A crisis was now approaching. The state of things shown in the latter part of the preceding chapter could not be suffered always to continue. Means must be devised to bring it to an end.
The Massachusetts Court had sent successive agents to England to explain and to make promises concerning many things complained of, to crave3 indulgence and delay in other things which they could not explain or justify4; but they prohibited their agents, by private instructions, from conceding anything which the Charter, as they interpreted it, had given them—namely, absolute independence. But this double game was nearly played out. Party struggles in England had absorbed the attention of the King and Cabinet, and caused a public and vacillating policy to be pursued in regard to Massachusetts; but the King's Government were at length roused to decisive action, and threatened the colony with a writ5 of quo warranto in respect to matters so often demanded and as often evaded6.
The Massachusetts Court met forthwith, passed an Act to control the commission of the King's Collector, Edward Randolph, and another Act charging their own newly-appointed Collector to look strictly7 after the enforcement of the Acts of Trade (but in reality to counteract8 them); repealed9 another Act which imposed a penalty for plotting the overthrow10 of the Colonial Constitution—an Act levelled against Randolph; passed another Act substituting the word "Jurisdiction11" for the word "Commonwealth12" in their laws. They authorized13 their agents merely to lay these concessions15 before the King, and humbly16 hoped they would satisfy his Majesty17. They also bribed18 clerks of the Privy20 Council to keep them informed of its proceedings21 on Massachusetts affairs, and offered a bribe19 of ￡2,000 to King Charles himself. Mr. Hildreth says (1683): "On the appearance of these agents at Court, with powers so restricted, a quo warranto was threatened forthwith unless they were furnished with ampler authority. Informed of this threat, the General Court (of Massachusetts), after great debates, authorized their agents to consent to the regulation of anything wherein the Government might ignorantly, or through mistake, have deviated22 from the Charter; to accept, indeed, any demands consistent with the Charter (as they interpreted it), the existing Government established under it, and the 'main ends of our predecessors23 in coming hither,' which main ends were defined by them to be 'our liberties and privileges in matters of religion and worship of God, which you are, therefore, in no wise to consent to any infringement24 of.' They were authorized to give up Maine to the King, and even to tender him a private gratuity25 of two thousand guineas. Bribes26 were quite fashionable at Charles's Court; the King and his servants were accustomed to take them. The Massachusetts agents[180] had expended27 considerable sums to purchase a favour, or to obtain information, and by having clerks of the Privy Council in their pay they were kept well informed of the secret deliberations of that body. But this offer (of a bribe of two thousand guineas to the King), unskilfully managed, and betrayed by Cranfield, the lately appointed Royal Governor of New Hampshire, who had advised the magistrates30 to make it, exposed the Colony to blame and ridicule31."
"If a liberty of appeal to England were insisted on, the agents were 'not to include the colony in any act or consent of theirs, but to crave leave to transmit the same to the General Court for their further consideration.' They were 'not to make any alteration32 of the qualifications that were required by law, as at present established, respecting the admission of freemen.'"
It having appeared, on the perusal33 of the commission of the Massachusetts agents by Sir Lionel Jenkins, Secretary of State, that they did not possess the powers required to enable them to act, they were informed by Lord Radnor that "the Council had unanimously agreed to report to his Majesty, that unless the agents speedily obtained such powers as might render them capable to satisfy in all points, a quo warranto should proceed."
"Upon receipt of these advices," says Mr. Hutchinson, "it was made a question, not in the General Court only, but amongst all the inhabitants, whether to surrender or not. The opinions of many of the ministers, and their arguments in support of them, were given in writing, and in general it was thought better to die by the hands of others than by their own. The address was agreed upon by the General Court; another was prepared and sent through the colony, to be signed by the several inhabitants, which the agents were to present or not, as they thought proper; and they were (privately) to deliver up the deeds of the Province of Maine, if required, and it would tend to preserve their Charter, otherwise not; and they were to make no concessions of any privileges conferred on the colony by the Charter."[184] (That is, according to their interpretation34 and pretensions35.)
"Governor Bradstreet and the moderate party were inclined to authorise the agents to receive the King's commands. The magistrates passed a vote to that effect. But all the zeal36 and obstinacy37 of the theocratic38 party had been roused by the present crisis—a zeal resulting, as hot zeal often does, in the ultimate loss of what it was so anxious to save."[185]
The agents of the colony were not willing to undertake the defence and management of the question upon the Charter in Westminster Hall. The writ of quo warranto, which summoned the Corporation of Massachusetts Bay to defend their acts against the complaints and charges made against them, was issued the 27th of June, 1683, and on the 20th of July "It was ordered by the Privy Council, 'that Mr. Edward Randolph be sent to New England with the notification of the said quo warranto, which he was to deliver to the said Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay, and thereupon to return to give his Majesty an account of his proceedings therein.'" This writ was accompanied by a declaration from the King "that[Pg 208] the private interests and properties of all persons within the colony should be continued and preserved to them, so that no man should receive any prejudice in his freehold or estate;" also, "that in case the said Corporation of the Massachusetts Bay should, before the prosecution39 had upon the said quo warranto, make a full submission40 and entire resignation to his pleasure, he would then regulate their Charter (as stated in another place, by adding supplementary41 clauses) in such a manner as should be for his service and the good of the colony, without any other alterations42 than such as he should find necessary for the better support of his Government."
On the issue of the writ of quo warranto, the business of the colony's agents in London was at an end. They returned home, and arrived in Boston the 23rd of October, 1683; and the same week Randolph arrived with the quo warranto and the King's accompanying declaration. The announcement of this decisive act on the part of the King produced a profound sensation throughout the colony, and gave rise to the question, "What shall Massachusetts do?" One part of the colony advocated submission; another party advocated resistance. The former were called the "Moderate party," the latter the "Patriot43 party"—the commencement of the two parties which were afterwards known as United Empire Loyalists and Revolutionists.[188] The Moderate party was led by the memorable45 Governor Bradstreet, Stoughton, and Dudley, and included a majority of the assistants or magistrates, called the "Upper branch of the Government." The Independence party was headed by the Deputy Governor Danforth, Gookin, and Nowell, and included a majority of the House of Deputies, over whose elections and proceedings the elders or ministers exerted a potent46 influence.
Governor Bradstreet and a majority of the assistants, or magistrates, adopted the following resolution:
"The magistrates have voted that an humble47 address be sent to his Majesty by this ship, declaring that, upon a serious consideration of his Majesty's gracious intimations in his former letters, and more particularly in his late declaration, that his pleasure and purpose is only to regulate our Charter in such a manner as shall be for his service and the good of this his colony, and without any other alteration than what is necessary for the support of his Government here, we will not presume to contend with his Majesty in a Court of law, but humbly lay ourselves at his Majesty's feet, in submission to his pleasure so declared, and that we have resolved by the next opportunity to send our agents empowered to receive his Majesty's commands accordingly. And, for saving a default for non-appearance upon the return of the writ of quo warranto, that some person or persons be appointed and empowered, by letter of attorney, to appear and make defence until our agents may make their appearance and submission as above.
"The magistrates have passed this without reference to the consent of their brethren the deputies hereto.
(Signed) "Edmund Rawson, Secretary.
"15th November, 1683."
This resolution was laid before the House of Deputies and debated by them a fortnight, when the majority of them adopted the following resolution:
"November 30, 1683.—The deputies consent not, but adhere to their former bills.
"William Terry, Clerk."
"They voted instead," says Mr. Hildreth, "an Address to the King, praying forbearance; but they authorized Robert Humphreys, a London barrister and the legal adviser48 of the agents, to enter an appearance and to retain counsel, requesting him 'to leave no stone unturned that may be of service either to the case itself, or the spinning out of the time as much as possibly may be.' No less than three letters were written to Humphreys; money was remitted49; but all hopes of defence were futile50. Before the letters arrived in London, a default had already been recorded. That default could not be got off, and judgment51 was entered the next year pronouncing the Charter void."
The manner in which the questions at issue were put to a popular vote in Massachusetts was unfair and misleading; the epithets52 applied53 to the "Moderate" or loyal party were offensive and unjust; and the statements of Palfrey, respecting the acts of the King immediately following the vacation of the Charter, are very disingenuous54, not to say untrue.
The King had expressly and repeatedly declared that he would not proceed to vacate the Charter if they would submit to his decision on the six grounds mentioned in his first letter to them, June 28, 1662, twenty years before, as the conditions of continuing the Charter, and which they had persistently56 evaded and resisted; that his decision should be in the form of certain "Regulations" for the future administration of the Charter, and not the vacation of it. Every reader knows the difference between a Royal Charter of incorporation57 and the Royal instructions issued twenty years afterwards to remedy irregularities and abuses which had been shown to have crept in, and practised in the local administration of the Charter. Yet the ruling party in Massachusetts Bay did not put the question as accepting the King's offers, but as of vacating the Charter. This was raising a false issue, and an avowed58 imputation59 and contempt of the King. It is true that Dr. Palfrey and other modern New England historians have said that Charles the Second had from the beginning intended to abolish the Charter; that the "vacation of the Charter was a foregone conclusion." In reply to which it may be said that this is mere14 assumption, unsupported by facts; that if Charles the Second had wished or intended to vacate the Charter, he had the amplest opportunity and reasons to do so, in the zenith of his popularity and power, when they refused to comply with the conditions on which he proposed to pardon and obliterate60 the past and continue the Charter, and when they resisted his Commissioners61, and employed military force to oppose the exercise of their powers, and set aside their decisions; instead of which he remonstrated62 with them for more than twenty years, and then gave them long notice and choice to retain the Charter with his [Pg 212]"Regulations" on the disputed points, or contest the Charter, as to their observance of it, in a Court of law. Under the impulse and guidance of violent counsels they chose the latter, and lost their Charter. In their very last address to the King, they gratefully acknowledged his kindness in all his despatches and treatment of them, contrary to the statements and imputations of modern New England historians; yet they denied him the authority universally acknowledged and exercised by Queen Victoria and English Courts of law over the legislative64, judicial65, and even administrative66 acts of every province of the British Empire. Dr. Palfrey says: "In the Upper branch of the Government there was found at length a servile majority;" but "the deputies were prepared for no such suicide, though there were not wanting faint hearts and grovelling67 aims among them."[192] At the head of what Dr. Palfrey terms the "servile majority" was the venerable Governor Bradstreet, now more than ninety years of age, the only survivor68 of the original founders69 of the colony, who had been a magistrate29 more than fifty years, more than once Governor, always a faithful and safe counsellor, the agent of the colony in England, and obtaining in June, 1662, the King's letter of pardon—oblivion of the past and promised continuance of the Charter on certain conditions—a letter which the Colonial Court said filled them with inexpressible joy and gratitude70 (see above, page 141), who then advised them to comply with the King's requirements, and who, after twenty years' further experience and knowledge of public affairs and parties, advises them to pursue the same course for which he is now termed "servile," and ranked with cowards and men of "grovelling aims," advising the colony to commit political "suicide." The result showed who were the real authors of the "suicide," and Dr. Palfrey forcibly states the result of their doings in the following words:
"Massachusetts, as a body politic71, was now no more. The elaborate fabric72, that had been fifty-four years in building, was levelled to the dust. The hopes of the fathers were found to be mere dreams. It seemed that their brave struggles had brought no result. The honoured ally (Massachusetts) of the Protector (Cromwell) of England lay under the feet of Charles the Second. It was on the Charter granted to Roswell and his[Pg 213] associates, Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay, that the structure of the cherished institutions of Massachusetts, religious and civil, had been reared. The abrogation73 of that Charter swept the whole away. Massachusetts, in English law, was again what it had been before James the First made a grant of it to the Council of New England. It belonged to the King of England, by virtue74 of the discovery of the Cabots. No less than this was the import of the decree in Westminster Hall. Having secured its great triumph, the Court had no thought of losing anything by the weakness of compassion75. The person selected by the King to govern the people of his newly-acquired province was Colonel Piercy Kirk. That campaign in the West of England had not yet taken place which has made the name of Kirk immortal76; but fame enough had gone abroad of his brutal77 character, to make his advent78 an anticipation79 of horror to those whom he was appointed to govern. It was settled that he was to be called 'His Majesty's Lieutenant80 and Governor-General,' and that his authority should be unrestricted."
This quotation81 from Dr. Palfrey suggests one or two remarks, and requires correction, as it is as disingenuous in statement as it is eloquent82 in diction. He admits and assumes the validity of the judicial act by which the Charter was declared forfeited83; though the loyalty84 of this decision was denied by the opposing party in Massachusetts, who denied that any English Court, or that even the King himself, had any authority in Massachusetts to disallow85 any of its acts or decisions, much less to vacate its Charter, and professed86 to continue its elections of deputies, etc., and to pass and administer laws as aforetime. Dr. Palfrey's language presents all such pretensions and proceedings as baseless and puerile87.
Dr. Palfrey states what is true, that the Massachusetts Government had been the "ally" of Cromwell; but this they had denied in their addresses to Charles the Second. (See above, pp. 153-9.)
It is hardly ingenuous55 or correct in Dr. Palfrey speaking of Col. Kirk's appointment of the "newly-acquired Province." The office extended over New Hampshire, Maine, and Plymouth as well as Massachusetts; but Kirk never was Governor[Pg 214] of Massachusetts, for before his commission and instructions were completed, all was annulled88 by the demise89 of King Charles, which took place the 6th of February, 1685. Mr. Hutchinson says: "Before any new Government was settled, King Charles died. Mr. Blaithwait wrote to the Governor and recommended the proclaiming of King James without delay. This was done with great ceremony in the high street of Boston (April 20th)."[194]
Mr. Joseph Dudley, a native of the colony, and one of the two last agents sent to England, was appointed the first Governor after the annulling90 of the Charter. Mr. Hutchinson says: "The 15th of May (1686), the Rose frigate91 arrived from England, with a commission to Mr. Dudley as President, and divers92 others, gentlemen of the Council, to take upon them the administration of government." Mr. Dudley's short administration was not very grievous. The House of Deputies, indeed, was laid aside; but the people, the time being short, felt little or no effect from the change. Mr. Stoughton was Mr. Dudley's chief confidant. Mr. Dudley professed as great an attachment93 to the interest of the colony as Mr. Stoughton, and was very desirous of retaining their favour. A letter from Mr. Mather, then the minister of the greatest influence, is a proof of it.[195] There was no molestation94 to the Churches of the colony, but they continued both worship and discipline as before. The affairs of the towns were likewise managed in the same manner as formerly95. Their Courts of justice were continued upon the former plan, Mr. Stoughton being at the head of them. Trials were by juries, as usual. Dudley considered himself as appointed to preserve the affairs of the colony from confusion until a Governor[Pg 215] arrived and a rule of administration should be more fully28 settled.[196]
The administration of Dudley was only of seven months' duration. Dudley was superseded96 by Sir Edmund Andros, who arrived at Boston on the 20th of December (1686), with a commission from King James for the government of New England.[197] He was instructed to appoint no one of the Council to any offices but those of the least estates and characters, and to displace none without sufficient cause; to continue the former laws of the country, as far as they were not inconsistent with his commission or instructions, until other regulations were established by the Governor and Council; to allow no printing press; to give universal toleration in religion, but encouragement to the Church of England; to execute the laws of trade, and prevent frauds in Customs.[198] But Andros had other instructions of a more despotic and stringent97 character; and being, like King James himself, of an arbitrary disposition98, he fulfilled his [Pg 216]instructions to the letter. And when his Royal master was dethroned for his unconstitutional and tyrannical conduct, Andros was seized at Boston and sent prisoner to England, to answer for his conduct; but he was acquitted99 by the new Government, not for his policy in New England, but because he had acted according to his instructions, which he pleaded as his justification100.[199]
It is singular that toleration in Massachusetts should have been proclaimed by the arbitrary James, in a declaration above and contrary to the law for which he received the thanks of the ministers in that colony, but which resulted in his loss of his Crown in England.
"James's Declaration of Indulgence was proclaimed (1687), and now, for the first time, Quakers, Baptists, and Episcopalians enjoyed toleration in Massachusetts. That system of religious tyranny, coeval101 with the settlement of New England, thus unexpectedly received its death-blow from a Catholic bigot, who professed a willingness to allow religious freedom to others as a means of securing it for himself." ... "Mather, who carried with him (1689) an address from the ministers, thanking James, in behalf of themselves and their brethren, for his Declaration of Indulgence arriving in England while King James was yet in power, had been graciously received by that monarch102. But, though repeatedly admitted to an audience, his complaints against the Royal Governor (Andros) had produced no effect. The Revolution intervening, he hastened, with greater hopes of success, to address himself to the new King, and his remonstrances103 prevented, as far as Massachusetts was concerned, the despatch63 of a circular letter confirming the authority of all Colonial officers holding commissions from James II. The letters actually received at Boston authorized those in authority[Pg 217] to retain provisionally the administration, and directed that Andros and the other prisoners should be sent to England."
I have now traced the proceedings of the founders and rulers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the fifty-four years of their first Charter, with short notices of some occurrences during the three years' reign104 of James the Second, their revenge not only in his own dethronement, but also on his Governor Andros, for the tyranny which he practised upon them by imprisoning105 him and his helpers, and by Royal command sending them as prisoners to England, together with the removal of the local officers appointed by Andros and the restoration of their own elected authorities until further instruction from the new King.
There can be no question that the founders of that colony were not only men of wealth, but men of education, of piety107, of the highest respectability, of great energy, enterprize, and industry, contributing to the rapid progress of their settlements and increase of their wealth, and stamping the character of their history; but after their emigration to Massachusetts Bay, and during the progress of their settlements and the organization and development of their undertakings108, their views became narrowed to the dimensions of their own Plantation109 in government and trade, irrespective of the interests of England, or of the other neighbour colonies, and their theology and religious spirit was of the narrowest and most intolerant character. They assumed to be the chosen Israel of God, subject to no King but Jehovah, above the rulers of the land, planted there to cast out the heathen, to smite110 down every dagon of false worship, whether Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Baptist, or Quaker, and responsible to no other power on earth for either their legislative or administrative acts. I will not here recapitulate111 those acts, so fully stated in preceding pages, and established by evidence of documents and testimony112 which cannot be successfully denied. But there are two features of their pretensions and government which demand further remark.
I. The first is the character and narrowness of the foundation on which rested their legislation and government. None but members of the Congregational Churches were eligible113 to legislate114 or fill any office in the colony, or even to be an elector. A[Pg 218] more narrow-minded and corrupting115 test of qualification for civil or political office, or for the elective franchise116, can hardly be conceived.However rich a man might be, and whatever might be his education or social position, if he were not a member of the Congregational Church he was an "alien in the Commonwealth" of the Massachusetts Israel, was ineligible117 for office, or to be an elector; while his own servant, if a member of the Church, though not worth a shilling, or paying a penny to the public revenue, was an elector, or eligible to be elected to any public office. The non-members of the Congregational Church were subject to all military and civil burdens and taxes of the State, without any voice in its legislation or administration. Such was the free (?) Government of Massachusetts Bay, eulogized by New England historians during half a century, until abolished by judicial and royal authority. What would be thought at this day of a Government, the eligibility118 to public office and the elective franchise under which should be based on membership in a particular Church?
II. But, secondly119, this Government must be regarded as equally unjust and odious120 when we consider not merely the sectarian basis of its assumptions and acts against the Sovereign on the one hand, and the rights of citizens of Massachusetts and of neighbouring colonies on the other, but the small proportion of the population enfranchised121 in comparison with the population which was disfranchised. Even at the beginning it was not professed that the proportion of Congregational Church members to the whole population was more than one to three; in after years it was alleged122, at most, not to have been more than one to six.
This, however, is of little importance in comparison with the question, what was the proportion of electors to non-electors in the colony? On this point I take as my authority the latest[Pg 219] and most able apologist and defender123 of the Massachusetts Government, Dr. Palfrey. He says: "Counting the lists of persons admitted to the franchise in Massachusetts, and making what I judge to be reasonable allowance for persons deceased, I come to the conclusion that the number of freemen in Massachusetts in 1670 may have been between 1,000 and 1,200, or one freeman to every four or five adult males."[202]
The whole population of the colony at this time is not definitely stated, but there was one elector to every "four or five" of the adult "males." This eleven hundred men, because they were Congregationalists, influenced and controlled by their ministers, elected from themselves all the legislators and rulers of Massachusetts Bay Colony in civil, judicial, and military matters, who bearded the King and Parliament, persecuted124 all who dissented125 from them in religious worship, encroached upon the property and rights of neighbouring colonies, levied126 and imposed all the burdens of the State upon four-fifths of their fellow (male) colonists127 who had no voice in the legislation or administration of the Government. Yet this sectarian Government is called by New England historians a free Government; and these eleven hundred electors—electors not because they have property, but because they are Congregationalists—are called "the people of Massachusetts," while four-fifths of the male population and more than four-fifths of the property are utterly128 ignored, except to pay the taxes or bear the other burdens of the State, but without a single elective voice, or a single free press to state their grievances129 or express their wishes, much less to advocate their rights and those of the King and Parliament.
III. Thirdly, from the facts and authorities given in the foregoing pages, there cannot be a reasonable pretext130 for the statement that the rulers of Massachusetts Bay had not violated both the objects and provisions of the Royal Charter, variously and persistently, during the fifty-four years of its existence; while there is not an instance of either Charles the First or Second claiming a single prerogative131 inconsistent with the provisions of the Charter, and which is not freely recognized at this day in[Pg 220] the Crown and Parliament of Great Britain, by the free inhabitants of every Province of the British Empire. The fact that neither of the Charleses asked for anything more than the toleration of Episcopal worship, never objected to the perfect freedom of worship claimed by the Congregationalists of Massachusetts; and the fact that Charles the Second corresponded and remonstrated for twenty years and more to induce the rulers of Massachusetts Bay to acknowledge those rights of King and Parliament, and their duties as British subjects, shows that there could have been no desire to interfere132 with their freedom of worship or to abolish the Charter, except as a last resort, after the failure of all other means to restrain the disloyal and oppressive acts of the rulers of that one colony. In contradistinction to the practice of other colonies of New England, and of every British colony at this day, Charles the First and Second were bad kings to England and Scotland, but were otherwise to New England; and when New England historians narrate133 at great length, and paint in the darkest colours, the persecutions and despotic acts of the Stuart kings over England and Scotland, and then infer that they did or sought to do the same in New England, they make groundless assumptions, contrary to the express declarations and policy of the two Charleses and the whole character and tenor134 of New England history. The demands of Charles the Second, and the conditions on which he proposed to continue the first Charter in 1662, were every one sanctioned and provided for in the second Royal Charter issued by William and Mary in 1690, and under which, for seventy years, the Government was milder and more liberal, the legislation broader, the social state more happy, and the colony more loyal and prosperous than it had ever been during the fifty-four years of the first Charter. All this will be proved and illustrated135 in the following chapter.
FOOTNOTES:
The Massachusetts Court had applied to Cromwell for permission to use the word "Commonwealth" instead of the word "Plantation," as expressed in their Charter, but were refused. They afterwards adopted it of their own accord.
Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap. xiv., pp. 500, 506.
Their attempt to bribe the King was not the less bribery136, whether Cranfield, for his own amusement, or otherwise to test their virtue, suggested it to them or not. But without any suggestion from Cranfield they bribed the King's clerks from their fidelity137 in the Privy Council, and bribed others "to obtain favour." The whole tenor of Scripture138 injunction and morality is against offering as well as taking bribes. After authorizing139 the employment of bribery in England to promote their objects, the Court closed their sittings by appointing "a day for solemn humiliation140 throughout the colony, to implore141 the mercy and favour of God in respect to their sacred, civil, and temporal concerns, and more especially those in the hands of their agents abroad." (Palfrey, Vol. III., B. iii, Chap. ix., pp. 374, 375.)
Palfrey's History of New England, Vol. III., B. iii., Chap. ix., pp. 372, 373.
"The agents of the colony, Messrs. Dudley and Richards, upon their arrival in England, found his Majesty greatly provoked at the neglect of the colonists not sending before; and in their first letters home they acquainted the Court with the feelings of the King, and desired to know whether it was best to hazard all by refusing to comply with his demands, intimating that they 'seriously intended to submit to the substance.' At that time they had not been heard before the Council; but soon after, on presenting the address which had been forwarded by their hands, they were commanded to show their powers and instructions to Sir Lionel Jenkins, Secretary of State; and on their perusal, finding these powers wholly inadequate142, they were informed by Lord Radnor that the Council had agreed nem. con1. to report to his Majesty, that unless further powers were speedily obtained, a quo warranto should proceed in Hilary Term." (Barry's History of Massachusetts, First Period, Chap. xvii, p. 471. Hutchinson, Vol. I., p. 335.)
Note by the historian Hutchinson.—"The clergy143 turned the scale for the last time. The balance which they had held from the beginning, they were allowed to retain no longer."
Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I., pp. 336, 337.
Ibid.
Palfrey's History of New England, Vol. III., B. iii., Chap. ix., p. 374. Mr. Palfrey, pp. 375, 376, in a note, gives the following abstract of Randolph's charges presented to the Court: "1. They assume powers that are not warranted by the Charter, which is executed in another place than was intended. 2. They make laws repugnant to those of England. 3. They levy144 money on subjects not inhabiting the colony (and consequently not represented in the General Court). 4. They impose an oath of fidelity to themselves, without regarding the oath of allegiance to the King. 5. They refuse justice by withholding145 appeals to the King. 6. They oppose the Acts of Navigation, and imprison106 the King's officers for doing their duty. 7. They have established a Naval146 Office, with a view to defraud147 the customs. 8. No verdicts are ever found for the King in relation to customs, and the Courts impose costs on the prosecutors148, in order to discourage trials. 9. They levy customs on the importation of goods from England. 10. They do not administer the oath of supremacy149, as required by the Charter. 11. They erected150 a Court of Admiralty, though not empowered by Charter. 12. They discountenance the Church of England. 13. They persist in coining money, though they had asked forgiveness for that offence." (Chalmers' Annals, p. 462.)
Ib., p. 377.
"From this period (1683) one may date the origin of two parties—the Patriots151 and Prerogative men—between whom controversy152 scarcely intermitted, and was never ended until the separation of the two countries." (Minot's History of Massachusetts, etc., Vol. I., p. 51.)
In a Boston town meeting, held January 21, 1684, to consider the King's declaration, the Rev44. Increase Mather, who was then President of Harvard College, and had for twenty years exerted more influence upon the public affairs of Massachusetts than any other man for the same length of time, delivered a speech against submission to the King, which he miscalled "the surrender of the Charter." He said, among other things: "I verily believe we shall sin against the God of heaven if we vote in the affirmative to it. The Scripture teacheth us otherwise. That which the Lord our God hath given us, shall we not possess it? God forbid that we should give away the inheritance of our fathers. Nor would it be wisdom for us to comply. If we make a full and entire resignation to the King's pleasure, we fall into the hands of men immediately; but if we do not, we still keep ourselves in the hands of God; and who knows what God may do for us?" The historian says that "the effect of such an appeal was wholly irresistible153; that many of the people fell into tears, and there was a general acclamation." (Barry's Colonial History of Massachusetts, Vol. I., pp. 476, 477.)
It is not easy to squeeze as much extravagance and nonsense in the same space as in the above quoted words of Increase Mather. Where was the Scripture which taught them not to submit complaints of their fellow-colonists to their King and his Council, the highest authority in the empire? Both Scripture and profane154 history furnish us with examples almost without number of usurpers professing155 that the usurpation156 and conquest they had achieved was "that which the Lord our God had given" them, and which they should "possess" at all hazards as if it were an "inheritance of their fathers." The "inheritance" spoken of by Mr. Mather was what had been usurped157 by the rulers of the colony over and above the provisions of their Charter against the rights of the Crown, the religious and political liberties of their fellow-colonists, and encroaching upon the lands of their white and Indian neighbours. Then to submit to the King and Council was to "fall into the hands of men immediately," but to contest with the King in the Courts of Chancery or King's Bench was to "keep themselves in the hands of God," who, it seems, according to Increase Mather's own interpretation, judged him and his adherents158 unworthy of retaining the "inheritance" of the Charter, the powers and objects of which they had so greatly perverted159 and abused. The King had expressly declared that the prosecution against the Charter would be abandoned if they would submit to his decision in regard to what had been matters of complaint and dispute between them and their fellow-colonists and Sovereign for more than fifty years, and which decision should be added to the Charter as explanatory regulations, and should embrace nothing affecting their religious liberties or local elective self-government. They refused, and lost their Charter; Rhode Island and Connecticut submitted, and even resigned their Charters, and were afterwards authorized to resume them, with the privileges and powers conferred by them unimpaired, including the election of their Governors as well as legislators, etc.
Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I., pp. 338, 339.
Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. I., Chap. xiv., p. 507. The notice to the Corporation and Company of Massachusetts to answer to the writ of quo warranto was received October, 1683; the final judgment of the Court vacating the Charter was given July, 1685, nearly two years afterwards. (Hutchinson, Vol. I., pp. 337-340.)
History of New England, Vol. III., B. iii., Chap. ix., pp. 380, 381.
Palfrey's History of New England, Vol. III., B. iii., Chap. ix., pp. 394, 395.
History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I., p. 340.
"The Charter fell. This was the last effective act of Charles the Second relative to Massachusetts; for before a new Government could be settled, the monarch was dead. His death and that of the Charter were nearly contemporary." (Barry's History of Massachusetts, First Period, Chap. xvii., p. 478).
The conclusion of this letter is as follows: "Sir, for the things of my soul, I have these many years hung upon your lips, and ever shall; and in civil things am desirous you may know with all plainness my reasons of procedure, and that they may be satisfactory to you. I am, sir, your servant,
"J. Dudley.
From your own house,
May 17th, '86."
History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I., pp. 350, 351, 352. "Though eighteen months had elapsed since the Charter was vacated, the Government was still going on as before. The General Court, though attended thinly, was in session when the new commission arrived. Dudley sent a copy of it to the Court, not as recognizing their authority, but as an assembly of principal and influential160 inhabitants. They complained of the commission as arbitrary, 'there not being the least mention of an Assembly' in it, expressed doubts whether it were safe for him or them, and thus gloomily dissolved, leaving the government in Dudley's hands." (Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xviii., p. 80.)
Andros was appointed Captain-General and Vice-Admiral of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Plymouth, Pemaquid, and Narragansett during pleasure.
(Holmes' Annals, etc., Vol. I., p. 419). Holmes adds: "To support a Government that could not be submitted to from choice, a small military establishment, consisting of two companies of soldiers, was formed, and military stores were transported. The tyrannical conduct of James towards the colonies did not escape the notice and censure161 of English historians." "At the same time that the Commons of England were deprived of their privileges, a like attempt was made on the colonies. King James recalled their Charters, by which their liberties were secured; and he sent over Governors with absolute power. The arbitrary principles of that monarch appear in every part of his administration." (Hume's History of England, Act James II.)—Ib., pp. 419, 490.
Hutchinson says: "The beginning of Andros' administration gave great satisfaction. He made high professions as to the public good and the welfare of the people, both of merchants and planters; directed the judges to administer justice according to the custom of the place; ordered the former established rules to be observed as to rates and taxes, and that all the colony laws not inconsistent with his commission should be in force." (History of Massachusetts Bay, Vol. I., p. 353).
"The complaints against Andros, coolly received by the Privy Council, were dismissed by order of the new King, on the ground that nothing was charged against the late Governor which his instructions would not fully justify." (Hildreth's History of the United States, Vol. II., Chap. xviii., p. 94.)
Hildreth's History, etc., Vol. II., Chap. xviii., pp. 83, 93, 94.
"As a matter of course, this Church test of citizenship162 did not work well. The more unscrupulous the conscience, the easier it was to join the Church; and abandoned men who wanted public preferment could join the Church with loud professions and gain their ends, and make Church membership a byeword. Under the Charter by William and Mary, in 1691, the qualification of electors was then fixed163 at a 'freehold of forty shillings per annum, or other property of the value of ￡40 sterling164.'" (Elliott's New England History, Vol. I., p. 113.)
Palfrey's History of New England, Vol. III., B. iii., Chap. ii., p. 41, in a note.
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1
con
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| n.反对的观点，反对者，反对票，肺病；vt.精读，学习，默记；adv.反对地，从反面；adj.欺诈的 | |
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immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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crave
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| vt.渴望得到，迫切需要，恳求，请求 | |
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justify
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| vt.证明…正当(或有理)，为…辩护 | |
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writ
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| n.命令状，书面命令 | |
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evaded
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| 逃避( evade的过去式和过去分词 )； 避开； 回避； 想不出 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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counteract
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| vt.对…起反作用，对抗，抵消 | |
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repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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jurisdiction
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| n.司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权 | |
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commonwealth
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| n.共和国，联邦，共同体 | |
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authorized
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| a.委任的，许可的 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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humbly
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| adv. 恭顺地，谦卑地 | |
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majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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bribed
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| v.贿赂( bribe的过去式和过去分词 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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bribe
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| n.贿赂；v.向…行贿，买通 | |
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privy
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| adj.私用的；隐密的 | |
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proceedings
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| n.进程，过程，议程；诉讼(程序)；公报 | |
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deviated
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| v.偏离，越轨( deviate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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infringement
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| n.违反；侵权 | |
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gratuity
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| n.赏钱，小费 | |
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bribes
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| n.贿赂( bribe的名词复数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂v.贿赂( bribe的第三人称单数 )；向（某人）行贿，贿赂 | |
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expended
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| v.花费( expend的过去式和过去分词 )；使用（钱等）做某事；用光；耗尽 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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magistrate
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| n.地方行政官，地方法官，治安官 | |
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magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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ridicule
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| v.讥讽，挖苦；n.嘲弄 | |
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alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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perusal
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| n.细读，熟读；目测 | |
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interpretation
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| n.解释，说明，描述；艺术处理 | |
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pretensions
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| 自称( pretension的名词复数 )； 自命不凡； 要求； 权力 | |
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zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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obstinacy
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| n.顽固；（病痛等）难治 | |
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theocratic
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| adj.神权的，神权政治的 | |
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prosecution
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| n.起诉，告发，检举，执行，经营 | |
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submission
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| n.服从，投降；温顺，谦虚；提出 | |
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supplementary
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| adj.补充的，附加的 | |
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alterations
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| n.改动( alteration的名词复数 )；更改；变化；改变 | |
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patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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rev
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| v.发动机旋转，加快速度 | |
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memorable
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| adj.值得回忆的，难忘的，特别的，显著的 | |
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potent
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| adj.强有力的，有权势的；有效力的 | |
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humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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adviser
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| n.劝告者，顾问 | |
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49
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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50
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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51
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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52
epithets
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| n.（表示性质、特征等的）词语( epithet的名词复数 ) | |
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applied
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| adj.应用的；v.应用，适用 | |
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54
disingenuous
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| adj.不诚恳的，虚伪的 | |
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ingenuous
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| adj.纯朴的，单纯的；天真的；坦率的 | |
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56
persistently
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| ad.坚持地；固执地 | |
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57
incorporation
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| n.设立，合并，法人组织 | |
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58
avowed
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| adj.公开声明的，承认的v.公开声明，承认( avow的过去式和过去分词) | |
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59
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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60
obliterate
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| v.擦去，涂抹，去掉...痕迹，消失，除去 | |
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61
commissioners
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| n.专员( commissioner的名词复数 )；长官；委员；政府部门的长官 | |
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62
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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63
despatch
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| n./v.(dispatch)派遣；发送；n.急件；新闻报道 | |
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64
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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65
judicial
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| adj.司法的，法庭的，审判的，明断的，公正的 | |
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administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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67
grovelling
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| adj.卑下的，奴颜婢膝的v.卑躬屈节，奴颜婢膝( grovel的现在分词 )；趴 | |
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68
survivor
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| n.生存者，残存者，幸存者 | |
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69
founders
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| n.创始人( founder的名词复数 ) | |
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70
gratitude
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| adj.感激，感谢 | |
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71
politic
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| adj.有智虑的；精明的；v.从政 | |
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72
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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abrogation
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| n.取消，废除 | |
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74
virtue
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| n.德行，美德；贞操；优点；功效，效力 | |
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compassion
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| n.同情，怜悯 | |
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immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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brutal
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| adj.残忍的，野蛮的，不讲理的 | |
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advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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80
lieutenant
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| n.陆军中尉，海军上尉；代理官员，副职官员 | |
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81
quotation
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| n.引文，引语，语录；报价，牌价，行情 | |
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82
eloquent
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| adj.雄辩的，口才流利的；明白显示出的 | |
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83
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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84
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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85
disallow
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| v.不允许；拒绝 | |
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professed
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| 公开声称的，伪称的，已立誓信教的 | |
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puerile
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| adj.幼稚的，儿童的 | |
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88
annulled
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| v.宣告无效( annul的过去式和过去分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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demise
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| n.死亡；v.让渡，遗赠，转让 | |
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annulling
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| v.宣告无效( annul的现在分词 )；取消；使消失；抹去 | |
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frigate
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| n.护航舰，大型驱逐舰 | |
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92
divers
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| adj.不同的；种种的 | |
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attachment
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| n.附属物，附件；依恋；依附 | |
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molestation
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| n.骚扰，干扰，调戏；折磨 | |
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formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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stringent
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| adj.严厉的；令人信服的；银根紧的 | |
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disposition
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| n.性情，性格；意向，倾向；排列，部署 | |
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acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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100
justification
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| n.正当的理由；辩解的理由 | |
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101
coeval
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| adj.同时代的；n.同时代的人或事物 | |
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monarch
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| n.帝王，君主，最高统治者 | |
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remonstrances
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| n.抱怨，抗议( remonstrance的名词复数 ) | |
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104
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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imprisoning
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| v.下狱，监禁( imprison的现在分词 ) | |
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imprison
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| vt.监禁，关押，限制，束缚 | |
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piety
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| n.虔诚，虔敬 | |
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undertakings
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| 企业( undertaking的名词复数 )； 保证； 殡仪业； 任务 | |
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plantation
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| n.种植园，大农场 | |
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smite
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| v.重击；彻底击败；n.打；尝试；一点儿 | |
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111
recapitulate
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| v.节述要旨，择要说明 | |
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112
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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113
eligible
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| adj.有条件被选中的；(尤指婚姻等)合适(意)的 | |
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114
legislate
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| vt.制定法律；n.法规，律例；立法 | |
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115
corrupting
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| （使）败坏( corrupt的现在分词 )； （使）腐化； 引起（计算机文件等的）错误； 破坏 | |
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116
franchise
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| n.特许，特权，专营权，特许权 | |
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117
ineligible
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| adj.无资格的，不适当的 | |
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118
eligibility
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| n.合格，资格 | |
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119
secondly
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| adv.第二，其次 | |
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odious
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| adj.可憎的，讨厌的 | |
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121
enfranchised
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| v.给予选举权( enfranchise的过去式和过去分词 )；（从奴隶制中）解放 | |
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122
alleged
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| a.被指控的，嫌疑的 | |
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123
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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persecuted
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| （尤指宗教或政治信仰的）迫害(~sb. for sth.)( persecute的过去式和过去分词 )； 烦扰，困扰或骚扰某人 | |
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dissented
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| 不同意，持异议( dissent的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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levied
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| 征（兵）( levy的过去式和过去分词 )； 索取； 发动（战争）； 征税 | |
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127
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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129
grievances
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| n.委屈( grievance的名词复数 )；苦衷；不满；牢骚 | |
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pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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prerogative
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| n.特权 | |
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132
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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narrate
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| v.讲，叙述 | |
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tenor
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| n.男高音（歌手），次中音（乐器），要旨，大意 | |
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illustrated
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| adj. 有插图的，列举的 动词illustrate的过去式和过去分词 | |
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136
bribery
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| n.贿络行为，行贿，受贿 | |
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137
fidelity
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| n.忠诚，忠实；精确 | |
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138
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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139
authorizing
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| 授权，批准，委托( authorize的现在分词 ) | |
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140
humiliation
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| n.羞辱 | |
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141
implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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143
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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levy
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| n.征收税或其他款项，征收额 | |
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withholding
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| 扣缴税款 | |
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naval
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| adj.海军的，军舰的，船的 | |
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defraud
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| vt.欺骗，欺诈 | |
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148
prosecutors
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| 检举人( prosecutor的名词复数 )； 告发人； 起诉人； 公诉人 | |
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supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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150
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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patriots
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| 爱国者，爱国主义者( patriot的名词复数 ) | |
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152
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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irresistible
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| adj.非常诱人的，无法拒绝的，无法抗拒的 | |
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profane
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| adj.亵神的，亵渎的；vt.亵渎，玷污 | |
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professing
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| 声称( profess的现在分词 )； 宣称； 公开表明； 信奉 | |
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usurpation
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| n.篡位；霸占 | |
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usurped
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| 篡夺，霸占( usurp的过去式和过去分词 )； 盗用； 篡夺，篡权 | |
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adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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perverted
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| adj.不正当的v.滥用( pervert的过去式和过去分词 )；腐蚀；败坏；使堕落 | |
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160
influential
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| adj.有影响的，有权势的 | |
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161
censure
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| v./n.责备；非难；责难 | |
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162
citizenship
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| n.市民权，公民权，国民的义务(身份) | |
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fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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sterling
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| adj.英币的(纯粹的，货真价实的)；n.英国货币(英镑) | |
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