These children acquitted9 themselves of their parts remarkably10 well, especially the girls, and their accuracy, pure accent, and delivery generally, spoke11 volumes for the training they had received; of awkwardness there was not a trace. Of course there were speeches from the Mayor, M. le Curé, and others, also music and singing, and a large number of excellent books were distributed, each recipient12 being at the same time crowned with a wreath of artificial flowers.
It is to be hoped that ere many years, thanks to the new law enforcing compulsory13 education, the excellent education these children receive will be the portion of every boy and girl in France, and that an adult unable to read and write—the rule, not the exception, among the rural population in Brittany—will be unheard of. A friend of mine from Nantes recently took with her to Paris a young Breton maidservant, who had been educated by the "Bonnes Soeurs," that is to say the nuns14. What was the poor girl's astonishment15 to find that in Paris everybody was so far accomplished as to be able to read and write? Her surprise would have been greater still, had she witnessed the acquirements of these little Couilly girls, many of them, like herself, daughters of small peasant farmers.
It must be mentioned, for the satisfaction of those who regard the progress of education with some concern, that the elegant bonnets16 and dresses I speak of are laid aside on week days, and that nowhere in France do people work harder than here. But when not at work they like to wear good clothes and read the newspapers as well as their neighbours. Take our laundress, for instance, an admirable young woman, who gets up clothes to perfection, and who on Sunday exchanges her cotton gown and apron17 for the smartest of Parisian costumes. The amount of underclothes these countrywomen possess is sometimes enormous, and they pride themselves upon the largest possible quantity, a great part of which is of course laid by. They count their garments not by dozens but by scores, and can thus afford to wait for the quarterly washing-day, as they often do. It must be also mentioned that cleanliness is uniformly found throughout these flourishing villages, and, in most, hot and cold public baths. Dirt is rare—I might almost say unknown—also rags, neither of which as yet we have seen throughout our long walks and drives, except in the case of a company of tramps we encountered one day. Drunkenness is also comparatively absent, in some places we might say absolutely.
As we make further acquaintance with these favoured regions, we might suppose that here, at least, the dreams of Utopians had come true, and that poverty, squalor, and wretchedness were banished19 for ever. The abundant crops around us are apportioned20 out to all, and the soil, which, if roughly cultivated according to English notions, yet bears marvellously, is not the heritage of one or two, but of the people. The poorest has his bit of land, to which he adds from time to time by the fruit of his industry, and though tenant-farming is carried on largely, owing to the wealth and enterprize of the agricultural population, the tenant-farmers almost always possess land of their own, and they hire more in order to save money for future purchases. Of course they could only make tenant-farming pay by means of excessive economy and laboriousness22, as the rents are high, but in these respects they are not wanting.
The fertility of the soil is not more astonishing than the variety of produce we find here, though pasturage and cheese-making are their chief occupations, and fruit crops are produced in other parts. We find, as has been before mentioned, fruit-trees everywhere, corn, fruit, and vegetables all growing with unimaginable luxuriance. The pastures are also very fine, but we see no cattle out to graze; the harvest work requires all hands, and, as there are no fences between field and meadow, there is no one to tend them. The large heap of manure24 being dried up by the sun in the midst of the farm-yard, has a look of unthriftiness, whilst the small, dark, and ill-ventilated dairies make us wonder that the manufacture of the famous Brie cheese should be the profitable thing it is. At one farm we visited, we saw thirty-six splendid Normandy cows, the entire milk produce of which was used for cheese-making. Yet nothing could be worse than the dairy arrangements from a hygienic point of view, and the absolute cleanliness requisite27 for dairy work was wanting. These Brie cheeses are made in every farm, small or great, and large quantities are sent to the Meaux market on Saturdays, where the sale alone reaches the sum of five or six millions of francs yearly. The process is a very simple one, and is of course perpetually going on.
Our hostess, at one of the larger and more prosperous of these farms, showed us everything, and regaled us abundantly with the fresh milk warm from the cow. Here we saw an instance of the social metamorphosis taking place in these progressive districts. The mistress of the house, a bright clever woman, occupied all day with the drudgery28 of the farm-house, is fairly educated; and, though now neatly29 dressed in plain cotton gown, on Sunday dresses like any other lady for the promenade30. Her mother, still clinging to the past custom, appeared in short stuff petticoat, wooden shoes, and yellow-handkerchief wrapped round her head; while the children, who, in due time, will be trained to toil4 like their neighbours, are now being well taught in the village school.
These people are wealthy, and may be taken as types of the farming class here, though many of the so called cultivateurs, or proprietors, farming their own land, live in much easier style; the men managing the business, the ladies keeping the house, and the work of the farm being left to labourers. The rent of good land is about fifty shillings an acre, and wages, in harvest time, four francs with board. The farms, while large in comparison with anything found in Brittany and Anjou, are small, measured by our scale, being from fifty to two or three hundred acres.
Steam-threshing has long been in use here; but, of course, not generally, as the smaller patches of corn only admit of the old system; and the corn is so ripe that it is often threshed on the field immediately after the cutting; the harvesting process is rapid; we often see only one or two labourers, whether men or women, on a single patch. But there is no waiting, as a rule, for fine weather to cart away the corn, and masters and men work with a will. We must, indeed, watch a harvest from beginning to end to realise the laboriousness of a farmer's life here. Upon one occasion, when visiting a farm of a hundred and thirty acres, we found the farmer and his mother, rich people, both hard at work in the field, the former casting away straw—the corn being threshed by machinery32 on the field—the latter tying it up.
The look of cheerfulness animating33 all faces was delightful34 to behold35. The farmer's countenance36 beamed with satisfaction, and, one may be sure, not without good cause. The farmhouse37 and buildings are spacious38 and handsome, and, as is generally the case here, were surrounded by a high wall, having a large court in the centre, where a goodly number of geese, turkeys, and poultry39 were disporting40 themselves. There we found only a few cows, but they were evidently very productive from the quantity of cheeses found in the dairy.[Footnote: The curious in agriculture never need fear to ask a question or two of these flourishing farmers and farmeresses of Seine et Marne. Busy as they are, they are never too busy to be courteous42, and are always ready to show any part of the premises43 to strangers.]
Sheep are not kept here largely, and grazing bullocks still less. The farmer, therefore, relies chiefly on his dairy, next on his corn and fruit crops, and, as bad seasons are rare, both these seldom fail him. But these pleasant villages have generally some other interest besides their rich harvest and picturesque44 sites. In some of the smallest, you may find exquisite45 little churches, such as La Chapelle-sur-Crécy, a veritable cathedral in miniature. Crécy was once an important place with ninety-nine towers and double ramparts, traces of which still remain.
A narrow stream runs at the back of the town, and quaint18 enough are the little houses perched beside it, each with its garden and tiny drawbridge, drawn48 at night, the oddest sights of which a sketcher49 might make something. A sketcher, indeed, must be a happy person here, so many quiet subjects offering themselves at every turn. Many of these village churches date from the thirteenth century, and are alike picturesque within and without, their spires50 and gabled towers giving these leading characters to the landscape. Nowhere in France do you find prettier village churches, not a few ranking among the historic monuments of the country. Here and there are chateaux with old-fashioned gardens and noble avenues, and we have only to ask permission at the porter's lodge53, to walk in and enjoy them at leisure.
In one of these the lady of the house, who was sitting out of doors, kindly54 beckoned55 us to enter, and we had the pleasure of listening, under some splendid oaks, to the oriole's song, and of seeing a little cluster of Eucalyptus56 trees, two surprises we had not looked for. The oriole, a well known and beautiful American bird, also a songster that may be compared to the nightingale, is indeed no stranger here, and, having once heard and seen him, you cannot mistake him for any other bird. His song is an invariable prognostic of rain, as we discover on further acquaintance.
The Eucalyptus Globulus, or blue gum tree, a native of Australia, and now so successfully acclimatized in Algeria, the Cape51, the Riviera, and other countries, is said to flourish in the region of the olive only; but we were assured by the lady of the house that it bears the frost of these northern regions. I confess I thought her plantations57 looked rather sickly, and considering that the climate is like that of Paris, subject to short spells of severe cold in winter and sudden changes, I doubt much in the experiment. But the health-giving, fever-destroying Eucalyptus is not needed in this well-wooded healthy country, and the splendid foliage58 of acacia, walnut59, oaks, and birch leaves nothing to desire either in the matter of shade or ornament60. A lover of trees, birds, and whispering breezes will say that here at least is a corner of the Happy Fields of Homer, or the Islands of the Blest described by Hesiod.
Nowhere is summer to be more revelled61 in, more amply tasted, than in these rustic62 villages, where creature comforts yet abound63, and nowhere is the dolce far niente so easily induced. Why should we be at the trouble of undertaking64 a hot, dusty railway journey in search of Gaelic tombs, Gothic churches, or Merovingian remains65 when we have the essence of deliciousness at our very door?—waving fields of ripe corn, amid which the reapers66 in twos and threes are at work—picturesque figures that seemed to have walked out of Millet's canvas—lines of poplars along the curling river, beyond hills covered with woods, a clustering village, or a chateau52, here and there. This is the picture, partially67 screened by noble acacia trees, that I have from my window, accompanied by the music of waving barley68 and wheat, dancing leaves, and chaffinches, tame as canaries, singing in the branches.
About a mile off is the little village of Villiers, which is even prettier than our own, and which of course artists have long ago found out. The wayside inn near the bridge, crossing the little river Morin, bears witness to the artistic69 popularity of this quiet spot. The panels of the parlour are covered with sketches70, some in oil, some in water-colour, souvenirs with which visitors have memorialized their stay. Some of these hasty effects are very good, and the general effect is heightened by choice old pottery71, tastefully arranged above. Villiers-sur-Morin would be an admirable summer resort for an artist fond of hanging woods, running streams, and green pastures, and a dozen more possessing the same attraction lie close at hand.
But, though within so easy a distance of Paris, life is homely72, and fastidious travellers must keep to the beaten tracks and high roads where good hotels are to be found. When he goes into the by-ways, a way-side inn is all that he must expect, and, if there is no diligence, a lift in the miller's or baker's cart; the farmers' wives driving to market with their cheese and butter are always willing to give the stranger a seat, but money must not be offered in return for such obligingness. We must never forget that, if these country folks are laborious23, and perhaps sordid73, in their thriftiness25, they are proud, and refuse to be paid for what costs them nothing. The same characteristic is very generally found in France.
Fishing is the principal amusement here, and shared by both sexes. What the Marne and the Morin contain in the way of booty, we hardly know; but it is certain that more cunning fish, whether perch46, tench, or bream, never existed, and are not, "by hook or by crook," to be caught. Wherever we go, we find anglers sitting patiently by these lovely green banks, and certainly the mere41 prospect74 they have before them—clear water reflecting water-mill and lofty poplar trees and shelving banks now a tangle75 of wild flowers—is enough to make such indolence agreeable. But, after days and days of fruitless waiting for the prey76 that always eludes77 them, we do wonder at such persistence78. Is nothing then ever caught in these pleasant streams, will ask the inquiring reader? Well, yes, I have seen served at table perch the size of very small herrings, which it is the French fashion to take between the fingers daintily, and, holding by head and tail, nibble79 as children bite an apple. Whether indeed these little fish are caught by the angler, I know not; but this is certainly the way they are eaten—if inelegant, honi soit qui mal y pense.
Next to fishing, the favourite pastime here is swimming, also indulged in largely by the gentler sex. The pedestrian, in his ramble80 along winding81 river and canal, will be sure to surprise a group of water-nymphs sporting in the water, their bathing costumes being considered quite a sufficient guarantee against ill-natured comment. The men are more careless of appearance, and, if they can get a good bathing place tolerably hidden from the world, take their bath or swim in nature's dress. In all these river-side towns and villages are public baths, swimming schools, and doubtless the prevailing82 love of water in these parts may partly account for the healthful looks and fine physiques of the population. In fact, people are as clean here as they are the reverse in Brittany, and the blue linen83 clothes, invariably worn by the men, are constantly in the wash, and are as cool, comfortable and cleanly as it is possible to conceive. English folks have yet to learn how to dress themselves healthfully and appropriately in hot weather, and here they might take a hint.
But no matter how enamoured of green fields and woodland walks, we must tear ourselves away for a day to see the famous "Chocolate city" of M. Menier, the modern marvel21 par3 excellence84 of the county, and, as a piece of the most perfect organization it is possible to conceive, one of the wonders of the world. M. Menier has undoubtedly85 arrived at making the best chocolate that ever rejoiced the palate; he has achieved far greater things than this, in giving us one of the happiest and most delightful social pictures that ever charmed the heart. Such things must be seen to be realized, but I will as briefly86 as possible give an account of what I saw.
Again, we make the pretty little town of Lagny our starting point, and, having passed a succession of scattered87 farm-houses and wide corn-fields, we come gradually upon a miniature town, built in red and white; so coquettishly, airily, daintily placed is the City of Chocolate amid orchards88 and gardens, that, at first sight, a spectator is inclined to take it rather for a settlement of such dreamers as assembled together at Brook89 Farm to poetize, philosophize, and make love, than of artizans engaged in the practical business of life. This long street of charming cottages, having gardens around and on either side, is planted with trees, so that in a few years' time it will form as pleasant a promenade as the Parisian boulevards. We pass along, admiring the abundance of flowers everywhere, and finally reach a large open square around which are a congeries of handsome buildings, all like the dwelling90 houses, new, cheerful, and having trees and benches in front. This is the heart of the "Cité," to be described by-and-by, consisting of Co-operative Stores, Schools, Libraries, &c.; beyond, stands the chateau of M. Menier, surrounded by gardens, and before us the manufactory. The air is here fragrant91, not with roses and jessamine, but with the grateful aroma92 of chocolate, reminding us that we are indeed in a city, if not literally93 a pile, of cocoa, yet owing its origin to the products of that wonderful tree, or rather to the ingenuity94 by which its resources have been turned to such account.
The works are built on the river Marne, and, having seen two vast hydraulic95 machines, we enter a lift with the intelligent foreman deputed to act as guide, and ascend96 to the topmost top of the many storied, enormous building in which the cocoa berry is metamorphosed into the delicious compound known as Chocolate Menier. This is a curious experience, and the reverse of most other intellectual processes, since here, instead of mounting the ladder of knowledge gradually, we find ourselves placed on a pinnacle97 of ignorance, from which we descend98 by degrees, finding ourselves enlightened when we at last touch the ground.
Our a?rial voyage accomplished, we see process the first, namely, the baking of the berry, this, of course, occupying a vast number of hands, all men, on account of the heat and laboriousness required in the operation. Descending99 a story, we find the cocoa berry already in a fair way to become edible100, and giving out an odour something like chocolate; here the process consists in sorting and preparing the vast masses of cocoa for grinding. Lower still, we find M. Menier's great adjunct in the fabrication of chocolate, namely, sugar, coming into play, and no sooner are sugar and cocoa put together than the compound becomes chocolate in reality. Lower still, we find processes of refining and drying going on, an infinite number being required before the necessary firmness is attained101. Lower still, we come to a very hot place indeed, but, like all the other vast compartments103 of the manufactory, as well ventilated, spacious, and airy as is possible to conceive, the workman's inconvenience from the heat being thereby104 reduced to a minimum.
Here it is highly amusing to watch the apparently105 intelligent machines which divide the chocolate into half-pound lumps, the process being accomplished with incredible swiftness. Huge masses of chocolate in this stage awaiting the final preparation are seen here and there, all destined106 at last to be put half a pound at a time into a little baking tin, and to be baked like a hot cross bun, the name of Menier being stamped on at the same time. A good deal of manipulation is necessary in this process; but we must go down a stage lower to see the dexterity107 and swiftness with which the chief manual tasks in the fabrication of chocolate are performed.
Here women are chiefly employed, and their occupation is to envelope the half-pound cakes of chocolate in three papers, first silver, next white, and finally sealing it up in the well-known yellow cover familiar to all of us. These feminine fingers work so fast, and with such marvellous precision, that, if the intricate pieces of machinery we have just witnessed seemed gifted with human intelligence and docility108, on the other hand the women at work in this department appeared like animated109 machines; no blundering, no halting, no alteration110 of working pace. Their fluttering fingers, indeed, worked with beautiful promptitude and regularity111, and as everybody in M. Menier's City of Chocolate is well-dressed and cheerful, there was nothing painful in the monotony of their toil or unremitting application.
On the same floor are the packing departments, where we see the cases destined for all parts of the world.
Thus quickly and easily we have descended112 the ladder of learning, and have acquired some faint notion of the way in which the hard, brown, tasteless cocoa berry is transformed into one of the most agreeable and wholesome113 compounds as yet invented for our delectation. Of course, many intermediate processes have had to be passed by, also many interesting features in the organization of the various departments; these, to be realized, must be seen.
There are one or two points, however, I will mention. In the first place, when we consider the enormous duty on sugar, and the fact that chocolate, like jam, is composed half of sugar and half of berry, we are at first at a loss to understand how chocolate-making can bring in such large returns as it must do—in the first place, to have made M. Menier a millionaire, in the second, to enable him to carry out his philanthropic schemes utterly114 regardless of cost. But we must remember that there is but one Chocolate Menier in the world, and that in spite of the enormous machinery at work, night and day, working day and Sunday, supply can barely keep pace with demand. A staff of night-workers are always at rest in the day-time, in order to keep the machinery going at work, and, to my regret, I learned that the work-shops are not closed on Sundays. M. Menier's work-people doubtless get ample holidays, but the one day's complete rest out of the seven, the portion of all with us, is denied them. By far the larger portion of the Chocolate Menier is consumed in France, where, as in England and America, it stands unrivalled. M. Menier may therefore be said to possess a monopoly, and, seeing how largely he lavishes115 his ample wealth on others, none can grudge116 him such good fortune.
Having witnessed the transformation117 of one of the most unpromising looking berries imaginable into the choicest of sweetmeats, the richest of the cups "that cheer but not inebriate118;" lastly, one of the best and most nourishing of the lighter119 kinds of food—we have to witness a transformation more magical still, namely, the hard life of toil made easy, the drudgery of mechanical labour lightened, the existence of the human machine made hopeful, healthful, reasonable, and happy. Want, squalor, disease, and drunkenness have been banished from the City of Chocolate, and thrift26, health, and prosperity reign120 in their stead.
Last of all, ignorance has vanished also, a thorough education being the happy portion of every child born within its precincts. Our first visit was to what is called the "Ecole Gardienne," or infant school—like the rest kept up entirely121 at M. Menier's expense—and herein, the grandest gift of organization is seen, perhaps, more strikingly than anywhere. These children, little trotting122 things from three to five years old, have a large playground, open in summer and covered in winter, and a spacious school-room, in which they receive little lessons in singing, A B C, and so on. Instead of being perched on high benches without backs, and their legs dangling123, as is the case in convent schools for the poor, they have delightful little low easy-chairs and tables accommodated to their size, each little wooden chair, with backs, having seats for two, so that, instead of being crowded and disturbing each other, the children sit in couples with plenty of room and air, and in perfect physical comfort. No hollow chests, no bent124 backs, no crookedness125 here. Happy and comfortable as princes these children sit in their chairs, having their feet on the floor, and their backs where they ought to be, namely, as a support.
Leading out of the school-room are two small rooms, where we saw a pleasant sight; a dozen cots, clean and cosy126 as it is possible to conceive, on which rosy127, sturdy boys and girls of a year old were taking their midday sleep. We next went into the girls' school, which is under the charge of a certificated mistress, and where children remain till thirteen or fourteen years of age, receiving exactly the same education as the boys, and without a fraction of cost to the parents. The course of study embraces all branches of elementary knowledge, with needlework, drawing, history, singing and book-keeping. Examinations are held and certificates of progress awarded. We found the girls taking a lesson in needle-work—the only point in which their education differs from that of the boys—and the boys at their drawing class; the school-rooms are lofty, well-aired, and admirably arranged.
Adjoining the schools is the library, open to all members of the community, and where many helps to adult study are afforded. On the other side of the pleasant green square, so invitingly128 planted with trees, stand the Cooperative Stores, which are, of course, an important feature in the organization of the community. Here meat, groceries, and other articles of daily domestic consumption are sold at low prices, and of the best possible quality: the membership, of course, being the privilege of the thrifty130 and the self-denying, who belong to the Association by payment. I did not ask if intoxicating131 drinks were sold on the premises, for such an inquiry132 would have been gratuitous133. The cheerful, tidy, healthful looks of the population proclaimed their sobriety, and some excellent sirop de groseille offered me in the cottage of the foreman who acted as guide, showed that such delicious drinks are made at home as to necessitate134 no purchases abroad.
There is also a Savings135' Bank, which all are invited to patronize; six and a half per cent being the incentive136 held out to those economisers on a small scale. But neither the school, nor the Co-operative Store, nor the Savings' Bank can make the working man's life what it should be without the home, and it is with the home that alike M. Menier's philanthropy and organization attain102 the acmé. These dwellings137, each block containing two, are admirably arranged, with two rooms on the ground-floor, two above, a capital cellar and office, and last, but not least, a garden. The workman pays a hundred and twenty francs, rather less than five pounds, a year for this accommodation, which it is hardly necessary to say is the portion of very few artizans in France, or elsewhere. The Cité, as it is called, being close to the works, they can go home to meals, and, though the women are largely employed in the manufactory, the home need not be neglected. It was delightful to witness my cicerone's pleasure in his home. He was a workman of superior order, and though, as he informed me, of no great education, yet possessed138 of literary and artistic tastes. The little parlour was as comfortable a room as any reasonable person could desire. There were books on the shelves, and pictures over the mantelpiece. Among these, were portraits of Thiers, Gambetta, and M. Menier, for all of whom their owner expressed great admiration139.
"Ah!" he said, "I read the newspaper and I know a little history, but in my time education was not thought of. These children here have now the chance of being whatever they like."
He showed me his garden, every inch of which was made use of—fruit, flowers, and vegetables growing luxuriantly on this well-selected site. The abundance of flowers was particularly striking, especially to those familiar with certain districts in France, where the luxury of a flower is never indulged in; M. Menier himself must have as strong a passion for gardening as for philanthropy, judging from the enormous gardens adjoining his handsome chateau, and perhaps his love of flowers—always a most humanizing taste—has set the example. These brilliant parterres, whether seen in the vast domains140 of the master or the humble141 homesteads of the men, delightfully142 break the red and white uniformity of the City of Chocolate, flowers above, around, on every side. There is also a profusion143 of fruit and vegetables, land quite recently laid under cultivation144 soon yielding returns in this favoured spot.
Before quitting Noisiel we must remark that M. Menier possesses cocoa and sugar plantations in the Southern States of America, and is thus enabled to fabricate the best possible chocolate at the lowest possible price. The cocoa-berry, sugar, and essence of vanilla145 alone form the ingredients of this delicious compound, which for the most part is made of one quality only. The amount of water power used daily, the quantity of material consumed and chocolate manufactured, the entire consumption throughout France, all these are interesting statistics, and are found elsewhere—my object being a graphic146 description of M. Menier's "Chocolaterie", and nothing further. The interest to general readers and writers consists not so much in such facts as these as in the astonishing completeness of the manufactory as a piece of organization, and the great social and moral well-being147 of which it is made the channel. Something more than mere business talent and philanthropy is necessary to combine the material and moral forces we find at work here. M. Menier must have gone into every practical detail, not only of hygiene148 and domestic economy, but of education, to have put into working order so admirable a scheme as his; and by living among his work-people he is enabled to watch the result of his efforts. The handsome chateau, with its magnificent garden in close proximity149 to the "Cité", preaches a daily text, which we may be sure is more effective than any amount of words. By his own capacity and exertions150 M. Menier has realized the splendid fortune he now uses so philanthropically, and equally by this same capacity and exertion151 only can his working men lift themselves in the social scale. The children educated at Noisiel will have their fortune in their own hands, since in France fortune and the highest social distinctions are within reach of all; and, in thus educating her future citizens, the great chocolate manufacturer is fulfilling the part not only of a philanthropist but of a true patriot152.
The French nation now recognise the fact, long since evident to outsiders, that the last great contest between France and Germany was a struggle less between two vast armed forces than between instruction and alertness on the one hand, and ignorance and indolence on the other. Now that French youth is urged and compelled to put its shoulder to the wheel, and duty before pleasure, none can despair of the future of France. Wherever I go, in whatever corner of the world I henceforth taste the renowned153 Chocolate Menier, I shall be reminded of something which will lend additional sweetness and flavour to it. I shall recall a community of working people whose toil is lightened and elevated, whose daily portion is made hopeful, reasonable, and happy, by an ever-active sympathy and benevolence154 rarely found allied155. More lessons than one will be carried away by the least and most instructed visitor of the flourishing little City of Chocolate on the banks of the Marne.
Church-going in this rich country is at all times a dreary156 affair, but especially just now, when partly from the harvest work going on all Sunday, and partly from lack of devotion, both Catholic and Protestant places of worship are all but empty. For there is a strong Protestant element here, dating from the epoch157 of the Revocation158 of the Edict of Nantes, and in the neighbouring village of Quincey are a Protestant Church and school. One Sunday morning I set off with two friends to attend service in the latter, announced to take place at eleven o'clock, but on arriving found the "Temple" locked, and not a sign of any coming ceremonial. Being very hungry, after the long walk through cornfields and vineyards, I went to a little baker's shop in search of a roll, and there realized the hospitable159 spirit of these good Briards. The mistress of the shop very kindly invited me into a little back room, and regaled me with excellent household bread, Brie cheese, and the wine of the country, refusing to be paid for her refreshments160.
This little meal finished, I rejoined my friends at the church, which was now open, and, in company of half a dozen school-children, we quietly waited to see what would eventually take place. By-and-by, one or two peasant-folks dropped in, picturesque old men and women, the latter in black and blue dresses and mob-caps. Then the schoolmaster appeared, and we were informed that it being the first Sunday in the month, the pastor161 had to do duty in an adjoining parish, according to custom, and that the schoolmaster would read the prayers and lessons instead. A psalm162 was sung, portions of Scripture163 and short prayers were read, another straggler or two joining the little congregation as the service went on. The schoolmaster, who officiated, played the harmonium and sang exceedingly well, finally read a brief exposition on the portion of Scripture read, whereupon after further singing we broke up.
It was pleasant to find that the children, who looked particularly intelligent, were in such good hands. These country pastors164, like the priests, receive very small pay from the State. How these isolated165 communities can keep up their schools seems astonishing, and speaks well for the zeal166 animating the Protestant body in France. As all the schools are now closed in consequence of the harvest, we could not see the children at work.
In the afternoon I went to the parish church of Couilly, whilst vespers were going on. If the little Protestant assemblage I had just before witnessed was touching167, this was almost painful, and might have afforded an artist an admirable subject for a picture. Sitting on a high stool, with his back to the congregation, consisting of three old women, was the priest, on either side the vergers, one in white stole, the other in purple robe and scarlet168 cap, all these chanting in loud monotonous169 tones, and of course in Latin, now and then the harmonium giving a faint accompaniment. On either side of these automatic figures were rows of little boys in scarlet and white, who from time to time made their voices heard also. As a background to this strange scene, was the loveliest little Gothic interior imaginable, the whiteness of aisle170 and transept being relieved by the saffron-coloured ribs171 of the arches and columns; the Church of Couilly being curious without and beautiful within, like many other parish churches here. After a time, one of the vergers blew out the three wax lights on a side altar, and all three retired172, each scurrying173 away in different directions with very little show of reverence174.
How different from the crowded churches in Brittany, where, whether at mass or vespers, hardly standing-room is to be found! How long Catholicism will hold its sway over the popular mind there depends, of course, greatly on the priests themselves, who, if ignorant and coarse-mannered, at least set their flocks a better example in the matter of morals than here. The less said about this subject the better; French priests are, whichever way we regard them, objects of commiseration175, but there can be no doubt that the indifference176 shown to religion in the flourishing département of Seine et Marne has been brought about by the priests themselves and their open disregard of decorum. Their shortcomings in this respect are not hidden, and their domestic lives an open book which all who run may read.
Some of them, however, occupy their time very harmlessly and profitably in gardening and beekeeping, their choicest fruits and vegetables, like those of their neighbours, going to England. We went one day, carrying big baskets with us, to visit the curé of a neighbouring village famous for his green-gages, and certainly the little presbytère looked very inviting129 with its vine-covered walls and luxuriant flower-gardens. The curé, who told us he had been gardening that morning from four till six o'clock, received us very courteously177, yet in a business-like way, and immediately took us to his fruit and vegetable garden some way off. Here we found the greatest possible profusion and evidence of skilful178 gardening. The fruit-trees were laden179, there were Alpine180 strawberries with their bright red fruit, currants, melons, apricots, &c., and an equal variety of vegetables. Not an inch of ground was wasted, nor were flowers wanting for adornment181 and the bees—splendid double sun-flowers, veritable little suns of gold, garden mallows, gladiolas and others; a score and more of hives completed the picture which its owner contemplated182 with natural pride.
"You have only just given your orders in time, ladies," he said; "all my green-gages are to be gathered forthwith for the English market. Ah! those English! those English! they take everything! our best fruit—and the island of Cyprus!"
Whereupon I ventured to rejoin that, at least if we robbed our French neighbours of their best fruit, our money found its way into the grower's pocket. Of course these large purchases in country places make home produce dearer for the inhabitants; but as the English agents pay a higher price than others, the peasants and farmers hail their appearance with delight. The fruit has to ripen183 on its way, and to enjoy a green-gage, or melon, to the full, we must taste it here. In the autumn the fine pears imported to Covent Garden from these villages sometimes fetch nine sous, four-pence halfpenny each, this being the whole-sale price. No wonder that in retail184 we have to pay so much.
The curé in question makes a good deal by his bees, and the honey of these parts is first-rate. On the whole, small as is their pay, these parish priests cannot be badly off, seeing that they get extra money by their garden produce, and largely, also, by baptismal and other church fees. Then of course it must be remembered that nothing is expected of them in the way of charity, as is the case with our clergy185.
"Nous recevons toujours, nous ne donnons jamais," was the reply of a French bishop186 on being asked an alms by some benevolent187 lady for a protégé.
Scattered throughout these fertile and prosperous regions are ancient towns, some of which are reached by separate little lines of railway, others are accessible by road only. Coulommiers is one of these, and though there is nothing attractive about it, except a most picturesque old church and a very pretty public walk by the winding river, it is worth making the two hours' drive across country for the sake of the scenery. As there is no direct communication with Couilly, and no possibility of hiring a carriage at this busy season, I gladly accepted a neighbour's offer of a seat in his "trap," a light spring-cart with capital horse. He was a tradesman of the village, and, like the rest of the world here, wore the convenient and cleanly blue cotton trousers and blue blouse of the country. The third spare seat was occupied by a neighbouring notary188, the two men discussing metaphysics, literature, and the origin of things, on their way.
We started at seven o'clock in the morning, and lovely indeed looked the wide landscape in the tender light—valley, and winding river, and wooded ridge47 being soon exchanged for wide open spaces covered with corn and autumn crops. Farming here is carried on extensively, some of these rich farms numbering several hundred acres. The farm-house and buildings, surrounded with a high stone wall, are few and far between, and the separate crops cover much larger tracts189 than here. It was market-day at Coulommiers, and we passed by many farmers and farmeresses jogging to market, the latter with their fruit and vegetables, eggs and butter, in comfortable covered carts.
Going to market in France means, indeed, what it did with us a hundred years ago; yet the farmers and farmers' wives looked the picture of prosperity. In some cases, fashion had so far got the better of tradition, that the reins190 were handled by a smart-looking lady in hat and feathers and fashionable dress, but for the most part by toil-embrowned homely women, with a coloured handkerchief twisted round their heads and no pretention to gentility. The men, one and all, wore blue blouses, and were evidently accustomed to hard work, but for all that it was easy to see that they were possessed both of means and intelligence. Like the rest of the Briard population, they are fine fellows, tall, with regular features and frank good-humoured countenances191.
Some of these farmers and millers192 give enormous dowries to their daughters. A million francs is sometimes heard of, and in our own immediate31 neighbourhood we heard of several rustic heiresses who would have a hundred thousand. Many a farmer, tenant-farmer, too, who toils193 with his men, has, irrespective of his earnings194 as a farmer, capital bringing in several thousand francs yearly; in fact, some of them are in receipt of what is considered a fair income for an English curate or vicar, but they work all the same.
At Coulommiers, there is nothing to see but a fine old church with an imposing195 tower, rising from the centre of the town. I went inside, and, though the doors stood wide open, found it empty, except for a little market-girl, who, having deposited her basket, was bent, not on prayer, but on counting her money. In Brittany, on market-days, there is never a lack of pious196 worshippers; here it is not so, the good folks of Seine et Marne evidently being inclined to materialism197. The interior of this picturesque church is very quaintly198 coloured, and, as a whole, it is well worth seeing.
Like many other towns in these parts, Coulommiers dates from an ancient period, and long belonged to the English crown. Ravaged199 during the Hundred Years' War, the religious wars and the troubles of the League, nothing to speak of remains of its old walls and towers of defence. Indeed, except for the drive thither across country, and the fruit and cheese markets, it possesses no temptations for the traveller. Market-day is a sight for a painter. The show of melons alone makes a subject; the weather-beaten market-women, with gay coloured handkerchief twisted round their heads, their blue gowns, the delicious colour and lovely form of the fruit, all this must be seen. Here and there were large pumpkins200, cut open to show the ripe red pulp201, with abundance of purple plums, apples and pears just ripening202, and bright yellow apricots. It was clear les Anglais had not carried off all the fruit! At Coulommiers, as elsewhere, you may search in vain for rags, dirt, or a sign of beggary. Every one is rich, independent, and happy.
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1
evergreens
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| n.常青树，常绿植物，万年青( evergreen的名词复数 ) | |
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thither
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| adv.向那里；adj.在那边的，对岸的 | |
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par
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| n.标准，票面价值，平均数量；adj.票面的，平常的，标准的 | |
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toil
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| vi.辛劳工作，艰难地行动；n.苦工，难事 | |
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proprietors
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| n.所有人，业主( proprietor的名词复数 ) | |
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benighted
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| adj.蒙昧的 | |
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accomplished
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| adj.有才艺的；有造诣的；达到了的 | |
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accomplishments
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| n.造诣；完成( accomplishment的名词复数 )；技能；成绩；成就 | |
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acquitted
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| 宣判…无罪( acquit的过去式和过去分词 )； 使（自己）作出某种表现 | |
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remarkably
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| ad.不同寻常地，相当地 | |
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spoke
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| n.（车轮的）辐条；轮辐；破坏某人的计划；阻挠某人的行动 v.讲，谈（speak的过去式）；说；演说；从某种观点来说 | |
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recipient
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| a.接受的,感受性强的 n.接受者,感受者,容器 | |
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compulsory
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| n.强制的，必修的；规定的，义务的 | |
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nuns
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| n.（通常指基督教的）修女， （佛教的）尼姑( nun的名词复数 ) | |
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astonishment
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| n.惊奇，惊异 | |
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bonnets
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| n.童帽( bonnet的名词复数 )；（烟囱等的）覆盖物；（苏格兰男子的）无边呢帽；（女子戴的）任何一种帽子 | |
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apron
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| n.围裙；工作裙 | |
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quaint
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| adj.古雅的，离奇有趣的，奇怪的 | |
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banished
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| v.放逐，驱逐( banish的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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apportioned
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| vt.分摊，分配（apportion的过去式与过去分词形式） | |
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21
marvel
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| vi.(at)惊叹vt.感到惊异；n.令人惊异的事 | |
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22
laboriousness
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laborious
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| adj.吃力的，努力的，不流畅 | |
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manure
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| n.粪，肥，肥粒；vt.施肥 | |
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thriftiness
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| 节俭，节约 | |
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thrift
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| adj.节约，节俭；n.节俭，节约 | |
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27
requisite
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| adj.需要的，必不可少的；n.必需品 | |
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drudgery
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| n.苦工，重活，单调乏味的工作 | |
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29
neatly
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| adv.整洁地，干净地，灵巧地，熟练地 | |
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30
promenade
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| n./v.散步 | |
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31
immediate
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| adj.立即的；直接的，最接近的；紧靠的 | |
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machinery
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| n.(总称)机械，机器；机构 | |
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33
animating
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| v.使有生气( animate的现在分词 )；驱动；使栩栩如生地动作；赋予…以生命 | |
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34
delightful
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| adj.令人高兴的，使人快乐的 | |
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35
behold
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| v.看，注视，看到 | |
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36
countenance
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| n.脸色，面容；面部表情；vt.支持，赞同 | |
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farmhouse
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| n.农场住宅（尤指主要住房） | |
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spacious
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| adj.广阔的，宽敞的 | |
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poultry
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| n.家禽，禽肉 | |
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40
disporting
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| v.嬉戏，玩乐，自娱( disport的现在分词 ) | |
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41
mere
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| adj.纯粹的；仅仅，只不过 | |
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42
courteous
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| adj.彬彬有礼的，客气的 | |
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43
premises
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| n.建筑物，房屋 | |
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44
picturesque
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| adj.美丽如画的，（语言）生动的，绘声绘色的 | |
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45
exquisite
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| adj.精美的；敏锐的；剧烈的，感觉强烈的 | |
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46
perch
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| n.栖木，高位，杆；v.栖息，就位，位于 | |
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47
ridge
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| n.山脊；鼻梁；分水岭 | |
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48
drawn
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| v.拖，拉，拔出；adj.憔悴的，紧张的 | |
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49
sketcher
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| n.画略图者，作素描者，舞台布景设计者 | |
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50
spires
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| n.（教堂的） 塔尖，尖顶( spire的名词复数 ) | |
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51
cape
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| n.海角，岬；披肩，短披风 | |
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52
chateau
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| n.城堡，别墅 | |
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53
lodge
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| v.临时住宿，寄宿，寄存，容纳；n.传达室，小旅馆 | |
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54
kindly
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| adj.和蔼的，温和的，爽快的；adv.温和地，亲切地 | |
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55
beckoned
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| v.（用头或手的动作）示意，召唤( beckon的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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56
eucalyptus
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| n.桉树，桉属植物 | |
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57
plantations
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| n.种植园，大农场( plantation的名词复数 ) | |
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58
foliage
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| n.叶子，树叶，簇叶 | |
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59
walnut
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| n.胡桃，胡桃木，胡桃色，茶色 | |
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60
ornament
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| v.装饰，美化；n.装饰，装饰物 | |
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61
revelled
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| v.作乐( revel的过去式和过去分词 )；狂欢；着迷；陶醉 | |
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62
rustic
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| adj.乡村的，有乡村特色的；n.乡下人，乡巴佬 | |
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63
abound
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| vi.大量存在；(in，with)充满，富于 | |
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64
undertaking
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| n.保证，许诺，事业 | |
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65
remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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66
reapers
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| n.收割者，收获者( reaper的名词复数 )；收割机 | |
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67
partially
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| adv.部分地，从某些方面讲 | |
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68
barley
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| n.大麦，大麦粒 | |
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69
artistic
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| adj.艺术(家)的，美术(家)的；善于艺术创作的 | |
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sketches
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| n.草图( sketch的名词复数 )；素描；速写；梗概 | |
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71
pottery
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| n.陶器，陶器场 | |
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72
homely
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| adj.家常的，简朴的；不漂亮的 | |
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73
sordid
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| adj.肮脏的，不干净的，卑鄙的，暗淡的 | |
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prospect
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| n.前景，前途；景色，视野 | |
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75
tangle
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| n.纠缠；缠结；混乱；v.(使)缠绕；变乱 | |
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76
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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77
eludes
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| v.（尤指机敏地）避开( elude的第三人称单数 )；逃避；躲避；使达不到 | |
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78
persistence
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| n.坚持，持续，存留 | |
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79
nibble
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| n.轻咬，啃；v.一点点地咬，慢慢啃，吹毛求疵 | |
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80
ramble
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| v.漫步，漫谈，漫游；n.漫步，闲谈，蔓延 | |
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81
winding
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| n.绕，缠，绕组，线圈 | |
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82
prevailing
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| adj.盛行的；占优势的；主要的 | |
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83
linen
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| n.亚麻布，亚麻线，亚麻制品；adj.亚麻布制的，亚麻的 | |
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84
excellence
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| n.优秀，杰出，(pl.)优点，美德 | |
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85
undoubtedly
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| adv.确实地，无疑地 | |
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86
briefly
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| adv.简单地，简短地 | |
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87
scattered
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| adj.分散的，稀疏的；散步的；疏疏落落的 | |
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88
orchards
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| （通常指围起来的）果园( orchard的名词复数 ) | |
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89
brook
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| n.小河，溪；v.忍受，容让 | |
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90
dwelling
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| n.住宅，住所，寓所 | |
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91
fragrant
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| adj.芬香的，馥郁的，愉快的 | |
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92
aroma
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| n.香气，芬芳，芳香 | |
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93
literally
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| adv.照字面意义，逐字地；确实 | |
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94
ingenuity
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| n.别出心裁；善于发明创造 | |
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95
hydraulic
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| adj.水力的；水压的，液压的；水力学的 | |
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96
ascend
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| vi.渐渐上升，升高；vt.攀登，登上 | |
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97
pinnacle
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| n.尖塔，尖顶，山峰；(喻)顶峰 | |
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98
descend
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| vt./vi.传下来，下来，下降 | |
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99
descending
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| n. 下行 adj. 下降的 | |
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100
edible
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| n.食品，食物；adj.可食用的 | |
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101
attained
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| （通常经过努力）实现( attain的过去式和过去分词 )； 达到； 获得； 达到（某年龄、水平、状况） | |
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102
attain
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| vt.达到，获得，完成 | |
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103
compartments
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| n.间隔( compartment的名词复数 )；（列车车厢的）隔间；（家具或设备等的）分隔间；隔层 | |
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104
thereby
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| adv.因此，从而 | |
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105
apparently
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| adv.显然地；表面上，似乎 | |
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106
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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107
dexterity
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| n.(手的)灵巧，灵活 | |
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108
docility
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| n.容易教，易驾驶，驯服 | |
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109
animated
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| adj.生气勃勃的，活跃的，愉快的 | |
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110
alteration
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| n.变更，改变；蚀变 | |
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111
regularity
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| n.规律性，规则性；匀称，整齐 | |
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112
descended
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| a.为...后裔的，出身于...的 | |
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113
wholesome
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| adj.适合；卫生的；有益健康的；显示身心健康的 | |
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114
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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115
lavishes
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| v.过分给予，滥施( lavish的第三人称单数 ) | |
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116
grudge
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| n.不满，怨恨，妒嫉；vt.勉强给，不情愿做 | |
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117
transformation
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| n.变化；改造；转变 | |
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118
inebriate
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| v.使醉 | |
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119
lighter
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| n.打火机，点火器；驳船；v.用驳船运送；light的比较级 | |
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120
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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121
entirely
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| ad.全部地，完整地；完全地，彻底地 | |
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122
trotting
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| 小跑，急走( trot的现在分词 )； 匆匆忙忙地走 | |
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123
dangling
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| 悬吊着( dangle的现在分词 )； 摆动不定； 用某事物诱惑…； 吊胃口 | |
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124
bent
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| n.爱好，癖好；adj.弯的；决心的，一心的 | |
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125
crookedness
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| [医]弯曲 | |
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126
cosy
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| adj.温暖而舒适的，安逸的 | |
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127
rosy
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| adj.美好的，乐观的，玫瑰色的 | |
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128
invitingly
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| adv. 动人地 | |
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129
inviting
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| adj.诱人的，引人注目的 | |
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130
thrifty
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| adj.节俭的；兴旺的；健壮的 | |
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131
intoxicating
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| a. 醉人的,使人兴奋的 | |
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132
inquiry
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| n.打听，询问，调查，查问 | |
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133
gratuitous
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| adj.无偿的，免费的；无缘无故的，不必要的 | |
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134
necessitate
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| v.使成为必要，需要 | |
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135
savings
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| n.存款，储蓄 | |
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136
incentive
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| n.刺激；动力；鼓励；诱因；动机 | |
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137
dwellings
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| n.住处，处所( dwelling的名词复数 ) | |
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138
possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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139
admiration
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| n.钦佩，赞美，羡慕 | |
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140
domains
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| n.范围( domain的名词复数 )；领域；版图；地产 | |
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141
humble
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| adj.谦卑的，恭顺的；地位低下的；v.降低，贬低 | |
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142
delightfully
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| 大喜，欣然 | |
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143
profusion
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| n.挥霍；丰富 | |
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144
cultivation
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| n.耕作，培养，栽培（法），养成 | |
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145
vanilla
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| n.香子兰，香草 | |
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146
graphic
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| adj.生动的，形象的，绘画的，文字的，图表的 | |
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147
well-being
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| n.安康，安乐，幸福 | |
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148
hygiene
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| n.健康法，卫生学 （a.hygienic） | |
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149
proximity
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| n.接近，邻近 | |
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150
exertions
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| n.努力( exertion的名词复数 )；费力；（能力、权力等的）运用；行使 | |
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151
exertion
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| n.尽力，努力 | |
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152
patriot
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| n.爱国者，爱国主义者 | |
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153
renowned
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| adj.著名的，有名望的，声誉鹊起的 | |
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154
benevolence
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| n.慈悲，捐助 | |
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155
allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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156
dreary
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| adj.令人沮丧的，沉闷的，单调乏味的 | |
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157
epoch
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| n.(新)时代；历元 | |
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158
revocation
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| n.废止，撤回 | |
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159
hospitable
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| adj.好客的；宽容的；有利的，适宜的 | |
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160
refreshments
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| n.点心,便餐;(会议后的)简单茶点招 待 | |
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161
pastor
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| n.牧师，牧人 | |
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162
psalm
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| n.赞美诗，圣诗 | |
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163
scripture
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| n.经文，圣书，手稿；Scripture:(常用复数)《圣经》，《圣经》中的一段 | |
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164
pastors
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| n.（基督教的）牧师( pastor的名词复数 ) | |
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165
isolated
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| adj.与世隔绝的 | |
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166
zeal
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| n.热心，热情，热忱 | |
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167
touching
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| adj.动人的，使人感伤的 | |
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168
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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169
monotonous
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| adj.单调的，一成不变的，使人厌倦的 | |
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170
aisle
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| n.（教堂、教室、戏院等里的）过道，通道 | |
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171
ribs
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| n.肋骨( rib的名词复数 )；（船或屋顶等的）肋拱；肋骨状的东西；（织物的）凸条花纹 | |
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172
retired
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| adj.隐退的，退休的，退役的 | |
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173
scurrying
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| v.急匆匆地走( scurry的现在分词 ) | |
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174
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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175
commiseration
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| n.怜悯，同情 | |
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176
indifference
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| n.不感兴趣，不关心，冷淡，不在乎 | |
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177
courteously
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| adv.有礼貌地，亲切地 | |
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178
skilful
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| (=skillful)adj.灵巧的，熟练的 | |
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179
laden
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| adj.装满了的；充满了的；负了重担的；苦恼的 | |
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180
alpine
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| adj.高山的；n.高山植物 | |
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181
adornment
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| n.装饰；装饰品 | |
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182
contemplated
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| adj. 预期的 动词contemplate的过去分词形式 | |
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183
ripen
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| vt.使成熟；vi.成熟 | |
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184
retail
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| v./n.零售；adv.以零售价格 | |
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185
clergy
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| n.[总称]牧师，神职人员 | |
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186
bishop
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| n.主教，（国际象棋）象 | |
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187
benevolent
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| adj.仁慈的，乐善好施的 | |
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188
notary
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| n.公证人，公证员 | |
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189
tracts
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| 大片土地( tract的名词复数 )； 地带； （体内的）道； （尤指宣扬宗教、伦理或政治的）短文 | |
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190
reins
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| 感情，激情； 缰( rein的名词复数 )； 控制手段； 掌管； （成人带着幼儿走路以防其走失时用的）保护带 | |
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191
countenances
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| n.面容( countenance的名词复数 )；表情；镇静；道义支持 | |
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192
millers
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| n.（尤指面粉厂的）厂主( miller的名词复数 )；磨房主；碾磨工；铣工 | |
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193
toils
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| 网 | |
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194
earnings
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| n.工资收人；利润，利益，所得 | |
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195
imposing
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| adj.使人难忘的，壮丽的，堂皇的，雄伟的 | |
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196
pious
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| adj.虔诚的；道貌岸然的 | |
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197
materialism
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| n.［哲］唯物主义，唯物论；物质至上 | |
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198
quaintly
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| adv.古怪离奇地 | |
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199
ravaged
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| 毁坏( ravage的过去式和过去分词 )； 蹂躏； 劫掠； 抢劫 | |
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200
pumpkins
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| n.南瓜( pumpkin的名词复数 )；南瓜的果肉，南瓜囊 | |
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201
pulp
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| n.果肉，纸浆；v.化成纸浆，除去...果肉，制成纸浆 | |
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202
ripening
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| v.成熟，使熟( ripen的现在分词 )；熟化；熟成 | |
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