The great empires of to-day, England, France, Germany, Italy, two of which have eaten steadily2 into its territories until only a tiny Luxembourg remains3, together with a small new state with a{16} novel name made greater and more lasting4 by the events of a year than those of its predecessors5, have dulled the memory of an ancient unity6, taking to themselves at the same time credit, that is none of theirs, for men and happenings that made ten centuries of enduring history; so the glory, the high achievements of the small old states are forgotten. And yet, out of these little dukedoms and counties and free cities came the men who made France and Germany, who determined7 the genius of medi?valism, imparted to it the high soul and the swift hand of its peculiar8 personality, and gave to the world the memory and tradition of faith and heroism9, together with so much of that inimitable art that was its perfect showing forth10, and, until yesterday, a visible monument of its accomplishment11.
National unity this territory and these peoples have never possessed12. During the Roman dominion13 they formed the provinces of Germania and Belgica, in the diocese of Gaul; under the Merovings all was comprised in the Frankish kingdom, the old line between the Roman provinces remaining to divide Austrasia and Neustria, as the northern and southern sections came to be called under the Carolings. With the disruption of the{17} empire of Charlemagne, Austrasia went to the kingdom of the East Franks, Neustria to that of the West Franks, the former becoming (west of the Rhine) the duchies of Upper and Lower Lorraine, the latter (east of the Seine) Flanders and Champagne14. When Otto the Great restored the Holy Roman Empire in A. D. 962, the Lorraines of course formed a part. These comprised all that is now (or was, in June, 1915) Germany west of the Rhine, together with all of Belgium except Flanders, Luxembourg, and a strip of territory along the northeast frontier of France. Westward15 to the Seine the land was divided into many feudal16 holdings, Flanders, which then comprised not only northern Belgium but the present French departments of Nord and Pas de Calais; Champagne, Amiens, Vermandois, Laon, Reims, Chalons. During the Middle Ages Lower Lorraine became the duchy of Brabant and the county of Hainault. Upper Lorraine, Luxembourg and Bar, southern Flanders, Artois. Picardy and Valois became entities17, and the great bishoprics of Cologne, Trèves, Strasbourg, Cambray, Liége acquired more and more land until they were principalities in themselves.
During the fifteenth century the magnificent{18} efforts of the dukes of Burgundy to create for themselves an independent state between France and the Empire, and reaching from the Rhine to the Aisne, from the Alps to the sea, resulted in a partial and temporary unification of the old Belgian lands, but with the death of Mary of Burgundy in 1482, the whole territory became more and more closely knit into the Empire, France losing even her claim to suzerainty over Flanders; all the lands west of the Meuse and over the Rhine as far as the Ems became the Netherlands, comprising roughly what is now Holland and Belgium. The duchies of Luxembourg, Bar, and Lorraine, with the Palatinate, shared all that lay between the Meuse and the Rhine, save what the great bishoprics had assumed to themselves, while Burgundy (except the Franche-Comté) and Lorraine were definitively20 merged21 in France.
Then came the Spanish dominion over the whole territory, barring the duchy of Julich along the Rhine; the revolt of Holland and the severing22 of the United Netherlands north of the Rhine from the Spanish territories; finally, in 1715, after 160 years of ruinous domination, Spain was driven out and Austria succeeded in Flanders,{19} Brabant, and Luxembourg, maintaining herself there until the time of Napoleon a century later, when for a few years everything as far as the Rhine, together with the Netherlands on the other side, was incorporated in France. With the fading of the splendid dream of a Napoleonic empire, Holland and Belgium, as we know them now, came into existence, the lands of the duchy of Julich went to Prussia, the Palatinate to Bavaria. Luxembourg was reduced to its existing area and the French frontier delimited as it is now, except for Alsace and Lorraine, which were lost in 1870.
Between the upper and nether19 millstones of France and the Empire, the Heart of Europe for fifteen centuries has been ground into fragments of ever-changing form, never able to coalesce23 into unity, but producing ever in spite of political chaos24 and dynastic oppression great ideals of piety25, righteousness, liberty; great art-manifestations of the vigour26 and nobility of race, great figures to uphold and enforce the lofty principles that have made so much of the brilliant history of medi?val Europe, and all centring around the lands of the many tribes who from earliest times were known as the Belg?.{20}
They enter well into history, these Belg?, in the fifty-seventh year before the birth of Christ, Nervii, Veromandri, Atrobates, from the valleys of the Meuse and the Sambre, as C?sar found and declared, “that day against the Nervii,” when the battle for the winning of this new land was his by hardly more than a chance. The tribes were hard and free, and they died in the end almost to a man, five hundred remaining out of fifty thousand warriors28. But C?sar was magnanimous, as always, and by no means without appreciation29 of his adversaries30, so Allies of Rome, with full claim on her protection, they became, with the rank and title of a free people, as they have remained at heart ever since. In seven years the last of the tribes had surrendered and Belgium became a flourishing colony as well as the advance-guard of Roman civilisation31 in its progress against the savage32 Germans of the Rhine. By the fall of the Empire a great and united people had come into being between Gaul and Germania, divided into four great sections with their several capitols at Trèves, Reims, Mainz, and Cologne.
Meanwhile the Franks had come on the scene, though their name is rather a rallying-cry than{21} a mark of race, meaning only that certain of the tribes of Gaul, with others of the Belg?, were determined to be free—as they became shortly and as they have generally remained ever since. Now the Salian Franks were the dwellers33 in Flanders and Brabant and under their Duke Clodion had extended their borders as far as Soissons. Clodion’s successor, Merov?us, was grandfather of Clovis, the first Christian34 king of the north. The Merovings, then, are neither strictly35 of Gaul nor of Germany, but of the Heart of Europe itself, and their blood, like that of their followers36, a mingling37 of Germanic and Celtic and Roman strains.
Chalons saw them allied38 with the Romans and driving back the fierce tide of the earlier Huns that threatened to beat out the last flicker39 of light in Europe: Tolbiac saw them hurl40 back the savage Allemanni, in the year 496, again preserving the European tradition from submergence under barbarian41 hordes42, nor was this the last time they were to perform this service. Already Clovis had married Clotilde, niece of the Duke of Burgundy, so bringing another region into close contact with his own, and now, after the successful issue of the battle of Tolbiac, when{22} he had first called on the God of Christians43, he presented himself before the Archbishop of Reims, St. Remi, for baptism, where he heard the significant words: “Bow thy proud head, Sicambrian! destroy what thou hast worshipped, worship what thou hast destroyed.”
Whatever the motive44, and however inadequate45 the performance of his new obligations by Clovis, his baptism is one of the crucial events in history, marking the end of paganism as a controlling force, and with the conquest of Italy by Theodoric and the promulgation46 of the Holy Rule of St. Benedict, the beginning of the great Christian era of culture and civilisation that was to endure, unimpaired, for a thousand years.
The dominion of Clovis comprised all that is now France south to the Loire and Burgundy, with Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and Bavaria, but his capital was at Tournai, and he was in fact even more a Belgian than a French sovereign. Under him all the Franks were united and his power was such that the Emperor at Constantinople made him patrician48, consul49, and Augustus. With his death in 511 began a long era of division and reunion, of internecine50 warfare51 and the plotting of jealous women, two of whom, Frede{23}gonde personifying the Gallic influence, Brunhilde the Germanic, fostered a conflict that hardly came to an end before the fall of the dynasty.
Little by little the Merovings broke away from their racial Belgic affiliations52, Soissons became the capital rather than Tournai, and at last by a dramatic turn of fate another Belgian race brought the decrepit53 line to its term and founded a new and a nobler house. Pepin of Landen, in the province of Liége, became mayor of the palace and the active influence in royal affairs, somewhere about the year 620, and it was a son of his daughter, Pepin of Herstel (a town also in the province of Liége) who was father of Charles Martel, who in his turn was the grandfather of Charlemagne.
As the Huns and the Allemanni had been rolled back from their savage incursions by the aid of men of Belgic nationality, so now the greater threat of an onrushing Mohammedanism was to be dispelled54 by another and a greater personality, Charles the Hammer, a soldier of consummate55 ability, the real ruler of all the Franks, and the victor at the battle of Tours when final decision was reached as to whether Europe was for the future to be Moslem56 or Christian.{24}
Charles Martel died when only fifty years of age, and his son Pepin succeeded him as mayor of the palace. The fiction of Meroving kingship could no longer be maintained; the stock was hopelessly degenerate57; the people demanded an end, the Pope sanctioned it, and so, after a most orderly fashion Childeric III betook himself to a convenient cloister58, Pepin was raised on the shields of the Gallic soldiers, then decently crowned in St. Denis, and the dynasty of the Carolings began. For sixteen years he reigned59 as kings had not been wont60 to reign47 for many centuries; Saxony, Brittany, Languedoc were added to the Frankish dominions61, Rome twice saved from the Lombard invaders62, and the Papacy made the faithful ally and defender63 of the Frankish kingdom, then the one great power in Europe.
There were more reasons than that of policy for this alliance. Practically abandoned by the Roman Emperors in the east, Italy had been the prey64 of tribe after tribe of northern savages65, and the Papacy was the only centre of order and authority. In spite of this the Popes still shrank from severing themselves wholly from the imperial centre, but the iconoclastic66 controversy67 had resulted in what was both heresy68 and schism69 on{25} the part of the patriarchate of Constantinople, and communion was no longer possible. Moreover, all the other northern tribes that had accepted Christianity—Goths, Vandals, Lombards—had adopted the Arian heresy and were therefore even more distasteful to Rome than unconverted heathen. This condition of things justified70 the Papacy in its attitude of intolerance, and when Pepin came to the throne, it was almost at the last gasp71, through persecution72, spoliation, and outrage73 at the hands of the Teutonic Arians. The Frankish kingdom alone was Catholic, and enthusiastically Catholic, and it is small wonder that to the Pope the rise of a great and powerful and Catholic nation under the dominating Carolings came as a special mercy from heaven—as, indeed, it was.
With the death of Pepin and the accession of his son Charles—known now for all time as Charlemagne—the curtain rose on one of the most brilliant dramas of history. The Lombards had again revolted; Pope Hadrian called on the Franks in despair; King Charles hurled74 his armies into Italy like an avalanche75, captured and deposed76 Desiderius, last of the Lombard kings, proclaimed himself King of Lombardy, pressed{26} on to Rome, and was welcomed there by the Supreme77 Pontiff as the saviour78 of Christendom.
He would, however, accept no formal honours save that of patrician, and returned to the north to continue the work of his father in consolidating79 and extending the kingdom. For twenty-four years he was engaged in innumerable wars, in eager efforts to restore education, political order, ecclesiastical righteousness, and even some small measure of genuine culture, with results that seem miraculous80 in the light of what had been before for so many centuries. Finally, in the year 799, he went again to Rome, where Leo III now sat in the chair of Peter, and at mass on Christmas Day, A. D. 800, the Pope came suddenly behind him as he was kneeling before the altar in St. Peter’s and, placing a crown on his head, cried in a loud voice: “Life and victory to Charles, the great and pacific Emperor of the Romans, crowned by the hand of God!” and after three centuries and more of anarchy81, barbarism, and hopeless degeneration, the empire was restored as the Holy Roman Empire, in the person of a Frankish warrior27 of the lands of the Belg?, and destined82 to endure for another thousand years.
Aix-la-Chapelle is the very centre of the land{27} and the people that built up the Christian civilisation of the Middle Ages, and it was here that Charlemagne fixed84 his chief place of residence. During his lifetime it was the very, and the only, centre of order and of culture in Europe. A great warrior, he was an even greater administrator85, while as the restorer of learning and the patron of art and letters he was perhaps greatest of all. When he came to the throne there lay behind him nearly four centuries of absolute anarchy and barbarism, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean86 and from the Atlantic to the marches of the Teutonic savages. What he built he built from the ground upward, and though his was only the “false dawn” that heralds87 the day, passing utterly88, so far as one could see, within a generation after his death, it was the saving of Europe, the preservation89 of the succession, that, the second Dark Ages overpassed, guaranteed the coming in of the great era that began with the millennial90 year of Christianity and lasted for five full centuries.
Under his direction a complete administrative91 system was established over the unwieldy empire; local governments were set up, with a system of regular visitations from the central authority,{28} and in this way the foundations were laid for the counties of Flanders, Brabant, Hainault, into which, together with Vermandois, Valois, Amiens, and Champagne, this territory of our survey was divided during the Middle Ages.
In religion, education, and art Charlemagne went far beyond his predecessors for five centuries, so far as the form and re-creation are concerned. Separated at last from the church in the East, now definitely schismatic, heretical, and Erastian, the Papacy was in a position to go on unhindered in its development, and Charlemagne became not only a defender but a zealous92 and enthusiastic reformer. Monasticism was universally strengthened and extended, new bishoprics were founded, the state of the Holy See purified, while schools were established in connection with cathedrals and monasteries93 throughout the Empire. Charles had a great passion for scholars and artists, gathering94 them from Italy, Spain, England, wherever, indeed, they were to be found, and for a time his court was the nucleus95 of culture in the West. Architecture was reborn, all the ravelled threads from Rome, Constantinople, Ravenna, Syria were gathered up and knit together, and though few authentic96 works from{29} among the myriads97 of the Emperor’s creation still remain, we know from what we have, and chiefly the royal chapel83 at Aix, that the result was the restoring once more of a line of continuity after the vast vacancy98 of the Dark Ages, and the initiation99 of a new vitality100 that, after the second Dark Ages, was to serve as the energising power that brought Romanesque art into existence and made possible the great glory of Gothic.
Great as he was, Charlemagne had all the weaknesses of his racial tradition, and by yielding to these his era was his alone, nor could it outlast101 his personal influence. Divided between his successors, the Empire rapidly and naturally fell to pieces during the lifetime of Louis le Debonnaire, who for a brief period had succeeded in uniting it again, and during the second Dark Ages, from 850 to 1000 A. D., there is no more of note to record in this region than in any other part of Europe. The era had culminated102 under Charlemagne; it was now to sink to its end, as always had happened before, as always, so far as we can see, must continue to happen. Not until the turn of the tide at the year 1000 could a real recovery begin. In the meantime history is little more than a series of personal contests, but out of these{30} certain beginnings are made that are to have issue in great things, and amongst these are the appearance of the first Baldwin of Flanders and the establishing of the first hereditary103 title, and therefore the oldest in Europe. Baldwin of the Iron Arm successfully fought the Vikings, driving them west until they were forced to content themselves with the land they ultimately made immortal104 as Normandy. His son married a daughter of Alfred the Great, so establishing a certain connection between England and Flanders, and by fortifying105 Bruges, Ypres, Ghent, and Courtrai, he did much toward fixing these cities as centres of municipal life and of that fierce independence that marked them for so many generations.
With the opening of the new era, at the beginning of the eleventh century, a new vitality shows itself in the land. William of Normandy had become the son-in-law of Baldwin V, and from Flanders many knights106 joined the Conqueror107 for his invasion of England, one becoming first Earl of Northumberland, another first Earl of Chester. Under Baldwin VI complete peace was restored to the distracted provinces, while the Charter of Grammont is a landmark108 in that development
of personal and civil liberty which is one of the great glories of medi?valism. The Tribunal of Peace, established by the Bishop18 of Liége, is another shining sign of the times, while the defeat of France in its attacks on Flemish independence assured a long period of splendid development.
This was enhanced by the Crusades, and here, particularly in the first, the Heart of Europe showed the quality of the blood that was its life. Whatever the Crusades may have become after long years, they were in their earliest impulse supreme examples of human faith, unselfishness, devotion, heroism, and piety. The redemption of the Holy Places of Christianity from the infidel became a passion, and the protagonist109, the moving and vitalising spirit, was one Peter the Hermit110, of the province of Liége, who, crucifix in hand, toiled111 through eastern France, the Netherlands, the Rhineland, as well as through his own country, exhorting112 prince and peasant to take up arms for the freeing of the Holy Land from the Saracen.
His success was almost miraculous, for the great adventure appealed to every instinct of the time—piety, reverence113, chivalry114, romance,{32} the passion for a new and venturesome and knightly115 quest—and in less than two years the Pope himself set his seal of approbation116 on the First Crusade. In Clermont, in the year 1095, surrounded by four hundred bishops117 and mitred abbots, he cried to the waiting multitudes of Europe: “Are we called upon to see in this century the desolation of Christianity and to remain at peace the while our holy religion is given over into the hands of the oppressor? Here is a lawful118 war; go, defend the House of Israel!” Almost with a single voice Europe made answer with the rallying-cry: “God wills it!” Every scarlet119 garment was shredded120 in pieces to furnish crosses which were sewn to the shoulders; some even branded themselves with the sign of the cross by means of red-hot irons.
Within another year an army of 100,000 men had been gathered together, under the leadership of Peter, himself, and it poured across Europe as far as Constantinople, a disorganised and impotent mob. It met its fate as soon as it had crossed the Bosporus into Saracen territory, and only a shattered remnant, including the originator of the mad venture, ever returned to its home. In the meantime, however, a greater{33} captain than Peter the Hermit, and of the same race, was gathering the enormous host that succeeded where he had failed. Godfrey of Bouillon, of the province of Liége, a great scholar and greater soldier, gathered 90,000 knights and men-at-arms in Flanders and Brabant, and set out for Jerusalem on the 10th of August, 1096. A month later the French under command of the King’s brother, and the Flemings under Robert, Count of Flanders, followed in his track. Baldwin of Bourg, the Counts of Hainault, Namur, Grez, Audenaarde, and Ypres, with knights of Dixmude, Alost, Bruges, Ghent, Brussels, and Tournai were amongst the leaders, and a concentration was effected at Constantinople when there were no less than 600,000 in all. Crossing into Asia, the great host swept onward122 from one victory to another; the battle of Doryl?um, fought on the 4th of July, 1097, proved them invincible123. Tarsus and Antioch fell, and nothing lay between them and Jerusalem. The city was besieged124 and finally carried by assault, the attack beginning on the 14th of July, and after a week of incessant125 fighting on the walls and through the streets, Jerusalem was wholly in the hands of the Crusaders. But the host that set out from its many{34} sources in Europe had vanished and only a tenth of the original number remained to fight the relieving army from Egypt at Ascalon, and to organise121 the victory. Five hundred thousand men had perished on the long march, died of disease, or fallen in battle.
Godfrey of Bouillon became the first King of Jerusalem, the choice resting between him and Robert of Flanders. He reigned only a year, and was succeeded by his brother Baldwin, who had made himself Count of Edessa, and whose descendants continued on the throne for several generations.
In all the succeeding Crusades, Flanders and Brabant, Lorraine, Champagne, and Burgundy played leading parts, and in the fifth, when the arms of the knights were turned from the relief of Jerusalem to the conquest of the Byzantine Empire, another Baldwin of Flanders was leader, and, after the fall of Constantinople, became the first Latin Emperor of the East, his dynasty continuing on the throne for fifty years.
Amazing as were the results of the Crusades, with the conquering of the Saracens in the Holy Land, and the overthrow126 of the Eastern Empire, a Walloon being crowned first King of Jerusalem{35} and a Fleming first Latin Emperor of Byzantium, the local results had no permanency, Jerusalem falling again to the Mussulmans after a century and a half, Constantinople reverting127 to the Eastern line at about the same time. In Europe, however, the results had been of profound import; directly, the Crusades had had a vast influence in determining the temper and the course of medi?valism, indirectly128 they had laid the foundations of the industrial supremacy129 of the Belgian cities and of the emancipation130 of the people from feudalism. The Saracen of the twelfth century was the antithesis131 of the Ottoman Turk of to-day, and from him the Crusaders learned much to their advantage, while from the Eastern Empire came new impulses toward the development of a broader culture than the West alone could have achieved. So far as the cities of Flanders, Brabant, and Lorraine were concerned, the absence of their martial132 and turbulent knights was by no means an unmixed catastrophe133. The vast expeditions demanded vast expenditures134: money came generally into use in place of barter135; the common people who remained at home developed their industries, increased their wealth, and in the end took into their own hands much of the business{36} of the government. The habit and tradition of independence and liberty which so grew up, maintained itself steadily against all assaults, nor has it lapsed136 or waned137, as the last year has gloriously proved, and many of the tall towers that became the recognised symbol of civic138 independence still stand in testimony139, though one by one they are falling before the armed negation140 of all they rose to proclaim.
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1
manifestation
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| n.表现形式；表明；现象 | |
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steadily
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| adv.稳定地；不变地；持续地 | |
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remains
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| n.剩余物，残留物；遗体，遗迹 | |
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lasting
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| adj.永久的，永恒的；vbl.持续，维持 | |
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predecessors
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| n.前任( predecessor的名词复数 )；前辈；（被取代的）原有事物；前身 | |
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unity
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| n.团结，联合，统一；和睦，协调 | |
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determined
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| adj.坚定的；有决心的 | |
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peculiar
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| adj.古怪的，异常的；特殊的，特有的 | |
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heroism
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| n.大无畏精神，英勇 | |
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forth
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| adv.向前；向外，往外 | |
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accomplishment
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| n.完成，成就，（pl.）造诣，技能 | |
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possessed
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| adj.疯狂的；拥有的，占有的 | |
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dominion
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| n.统治，管辖，支配权；领土，版图 | |
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champagne
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| n.香槟酒；微黄色 | |
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westward
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| n.西方，西部；adj.西方的，向西的；adv.向西 | |
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feudal
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| adj.封建的，封地的，领地的 | |
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entities
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| 实体对像； 实体，独立存在体，实际存在物( entity的名词复数 ) | |
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bishop
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nether
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| adj.下部的，下面的；n.阴间；下层社会 | |
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definitively
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| adv.决定性地，最后地 | |
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merged
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| （使）混合( merge的过去式和过去分词 )； 相融； 融入； 渐渐消失在某物中 | |
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severing
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| v.切断，断绝( sever的现在分词 )；断，裂 | |
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coalesce
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| v.联合，结合，合并 | |
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chaos
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piety
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vigour
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warrior
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warriors
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| 武士，勇士，战士( warrior的名词复数 ) | |
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appreciation
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| n.评价；欣赏；感谢；领会，理解；价格上涨 | |
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adversaries
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civilisation
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savage
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| adj.野蛮的；凶恶的，残暴的；n.未开化的人 | |
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dwellers
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| n.居民，居住者( dweller的名词复数 ) | |
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Christian
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| adj.基督教徒的；n.基督教徒 | |
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strictly
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| adv.严厉地，严格地；严密地 | |
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followers
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| 追随者( follower的名词复数 )； 用户； 契据的附面； 从动件 | |
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mingling
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| adj.混合的 | |
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allied
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| adj.协约国的；同盟国的 | |
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flicker
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| vi./n.闪烁，摇曳，闪现 | |
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hurl
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| vt.猛投，力掷，声叫骂 | |
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barbarian
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| n.野蛮人；adj.野蛮(人)的；未开化的 | |
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42
hordes
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| n.移动着的一大群( horde的名词复数 )；部落 | |
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43
Christians
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| n.基督教徒( Christian的名词复数 ) | |
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44
motive
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| n.动机，目的；adv.发动的，运动的 | |
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45
inadequate
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| adj.(for,to)不充足的，不适当的 | |
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46
promulgation
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| n.颁布 | |
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47
reign
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| n.统治时期，统治，支配，盛行；v.占优势 | |
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48
patrician
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| adj.贵族的，显贵的；n.贵族；有教养的人；罗马帝国的地方官 | |
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49
consul
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| n.领事；执政官 | |
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50
internecine
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| adj.两败俱伤的 | |
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51
warfare
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| n.战争(状态)；斗争；冲突 | |
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52
affiliations
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| n.联系( affiliation的名词复数 )；附属机构；亲和性；接纳 | |
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53
decrepit
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| adj.衰老的，破旧的 | |
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54
dispelled
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| v.驱散，赶跑( dispel的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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consummate
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| adj.完美的；v.成婚；使完美 [反]baffle | |
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56
Moslem
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| n.回教徒，穆罕默德信徒；adj.回教徒的，回教的 | |
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57
degenerate
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| v.退步，堕落；adj.退步的，堕落的；n.堕落者 | |
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58
cloister
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| n.修道院；v.隐退，使与世隔绝 | |
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59
reigned
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| vi.当政，统治（reign的过去式形式） | |
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60
wont
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| adj.习惯于；v.习惯；n.习惯 | |
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61
dominions
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| 统治权( dominion的名词复数 )； 领土； 疆土； 版图 | |
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62
invaders
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| 入侵者，侵略者，侵入物( invader的名词复数 ) | |
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63
defender
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| n.保卫者，拥护者，辩护人 | |
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64
prey
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| n.被掠食者，牺牲者，掠食；v.捕食，掠夺，折磨 | |
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65
savages
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| 未开化的人，野蛮人( savage的名词复数 ) | |
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66
iconoclastic
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| adj.偶像破坏的，打破旧习的 | |
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67
controversy
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| n.争论，辩论，争吵 | |
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68
heresy
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| n.异端邪说；异教 | |
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69
schism
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| n.分派，派系，分裂 | |
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70
justified
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| a.正当的，有理的 | |
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71
gasp
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| n.喘息，气喘；v.喘息；气吁吁他说 | |
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72
persecution
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| n. 迫害,烦扰 | |
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73
outrage
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| n.暴行，侮辱，愤怒；vt.凌辱，激怒 | |
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hurled
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| v.猛投，用力掷( hurl的过去式和过去分词 )；大声叫骂 | |
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75
avalanche
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| n.雪崩，大量涌来 | |
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76
deposed
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| v.罢免( depose的过去式和过去分词 )；（在法庭上）宣誓作证 | |
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supreme
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| adj.极度的，最重要的；至高的，最高的 | |
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78
saviour
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| n.拯救者，救星 | |
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79
consolidating
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| v.（使）巩固， （使）加强( consolidate的现在分词 )；（使）合并 | |
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80
miraculous
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| adj.像奇迹一样的，不可思议的 | |
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81
anarchy
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| n.无政府状态；社会秩序混乱，无秩序 | |
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82
destined
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| adj.命中注定的；(for)以…为目的地的 | |
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83
chapel
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| n.小教堂，殡仪馆 | |
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84
fixed
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| adj.固定的，不变的，准备好的；(计算机)固定的 | |
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85
administrator
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| n.经营管理者，行政官员 | |
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86
Mediterranean
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| adj.地中海的；地中海沿岸的 | |
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87
heralds
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| n.使者( herald的名词复数 )；预报者；预兆；传令官v.预示( herald的第三人称单数 )；宣布（好或重要） | |
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88
utterly
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| adv.完全地，绝对地 | |
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89
preservation
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| n.保护，维护，保存，保留，保持 | |
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90
millennial
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| 一千年的，千福年的 | |
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91
administrative
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| adj.行政的，管理的 | |
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92
zealous
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| adj.狂热的，热心的 | |
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93
monasteries
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| 修道院( monastery的名词复数 ) | |
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94
gathering
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| n.集会，聚会，聚集 | |
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95
nucleus
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| n.核，核心，原子核 | |
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96
authentic
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| a.真的，真正的；可靠的，可信的，有根据的 | |
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97
myriads
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| n.无数，极大数量( myriad的名词复数 ) | |
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98
vacancy
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| n.（旅馆的）空位，空房，（职务的）空缺 | |
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99
initiation
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| n.开始 | |
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100
vitality
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| n.活力，生命力，效力 | |
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101
outlast
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| v.较…耐久 | |
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102
culminated
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| v.达到极点( culminate的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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103
hereditary
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| adj.遗传的，遗传性的，可继承的，世袭的 | |
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104
immortal
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| adj.不朽的；永生的，不死的；神的 | |
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105
fortifying
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| 筑防御工事于( fortify的现在分词 )； 筑堡于； 增强； 强化（食品） | |
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106
knights
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| 骑士； （中古时代的）武士( knight的名词复数 )； 骑士； 爵士； （国际象棋中）马 | |
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107
conqueror
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| n.征服者，胜利者 | |
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108
landmark
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| n.陆标，划时代的事，地界标 | |
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109
protagonist
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| n.(思想观念的)倡导者；主角，主人公 | |
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110
hermit
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| n.隐士，修道者；隐居 | |
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111
toiled
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| 长时间或辛苦地工作( toil的过去式和过去分词 )； 艰难缓慢地移动，跋涉 | |
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112
exhorting
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| v.劝告，劝说( exhort的现在分词 ) | |
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113
reverence
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| n.敬畏，尊敬，尊严；Reverence:对某些基督教神职人员的尊称；v.尊敬，敬畏，崇敬 | |
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114
chivalry
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| n.骑士气概，侠义；（男人）对女人彬彬有礼，献殷勤 | |
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115
knightly
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| adj. 骑士般的 adv. 骑士般地 | |
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116
approbation
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| n.称赞；认可 | |
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117
bishops
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| （基督教某些教派管辖大教区的）主教( bishop的名词复数 )； （国际象棋的）象 | |
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118
lawful
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| adj.法律许可的，守法的，合法的 | |
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119
scarlet
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| n.深红色，绯红色，红衣；adj.绯红色的 | |
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120
shredded
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| shred的过去式和过去分词 | |
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121
organise
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| vt.组织，安排，筹办 | |
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122
onward
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| adj.向前的，前进的；adv.向前，前进，在先 | |
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123
invincible
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| adj.不可征服的，难以制服的 | |
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124
besieged
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| 包围，围困，围攻( besiege的过去式和过去分词 ) | |
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125
incessant
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| adj.不停的，连续的 | |
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126
overthrow
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| v.推翻，打倒，颠覆；n.推翻，瓦解，颠覆 | |
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127
reverting
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| 恢复( revert的现在分词 )； 重提； 回到…上； 归还 | |
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128
indirectly
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| adv.间接地，不直接了当地 | |
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129
supremacy
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| n.至上；至高权力 | |
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130
emancipation
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| n.（从束缚、支配下）解放 | |
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131
antithesis
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| n.对立；相对 | |
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132
martial
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| adj.战争的，军事的，尚武的，威武的 | |
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133
catastrophe
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| n.大灾难，大祸 | |
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134
expenditures
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| n.花费( expenditure的名词复数 )；使用；（尤指金钱的）支出额；（精力、时间、材料等的）耗费 | |
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135
barter
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| n.物物交换，以货易货，实物交易 | |
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136
lapsed
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| adj.流失的，堕落的v.退步( lapse的过去式和过去分词 )；陷入；倒退；丧失 | |
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137
waned
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| v.衰落( wane的过去式和过去分词 )；（月）亏；变小；变暗淡 | |
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138
civic
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| adj.城市的，都市的，市民的，公民的 | |
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139
testimony
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| n.证词；见证，证明 | |
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140
negation
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| n.否定；否认 | |
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