worthy
|
|
| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
100
spouse
|
|
| n.配偶(指夫或妻) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
101
courageous
|
|
| adj.勇敢的，有胆量的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
102
knight
|
|
| n.骑士，武士；爵士 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
103
knights
|
|
| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
104
distress
|
|
| n.苦恼，痛苦，不舒适；不幸；vt.使悲痛 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
105
unwillingly
|
|
| adv.不情愿地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
106
daunted
|
|
| 使（某人）气馁，威吓( daunt的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
107
embarking
|
|
| 乘船( embark的现在分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
108
massacre
|
|
| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
109
Christians
|
|
| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
110
condemned
|
|
| adj. 被责难的, 被宣告有罪的 动词condemn的过去式和过去分词 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
111
ramble
|
|
| v.漫步，漫谈，漫游；n.漫步，闲谈，蔓延 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
112
penitent
|
|
| adj.后悔的；n.后悔者；忏悔者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
113
martyrs
|
|
| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
114
heartily
|
|
| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
115
absolved
|
|
| 宣告…无罪，赦免…的罪行，宽恕…的罪行( absolve的过去式和过去分词 )； 不受责难，免除责任 [义务] ,开脱（罪责） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
116
pious
|
|
| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
117
calumniated
|
|
| v.诽谤，中伤( calumniate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
118
erring
|
|
| 做错事的，错误的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
119
bishops
|
|
| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
120
warriors
|
|
| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
121
knightly
|
|
| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
122
feats
|
|
| 功绩，伟业，技艺( feat的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
123
mantle
|
|
| n.斗篷，覆罩之物，罩子；v.罩住，覆盖，脸红 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
124
feudal
|
|
| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
125
hostility
|
|
| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
126
depredations
|
|
| n.劫掠，毁坏( depredation的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
127
variance
|
|
| n.矛盾，不同 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
128
sketch
|
|
| n.草图；梗概；素描；v.素描；概述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
129
picturesque
|
|
| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
130
jealousy
|
|
| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
131
situated
|
|
| adj.坐落在...的，处于某种境地的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
132
animated
|
|
| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
133
vengeance
|
|
| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
134
clergy
|
|
| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
135
dozing
|
|
| v.打瞌睡,假寐 n.瞌睡 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
136
refreshment
|
|
| n.恢复，精神爽快，提神之事物；（复数）refreshments:点心，茶点 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
137
laden
|
|
| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
138
hospitable
|
|
| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
139
conformity
|
|
| n.一致，遵从，顺从 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
140
followers
|
|
| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
141
slaying
|
|
| 杀戮。 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
142
liberated
|
|
| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
143
garrison
|
|
| n.卫戍部队；驻地，卫戍区；vt.派(兵)驻防 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
144
slew
|
|
| v.（使）旋转；n.大量，许多 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
145
impetus
|
|
| n.推动，促进，刺激；推动力 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
146
refinement
|
|
| n.文雅；高尚；精美；精制；精炼 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
147
simplicity
|
|
| n.简单，简易；朴素；直率，单纯 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
148
dwelling
|
|
| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
149
celestial
|
|
| adj.天体的；天上的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
150
mingled
|
|
| 混合，混入( mingle的过去式和过去分词 )； 混进，与…交往[联系] | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
151
expended
|
|
| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
152
persecuted
|
|
| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
153
enacted
|
|
| 制定（法律），通过（法案）( enact的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
154
judgment
|
|
| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
155
approbation
|
|
| n.称赞；认可 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
156
submission
|
|
| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
157
yoke
|
|
| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
158
humility
|
|
| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
159
superseding
|
|
| 取代，接替( supersede的现在分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
160
previously
|
|
| adv.以前，先前（地） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
161
allied
|
|
| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
162
Founder
|
|
| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
163
licentious
|
|
| adj.放纵的，淫乱的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
164
proceedings
|
|
| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
165
ecclesiastics
|
|
| n.神职者，教会，牧师( ecclesiastic的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
166
amenable
|
|
| adj.经得起检验的；顺从的；对负有义务的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
167
accusations
|
|
| n.指责( accusation的名词复数 )；指控；控告；（被告发、控告的）罪名 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
168
guilt
|
|
| n.犯罪；内疚；过失，罪责 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
169
dagger
|
|
| n.匕首，短剑，剑号 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
170
plunged
|
|
| v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 )；暴跌；骤降；突降 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
171
baron
|
|
| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
172
defiance
|
|
| n.挑战，挑衅，蔑视，违抗 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
173
vows
|
|
| 誓言( vow的名词复数 )； 郑重宣布，许愿 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
174
bestowed
|
|
| 赠给，授予( bestow的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
175
fixed
|
|
| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
176
instigated
|
|
| v.使（某事物）开始或发生，鼓动( instigate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
177
defrauded
|
|
| v.诈取，骗取( defraud的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
178
culminated
|
|
| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
179
hurling
|
|
| n.爱尔兰式曲棍球v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的现在分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
180
elixir
|
|
| n.长生不老药，万能药 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
181
lengthen
|
|
| vt.使伸长，延长 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
182
charlatan
|
|
| n.骗子；江湖医生；假内行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
183
anathema
|
|
| n.诅咒；被诅咒的人(物)，十分讨厌的人(物) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
184
grasshoppers
|
|
| n.蚱蜢( grasshopper的名词复数 )；蝗虫；蚂蚱；（孩子）矮小的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
185
fabulous
|
|
| adj.极好的；极为巨大的；寓言中的，传说中的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
186
afflicting
|
|
| 痛苦的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
187
unnatural
|
|
| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
188
ordeals
|
|
| n.严峻的考验，苦难的经历( ordeal的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
189
mole
|
|
| n.胎块；痣；克分子 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
190
secondly
|
|
| adv.第二，其次 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
191
temerity
|
|
| n.鲁莽，冒失 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
192
determined
|
|
| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
193
regiment
|
|
| n.团，多数，管理；v.组织，编成团，统制 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
194
larder
|
|
| n.食物贮藏室，食品橱 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
195
electorates
|
|
| 全体选民( electorate的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
196
formerly
|
|
| adv.从前，以前 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
197
specimens
|
|
| n.样品( specimen的名词复数 )；范例；（化验的）抽样；某种类型的人 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
198
specimen
|
|
| n.样本，标本 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
199
sufficiently
|
|
| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
200
ornamented
|
|
| adj.花式字体的v.装饰，点缀，美化( ornament的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
201
dwellings
|
|
| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
202
ribs
|
|
| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
203
concussion
|
|
| n.脑震荡；震动 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
204
conjecture
|
|
| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
205
remains
|
|
| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
206
delicacy
|
|
| n.精致，细微，微妙，精良；美味，佳肴 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
207
doorway
|
|
| n.门口，(喻)入门；门路，途径 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
208
proximity
|
|
| n.接近，邻近 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
209
saviour
|
|
| n.拯救者，救星 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
210
raptures
|
|
| 极度欢喜( rapture的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
211
whitewashed
|
|
| 粉饰，美化，掩饰( whitewash的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
212
arabesques
|
|
| n.阿拉伯式花饰( arabesque的名词复数 )；错综图饰；阿拉伯图案；阿拉贝斯克芭蕾舞姿（独脚站立，手前伸，另一脚一手向后伸） | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
|
213
tyrants
|
|
| 专制统治者( tyrant的名词复数 )； 暴君似的人； （古希腊的）僭主； 严酷的事物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
214
obelisk
|
|
| n.方尖塔 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
215
carvings
|
|
| n.雕刻( carving的名词复数 )；雕刻术；雕刻品；雕刻物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
216
inscriptions
|
|
| （作者）题词( inscription的名词复数 )； 献词； 碑文； 证劵持有人的登记 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
217
undoubtedly
|
|
| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
218
relic
|
|
| n.神圣的遗物，遗迹，纪念物 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
219
fortified
|
|
| adj. 加强的 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
220
sentries
|
|
| 哨兵，步兵( sentry的名词复数 ) | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
221
implement
|
|
| n.(pl.)工具，器具；vt.实行，实施，执行 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
222
expatiate
|
|
| v.细说，详述 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
|
223
query
|
|
| n.疑问，问号，质问；vt.询问，表示怀疑 | |
参考例句： |
|
|
|
| 欢迎访问英文小说网 |