No sooner was Mary, eldest2 daughter of Henry VIII., securely seated on the throne left vacant by the premature3 death of her brother, Edward VI., than the Emperor Charles V., already related to her through his aunt, Katherine of Aragon, determined5 to bring about a marriage between the Queen of England and his son Philip. By the accomplishment6 of this project, which had been conceived by the Emperor during Edward’s last illness, the preponderance obtained in Europe by the House of Austria would be largely increased, and Charles’s dream of universal dominion7 might eventually be realised.
Philip, who was then a widower—his wife, Do?a Maria, Princess of Portugal, having died in 1545, in giving birth to a son, the unfortunate Don Carlos—readily acquiesced8 in his father’s scheme, as he fully9 recognised the vast importance of the match, and Mary alone had to be consulted. But little apprehension10 could be entertained of her refusal. All the advantages were on the Prince’s side. 2Eleven years younger than the Queen, who was then thirty-eight, Philip was not merely in the very flower of manhood, but extremely handsome, and, as heir to a mighty11 monarchy12, unquestionably the greatest match in Europe. No princess, however exalted14, on whom he deigned15 to smile, would refuse him her hand.
But there were difficulties in the way of the projected alliance, only to be overcome by prudential management. For many reasons the match was certain to be obnoxious16 to the English nation, which would not unnaturally18 be apprehensive19 of being brought under a foreign yoke21. Neither was the Queen altogether her own mistress. Governed by her council—especially by the Lord Chancellor22, Gardiner—she could not act in contradiction to their decisions; and some of her ministers would infallibly be hostile to the alliance. However, the Emperor did not despair of silencing the objectors. Neither treasure nor pains should be spared to effect his darling scheme.
The moment, however, for entering upon public negotiations23 of the marriage had not yet arrived. The realm was still agitated24 by Northumberland’s abortive25 attempt to seize the crown for his daughter-in-law, the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey; religious dissensions prevailed, rendering26 the meditated27 re-establishment of the old worship extremely hazardous28; while the violent opposition29 certain to be experienced from the whole Protestant party, might intimidate30 the Queen and deter4 her from following her own inclinations31.
Proceeding32 with the caution required by the circumstances, the Emperor enjoined33 his ambassador at the English court, Simon Renard, a man of great subtlety34, in whom he had entire confidence, to sound the Queen warily35 as to the marriage, but not to propose it to her formally until assured of her assent36. Acting37 upon these instructions, Renard soon discovered that Mary’s affections were fixed38 on her young kinsman39, Courtenay, Earl of Devonshire, who had been long held captive in the Tower during the reign20 of Edward, and whom she herself had liberated40 on her accession. The wily ambassador instantly set to work to undo41 this knot, and by his machinations succeeded in convincing the Queen that the indiscreet and fickle43 young Earl was wholly undeserving 3of her regard, as he had become enthralled44 by the superior fascinations45 of her sister Elizabeth. Courtenay was therefore quickly discarded.
But another obstacle arose, which Renard had not foreseen. Ashamed of the weakness she had just exhibited, the Queen began seriously to think of uniting herself with Cardinal46 Pole, at that time attainted with treason by an act passed in the reign of Henry VIII., and banished47 from the realm. Regarding the Cardinal, she said, with feelings akin48 to veneration49, and owing him reparation for the many and grievous injuries he had endured from her father, she would make him amends50 by bestowing51 upon him her hand. As he was only a cardinal deacon, a dispensation for his marriage with her could be easily procured53 from the Pope. She would implore54 his Holiness to grant her request, and to send Pole as legantine ambassador to England, when the nuptials55 might be solemnised. The union was sure to meet with the approval of the Holy See, which would perceive in it an earnest of the complete return of the realm to obedience56 to the Church. Renard did not attempt to dissuade57 the Queen from her design, feeling his efforts would then only be thrown away, and might serve to confirm her in her purpose, but contented58 himself with acquainting the Emperor with her Majesty59’s design, suggesting that Pole should be detained until after the marriage which they sought to bring about should have taken place.
The hint was not lost upon Charles. At the hazard of incurring60 the displeasure of the Sovereign Pontiff, Julius III., he determined to prevent the Cardinal from passing into England.
No man of his time possessed61 higher and nobler qualities than the illustrious Reginald Pole. Sanctity of manners, erudition, wisdom, eloquence62, combined to render him one of the most shining lights of the age. Devout63 without bigotry64, tolerant, strictly65 conscientious66, and pure-minded, he was utterly67 free from debasing passions. Guile68 and hypocrisy69 formed no part of his character. Self-denying, abstinent70, and laborious71, he was ever generous and charitable. Descended73 from the royal house of York, his mother being Margaret, Countess of Salisbury daughter of the Duke of Clarence, brother to Edward IV., Pole attached no undue74 4importance to this adventitious76 circumstance, but maintained an almost apostolic meekness77 of deportment. At the advanced period of life he had attained78 at the period of our history, his looks were in the highest degree venerable and impressive, offering a complete index to his character. A master of the Latin language, which he spoke79 and wrote with facility and classical elegance80, he had delighted in earlier years in the Greek poets and philosophers, but of late had confined his studies wholly to theology. At one time he had enjoyed the favour of Henry VIII., who was fully alive to his great merits, but he incurred81 the displeasure of the tyrant82 by the bold opinions he delivered as to the injustice83 of Katherine of Aragon’s divorce and the King’s marriage with Anne Boleyn. This opposition to his will was never forgiven by the implacable monarch13, and unable to get Pole, who had taken refuge in Italy, into his power, he deprived him of his benefice and possessions, declared him guilty of high treason, laid a price on his head, and sought to procure52 his assassination84. At last, unable to accomplish his fell purpose, Henry wreaked85 his vengeance86 on the Cardinal’s mother, the venerable Countess of Salisbury—the last of the whole blood of the royal line of Plantagenet—on his brother Henry Pole, Lord Montague, Sir Edward Nevil, Sir Nicholas Carew, and other of his friends, all of whom were attainted of high treason, and brought to the block. The slaughter87 of the aged88 and unoffending Countess, who was only put to death because she was Pole’s mother, is perhaps the deepest stain on Henry’s character. These wholesale89 murders deeply afflicted90 Pole, and cast a gloom over the rest of his days; but he did not cry out for vengeance upon the perpetrator of the foul91 crimes, knowing that Heaven would requite92 him in due season. That the snares93 spread by the tyrant had failed to catch him—that the daggers94 aimed at his breast had been turned aside—convinced him he had work to do for which he was miraculously95 preserved. So he resigned himself to the heavy calamity96 that had befallen him, but though there was no show of grief on his countenance97, the deep-seated wound in his heart never healed. Raised to the Purple by Paul III., on the death of that Pontiff, in 1549 (five years before the date of our history), the eminent98 and virtuous99 5Cardinal appeared the most fitting person in the conclave100 to assume the tiara, and, in spite of the intrigues102 against him, he was elected to the Pontifical103 throne; but when the news was brought him at a late hour, he modestly bade the messengers wait till the morrow, and his answer being construed104 into a refusal, another election took place, when the choice fell upon Cardinal del Monte, who took the title of Julius III.
This occurrence caused a little disappointment to Pole. He retired105 to the Benedictine convent of Maguzano, on the margin106 of the Lago di Garda, where he was visited by Commendone, a secret envoy107 from the Pope to England, and made acquainted by this discreet42 messenger with the Queen’s gracious intentions towards him. But with characteristic humility108 he declined them, alleging109 that, apart from any other considerations, his age and infirmities forbade him to think of marriage. Her majesty, however, he added, might count upon his zealous111 assistance in the great work she had before her, and the rest of his life should be devoted112 to her service.
Appointed legate from the Holy See to the Queen of England, the Emperor, and Henri II., King of France, with full powers and credentials113, Pole set forth114 on his mission, but by the Emperor’s order he was stayed at Dillinghen on the Danube. After some delay, he was suffered to proceed as far as Brussels, where he received a letter from Mary, telling him that matters were not yet ripe for his advent75, and that his appearance in England might lead to a religious war. The Emperor also peremptorily115 enjoined him to remain where he was, but assigned no reason for the mandate116.
Anxious to obtain some explanation, Pole besought117 an interview with Charles, which, at last, was reluctantly accorded. When the Bishop118 of Arras brought him word that his Imperial Majesty would receive him, alleging some excuse for the delay, Pole replied, “Truly, I find it more easy to obtain access to Heaven in behalf of the Emperor, than to have access to the Emperor himself, for whom I daily pray.” The Cardinal gained nothing by the interview, and could not even learn the cause of his detention119. Charles feigned120 anger, and taxing Pole with unnecessary 6impatience, reiterated122 his orders to him not to leave Brussels.
Having secured Pole, who he fancied might interfere123 with his plans if suffered to go into England, the Emperor wrote to the Queen, expressing his entire approval of her rejection124 of Courtenay, and hypocritically regretting that the Cardinal’s extraordinary indifference125 to worldly honours rendered him insensible to the great dignity she designed for him, concluded by offering her his son.
The proposal was well timed, Mary being in the mood to receive it. She did not waste much time in consideration, but sent for Renard, who was fully prepared for the summons, and saw at once by the Queen’s looks that his point was gained. She entered upon the business in a very straightforward126 manner, told him that, having always regarded the Emperor as a father, since his Majesty had graciously deigned to choose a husband for her, she should not feel at liberty to reject the proposal, even if it were not altogether agreeable to her. So far, however from that being the case, no one could please her better than the Prince of Spain. She, therefore, charged his excellency to acquaint the Emperor that she was ready in all things to obey him, and thanked him for his goodness. Thereupon, she dismissed Renard, who hastened to communicate the joyful127 intelligence to his imperial master.
But though the Queen had been thus won, much yet remained to be accomplished128, and all Renard’s skill was required to bring the affair on which he was engaged to a triumphant129 issue.
Informed of the proposal of marriage which their royal mistress had received from the Prince of Spain, the council, with the exception of the old Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Arundel, and Lord Paget, arrayed themselves against it; and Gardiner, who had supported Courtenay, earnestly remonstrated130 with Mary, showing her that the alliance would be distasteful to the country generally, would alienate131 many of her well-disposed subjects, and infallibly involve her in a war with France. Finding it, however, vain to reason with her, or oppose her will—for she was as firm of purpose as her royal sire—the Chancellor desisted, and being really solicitous132 for the welfare and safety of the 7realm, proceeded to frame such a marriage-treaty as should ensure the government from all danger of Spanish interference, and maintain inviolate133 the rights and liberties of the people.
So much obloquy134 having been heaped upon the memory of this great prelate and statesman, it is right that his conduct in this important transaction, and the care taken by him to guard the country from foreign intervention135, should be clearly understood. That Bishop Gardiner was subsequently led into acts of unjustifiable severity towards the adherents136 of the new doctrines137, and became one of the chief instruments in the terrible persecution138 of the Protestant martyrs139, cannot be denied. But it should be borne in mind, that he himself had suffered much for his religious opinions, and the harshness and injustice with which he had been treated in the late reign, chiefly at the instigation of his enemy, Cranmer, the sequestration of his revenues, and long imprisonment140 in the Tower, had not tended to soften141 his heart. Neither side when in power showed much pity for its opponents. But whatever judgment142 may be formed of Gardiner’s acts towards the Protestant party, and his desire to extirpate143 heresy144 and schism145 by fire and blood, it must be conceded that he was one of the ablest statesmen of the day, and that Mary was singularly fortunate in choosing him for her chancellor and prime minister. He speedily replenished146 an exhausted147 treasury148, repealed149 obnoxious taxes, and conducted the administration of the kingdom with so much zeal110 and ability, that, making himself both feared and respected, he obtained the greatest influence at home and abroad. The best proof of his capacities is to be found in the confusion that reigned150 after his death, and the impossibility on the moment of finding an adequate successor. Even Cardinal Pole, who was by no means favourably151 disposed towards him, declared that, as a minister, his loss was irreparable.
All-powerful as he was in the government, and high as he stood in the Queen’s favour, Gardiner was not free from jealousy152 and distrust, and Pole’s appointment as legate from the Holy See to England filled him with uneasiness lest he should be superseded153 on the Cardinal’s arrival. Like the Emperor, he did not give that lowly-minded man entire 8credit for disinterestedness154 and disdain155 of worldly honours. Persuading his royal mistress that the legate’s presence in the kingdom at a juncture156 when nothing was settled, would be fraught157 with infinite peril158 to herself and to the Church, Gardiner induced her to write to Pole to delay his coming to a more convenient season; and her letter furnished the Emperor with a plausible159 pretext160 for continuing to detain Pole at Brussels.
Obviously it was Charles’s interest to win over Gardiner, who, if so minded, might unquestionably mar1 the marriage-project, even though it had gone thus far, and Renard was, therefore, instructed to spare no pains, and to hesitate at no promises calculated to propitiate161 the Chancellor. By the wily arts of the imperial ambassador, a certain understanding was arrived at with Gardiner, who thenceforward withdrew his opposition, and warmly promoted the match; satisfied he could do so without sacrificing the interests of the country. The concurrence162 of others was procured by promises of pensions and gifts, and Charles V. remitted163 the vast sum of four hundred thousand crowns of the sun to his ambassador for this purpose.
Matters, therefore, being in good train, an extraordinary embassy, consisting of the Counts D’Egmont and Lalain, the Lord of Courrières, and the Sieur de Nigry, were despatched by the Emperor to the English Court, to demand formally the Queen’s hand in marriage. In anticipation164 of their arrival, a treaty was prepared by Gardiner, its terms having been already discussed with Renard.
The chief stipulations of this treaty were, that the government of the realm should remain, as heretofore, absolutely and entirely165 with the Queen, so that, although Philip would have the name of King, he would have no regal authority whatever, and no power to dispose of lands, offices, revenues, and benefices. Spaniards were to be strictly excluded from the government, and from all court offices. The Queen could not be taken out of her kingdom save at her own desire. A jointure of sixty thousand pounds a year, secured on lands in Spain and the Netherlands, was to be settled on her Majesty by Philip. If there should be no issue, and Philip should survive his consort166, he engaged 9to make no claim to the succession. The crown was to descend72 as provided by the laws of the country. A perpetual league was agreed upon between England and Spain, and the league already subsisting167 between the former country and France was not to be disturbed.
These conditions, insisted upon by Gardiner, and submitted to by the imperial ambassador, were, it must be owned, sufficiently168 advantageous169 to England. Count D’Egmont and his companions returned with the treaty to the Emperor, who was well enough content with it, being determined to obtain the throne of England for his son at any price.
So far all had gone tolerably smoothly170, but a storm was brewing171, and soon afterwards burst forth, threatening to dash to pieces this well-planned fabric172.
Amongst the powers dissatisfied with the projected match, the most adverse173 to it was France. Henri II., the reigning174 monarch of that country, and the Emperor’s inveterate175 foe176, had already secured the youthful Queen of Scotland, Mary Stuart, for his eldest son; but the union between Philip and the Queen of England would be more than a counterpoise to his own anticipated aggrandisement. At all hazards, Henri was determined to thwart177 the alliance.
He therefore secretly instructed his ambassador at the English court, Antoine de Noailles, whose genius for intrigue101 eminently178 qualified179 him for the task, to stir up a revolt among the discontented nobles, the object of which should be to depose180 Mary, and place the Princess Elizabeth on the throne. De Noailles was authorised to assure all such as entered into the plan, that France and Scotland would lend them aid. By this adroit181 intriguer’s machinations, aided by those of the Venetian ambassador, an extensive conspiracy182 was soon formed to oppose Philip’s landing, to marry Courtenay to the Princess Elizabeth, and proclaim them King and Queen of England. Already indisposed to the match, the people were easily set violently against it. Every imputation183 that could be cast upon Philip and on the Spanish nation, was employed by the conspirators184 to excite the popular animosity. An army of imperialists, it was asserted, was about to invade the English shores and enslave the people. The terrible 10Inquisition would be introduced into the country, and atrocities185 worse than those committed by Torquemada, the first inquisitor-general, who burnt eight thousand, eight hundred heretics and Jews, would be perpetrated. By such representations as these, aided by the undisguised hostility186 of the Protestant party, the nation became greatly disturbed, and an insurrection seemed imminent187.
The Duke of Suffolk, father of Lady Jane Grey, with his brothers, the Lords John and Thomas Grey, entered into the plot. Courtenay, dazzled by the prospect188 of a crown and the hope of wedding Elizabeth, engaged to put himself at the head of the rebels, but, as the hour approached, he shrunk from the perilous189 enterprise, and confessed the design to Gardiner. Thus betrayed, the conspirators were obliged to precipitate190 their plans, which were not intended to have been put into execution till the arrival of Philip. A rising was attempted at Exeter by Sir Peter Carew, but met with little support, and was quickly suppressed by the Earl of Bedford. Several of the conspirators were apprehended191, and Carew fled to France. The Duke of Suffolk and his brothers were equally unfortunate, and after a futile192 attempt to make a stand in Leicestershire, were arrested and lodged193 in the Tower.
A far more successful attempt was made by Sir Thomas Wyat in Kent. Speedily rallying a large force round his standard, he marched towards London, and defeated the veteran Duke of Norfolk, who was sent to oppose him. The rebellion had now assumed a formidable aspect. Wyat was in Southwark, at the head of fifteen thousand men, menacing the metropolis194, in which he expected to find an immense number of supporters.
Undismayed by the danger, the Queen repaired to Guildhall, addressed the Lord Mayor and citizens in language so stirring and energetic, that they promised to defend her to the last; and when Wyat, designing to take the city by assault, was prevented by the Tower batteries from crossing London Bridge, but subsequently effected a passage higher up the river, and so approached the capital from the west, his partisans195 became alarmed at the vigorous preparations made for their reception, and began to desert him. An engagement took place at Charing196 Cross, which resulted in 11the defeat of the insurgents197, and though Wyat gallantly198 fought his way with a few followers199 to Ludgate, none rose to join him, and he was compelled to retreat to Temple Bar, where he surrendered to Sir Maurice Berkeley, by whom he was taken to the Tower.
By this rebellion, in which she had no share, the ill-fated Lady Jane Grey was sacrificed with her husband. Even Elizabeth was placed in great jeopardy200. Both she and Courtenay were sent to the Tower, the dungeons201 of which were crowded with those implicated202 in the conspiracy. The Emperor counselled severe measures, representing to the Queen, through his ambassador, that she would never be safe while those who could be put forward by the disaffected203 as claimants of the crown were permitted to live. But Mary, though thus urged by Charles, and by the imperial faction204 in the council, was reluctant to put her sister to death, and Gardiner encouraged her feelings of clemency205, as well towards Elizabeth as Courtenay. Neither of them, therefore, though their complicity in the plot was indubitable, were brought to trial, but Elizabeth, after a brief confinement206, was sent under a strong guard, and in charge of Sir Henry Bedingfield, to Woodstock, and Courtenay was taken to Fotheringay Castle. The Duke of Suffolk, with his brothers, paid the penalty of their treasonable acts with their lives, dying unpitied. But Wyat’s fate excited much commiseration207, his daring and gallantry having won him the sympathy even of his opponents. Many rebels of lesser208 note were hanged in different parts of the country, but multitudes received pardon on expressing contrition209 for their offence.
In this manner was the insurrection crushed. Its contriver210, De Noailles, remained unmolested, though Renard denounced him to the council, declaring that he had forfeited211 his privilege as an ambassador by fomenting212 rebellion. But the Queen did not desire war with France, which would have certainly followed the plotting minister’s arrest. Emboldened213 by this apparent immunity214 from personal risk, and utterly regardless of the calamities215 he might bring on others, De Noailles continued his secret intrigues as actively216 as ever, encouraging faction, and hoping to the last to defeat the alliance.
12The rebellion, however, was serviceable to Mary. It confirmed her authority, and enabled her to perform many acts which she had not hitherto ventured upon. Above all, it elicited217 undoubted manifestations218 of loyalty219 from the great body of the people, and though the dislike to the Spanish match could not be extinguished, the Queen’s emphatic220 declaration that regard for her husband should never interfere with her duties to her subjects, was held a sufficient guarantee for the security of the country.
The negotiations in regard to the marriage, so rudely interrupted by the outbreak, were now renewed, and Count D’Egmont and the other ambassadors returned to the English court, with the treaty duly ratified221 and signed by the Emperor. Introduced by the Lord High Admiral and the Earl of Pembroke to the royal oratory222, they there found her Majesty surrounded by the lords of the council. After an address from the Queen, delivered with a dignity and feeling that powerfully moved the auditors223, she exchanged the ratification224 of the treaty with the Count D’Egmont, who now acted as Philip’s proxy225. No better representative of the proud Prince of Spain could have been chosen than D’Egmont, himself one of the first lords of the Low Countries, and as distinguished226 for graces of person as he was for military genius and prowess in the field.
Kneeling at the altar beside the Queen, D’Egmont espoused227 her on the part of the Prince; and at the close of the ceremonial, which was performed by Gardiner, the Count placed on her Majesty’s finger a diamond ring of great value, sent to her by the Emperor.
His mission completed, Count D’Egmont repaired to Spain to confer with Philip, who was then at Valladolid.
Gardiner’s next step was to have an act confirming the marriage-treaty passed by both Houses of Parliament, and this was accomplished without delay. Lords and Commons were equally satisfied with the provisions of the treaty, and unanimously agreed to it, assuring the Queen that the Prince of Spain would be heartily228 welcomed on his arrival by all her dutiful subjects.
All being now arranged, the Earl of Bedford, lord privy-seal, and Lord Fitzwaters, with other noblemen and gentlemen, were sent to Spain to conduct Philip to England. 13Landing at Corunna, the ambassadors proceeded to Santiago, then the capital of Galicia, where they waited for the Prince, who was journeying towards them, with a large train of attendants, by easy stages from Valladolid. During their stay at Santiago, the ambassadors were sumptuously230 entertained by the Marquis de Sara, and by others of the Spanish nobility.
On Philip’s arrival at Santiago, high mass having been performed in the ancient cathedral, containing the shrine231 of St. James of Compostella—the patron saint of Spain—the Prince, in the presence of a large assemblage of grandees232, dignitaries of the Church, and other important officials, received the treaty of marriage from the Earl of Bedford, ratified it, and solemnly vowed233 to abide234 by its conditions.
After a day or two devoted to feasting and pastime, Philip set out for Corunna, and on the 13th July, 1554, all being ready for his departure, he embarked235 for England in the “Santissima Trinidada,” the finest vessel236 in the Spanish navy. He was escorted by a hundred and fifty ships, well provided with men and ordnance237, and had with him many of the chief nobility of Spain.
During all this time, De Noailles continued his intrigues, vainly endeavouring to excite a fresh revolt, and to his agency may be traced an imposture238, which created an extraordinary sensation in London, and might—if it had not been speedily detected—have led to dangerous popular tumults239.
A man and his wife, occupying an old tenement240 in the heart of the city, forming part of a despoiled241 religious establishment, declared that from a stone wall adjoining their habitation an unearthly voice was heard to issue, proclaiming many strange and terrible things. Ere long, as may be supposed, a curious crowd collected within the court, and the assemblage was gratified by hearing the spirit denounce the approaching marriage of the Queen, which it declared would be full of bale and mischief242 to the realm. Some of the bystanders called out, “God save Queen Mary!” whereupon the spirit was silent. When they mentioned the Prince of Spain, a deep groan243 was the response; but when Elizabeth was named, the voice loudly replied, “So be it!” Furthermore, on the question being propounded244, “What is 14the mass?” it discreetly245 answered, “Idolatry;” with many other utterances246 to the same purpose.
A report of this wondrous247 circumstance quickly spread throughout the city, and on the following day, upwards248 of seventeen thousand persons assembled in the neighbourhood of the structure whence the mysterious voice proceeded. Such as were able to get near the wall heard many treasonable speeches against the Queen, and fresh denunciations of her marriage, which they repeated to those further off, so that the sayings of the spirit were circulated amongst the immense crowd. Much excitement being caused and tumults apprehended, the persons belonging to the house were arrested, and strict search being made, a girl, named Elizabeth Crofts, was discovered, artfully hidden in a hole contrived249 in the thickness of the wall, whence she had managed to speak through a crevice250, with the help of a small trumpet251. The impostor was very leniently252 dealt with, being only made to do public penance253 for the offence at Saint Paul’s.
Another incident occurred about the same time, which, though ridiculous in itself, is worthy254 of note, as showing that aversion to the Spanish match pervaded255 all classes, and was even shared by the young. Some three hundred boys, armed with clubs and staves, assembled in Finsbury Fields, and got up a mock fight, which they styled “The Queen against Wyat.” Though intended as a sport, the conflict was carried on with so much good will, that several were wounded on either side, and the boy who represented Philip of Spain, being taken prisoner by the opposite party, was hanged to a tree, and only cut down just in time to save his life.
Calculating on the unconquerable antipathy256 to the match manifested in so many ways, De Noailles pursued his schemes, persuaded that, when Philip set foot on the English shores, the people by whom he was so much detested257 would rise against him, and massacre258 him and his attendants.
Meanwhile, Lord Clinton, the Lord High Admiral, who himself had no special liking259 for the Spaniards, or for the Spanish match, though he was full of loyalty towards the Queen, was cruising about the Channel, with eight-and-twenty 15of the tallest ships in the English navy, to protect the Prince, in case any attempt should be made by the French to attack him on his way, it being reported that four Gascon regiments260 had been ordered to Rouen, to attempt a descent upon the Isle261 of Wight and Portsmouth. Lord Clinton was accompanied by the Count de la Chapelle, the Vice-Admiral of the Low Countries, with some fifteen ships, which, however, the rough Englishman did not rate very highly, but called them in derision “mussel-shells.”
As the time drew nigh when the Prince’s arrival might be expected, Mary exhibited an impatience121 foreign to her character, but by no means unnatural17 under the circumstances. Sumptuous229 presents had been provided for her intended husband by her order, and preparations on a magnificent scale were made for the marriage ceremonial, which it was arranged should take place at Winchester. All the principal nobility were bidden to the solemnity, and the chief officers of the royal household, and, indeed, all connected with the court, had parts assigned them in the grand reception to be given to the Prince, and in the celebration of the nuptials.
Many, therefore, shared in the Queen’s anxiety for Philip’s safe and speedy arrival. Up to this time the breezes had been propitious262, but contrary winds might arise, and delay the royal bridegroom on his voyage. Some, indeed, prayed that the vessel that bore him might founder263, and would have exulted264 in such a catastrophe265, and deemed it a special interference of Providence266.
Their prayers were unheard. Tidings were brought by the Marquis de las Naves267, the Prince’s avant-courier, who landed at Plymouth, to the effect that his royal master might be daily looked for, and this welcome intelligence was immediately communicated to the Queen, and served to allay268 her anxiety.
Escorted by a strong guard, and attended by a sumptuous retinue269, she forthwith proceeded to Guildford, where the Marquis de las Naves was presented to her by Renard, and gave her most satisfactory accounts of the Prince. Next day she continued her journey, and, on reaching Winchester, the loyal inhabitants of that fine old city welcomed her with every demonstration270 of joy. Well pleased by her reception 16she took up her abode271 at the Bishop’s palace, which had been prepared for her by Gardiner.
At the same time, De Noailles, accompanied by some trusty agents, whom he required for a dark scheme he had hatched, journeyed secretly to Southampton, where the Prince meant to disembark.
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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eldest
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premature
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deter
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determined
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accomplishment
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dominion
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acquiesced
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| v.默认，默许( acquiesce的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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fully
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apprehension
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mighty
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monarchy
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| n.君主，最高统治者；君主政体，君主国 | |
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monarch
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exalted
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| adj.(地位等)高的，崇高的；尊贵的，高尚的 | |
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15
deigned
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| v.屈尊，俯就( deign的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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16
obnoxious
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| adj.极恼人的，讨人厌的，可憎的 | |
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17
unnatural
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| adj.不自然的；反常的 | |
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18
unnaturally
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| adv.违反习俗地；不自然地；勉强地；不近人情地 | |
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19
apprehensive
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| adj.担心的，恐惧的，善于领会的 | |
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20
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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21
yoke
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| n.轭；支配；v.给...上轭，连接，使成配偶 | |
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22
chancellor
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| n.(英)大臣；法官；(德、奥)总理；大学校长 | |
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23
negotiations
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| 协商( negotiation的名词复数 )； 谈判； 完成（难事）； 通过 | |
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24
agitated
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| adj.被鼓动的，不安的 | |
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25
abortive
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| adj.不成功的，发育不全的 | |
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26
rendering
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| n.表现，描写 | |
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27
meditated
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| 深思，沉思，冥想( meditate的过去式和过去分词 )； 内心策划，考虑 | |
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28
hazardous
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| adj.(有)危险的，冒险的；碰运气的 | |
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29
opposition
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| n.反对，敌对 | |
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30
intimidate
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| vt.恐吓，威胁 | |
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31
inclinations
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| 倾向( inclination的名词复数 )； 倾斜； 爱好； 斜坡 | |
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32
proceeding
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| n.行动，进行，(pl.)会议录，学报 | |
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33
enjoined
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| v.命令( enjoin的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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34
subtlety
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| n.微妙，敏锐，精巧；微妙之处，细微的区别 | |
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35
warily
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| adv.留心地 | |
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36
assent
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| v.批准，认可；n.批准，认可 | |
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37
acting
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| n.演戏，行为，假装；adj.代理的，临时的，演出用的 | |
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38
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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39
kinsman
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| n.男亲属 | |
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40
liberated
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| a.无拘束的，放纵的 | |
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41
undo
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| vt.解开，松开；取消，撤销 | |
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42
discreet
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| adj.(言行)谨慎的；慎重的；有判断力的 | |
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43
fickle
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| adj.(爱情或友谊上)易变的，不坚定的 | |
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44
enthralled
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| 迷住，吸引住( enthrall的过去式和过去分词 )； 使感到非常愉快 | |
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45
fascinations
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| n.魅力( fascination的名词复数 )；有魅力的东西；迷恋；陶醉 | |
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46
cardinal
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| n.(天主教的)红衣主教；adj.首要的，基本的 | |
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47
banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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48
akin
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| adj.同族的，类似的 | |
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49
veneration
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| n.尊敬，崇拜 | |
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50
amends
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| n. 赔偿 | |
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51
bestowing
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| 砖窑中砖堆上层已烧透的砖 | |
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52
procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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53
procured
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的过去式和过去分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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54
implore
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| vt.乞求，恳求，哀求 | |
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55
nuptials
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| n.婚礼；婚礼( nuptial的名词复数 ) | |
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56
obedience
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| n.服从，顺从 | |
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57
dissuade
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| v.劝阻，阻止 | |
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58
contented
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| adj.满意的，安心的，知足的 | |
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59
majesty
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| n.雄伟，壮丽，庄严，威严；最高权威，王权 | |
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60
incurring
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| 遭受，招致，引起( incur的现在分词 ) | |
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61
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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62
eloquence
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| n.雄辩；口才，修辞 | |
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63
devout
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| adj.虔诚的，虔敬的，衷心的 (n.devoutness) | |
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64
bigotry
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| n.偏见，偏执，持偏见的行为[态度]等 | |
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65
strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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66
conscientious
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| adj.审慎正直的，认真的，本着良心的 | |
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67
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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68
guile
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| n.诈术 | |
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69
hypocrisy
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| n.伪善，虚伪 | |
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70
abstinent
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| adj.饮食有度的，有节制的，禁欲的；n.禁欲者 | |
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71
laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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72
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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73
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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74
undue
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|
| adj.过分的；不适当的；未到期的 | |
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75
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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76
adventitious
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| adj.偶然的 | |
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77
meekness
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|
| n.温顺，柔和 | |
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78
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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79
spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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80
elegance
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|
| n.优雅；优美，雅致；精致，巧妙 | |
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81
incurred
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| [医]招致的，遭受的； incur的过去式 | |
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82
tyrant
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| n.暴君，专制的君主，残暴的人 | |
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83
injustice
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|
| n.非正义，不公正，不公平，侵犯（别人的）权利 | |
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84
assassination
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|
| n.暗杀；暗杀事件 | |
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85
wreaked
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| 诉诸（武力），施行（暴力），发（脾气）( wreak的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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86
vengeance
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|
| n.报复，报仇，复仇 | |
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87
slaughter
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|
| n.屠杀，屠宰；vt.屠杀，宰杀 | |
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88
aged
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| adj.年老的，陈年的 | |
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89
wholesale
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|
| n.批发；adv.以批发方式；vt.批发，成批出售 | |
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90
afflicted
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| 使受痛苦，折磨( afflict的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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91
foul
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|
| adj.污秽的；邪恶的；v.弄脏；妨害；犯规；n.犯规 | |
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92
requite
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| v.报酬，报答 | |
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93
snares
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| n.陷阱( snare的名词复数 )；圈套；诱人遭受失败（丢脸、损失等）的东西；诱惑物v.用罗网捕捉，诱陷，陷害( snare的第三人称单数 ) | |
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94
daggers
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| 匕首，短剑( dagger的名词复数 ) | |
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95
miraculously
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|
| ad.奇迹般地 | |
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96
calamity
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| n.灾害，祸患，不幸事件 | |
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97
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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98
eminent
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| adj.显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的 | |
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99
virtuous
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| adj.有品德的，善良的，贞洁的，有效力的 | |
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100
conclave
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| n.秘密会议，红衣主教团 | |
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101
intrigue
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| vt.激起兴趣，迷住；vi.耍阴谋；n.阴谋，密谋 | |
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102
intrigues
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| n.密谋策划( intrigue的名词复数 )；神秘气氛；引人入胜的复杂情节v.搞阴谋诡计( intrigue的第三人称单数 )；激起…的好奇心 | |
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103
pontifical
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|
| adj.自以为是的，武断的 | |
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104
construed
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| v.解释（陈述、行为等）( construe的过去式和过去分词 )；翻译，作句法分析 | |
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105
retired
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|
| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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106
margin
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| n.页边空白；差额；余地，余裕；边，边缘 | |
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107
envoy
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| n.使节，使者，代表，公使 | |
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108
humility
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| n.谦逊，谦恭 | |
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109
alleging
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| 断言，宣称，辩解( allege的现在分词 ) | |
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110
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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111
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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112
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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113
credentials
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| n.证明，资格，证明书，证件 | |
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114
forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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115
peremptorily
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| adv.紧急地，不容分说地，专横地 | |
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116
mandate
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| n.托管地；命令，指示 | |
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117
besought
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| v.恳求，乞求（某事物）( beseech的过去式和过去分词 )；(beseech的过去式与过去分词) | |
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118
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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119
detention
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| n.滞留，停留；拘留，扣留；(教育)留下 | |
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120
feigned
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| a.假装的，不真诚的 | |
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121
impatience
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| n.不耐烦，急躁 | |
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122
reiterated
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| 反复地说，重申( reiterate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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123
interfere
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| v.(in)干涉，干预；(with)妨碍，打扰 | |
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124
rejection
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| n.拒绝，被拒，抛弃，被弃 | |
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125
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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126
straightforward
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| adj.正直的，坦率的；易懂的，简单的 | |
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127
joyful
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| adj.欢乐的，令人欢欣的 | |
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128
accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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129
triumphant
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| adj.胜利的，成功的；狂欢的，喜悦的 | |
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130
remonstrated
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| v.抗议( remonstrate的过去式和过去分词 )；告诫 | |
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131
alienate
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| vt.使疏远，离间；转让(财产等) | |
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132
solicitous
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| adj.热切的，挂念的 | |
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133
inviolate
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| adj.未亵渎的，未受侵犯的 | |
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134
obloquy
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| n.斥责，大骂 | |
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135
intervention
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| n.介入，干涉，干预 | |
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136
adherents
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| n.支持者，拥护者( adherent的名词复数 )；党羽；徒子徒孙 | |
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137
doctrines
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| n.教条( doctrine的名词复数 )；教义；学说；（政府政策的）正式声明 | |
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138
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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139
martyrs
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| n.martyr的复数形式；烈士( martyr的名词复数 )；殉道者；殉教者；乞怜者（向人诉苦以博取同情） | |
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140
imprisonment
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| n.关押，监禁，坐牢 | |
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141
soften
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| v.(使)变柔软；(使)变柔和 | |
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142
judgment
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| n.审判；判断力，识别力，看法，意见 | |
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143
extirpate
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| v.除尽，灭绝 | |
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144
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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145
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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146
replenished
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| 补充( replenish的过去式和过去分词 )； 重新装满 | |
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147
exhausted
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| adj.极其疲惫的，精疲力尽的 | |
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148
treasury
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| n.宝库；国库，金库；文库 | |
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149
repealed
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| 撤销，废除( repeal的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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150
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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151
favourably
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| adv. 善意地，赞成地 =favorably | |
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152
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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153
superseded
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| [医]被代替的，废弃的 | |
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154
disinterestedness
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155
disdain
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| n.鄙视，轻视；v.轻视，鄙视，不屑 | |
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156
juncture
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| n.时刻，关键时刻，紧要关头 | |
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157
fraught
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| adj.充满…的，伴有(危险等)的；忧虑的 | |
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158
peril
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| n.(严重的)危险；危险的事物 | |
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159
plausible
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| adj.似真实的，似乎有理的，似乎可信的 | |
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160
pretext
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| n.借口，托词 | |
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161
propitiate
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| v.慰解，劝解 | |
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162
concurrence
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| n.同意；并发 | |
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163
remitted
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| v.免除（债务），宽恕( remit的过去式和过去分词 )；使某事缓和；寄回，传送 | |
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164
anticipation
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| n.预期，预料，期望 | |
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165
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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166
consort
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| v.相伴；结交 | |
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167
subsisting
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| v.（靠很少的钱或食物）维持生活，生存下去( subsist的现在分词 ) | |
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168
sufficiently
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| adv.足够地，充分地 | |
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169
advantageous
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| adj.有利的；有帮助的 | |
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170
smoothly
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| adv.平滑地，顺利地，流利地，流畅地 | |
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171
brewing
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| n. 酿造, 一次酿造的量 动词brew的现在分词形式 | |
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172
fabric
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| n.织物，织品，布；构造，结构，组织 | |
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173
adverse
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| adj.不利的；有害的；敌对的，不友好的 | |
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174
reigning
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| adj.统治的，起支配作用的 | |
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175
inveterate
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| adj.积习已深的，根深蒂固的 | |
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176
foe
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| n.敌人，仇敌 | |
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177
thwart
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| v.阻挠，妨碍，反对；adj.横(断的) | |
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178
eminently
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| adv.突出地；显著地；不寻常地 | |
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179
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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180
depose
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| vt.免职；宣誓作证 | |
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181
adroit
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| adj.熟练的，灵巧的 | |
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182
conspiracy
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| n.阴谋，密谋，共谋 | |
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183
imputation
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| n.归罪，责难 | |
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184
conspirators
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| n.共谋者，阴谋家( conspirator的名词复数 ) | |
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185
atrocities
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| n.邪恶，暴行( atrocity的名词复数 )；滔天大罪 | |
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186
hostility
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| n.敌对，敌意；抵制［pl.］交战，战争 | |
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187
imminent
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| adj.即将发生的，临近的，逼近的 | |
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188
prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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189
perilous
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| adj.危险的，冒险的 | |
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190
precipitate
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| adj.突如其来的；vt.使突然发生；n.沉淀物 | |
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191
apprehended
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| 逮捕，拘押( apprehend的过去式和过去分词 )； 理解 | |
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192
futile
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| adj.无效的，无用的，无希望的 | |
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193
lodged
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| v.存放( lodge的过去式和过去分词 )；暂住；埋入；（权利、权威等）归属 | |
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194
metropolis
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| n.首府；大城市 | |
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195
partisans
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| 游击队员( partisan的名词复数 )； 党人； 党羽； 帮伙 | |
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196
charing
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| n.炭化v.把…烧成炭，把…烧焦( char的现在分词 )；烧成炭，烧焦；做杂役女佣 | |
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197
insurgents
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| n.起义，暴动，造反( insurgent的名词复数 ) | |
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198
gallantly
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| adv. 漂亮地，勇敢地，献殷勤地 | |
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199
followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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200
jeopardy
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| n.危险；危难 | |
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201
dungeons
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| n.地牢( dungeon的名词复数 ) | |
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202
implicated
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| adj.密切关联的；牵涉其中的 | |
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203
disaffected
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| adj.（政治上）不满的，叛离的 | |
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204
faction
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| n.宗派，小集团；派别；派系斗争 | |
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205
clemency
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| n.温和，仁慈，宽厚 | |
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206
confinement
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| n.幽禁，拘留，监禁；分娩；限制，局限 | |
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207
commiseration
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| n.怜悯，同情 | |
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208
lesser
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| adj.次要的，较小的；adv.较小地，较少地 | |
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209
contrition
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| n.悔罪，痛悔 | |
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210
contriver
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| 发明者，创制者，筹划者 | |
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211
forfeited
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| （因违反协议、犯规、受罚等）丧失，失去( forfeit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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212
fomenting
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| v.激起，煽动（麻烦等）( foment的现在分词 ) | |
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213
emboldened
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| v.鼓励，使有胆量( embolden的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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214
immunity
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| n.优惠；免除；豁免，豁免权 | |
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215
calamities
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| n.灾祸，灾难( calamity的名词复数 )；不幸之事 | |
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216
actively
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| adv.积极地，勤奋地 | |
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217
elicited
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| 引出，探出( elicit的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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218
manifestations
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| n.表示，显示（manifestation的复数形式） | |
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219
loyalty
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| n.忠诚，忠心 | |
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220
emphatic
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| adj.强调的，着重的；无可置疑的，明显的 | |
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221
ratified
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| v.批准，签认（合约等）( ratify的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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222
oratory
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| n.演讲术；词藻华丽的言辞 | |
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223
auditors
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| n.审计员，稽核员( auditor的名词复数 )；（大学课程的）旁听生 | |
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224
ratification
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| n.批准，认可 | |
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225
proxy
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| n.代理权，代表权；（对代理人的）委托书；代理人 | |
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226
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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227
espoused
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| v.（决定）支持，拥护（目标、主张等）( espouse的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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228
heartily
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| adv.衷心地，诚恳地，十分，很 | |
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229
sumptuous
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| adj.豪华的，奢侈的，华丽的 | |
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230
sumptuously
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| 奢侈地，豪华地 | |
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231
shrine
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| n.圣地，神龛，庙；v.将...置于神龛内，把...奉为神圣 | |
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232
grandees
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| n.贵族，大公，显贵者( grandee的名词复数 ) | |
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233
vowed
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| 起誓，发誓（vow的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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234
abide
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| vi.遵守；坚持；vt.忍受 | |
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235
embarked
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| 乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 )； 装载； 从事 | |
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236
vessel
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| n.船舶；容器，器皿；管，导管，血管 | |
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237
ordnance
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| n.大炮，军械 | |
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238
imposture
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| n.冒名顶替，欺骗 | |
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239
tumults
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| 吵闹( tumult的名词复数 )； 喧哗； 激动的吵闹声； 心烦意乱 | |
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240
tenement
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| n.公寓；房屋 | |
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241
despoiled
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| v.掠夺，抢劫( despoil的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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242
mischief
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| n.损害，伤害，危害；恶作剧，捣蛋，胡闹 | |
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243
groan
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| vi./n.呻吟，抱怨；(发出)呻吟般的声音 | |
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244
propounded
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| v.提出（问题、计划等）供考虑[讨论]，提议( propound的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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245
discreetly
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| ad.(言行)审慎地，慎重地 | |
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246
utterances
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| n.发声( utterance的名词复数 )；说话方式；语调；言论 | |
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247
wondrous
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| adj.令人惊奇的，奇妙的；adv.惊人地；异乎寻常地；令人惊叹地 | |
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248
upwards
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| adv.向上，在更高处...以上 | |
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249
contrived
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| adj.不自然的，做作的；虚构的 | |
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250
crevice
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| n.(岩石、墙等)裂缝；缺口 | |
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251
trumpet
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| n.喇叭，喇叭声；v.吹喇叭，吹嘘 | |
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252
leniently
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| 温和地，仁慈地 | |
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253
penance
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| n.（赎罪的）惩罪 | |
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254
worthy
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| adj.(of)值得的，配得上的；有价值的 | |
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255
pervaded
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| v.遍及，弥漫( pervade的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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256
antipathy
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| n.憎恶；反感，引起反感的人或事物 | |
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257
detested
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| v.憎恶，嫌恶，痛恨( detest的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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258
massacre
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| n.残杀，大屠杀；v.残杀，集体屠杀 | |
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259
liking
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| n.爱好；嗜好；喜欢 | |
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260
regiments
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| （军队的）团( regiment的名词复数 )； 大量的人或物 | |
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261
isle
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| n.小岛，岛 | |
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262
propitious
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| adj.吉利的；顺利的 | |
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263
Founder
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| n.创始者，缔造者 | |
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264
exulted
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| 狂喜，欢跃( exult的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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265
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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266
providence
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| n.深谋远虑，天道，天意；远见；节约；上帝 | |
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267
naves
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| n.教堂正厅( nave的名词复数 )；本堂；中央部；车轮的中心部 | |
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268
allay
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| v.消除，减轻(恐惧、怀疑等) | |
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269
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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270
demonstration
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| n.表明，示范，论证，示威 | |
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271
abode
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| n.住处，住所 | |
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