June 3, 1621, the government of Holland, called the “Lords States General,” incorporated the Dutch West India Company, clothing it with almost kingly powers, to carry on trade and planting settlements from Cape Horn to Newfoundland for a term of twenty-four years.
Its special object was the jurisdiction10 and exclusive control in New Netherlands. Its government was to be composed of nineteen directors from the five different cities of Holland. The Amsterdam Chamber11 was to have control of New 76 Netherlands. The company was not fully12 organized until the spring of 1623. The English never recognized the Dutch claim for the territory called New Netherlands, and as early as 1613 demanded the surrender of the “Dutch trading house” on Manhattan Island, and ten years later the English Ambassador at The Hague protested against the encroachment13 of the Dutch fur traders—the English claiming the territory under the discoveries of the Cabots in 1497 and 1498. In April, 1623, thirty families, mostly Walloons, or French Protestants, came over and landed at New Amsterdam (New York) and eight of the families came up to Albany and there built Fort Orange near Steamboat Square, about two miles above Fort Nassau, built several years before.
Prior to the coming of the company of the Walloons to the New Netherlands the famous Pilgrim colony had received a patent granted by the Virginia Company giving them the right to settle “about the Hudson river,” and when the “Mayflower” left Southampton, England, that was her destination, but mistaking the route and contrary winds drove her to the Massachusetts coast and there that colony was settled in 1620 at Plymouth 77 Rock. Had the Pilgrims settled in the New Netherlands in 1620 the result doubtless would have been different, but it is doubtful if it would have been better or even so good. It is well to bear in mind that the early settlements in New England were made by persons seeking to avoid persecution14 on account of their religious creeds15, at variance16 with Roman Catholicism and the established Episcopal Church, and that they might found and establish a home where they could enjoy religious and civil rights. “The Pilgrims” settled at Plymouth in 1620 and “the Puritans” in Salem in 1629. Miles Standish was a prominent figure and character among the Pilgrims, though himself not a Pilgrim. Bradford, Brewster, Winslow, and Carver were the trusted leaders among the Pilgrims. Among the Puritans John Endicott and John Winthrop were easily the chiefs. The “Puritans” were members of the established (Episcopal) church. They sought to have that church purified. They wanted the clergy17 to give up wearing the surplice, making the sign of the cross in baptism and using the ring in the marriage service—Roman Catholic observances. The Separatists (afterward known 78 in America as the Pilgrims) were a branch of the Puritans—ultra Puritans who utterly18 repudiated19 Roman Catholic ceremonials and everything in imitation of or like and therefore separated from the established (Episcopal) church.
The Dutch did not come to the New Netherlands on religious considerations, for Holland tolerated religious freedom, but they came for gain—immediate20 gain from the fur and peltry trade. They did not early come to settle and for nearly twenty years after Hudson’s exploration and glowing account of it very, very few indeed who came over to engage in, or employed in the fur trade, became settlers. It is said that Sarah Rapelje, a daughter of one of the Walloon settlers, born June 7, 1625, was the first white child born in the New Netherlands. The first reference to the population at Fort Orange (Albany) published seems to have been in a work published in Amsterdam in 1628, which says: “There are no families at Fort Orange. They keep twenty-five or twenty-six traders there.”
The report made by the Nineteen in 1629 to the Lords States General said: “All who are inclined to do any sort of work here procure21 enough to eat 79 without any trouble and therefore are not willing to go far from home on an uncertainty22.” It was apparent that if the Dutch West India Company was to prove a success in the New Netherlands a different course must be pursued, for Virginia and New England were being settled and their territory, in many respects better, was not.
The Dutch West India Company, modeled after the Dutch East India Company, having powerful fleets, sailing along the coasts of South America and the West Indies, preying23 on the Spanish commerce, capturing their vessels and cargoes24 and amassing25 wealth thereby26, sought to induce men of wealth, daring, and ambition to relieve them of the undertaking27 of settling and developing the New Netherlands, which, instead of a source of revenue, had become a burden. They hit upon what was called the Patroon scheme—based upon the Feudal28 System—a system of land tenure29 and service prevalent in Europe during the Middle Ages—a system inevitably30 tending to exalt31 the Patroon into a lordly baron32 and to degrade his subject into a serf.
One who sought the distinction of the title of a Patroon (or Patron) of New Netherlands was 80 entitled to hold as a perpetual inheritance, handing it down in the line of the oldest son, an estate having sixteen miles frontage on one side of a navigable river or eight miles on each side, extending as far into the country as the occupiers would permit. The Patroon must obtain Indian title, which usually cost but a trifle. He was empowered to hold civil and criminal courts on his estate and his decisions were practically final. He appointed the officers and magistrates33 in all the cities and towns in his territory. In order to be invested with this honor, these privileges and powers, he bound himself to take or send over at least fifty emigrants34 over fifteen years of age to settle on his patent within the next four years.
The emigrants taken or sent by the Patroons to New Netherlands were bound for a specified35 number of years as apprentices36 to serve their masters, agreeing not to hunt or fish without the master’s permission, agreeing to grind their grain in his mill and pay his price for grinding. They were pledged not to weave any cloth for themselves or others, but to buy it from the company under the penalty of banishment37. They were bound to pay rent in everything they produced. 81 The Patroon and his emigrants were to support a schoolmaster, a minister and a comforter for the sick.
Such in brief was the Patroon system.
The most desirable locations for selections in the New Netherlands were along the Hudson and Delaware rivers, known, of course, by the directors of the Dutch West India Company; prominent among them was Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, a wealthy dealer38 in diamonds and pearls in Amsterdam.
Van Rensselaer, doubtless, informed of the great advantages of Albany, as the great rendezvous39 of the Indians to market their furs and near the confluence40 of the two most important rivers of New York, instructed his agents to obtain title from the Indians and he succeeded in procuring41 a princely estate along the Hudson river above and below Albany, a distance of twenty-four miles and extending east and west forty-eight miles—a territory ample for a kingdom—greater than the area of North Holland and very little less than that of South Holland.
Other directors of the Dutch West India Company promptly42 made what they thought the most 82 desirable locations along the Hudson river. Manhattan Island (New York) being reserved by the company, and along the Delaware—immense tracts43, though none so extensive as Van Rensselaer’s, and became Patroons. Such grants and under such circumstances soon excited jealousy45 and sharp criticism in Holland and the Patroons felt compelled to make concessions46 and yield some of their privileges.
Kiliaen Van Rensselaer was a man of energy and executive ability, and strove to increase the growth, importance, and prosperity of Rensselaerwyck in accordance with the Patroon system. It has been said that he visited his estate in the New Netherlands in 1637, but no proof has been found and the report is discredited47. A distant landlord frequently is in ignorance, and sometimes designedly kept so, of the actual state of affairs in his estate, which would be remedied if he were present. The Patroon was represented in New Netherlands, when absent, by agents, partners, or directors. Kiliaen admitted into a limited partnership48 in his estate three prominent members of the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company, namely, Samuel Godyn, 83 Johannes de Laet, and Samuel Blommaert, in order the sooner and more effectively to present to the public the attractions of Rensselaerwyck, and, presumably, also to abate49 the ill feeling against him in the Netherlands for his having taken advantage of his position to secure such an immense estate. Van Rensselaer dominated that partnership and again became sole proprietor50. Kiliaen died in 1646 and his son, Johannes, then a minor51, under the right of primogeniture, became Patroon and continued to be until 1658, when he died. His interests in Rensselaerwyck were cared for at first by Van Slechtenhorst, or until 1652, and then by the Patroon’s half brother, Jan Baptiste.
In 1658 Jeremias, the second son of Kiliaen, became director and subsequently proprietor of Rensselaerwyck and was the first of the Patroons to reside in, or even visit, the estate in New Netherlands.
There were eight of the Van Rensselaers called Patroons, namely and in the order of primogeniture except in the case of Jeremias:
First.—Kiliaen, from 1629 to 1646.
Second.—Johannes, from 1646 to 1658.
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Third.—Jeremias, from 1658 to 1674.
Fourth.—Kiliaen 2d, from 1674 to 1720.
Fifth.—Stephen, from 1720 to 1747.
Sixth.—Stephen 2d, from 1747 to 1769.
Seventh.—Stephen 3d, from 1769 to 1839.
Eighth.—Stephen 4th, from 1839 to 1868.
Under the Constitution and laws of the United States in 1787 the Rensselaerwyck could no longer be entailed52 and it was divided by Stephen 3d (the seventh Patroon) between his sons Stephen 4th (called Patroon merely by courtesy) and William Patterson—the former getting the mansion53, title, and the estate in Albany, and the latter the estate east of the Hudson.
During the Patroonship of the Van Rensselaers—a period of about 150 years—many important events occurred, changing the relations of nations, the forms of government, and affecting Patroon interests. The Patroons were reputable men of affairs and some of them of superior abilities and generally discharged their duties creditably. To trace their acts through their rule would now be not only tedious but useless. There arose a controversy54 between the Dutch West India Company 85 and the Patroon concerning the territory surrounding Fort Orange (in Albany) built by the company, which was finally decided55 in favor of the Patroon, as the territory surrounding the fort and the fort itself was within his patent. The fur trade early was very important and as the English, claiming the territory under the right of prior discovery, sought this trade, their vessels sailed up the Hudson and set up trading posts. The Patroon attempted to prevent traders from coming to his colony to deal with the colonists56 and Indians and with that object in view ordered one Nicolaas Coorn to fortify57 Beeren Island (about eleven miles below Albany), a commanding position, and there demand of each skipper of a vessel7 passing, except those of the Dutch West India Company, a toll58 of five guilders ($2) as a tax and also to lower his colors in honor of the Patroon. Govert Loockermans, sailing the vessel “Good Hope” up the river in 1644, was ordered, as he was passing the fort, to lower her colors, which he refused to do and Coorn gave him three cannon59 shots. In pursuing this course the Patroon virtually said, I own not only the territory on both sides of the river but the river itself for that distance. 86 The Patroon was compelled to back down and pay damages.
The Netherlands, an ancient kingdom, formerly60 included Belgium (now a separate kingdom, Brussels, its capital) and ten provinces besides North and South Holland, its largest and most important ones, with Amsterdam and The Hague as the capitals. Frequently the name of Holland is used when Netherlands should have been.
The Lords States General (in many respects like our Congress, composed of the Senate and House of Representatives) was the legislative61 body of the Netherlands, and in June, 1621, granted a charter to the Dutch West India Company, giving it the exclusive privileges, for a period of twenty-four years, as follows: To traffic on the coast and in the interior of Africa from the Tropic of Cancer to the Cape of Good Hope; in America and the West Indies with the power to make engagements, contracts, and alliances with the rulers and people designated in the charter; to build forts, to appoint and discharge officers, to advance the settlement of unoccupied territory, to enlarge the channels of commerce, and to multiply the sources of revenue.
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The company was required to report, from time to time, its doings, and in the appointment of civil and military officers and instructions given to them the Lords States General were to be consulted and the commissions must bear their seal. If troops were needed the Lords States General would furnish them but the company must pay all the expenses. The charter intrusted the government of the company to five chambers62 of managers consisting of nineteen members, eight from the Amsterdam Chamber, four from the Zealand, two from the Maas, two from North Holland, two from the Frieland, and the government one.
This company, under its charter, introduced the Patroon system granting certain rights and privileges (very liberal ones and in some respects extraordinary) and reserving the traffic in furs and peltry and in manufactured goods and in the carrying trade, except along the Atlantic coast, in which the Patroons might engage, paying a fixed63 tribute.
The colonists might, with the permission of the Patroon and of the director of the Dutch West India Company, take up what unoccupied land they could work, paying an annual rent to the 88 Patroon. That rent was based upon the value of land primarily and was to be paid in so many bushels of wheat, rye, etc., so many pounds of butter, so many eggs and so many chickens, etc. Everything the colonists had to sell must first be offered to the Patroon. The Dutch West India Company was to furnish the Patroons troops if needed as against the colonies, the expense to be met by the landlords. The colonists couldn’t leave the Patroon’s service during the term fixed. The value of the land before cultivation64 and buildings ranged usually from ten cents to two dollars per acre. The tenant65 improved the land, built house and barn to live comfortably, and what was called “the Quarter Sale” seemed the most unreasonable66, intolerable. To illustrate67: Suppose the tenant occupied a farm originally valued at $2 an acre for 200 acres, say $400. He had improved it by cultivation, buildings, etc., until it became worth and he sold it for $4,000. Then the Patroon demanded $1,000. Four sales would give the Patroon the whole. The rent, of course, was paid annually68, or should have been, and if there were arrears69 the Patroon claimed that that must come out of the remaining $3,000.
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The Netherlands primarily based their claim for the territory called New Netherlands on Henry Hudson’s discovery (so called) of five degrees of north latitude70, viz.: from 40° to 45° or from Delaware bay and river to Cape Cod, where he touched or explored in 1609. Great Britain claimed under the Cabots’ discoveries, in 1497 and 1498, the whole stretch of the North Atlantic coast from Florida to Newfoundland. The French claimed a portion of northern Florida, which subsequently became a part (the sea coast) of Georgia, and the Spanish the rest of Florida. Virginia, under the English, late in the sixteenth and early in the seventeenth centuries, extended from Cape Fear up to what later became the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, and New England extended from Virginia to Nova Scotia. From 1609 until 1664 the Dutch held the New Netherlands and then were compelled to surrender the territory to the English under the grant of Charles II to James, his brother, the Duke of York and Albany, who, in 1685, became King of England under the title of James III. Great Britain never recognized the Dutch claim—always protested against it—but being engaged in wars almost constantly did not 90 use force to obtain possession before. “It had become important to dislodge the Dutch to prevent the smuggling71 of Virginia tobacco into England at a loss to that government of some $50,000 in customs, and also to have an unbroken line of English colonies from Florida to Nova Scotia.” The Dutch did not rely solely72 on Hudson’s voyage on the Hudson, but none of their claims had validity and the colony of New Netherlands passed under British rule and the Patroon took the oath of allegiance to the English King, and English laws instead of Dutch henceforth prevailed in the colony.
As soon as the Patroons began to plant colonies in New Netherlands the directors of the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company became jealous and opposed the Patroon system. In 1634 they bought off the two Patroons, Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blommaert (partners of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer), who had secured a tract44 on the shore of the Delaware bay making a territory of sixty-four miles in circumference73, and also Michael Pauw, who had obtained Staten Island, Jersey74 City, and Harsimus, with the lands 91 adjacent. An effort was made to buy off Patroon Van Rensselaer, but he refused to sell.
While the New England colonies were rapidly increasing in population and prosperity, the New Netherlands was not. In 1647 the population of the New Netherlands was only about 1,000 or 2,000 less than in 1643. A new policy was ordered by the Lords States General so liberal that settlers could buy as few acres as they wished to and enjoy civil and religious freedom as did the English colonies north and south of them. Under the Patroon régime the Dutch colonists had less freedom, the enjoyment75 of fewer rights, and greater hardships to endure than in Holland. They were, as they saw things, imposed upon and serving masters who regarded them as slaves.
The gulf76 between the classes and the masses seemed to widen and deepen—on one side, lords and masters, and on the other side, subjects and serfs. The Patroon family of the Van Rensselaers by marriage and intermarriage were related to the Van Cortlands, Schuylers, Livingstons, and other wealthy families, not only in New Netherlands but also in Virginia, and although they had not castles, as the barons77 along the Rhine, 92 they had spacious78 mansions79 on their country estates where they spent their summers and in the winters went to Manhattan Island and in their places there gave royal entertainments to the élite. They had a retinue80 of black servants (slaves) in livery to attend them. The transplanting of the feudal system, even though somewhat modified, to the western world, where the very spirit of freedom, liberty, and equality prevailed, was doomed81 to failure and disaster. The principal cause was in the system itself, though the Van Rensselaer Patroons’ course hastened its abrogation82, terminating in blood. The most of the Van Rensselaer Patroons were liberal, lenient83, and indulgent, permitting the rents to remain unpaid84 until they amounted to a sum equal to, or in some cases exceeding, the value of the leased land. It needed not the wisdom of a prophet to predict trouble from this course. When primogeniture was abolished the eldest85 son was no longer the inheritor of the estate, but all the children shared in it. Stephen (3d) Van Rensselaer, the seventh Patroon, born in 1764 and died in 1839, was in fact the last of the Van Rensselaer Patroons. He was graduated in Harvard in 1782, a doctor of 93 laws, the recipient86 of many and distinguished87 civil and military honors, and a devoted88 patriot89, called “the good old Patroon,” as soon as the law of primogeniture was abolished sought to dispose of the most of the Rensselaerwyck estate (which had been somewhat lessened90 by grants and sales) under a peculiar91 form of deed or conveyance92 to actual tillers of the soil. This title deed was called by some “a lease in fee” and by others “a sale in fee,” reserving to himself in the conveyances93 and to his heirs and assigns all mines and minerals and all streams of water for mill purposes; and then certain old-time feudal returns, denominated rents payable94 annually at the manor95 house in Watervliet, such as a specified number of bushels of good clean wheat, four fat fowls96, one day’s service with carriages and horses, and finally the one-quarter part of the purchase price on every sale of land. The aim and intent was to perpetuate97, if possible, and as far as possible, the interest of the Van Rensselaers in the estate. The estate remaining was divided by the two eldest sons, Stephen 4th getting that on the west side and William Patterson Van Rensselaer that on the east side of the Hudson river, and each all 94 the reservations of rents in their respective territories. “In 1839, when the said Stephen and William Patterson began to push their claim against the landholders and demand immediate payment of back rents, etc., the landholders, called ‘anti-renters,’ held a convention and appointed a committee to wait on Stephen Van Rensselaer and ascertain98 if an amicable99 settlement of the manor claims for rents in arrears could not be made and to learn on what terms a clear and absolute title to the land could be had. The committee, men of character, went to the manor office in 1839 to see and converse100 with Mr. Van Rensselaer, but the latter refused to recognize or even see the committee. He did, some time subsequently, send a letter to the chairman of that committee declining to sell on any terms. Great excitement was created in Albany county. The rent collectors were roughly treated and they were told that no rents would be paid. Sheriffs were called upon to discharge their duties and they were resisted and driven back by men masked and dressed in Indian costumes. The sheriff called to aid him the ‘posse comitatus,’ or power of the county, and marched 600 strong into the anti-rent 95 district, where they were turned back by 1,500 anti-renters. The sheriff reported the state of affairs to Governor William H. Seward, who immediately ordered out eight companies of militia101 under the command of Major Bloodgood. They met no resistance.
“The Patroon interest hoped the military ordered out by the Governor of the State would bring the anti-renters to their senses and induce them to pay up. The landholders or anti-renters hoped that their display of strength and resistance would induce the Van Rensselaers to offer terms of compromise which they could accept. Neither hope was realized. Then some lawyer who had dug into old English law books said the Patroon patent was invalid102 and the matter must go to the court for settlement. It became a political question at once. The anti-renters elected representatives in the Legislature from eleven counties and the new Governor favored them. The decisions of the courts seemed to alternate in favor of the Van Rensselaers and then in favor of the anti-renters. In 1852 the counsel of the Van Rensselaers advised them to sell their claims, for they believed they could not be sustained and that 96 advice was accepted. Some of the landholders or anti-renters accepted the terms offered.
“Then appeared Walter S. Church, who bought the rest of the claims on speculation103. He spared no labor104, no expense in any direction which he thought might aid him. He magnificently entertained legislators, lawyers, and judges. He was indefatigable105, exacting106, demanding the utmost farthing. Ejectment suits were brought and several lives were sacrificed. The final decision was against the Van Rensselaers, and thus ended a long and bitter controversy growing out of the Patroon system.”
Who can estimate and properly accredit107 to the different nations of Europe their just due in the immigrants they sent to this country in its founding and subsequently in building up the United States as the greatest free republic on earth and the hope of the liberty-loving world? The Dutch must be among the early named with excellent traits of character, and the Patroons deserve credit for first colonizing108 them here.
We do not want to try to conjecture109 what the results would have been if Hudson’s exploration of the North river had been in the interest of 97 France or if the Pilgrims had settled in 1620 in the New Netherlands instead of New England.
Nearly 300 years have passed away since Henry Hudson, in the yacht “Half Moon,” sailed over the waters of the river bearing his name and whose beauties he so greatly admired. That majestic110, noble river continues to flow on from the mountains to the sea with a great unabated pure stream in its primeval beauty and loveliness. This statement must, however, be qualified111, for man’s greed, cupidity112, has caused him in some localities to contaminate its waters and to mar3 and to an extent destroy its matchless palisades. Now that the governments have taken matters in hand it is to be hoped that these abuses will be summarily ended.
Art and architecture have embellished113 its banks by lovely gardens, parterres and magnificent residences and stately buildings. Attractive villages, great and prosperous cities crown the Hudson from the north and terminating in that unique, wonderful, greatest, truly cosmopolitan114 city of the world, New York. Nothing else did so much to produce these results as Fulton’s application of steam to navigation and the opening up of a 98 through water transportation route from the Atlantic to the Great lakes. Then the application of steam as the motive115 power for railroads. When the Hudson river is ice-bound the Hudson River Railroad along its east bank and the West Shore Railroad along its west bank transport passengers and freight as they do the year around. The Dutch possession of the New Netherlands was short and when the English supplanted116 them the Dutch names of places, very generally, were changed to English ones. Manhattan island, called by the Dutch “New Amsterdam” during their rule, except from July, 1673, to October, 1674, when the Dutch recaptured and held the “New Netherlands” and called it “New Orange,” was changed to New York in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, and has borne that name ever since—a city of many millions of inhabitants and billions of wealth, the site of which was bought by and for the Dutch of the Indians in 1626 for the sum of about twenty-four dollars paid for in trinkets. Among many other good things placed to the credit of the Dutch in New Netherlands is the fact that the Dutch West India Company established a good school in New 99 Amsterdam in 1633 which still flourishes under the name of the “School of the Collegiate Reformed Church,” which is the oldest institution of learning in the United States, “The Boston Latin School,” established in 1635, being the second, and Harvard College, established in 1636, the third.
The names of the site of Albany which, during Dutch rule, were Rensselaerwyck and Beverwyck (the latter including Fort Orange, built and maintained by the Dutch West India Company, and the land surrounding it, and the former the territory outside of the fort and belonging to the Patroon) were substituted by the name of Albany in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, a name it has borne ever since.
In 1783 the English colonies in North America were recognized as free and independent and formed the United States of America—the colonies organizing State governments—but 100 years before this the colony of New York demanded heaven-born rights and participation117 in making the laws governing them as the colonists of Virginia and Massachusetts had, and in the General Assembly of the colony of New York, held 100 in Fort James in the city of New York October, 1683, put on record what they called the “Charter of Liberties and Privileges.”
The ten original counties of the colony of New York were Albany, Ulster, Dutchess, Orange, Westchester, Richmond, Kings, Queens, Suffolk, and New York, formed under Lieutenant-Governor Thomas Dongan’s administration, and sent representatives to the General Assembly. The boundaries of several of these counties have not been materially changed, Albany county embraced the whole territory lying north of Ulster and west of the Hudson river, taking in nearly the whole State. From its territory fifty of the counties of the State have been erected118 and it has appropriately been called “the mother of the counties of New York.”
Albanians love their old Dutch city and will cordially join in commemorating119 Henry Hudson’s advent120 to it nearly 300 years ago. Much has been said in this article about the Patroon system and the anti-renters, hoping to have these matters better understood by a statement of facts. Concerning affairs relating to Albany and vicinity, I have frequently referred to, quoted and used 101 “Mr. Wiese’s History of the City of Albany,” 1884, and the “Bi-centennial History of Albany and Schenectady Counties from 1609 to 1886, published by W. W. Munsell & Co., 1886.”
The article on “Anti-Rentism” was written by the Hon. Andrew J. Colvin.
FRANK CHAMBERLAIN.
All rights reserved.
Albany, September, 1907.
The End
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wilderness
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| n.杳无人烟的一片陆地、水等，荒漠 | |
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marshy
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| adj.沼泽的 | |
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mar
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| vt.破坏，毁坏，弄糟 | |
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mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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vessels
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| n.血管( vessel的名词复数 )；船；容器；（具有特殊品质或接受特殊品质的）人 | |
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vessel
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cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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cod
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jurisdiction
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chamber
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| n.房间，寝室；会议厅；议院；会所 | |
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fully
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| adv.完全地，全部地，彻底地；充分地 | |
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encroachment
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persecution
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creeds
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variance
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clergy
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utterly
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repudiated
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procure
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| vt.获得，取得，促成；vi.拉皮条 | |
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uncertainty
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preying
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25
amassing
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| v.积累，积聚( amass的现在分词 ) | |
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26
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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27
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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28
feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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29
tenure
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| n.终身职位；任期；(土地)保有权，保有期 | |
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30
inevitably
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| adv.不可避免地；必然发生地 | |
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31
exalt
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| v.赞扬，歌颂，晋升，提升 | |
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32
baron
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| n.男爵；(商业界等)巨头，大王 | |
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33
magistrates
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| 地方法官，治安官( magistrate的名词复数 ) | |
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34
emigrants
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| n.（从本国移往他国的）移民( emigrant的名词复数 ) | |
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35
specified
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| adj.特定的 | |
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36
apprentices
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| 学徒，徒弟( apprentice的名词复数 ) | |
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37
banishment
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| n.放逐，驱逐 | |
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38
dealer
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| n.商人，贩子 | |
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39
rendezvous
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| n.约会，约会地点，汇合点；vi.汇合，集合；vt.使汇合，使在汇合地点相遇 | |
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40
confluence
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| n.汇合，聚集 | |
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41
procuring
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| v.（努力）取得， （设法）获得( procure的现在分词 )；拉皮条 | |
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42
promptly
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| adv.及时地，敏捷地 | |
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43
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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44
tract
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| n.传单，小册子，大片(土地或森林) | |
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45
jealousy
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| n.妒忌，嫉妒，猜忌 | |
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46
concessions
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| n.（尤指由政府或雇主给予的）特许权( concession的名词复数 )；承认；减价；（在某地的）特许经营权 | |
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47
discredited
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| 不足信的，不名誉的 | |
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48
partnership
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| n.合作关系，伙伴关系 | |
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49
abate
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| vi.(风势，疼痛等)减弱，减轻，减退 | |
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50
proprietor
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| n.所有人；业主；经营者 | |
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51
minor
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| adj.较小(少)的，较次要的；n.辅修学科；vi.辅修 | |
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52
entailed
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| 使…成为必要( entail的过去式和过去分词 )； 需要； 限定继承； 使必需 | |
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53
mansion
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| n.大厦，大楼；宅第 | |
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54
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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55
decided
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| adj.决定了的，坚决的；明显的，明确的 | |
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56
colonists
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| n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 ) | |
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57
fortify
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| v.强化防御，为…设防；加强，强化 | |
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58
toll
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| n.过路(桥)费；损失，伤亡人数；v.敲(钟) | |
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59
cannon
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| n.大炮，火炮；飞机上的机关炮 | |
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60
formerly
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| adv.从前，以前 | |
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61
legislative
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| n.立法机构，立法权；adj.立法的，有立法权的 | |
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62
chambers
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| n.房间( chamber的名词复数 )；（议会的）议院；卧室；会议厅 | |
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63
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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64
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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65
tenant
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| n.承租人；房客；佃户；v.租借，租用 | |
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66
unreasonable
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| adj.不讲道理的，不合情理的，过度的 | |
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67
illustrate
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| v.举例说明，阐明；图解，加插图 | |
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68
annually
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| adv.一年一次，每年 | |
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69
arrears
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| n.到期未付之债，拖欠的款项；待做的工作 | |
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latitude
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| n.纬度，行动或言论的自由(范围)，(pl.)地区 | |
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71
smuggling
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| n.走私 | |
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72
solely
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| adv.仅仅，唯一地 | |
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73
circumference
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| n.圆周，周长，圆周线 | |
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74
jersey
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| n.运动衫 | |
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75
enjoyment
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| n.乐趣；享有；享用 | |
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76
gulf
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| n.海湾；深渊，鸿沟；分歧，隔阂 | |
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77
barons
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| 男爵( baron的名词复数 )； 巨头； 大王； 大亨 | |
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78
spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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79
mansions
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| n.宅第，公馆，大厦( mansion的名词复数 ) | |
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80
retinue
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| n.侍从；随员 | |
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81
doomed
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| 命定的 | |
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82
abrogation
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| n.取消，废除 | |
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83
lenient
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| adj.宽大的，仁慈的 | |
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84
unpaid
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| adj.未付款的，无报酬的 | |
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85
eldest
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| adj.最年长的，最年老的 | |
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86
recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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87
distinguished
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| adj.卓越的，杰出的，著名的 | |
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88
devoted
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| adj.忠诚的，忠实的，热心的，献身于...的 | |
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89
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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90
lessened
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| 减少的，减弱的 | |
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91
peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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92
conveyance
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| n.(不动产等的)转让，让与；转让证书；传送；运送；表达；（正）运输工具 | |
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93
conveyances
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| n.传送( conveyance的名词复数 )；运送；表达；运输工具 | |
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94
payable
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| adj.可付的，应付的，有利益的 | |
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95
manor
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| n.庄园，领地 | |
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96
fowls
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| 鸟( fowl的名词复数 )； 禽肉； 既不是这； 非驴非马 | |
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97
perpetuate
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| v.使永存，使永记不忘 | |
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98
ascertain
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| vt.发现，确定，查明，弄清 | |
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99
amicable
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| adj.和平的，友好的；友善的 | |
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100
converse
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| vi.谈话，谈天，闲聊；adv.相反的，相反 | |
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101
militia
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| n.民兵，民兵组织 | |
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102
invalid
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| n.病人，伤残人；adj.有病的，伤残的；无效的 | |
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103
speculation
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| n.思索，沉思；猜测；投机 | |
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104
labor
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| n.劳动，努力，工作，劳工；分娩；vi.劳动，努力，苦干；vt.详细分析；麻烦 | |
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105
indefatigable
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| adj.不知疲倦的，不屈不挠的 | |
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106
exacting
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| adj.苛求的，要求严格的 | |
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107
accredit
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| vt.归功于，认为 | |
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108
colonizing
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| v.开拓殖民地，移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 ) | |
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109
conjecture
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| n./v.推测，猜测 | |
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110
majestic
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| adj.雄伟的，壮丽的，庄严的，威严的，崇高的 | |
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111
qualified
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| adj.合格的，有资格的，胜任的，有限制的 | |
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112
cupidity
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| n.贪心，贪财 | |
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113
embellished
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| v.美化( embellish的过去式和过去分词 )；装饰；修饰；润色 | |
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114
cosmopolitan
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| adj.世界性的，全世界的，四海为家的，全球的 | |
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115
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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116
supplanted
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| 把…排挤掉，取代( supplant的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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117
participation
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| n.参与，参加，分享 | |
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118
ERECTED
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| adj. 直立的，竖立的，笔直的 vt. 使 ... 直立，建立 | |
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119
commemorating
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| v.纪念，庆祝( commemorate的现在分词 ) | |
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120
advent
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| n.(重要事件等的)到来，来临 | |
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